APUSH AP test

अब Quizwiz के साथ अपने होमवर्क और परीक्षाओं को एस करें!

New Amsterdam

Company town established by the Dutch in 1624

Fundamental Orders

Connecticut River colony constitution that established a democratic government

House of Burgesses

First democratic body in the colonies in 1619

New England Confederation

Intercolonial union between the two Massachusetts colonies and two Connecticut colonies to defend against foes

Cahokia

One of the largest settlements in North America, group of 25000 people in Mississippi

Little Turtle

War chief of the Miami Confederacy who defeated Americans in 1790 and 91 in the Great Lakes region

Anne Hutchinson

claimed that holy live was no sign of salvation and the truly saved didn't need to follow the laws of God or man (antinominalism) She was banished to Rhode Island, and then was killed by Indians in New York

First Anglo- Powhatan war

fought by De La Warr and peace was created by the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe in 1614

King James I

gave Virginia company charter for Jamestown, threatened to get rid of the Puritan Separatists from Englant, prompting them to go to Massachusetts

Encomiendas

giving Native Americans to the Spanish colonists in exchange for Christianize them, basically slavery

Second Anglo- Powhatan war

he Powhatans lost because of their lack of cohesiveness as a military force and because they all died of smallpox and measles

Pequot war

1636-38, war between English and Pequots in Connecticut River colony, ended with defeat of Pequots by English and Narraganset

English Civil War

1643, distracted England from policing the colonies

Glorious (bloodless) Revolution

1688-89, replaced James II with William and Mary, who limited monarchical power and increased Parliamentary power

Leisler's rebellion

1689 Conflicts between landholders and aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the elite of NY

Stono rebellion

1739 rebellion of 50 SC slaves along Stono river, attempted to reach Spanish Florida, but were stopped by SC militia.

Bank of the United States

1791, chartered by Congress as part of Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.

Reign of Terror

1793-94 ten-month period of brutal repression where 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once it commenced.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 decisive battle between Americans and Miami Confederacy. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing them to attain a peace settlement with the U.S.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania to oppose an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.

Jay's Treaty

1794, negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels. In return, Jay bound the U.S. to pay pre-Revolutionary debts owed to British merchants and abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies towards France.

Treaty of Grenville

1795 treaty where the Miami ceded territory in the Old Northwest in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.

XYZ Affair

1797 diplomatic conflict between France and U.S. where the Americans were asked to pay a bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged undeclared war against French merchants in the Carribean

Sedition Act

1798 act by Federalist Congress trying to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, made anyone convicted with defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let it expire in 1801.

Alien Laws

1798 act passed by Federalist Congress that raised the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granted the president the right to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

1798-99 statements secretly drafted by Madison and Jefferson for the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky. Argued that the states were final arbiters in whether the federal government had overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Midnight judges

1801, Federal justices appointed by Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"- the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality

Pope's rebellion

A Pueblo uprising against the Spanish missionaries- it took the Spanish more than 50 years to end it

freemen

Adult men who belonged to Puritan congregations, voters

Half-way covenant

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. Signified waning religious attitudes in NE

Convention of 1800

Agreement to formally dissolve the U.S.'s treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to America's longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Spanish Armada

Attacked the English, who defeated them with superior boats, The defeat of the armada marked the beginning of Spain;s decline.

Peter Stuyvesant

Best Dutch director-general, fought against Swedes in New Sweden/Delawaer, eventually surrendered to the English, who took NY and Delaware

Queen Elizabeth

British monarch who energized England and sparked its search for colonies

Lord De La Warr

Declared war against Virginia Indians and used Irish tactics to defeat them- raiding houses, burning villages and cornfields, confiscating provisions

patroonships

Dutch feudal estates along the Hudson river, granted to whoever would settle 50 people on them

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system

James Oglethorpe

Established Georgia as a haven for debtors and tried to keep slavery out

Cabinet

Established by Washington as interpretation of the Constitution saying that the president may require written opinions of heads of executive branch departments- originally secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, and attorney general

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

Federalists were in favor of strengthening the government, and Democratic Republicans were the successors to anti-federalists

Lord Proprietors

Founders of Carolina

Edmond Genet

French envoy who believed that the Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the will of the people and started recruiting armies to invade Spanish and British territory. Was eventually ordered to leave by Washington.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand

French foreign minister in XYZ affair

Mad Anthony Wayne

General who defeated Miami in Battle of Fallen Timbers

Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh

Gilbert tried to establish colony in Newfoundland, but failed, inspired Raleigh to start colony in Roanoke, also failed

William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia during Bacon's rebellion, was chased out of Jamestown. After Bacon died of disease, Berkeley crushed the rebellion and hung over 20 rebels

Great migration

In the 1630's, 70,000 people left England, 20,000 came to MBC

Neutrality Proclamation

Issued by Washington in 1793, it declared America's neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, which enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.

Middle colonies

Known for agricultural farming, religious toleration, especially for Quakers, and diversity

Aztecs

Largest American society who built the largest American city, Tenochtitlan, and were eventually conquered by Cortes

Salem witch trials

Launched in 1692 after adolescent girls claimed to be bewitched by older women in the town- 20 people were put to death before the governor stopped it

West Indies

Mainly known for the sugar industry, used black slavery for labor, islands were colonized by several European nations, their slave codes, especially Barbados, influenced America

Act of Toleration

Maryland act establishing religious toleration for all Christians

Anasazi

Means ancient ones, commonly called Pueblos, carved extremely complex cities out of mountains

three-sister farming

Method of growing corn, beans, and squash together. These crops, especially corn, were vital in fueling Native American civilizations

Colombian exchange

Mixing of people, plants, animals, information, and diseases that occurred when the old and new worlds met

Separatists

Most ardent Puritans, James I threatened to make them leave England because he didn't want to be disliked as a religious (Anglican) leader or political leader

Chesapeake region

Most growth was fro immigration, esp. indentured servants, few towns or cities, only real industry was tobacco growing, most residents were poor but there was an aristocratic class

Navigation laws

Only English ships could trade with colonies and all colonial exports had to pass through England

Judiciary Act of 1789

Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created 16 new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Funding at par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

tobacco

Perfected by John Rolfe in 1612, allowed Jamestown colony to survive

William Bradford

Pilgrim scholar who was governor of Plymouth thirty times

Sir Francis Drake

Pirate who plundered the Spanish, knighted by Elizabeth

Implied powers

Powers not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, but still used by the government- best example is elastic/necessary and proper clause, enhances power of Congress

Naturalization law of 1802

Reduced the required residence time for citizenship from fourteen years under he Alien Act to 5 years

Roger Williams

Salem minister who condemned the puritan church for not separating from Anglicans and not compensating Indians for their land, was banished and established Providence, RI as a haven for religious freedom

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury who worked to establish America's good credit

Albert Gallatin

Secretary of treasury under Jefferson, reduced debt and balanced budget by using strict controls of the economy

Protestant ethic

Serious commitment to work and worldly pursuits

Pinckney's Treaty

Signed with Spain in 1795, which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.

Battle of Acoma

Spain established the province of New Mexico

Father Junipero Serra

Spanish priest who established missions in California

Peninsulares

Spanish-born Spaniard residing in the New World

John Marshall

Supreme Court chief justice, established judicial review

tariff

Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs.

excise tax

Tax on goods produced domestically. They were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey.

Quasi-war with France

The French thought that Jay's treaty signaled that the U.S. would ally with Britain, both sides were angered after the XYZ affair, they fought in the West Indies, eventually they accepted American diplomats and created Convention of 1800

Iroquois

The largest union comparable to European nations that existed in North America- comprised of five different tribes, resided in New York, although the tribes were usually independent

Compact theory

The states had formed a compact in creating a federal government, and if any act of the federal government broke the compact, the states could nullify the law, behind the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

New England town

Towns were close, tight-knit, and orderly, very focused on the family, most women had children every 2 years, it was not very ethnically diverse, farming was difficult

assumption

Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the federal government.

Treaty of Tordesilla

Treaty drawn up by the Pope to divide the New World between Spain and Portugal: Spain got most of it, Portugal got Brazil and parts of Africa and Asia

Sir Edmund Andros and the Dominion of New England

Unification of New England under Andros to better enforce English laws- curbed popular assemblies and taxed residents without their consent, collapsed after Glorious revolution

Election of 1796

Unrestrained because of the absence of Washington, two sides were less civil with each other than they had been, very close between Adams, a federalist (who became president), and Jefferson, a Republican, who became vice president

Farewell Address

Washington's address at the end of his presidency in 1796, warning against permanent alliances with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances

Headright system

Whoever paid for the passage of an indentured servant got 50 acres of land- incentivized people to hire servants, but caused the land supple to dwindle

William Penn, Pennsylvania, and Quakers

William Penn was given a charter for Pennsylvania by the kind to settle a debt to his father. Pennsylvania was one of the most liberal, diverse, and tolerant colonies

Mayflower Compact

agreement signed by the pilgrims and the travellers with them to agree to form a government ans submit to the will of the majority

slave codes

laws beginning in 1662 defining slavery, its hereditary nature, and limited slaves' rights

salutary neglect

not strictly enforcing English laws in the colonies

nullification

refusal to accept a national law

jeremiad

sermons lamenting the waning religion and piety among New Englanders

Crusades and Marco Polo

some of Europe's first excursions into the East that created the awareness and desire for Asian goods. Because of the high prices charged by Muslim merchants, the Europeans began to look for a way to get to Asia directly

Strict v. Loose Constructionist

strict constructionism is adhering rigidly to the Constitution, loose constructionism allows more interpretation- used by John Marshall

conversion

the receipt of God's gift of saving grace, after which people were expected to live sanctified lives

middle passage

transatlantic voyage for slaves from Africa to the colonies, with notoriouosly high death rates- 20%

Bacon's rebellion

uprising of Virginia farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect them against Indian attacks


संबंधित स्टडी सेट्स

Cultural Geography of the US and Canada

View Set

History - Discovery of Penicillin

View Set

NCLEX Review Quiz 5 Saunder's Questions (Ch. 42, 43, 58-61)

View Set

8 - Florida Laws and Rules Pertinent to Insurance

View Set

BUSFIN 4510 Ch. 34: Liability to Third Parties and Termination

View Set

Worksheet 16.3: The Parol Evidence Rule and International Considerations

View Set