APUSH Ch. 7

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and President Jefferson's cousin. Appointed by Adams, John Marshall was a major Federalist and influenced many important cases to strengthen the central government.

Techmseh and the Prophet

Shawnee Native Americans who attempted to unite the tribes east of the Mississippi River in an effort to stop pioneers from taking their land. Tecumseh was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Later, Tecumseh would ally with Britain in the War of 1812.

Henry Clay

One of the leaders of the war hawk movement. Was a representative in the House for Kentucky.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Passed in 1810, this bill allowed trade with Britain and France. But, if one of the countries agrees to formally respect America's neutral rights, then America would forbid trade with that nation's enemy. France was first to announce that it would respect the U.S.'s neutral rights. Therefore, trade with Britain was outlawed. However, France continued to raid U.S. ships, violating the agreement. (What a jerk!)

War Hawks

Republicans who wanted war with Britain in order to gain land from Canada and crush the Native Americans

Impressment

The British practice of capturing foreign sailors and forcing these sailors to fight in the Royal Navy.

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Allowed American Ships to trade with any nation except Britain and France.

John Calhoun

Another leader of the war hawk movement. Was a representative in the House for South Carolina.

Marbury v. Madison

In the last minutes of his term in office, John Adams appointed a group of Justices to the Supreme Court with the Judiciary Act of 1789. When Thomas Jefferson took office, he ordered that the "midnight appointments" will not get their commissions. Marbury, one of the "midnight appointments", sued for his commission. The Supreme Court declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the concept of Judicial Review.

Embargo Act of 1807

Instead of war with Britain, Congress passed the Embargo Act, which prevented American ships from trading with any other countries. The American economy was devestated. Jefferson repealed the Embargo Act in 1809.

Judicial Review

The doctrine that allowed the Supreme Court to declare an action made by either Congress or the White House as unconstitutional. This rule was established as a result of the Marbury v. Madison case

Strict Interpretation

The idea that the constitution should be interpreted literally and strictly. People who favored strict interpretation typically favor increasing states rights and a limited central government.

James Madison

Thomas Jefferson stepped down from the presidency after two terms, following Washington's example. he, a Democratic-Republican, was elected in 1808.

War of 1812

War between America and Great Britain. America was pissed off at Britain for violating neutral rights, impressing seamen, and for supplying the Native Americans west of the Mississipppi. In addition, war hawks wanted a reason to invade Canada. The country was divided on the issue, with the majority of New England States wanting peace and the South and West wanting war.

Hartford Convention of 1814

a federalist convention called to find ways to limit the power of the Republicans. Among the ideas were seccession of the New England states from the Union. and a law requiring a two-thirds majority in the house to declaring any future wars. None of these proposals were agreed upon and the Federalists were labeled as unpatriotic by the Republicans

Louisiana Purchase

a large tract of land west of the Mississippi River, that was bought by President Jefferson from the French for 15 million dollars in 1803. The President originally intended to buy just New Orleans and a strip of land east of New Orleans. Thomas Jefferson had to temporarily abandon his doctrine of strict interpretation to justify the purchase. The constitution doesn't say anything about buying land from foreign countries. Jefferson decided that the welfare of the country was more important than the legal implications of his actions.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

a scientific exploration of the Louisiana Purchase led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The trip began in 1804 and ended in 1806. The expedition went from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean and back. The trip gave valuable geographic and scientific knowledge of the new territory and improved relations with the Native Americans in the area.

Battle of New Orleans

fought January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson foiled a British attempt to control the Mississippi River. Interestingly, the battle was fought two weeks after the war officially ended.

Toussanint I'Ouverture

led a slave rebellion against the French on the island of Santo Domingo. This rebellion, along with the war with England, convinced Napoleon of France to sell the Louisiana Purchase.

Chesepeake-Leopard Affair

r- in 1807, the british warship, Leopard, fired on the U.S. warship, Chesapeake. The British killed 3 sailors and 4 men were impressed into the Navy. Many Americans wanted war, but Jefferson maintained diplomatic relationships with Britain.

Treaty of Ghent

signed in 1814, this peace treaty ended the War of 1812 by giving all conquered lands to their previous owners. Basically, the war was a stalemate.