APUSH-chapter 13

Victory over Mexico added __ million miles to the US, larger than the Louisiana Purchase. This raised the issue that would disrupt the political system and plunge the nation into civil war-should ___ expand west? Ralph Waldo Emerson's prediction that Mexico would ______ the US was confirmed.

1 slavery poison

Texas was the first part of Mexico to be settled by many _____, whose non-Indian population of Spanish origin (_____) was only around 2K when Mexico became independent. __ ____, a CT farmer, offered the Mexican government to colonize Texas with Americans. They accepted and in 1820, he received a huge land _____. Soon, he died and his son ______ continued the plan in independent Mexico. He _____ the land to American settlers for 12 cents and 7K Americans came, even though it was required to become a Mexican _____.

Americans Tejanos Moses Austin grant Stephen resold citizen

Before Lincoln assumed office, the seven states that seceded formed the ___ ____ _______, adopted a constitution, and chose Jefferson ____ of Mississippi as their president. The president served a __ year single term and cabinet members could be in congress. The constitution was modeled after the ___'s. However, it guaranteed slave _____ in the states and newly acquired territories. Alex H. Stephens was VP of the confederation.

Confederate states of America Davis 6 US property

President Buchanan viewed slavery as existent by virtues of the _____. In 1858, his administration tried to make Kansas a ___ state under the Lecompton Constitution, drafted at a pro-slavery southern convention but never put to popular vote. Outraged by violation of ________ ______, Douglas allied with the Republicans to _____ the attempt. Kansas remained a ____ and would only join the union as a state before the civil war. The Lecompton battle showed southern Democrats that they couldn't support their party's northern ____.

Constitution slave popular sovereignty block territory leader

Even after rejecting the _____ compromise, Lincoln didn't believe war was inevitable. 8 states remained in the Union when he was elected and they believed Lincoln's presidency did not _____ secession and had a low percentage of slaves. Even in the Confederacy, whites were divided over _____ and non-slaveholding farmers were in opposition. He believed that secession was going to _____ from within over time.

Crittenden justify secession collapse

Several fugitives and freeborn blacks worried about the ___ and fled to ____ for safety. Refugees seeking freedom in a foreign land was similar to how the US was considered an _____ of freedom.

FSA Canada asylum

In the 1856 election, the Republican party chose John C. _____ as candidate and drafted a platform against expansion of slavery. The Democrats nominated _____, who had been in Great Britain at the time as minister and had no connection to the events in Kansas and Nebraska. The Democratic platform endorsed the principle of ______ ______ as the only solution to the slave controversy. Meanwhile, the Know Nothings presented ex-president _____ as their candidate. Fremont outpolled Buchanan in the North, but Buchanan won the entire South, which ensured his ____. Fillmore only won Maryland. He ran well among former _____ voters in the Upper South and conservative ______, who were reluctant to join the Democrats, but feared Republican victory could threaten the union.

Fremont Buchanan popular sovereignty Fillmore victory Whig North

On 10-16-1859, he and 21 men (5 black), seized ____ ___. His plan made little sense as soon the mob was _______, led by Colonel Robert E. Lee. He was tried for _____ of VA and won admiration from Northerners, although they disapproved of his violence. VA's governor ordered him ______ and was seen as a martyr to the North. Brown was a man willing to take action against an institution he believed to be immoral. Black leaders hail him as a rare _____ person willing to make a sacrifice for the platform.

Harpers ferry captured/killed treason executed white

In the 1850s, the US took the lead in opening ____; it closed itself off nearly all foreign contact for around 200 years. Commodore ____ _____ led American warships into Tokyo harbor, sent by President Fillmore, to negotiate a trade treaty with them. Impressed by ____ into China, Perry's _____, and a blackface show, they agreed. They opened ____ ports to American shipping and two years later, ___ _____, a NYC merchant, arrived as the first American counsel and persuaded the Japanese to allow American ships into more ____ and to establish diplomatic relations between the two. As a result, the US acquired _____ places on the way to China and Japan launched a process of _____ that transformed it into the region's major military power.

Japan Matthew Perry intrusions armaments two Townsend Harris ports refueling modernization

An armed assault by ___ ____ at Harper's Ferry further increased sectional tensions. Brown was often involved in _____ activities. He had befriended fugitives and published antislavery accounts. He was deeply _____, a follower of the vengeful Father from the Old Testament. After the civil war in Kansas, Brown traveled there and he and a few allies murdered ____ pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. For the next couple of years, he raised funds and attracted ______ to his movement.

John Brown antislavery religious 5 followers

Lincoln re-entered politics in 1854 because of the ______ ___. He hated slavery as much as an abolitionist, but was willing to compromise with the South to _______ the union. He was inflexible on stopping the ____ of slavery, however.

Kansas-Nebraska Act preserve spread

Meanwhile, Republicans gathered in Chicago and nominated ____ as president. He entered the convention with fewer delegates than William H. ___, but he didn't suffer from Seward's political liabilities. A majority of former Know-Nothings joined the ____ party and opposed Seward's efforts as NY governor to use state funds to open ___ schools. He had a reputation for ____ because of his higher law and irresponsible conflict speeches.

Lincoln Seward Republican Catholic radicalism

Most farmers still shipped their goods down the ____ River. Years later, trains transported goods to the _____, which was cheaper. The economic integration of the Northwest and the Northeast created the basis for their political unification in the ______ Party. By 1860, the North had become a complex and integrated ____ with eastern industrialists marketing manufactured goods to the west and they consumed food from the West. Northern society was between old and new ways. The majority of the population continued living in _____ towns, where economic independence, owning a small farm/shop, was _____. Majority of the workforce was based on ______, rather than agriculture.

Mississippi east Republican economy small attainable industrialization

The nation's acquisition of ___ _______ raised the issue of slavery, while the settlement of Oregon didn't ______. When Mexico achieved its independence from ______ in 1821, they were both around the same size and the population of Mexico was about __ of the US's. Mexico's provinces were California, New Mexico, and Texas and they were ___ settled and isolated. New Mexico's population consisted of those of _____ origin and _____ (Pueblo and nomadic). The opening of the _____ ____ ______ (Santa Fe to Independence, MO) incorporated the nation into the sphere of influence of the expanding ____ US and ______ of New Mexico with the US eclipsed trade with the rest of Mexico.

New Mexico directly Spain ⅔ sparsely Spanish Indians Santa Fe Trail western commerce

The Free Soil party was popular in the ______ because it far exceeded the abolitionists' demand for emancipation and equal rights for blacks. Congress possessed no ______ power to abolish slavery within a state, well known precedents for keeping territories free from slavery. The ____ ______ and _____ _____ had done this before. Northerners resented southern domination of the government, where the idea of preventing the ____ of slave states appealed to those who favored tariffs and government aid to internal improvements, was _______. For many northerners, the ability to move west held promise of economic ______. The depression of the 1840s reinforced the traditional equation of _____ ownership with economic freedom. The labor movement promoted ___ to western land as a way of combating unemployment and low wages in the East.

North constitutional Northwest Ordinance Missouri Compromise creation opposed betterment land access movement

____ involved color, culture, national origin, class, and religion. The press popularized the ____ between American freedom and the liberty-loving qualities of Anglo-Saxon Protestants. The annexation of ____ and conquering of much of ______ became triumphs of civilization, progress, and liberty over the tyranny of the Catholic Church and the innate incapacity of mongrel races. Calls by _______ to annex all of Mexico failed because of fear that the nation couldn't _____ its non-white Catholic population as they were unfit for citizenship in a ____.

Race link Texas Mexico expansionists assimilate republic

By 1856, it was clear that the _______ party, made of antislavery Democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers and Know nothings opposed to the spread of slavery, would become a major alternative to the _______ Party in the North. Republicans managed to convince Northerners that the ____ _____, South's proslavery political leadership, posed an immediate threat to their _____ and aspirations than property and immigration. The party's appeal rested on the idea of ___ _____ and the ______ between free and slave societies united to a worldview that glorified the North as a place of progress, opportunity, and _____.

Republican Democratic slave power liberties free labor antithesis

The Mexican War ended with the US in possession of ____ and ____ harbors, which helped them with trade with the Far ___. Between 1848 and 1860, American trade with _____ increased 3x. In 1850, Asa Whitney, a NY businessman, submitted a plan to Congress for a _______ railroad which would speed eastern goods to Asian markets by eliminating the long and expensive route around ____. He saw East Asia as a commercial ________ of the US.

San Diego and San Francisco East China transcontinental SA extension

Clay received the ____ nomination, however the rejection of annexation hurt Van Buren and he didn't receive a nomination. Delegates turned to ____, former governor of TN, who supported _____ and was associated with Andrew _____, a popular figure in the party. Polk was a ____ owner, who owned cotton plantations in TN and Mississippi. Conditions on the plantations were so ____ that only half of children lived to be adults and adults ran away. To soothe Northern Democrat feelings over the loss of Van Buren, the party called for the _____ of Texas as it had been part of the Louisiana Purchase and the reoccupation of ______. American control of Oregon went to ___. The Northern Van Buren supporters were bitter as they saw what the South did as ______, which affected politics for years to come.

Whig Polk annexation Jackson slave brutal annexation Oregon 54 40' betrayal

Republicans weren't ____. Many party leaders viewed the nation's division into free and slave societies as _____ conflict that would eventually have to be resolved. These systems of society were incompatible with a _____ nation. The market revolution drew the entire nation closer together in a web of _____ and commerce and heightened ____ between slavery and freedom. The US must eventually become all free or all slaves.

abolitionists irrepressible single transportation tensions

During the 1840s, the US and Great Britain jointly _______ Utah and Oregon, which didn't stop people from settling there. National _____ meant little to those headed west. The 1840s witnessed an intensification of the ______ _________.

administered boundaries Manifest Destiny

Scott wasn't _______ by the case very much as a new owner bought and emancipated him and his family. He died in 1858, with freedom for __ years. Harriet Scott lived until 1876, being able to see Taney's rulings ____ by laws and amendments during Reconstruction. Their daughter Lizzie lived for 99 years, seeing segregation and the civil rights _____. The impact on the party system was far more _____. The reputation of the Court sunk to the ____ levels in the North, rather than abandoning their belief to stop the spread of slavery, they viewed the court controlled by ___ ___.

affected 2 invalidated movement reaching lowest slave power

Texas _____ was on the back burner for US politics until President John Tyler _____ it to rescue his failed administration and gain southern support for _______ in 1844. In April 1844, ____ ______, secretary of state, had a letter of his leaked. It linked annexing Texas to increased ______ in the US. Southern leaders hoped Texas could be split into several ______, to increase their power in Congress. Later that month, Henry ____ and Van Buren, the Whig and Democratic candidates, met at Clay's KY plantation. They agreed to ______ immediate annexation as it may provoke war with ______ and they tried to keep _____ out of national politics.

annexation revived re-nomination John C. Calhoun slavery states Clay reject Mexico slavery

Texas became a prime example of ____ after achieving independence. Anglos and Tejanos fought ____, but relationships began to sour. Anglos, hungry for ____ and ______, expelled Mexicans, even allies, who were suspected of _____ to Mexico. Juan Seguin, a Tejano, had played a big role in the _____ and served as mayor of _____ ______ for a bit. In 1842, as mayor, he was driven out of town by _____-. He became lamented as a foreigner in native land.

borderland together land resources loyalty revolt San Antonio vigilantes

Two presidential _____ occurred in 1860. In the ___ states, it was Douglas v. Lincoln. In the _____ states, Douglas, Breckenridge, and John Bell (of the hastily formed Constitutional Unified Party). Their platform was to preserve the ____ as it is, with slavery, and the _____ as it was, without sectional tensions. This party was a haven for Unionist ___.

campaigns northern southern Constitution Union Whigs

Slavery moved to the ______ stage of American politics in the 1840s as a result of the nation's territorial _____. By 1840, with completion of the Indian removal, basically all of the land east of the ____ _____ was owned by the white people. The ______ of 1837 fueled some to move west to places like Oregon, whose Willamette Valley was ____. Until the 1840s, the west had ___ fur traders and explorers. Between 1840-1845, 5000 emigrants headed to Oregon by ______ and by 1860, ______ traveled to Oregon and California. This journey was _____, people could expect to face disease, starvation, Indian attacks, and the Rocky Mountains as a barrier.

center expansion Mississippi River depression fertile few train 300,000 difficult

The Mexican War is a footnote in America's historical memory. Few public monuments celebrate the conflict, but Mexicans regard the war as _______ to their history and a source of continued ______ after it was fought. It was ______ to launch a war as a neighbor refused to sell some territory as reasoned by Mexican negotiators.

central resentment unreasonable

The rise of the Republican party reflected social and economic ___, notably the mass ____ from Europe and the completion of the market _____. When prosperity returned in 1843 to when it experienced an economic downturn in 1857, it experienced explosive growth ______, especially in the North. This was due to the completion of the _____ network; it grew from 5K miles to 30K from 1848-1860. Construction occurred in OH, IL, and others in the Northwest. Four trunk railroads connected eastern cities with western farming and commercial centers. The railroads completed ______ of Northwest's trade from the South to East.

changes immigration revolution economically railroad reorientation

By 1840, CA was linked ______ with the US as ___ ______ ships traded with the region and they also attracted American ________.

commercially New England newcomers

In the senate debate on _____, the divergent sectional positions received full expression. ______ spoke for and against compromise. Daniel Webster of MA said he was willing to abandon the Wilmot Proviso and accept the FSA, if it meant sectional ____. John C. Calhoun of SC was too ill to speak, so a colleague read his ideas or _____ the idea as slavery must be protected by the government and extended into the new land. The North should ____ or the Union won't survive. William Seward of NY _____ compromise as the law of morality condemned slavery (abolitionist).

compromise Leaders peace rejecting yield opposed

In his inaugural address, Lincoln tried to be ______. He rejected the right of secession but didn't want to interfere with ____ in the states. He said nothing of retaking the forts, arsenals, and customs houses the Confederacy had ____, although he did promise to "hold" remaining federal property in the seceding states. But Lincoln also issued a veiled warning: "In your hands, is the momentous issue of ____ ____."

conciliatory slavery seized civil war

When the Democratic ____ met in 1860, Douglas's supporters were a ____ but not the ⅔ required for a presidential nomination. Because of his fight against the Lecompton Constitution and his refusal to support laws protecting slavery on all territories, he was an ____ leader to the South. They were still determined to bring ____ as a slave state to the Union. When the convention adopted a platform reaffirming the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the 7 Southern states ____ ____ and the meeting recessed. It ____ six weeks later and replaced the bolters with Douglas's supporters, who nominated _____ for president. In response, Southern Democrats nominated John C. _____, who insisted slavery should be in western territories.

convention majority unacceptable Kansas walked out reconvened Douglas Breckenridge

Abraham Lincoln also _____ the war as he wasn't sure of the validity of Polk's statement that the Mexicans started the conflict on ____ soil and was alarmed by Polk's right to _____ Mexican soil. He was elected to Congress from _____ at the time. He introduced the ____ ____ and claimed that Polk was declaring war selfishly. Lincoln's stance was ____ in IL but he had already agreed to serve only one term and ______ captured his seat.

criticized American invade IL spot resolution unpopular Democrats

Lincoln developed a _____ of slavery and its expansion that resonated with the Republican party and Northerners whose loyalty it commanded. His speeches combined the _____ fervor of abolitionists with the respect for order and the Constitution for more ____ Northerners.

critique moral conservative

Polk was the first "___ ______" candidate. His nomination was unexpected. He _____ Clay in a close election, less than 2%. If James G. Birney didn't run as a Liberty Party candidate, Clay wouldn't have been ______. Days before inauguration, Congress declared Texas a part of the _____ in March, 1845.

dark horse defeated elected US

Local circumstances affected racial _____ in the former Mexican territories. Texas defined Spanish Mexicans as ___, especially those who occupied special positions and they emphasized their Spanish _____ in order to acquire the freedoms that came with statehood. New Mexican _____ and ______ were deemed too Mexican for democratic self-government. With limited white ____, NM didn't become a state until 1912.

definitions whites heritage Mexicans and Indians migrations

Acquiring CA was more _____. Polk dispatched an _____ to Mexico, who offered to purchase it, but Mexico refused to negotiate. By 1846, Polk was planning on bringing in ______ action. Led by Zachary Taylor, American soldiers moved to the ___ border (between Nueces River and Rio Grande). Conflict with Mexico came inevitably after. Polk claimed blood was shed on American ____ and called for war.

difficult emissary military disputed soil

For CA Indians, the gold rush and absorption into the US was _____. Gold seekers _____ Indian communities, thousands were ___, and state officials paid millions in ______ to militias to launch attacks on Indians in order to reduce their population. CA was a ___ state but thousands of children, who were declared orphans/vagrants, were bought and sold as _____. By 1860, the population of Indians ____ from 150K after the war to 30 K.

disastrous overran murdered bounties free slaves reduced

Bleeding Kansas _____ Douglas's popular sovereignty, which aided Republicans. The party drew strength from an incident in Congress as well. SC rep Preston Brooks beat antislavery Senator Charles _____ of MA unconscious after he delivered a denunciation of the crime against Kansas. Many applauded _____.

discredited Sumner Brooks

In southern Texas, the _____ territory became a site of continual conflict, even though it was owned by _____ ____. Authority remained contested until Texas became part of the powerful ___ and Comanche power wasn't broken until the 1860s-1870s.

disputed Comache Indians US

President Taylor was shocked at the _____ and accused Southern leaders of holding CA hostage to their _____ aims and insisted Congress needed to admit CA to the Union. Taylor ____ suddenly, however and Fillmore took over and supported Clay's _____. He helped secure its adoption.

disunion legislative died compromise

The population of CA grew ______. Experienced ____ came from Mexico and SA, _____ who had never seen a mine came from the east, and ______ from Ireland, Germany, Italy, and Australia came. Some from ____ came too, most were young men who signed long-term contracts of labor with Chinese merchants in exchange for _____ on mining and railroad companies and other employers. ______ ______ became a gateway to El Dorado, originally a population of 1K in 1848 grew to 30K in 1850. It became the most racially diverse ___. Most gold rush migrants were _____ men and women played many roles in mining communities. They ran restaurants and boarding houses. They worked as laundresses, cooks, and prostitutes as well. Male to female population in CA in 1860 was _____.

diverse miners Americans emigrants China leases San Francisco city young 3:1

The IL elections revealed a ____ state, like the nation. Southern IL was democratic, while northern Il was republican. Each state's legislature chose its ____, so the Republican candidates were able to receive more votes than the Democrats. But due to the apportionment of seats, _____ was reelected. His victory was notable as elsewhere _____ swept elections in the North. Resentment over the administration's Kansas policy split the ______ party-creating pro-Douglas and pro-Buchanan groups. This helped produce Republican victories elsewhere.

divided senators Douglas Republicans Democratic

The divsions over slavery were prominent in the _____ campaigns of 1858. ____, who supported popular sovereignty and prevented the administration from forcing slavery on Kansas, versed _____, unknown outside of IL. He was born on a modest family ____ in KY in 1809 and moved to Indiana and then IL. He began running for public office at 21, but his career prospered in the ____. He served four terms as a Whig in the state ____ and once in ______ from 1847-1849.

election Douglas Lincoln farm 1850s legislature Congress

As early surface mines became _______, underground mining grew but required large capital investment. This economic development _____ conflicts among racial groups competing for gold. The law was ____ during the gold rush. In 1851 and 1856, committees of _____ took control of San Francisco and swept aside established courts to try and execute those accused of ____. White organizers extralegal groups that expelled ___ miners from areas with gold. The state legislature imposed a $20 _____ per month on foregin miners, driving them away.

exhausted worsened fragile vigilance crimes foreign tax

Kansas and Nebraska were in the direction of westward _____. Slavery was prohibited there under the ____ ______, which Douglas' bill repealed. In response, ____ congressmen wrote the Appeal of the Independent Democrats, which was an effective piece of political persuasion and arraigned Douglas's bill as a _____ of a pledge and an atrocious plot to convert free territories to ____ territories. It convinced Northerners that Southerners wanted to expand slavery ___.

expansion Missouri Compromise antislavery violation slave west

More southerners began to speak openly of southward _____. In 1854, _____ _____ of Louisiana (the American ambassador to Spain) persuaded the British and French ministers to sign the ___ ______, which called on the US to purchase or seize Cuba from Spain, where slavery was legal. Meanwhile, the military adventurer _____ ____ led filibustering expeditions in central America. Born in TN, Walker went to CA to join the ____ _____. After failing to make wealth, he strived to be the leader of a Latin American country. He moved to establish himself as leader to ______ and to open it to slavery. At the time, the nation was in a civil ____ and one faction invited Walker for assistance. In 1855, he captured Granada and the next year he proclaimed himself ______. The administration of Franklin Pierce recognized Walker's power, but ___ countries sent troops, making him flee. His activities were violations of American ___ laws and federal authorities placed him on trial. The jury acquitted him.

expansion Pierre Soule Ostend Manifesto William Walker gold rush Nicaragua war president neighboring neutrality

The Mexican War was the first war on ____ soil and in which American troops occupied a foreign ____. Inspired by manifest destiny, Americans _____ the war. A Northern minority feared that the administration's aim was to acquire land for the expansion of _______. _____ __ ____, who served in the war in Mexico, claimed it was unjust as a stronger nation went against a weak one. Henry David Thoreau was jailed as he didn't pay taxes to _____ the war. He wrote "On Civil Disobedience," just men belong in jail in an _____ world.

foreign capital supported slavery Ulysses S. Grant protest unjust

To southern claims of slavery as the _____ of liberty, Republicans responded with the rallying cry freedom national, meaning ending the government's support for ___. Under the banner of free labor, diverse northerners rallied in defense of the _____ of their society. Republicans acknowledged that some Northern ____ were locked into jobs as factory workers and unskilled laborers and found it difficult to rise in the social hierarchy. Republicans concluded that it was their _________ nature that explained the plight of the immigrant poor (lack of Protestant and middle class virtues).

foundation slavery superiority laborers dependent

The FSA affected ___ states too. Ralph Waldo Emerson was drawn into politics, he was _____ but remained aloof from the abolitionist movement. Emerson, influenced by transcendentalism, viewed the FSA as the government overriding the right of an individual to follow their ______, the basis of freedom.

free antislavery conscience

In a sense, Lincoln's own life personified the __ ______ ideology and the northern opportunities offered to laboring men. During the 1850s, property-owning farmers, shopkeepers, and artisans outnumbered ____ earners in IL. Lincoln was fascinated/disturbed by proslavery _____ and defeneed northern society.

free labor wage ideologues

CA would remain in the ______ of the US as a place of opportunity, where newcomers could ____ their lives. The boundaries of freedom were drawn _____, however. The state constitution of 1850 limited voting and the right to testify in courts to _____. CA landowners who claimed ___ descent or intermarried with Americans were deemed to be white. With land ______ derived from Mexican days challenged in court, many sold out to newcomers in the East.

imagination restart tightly whites Spanish titles

The Lincoln-Douglas debates, held in IL _____ and attended by many, remain classics of American oratory. Clashing defs of ____ lay at the heart of the debates. To Lincoln, freedom was the ______ of slavery. They needed to rekindle the ____ the Founding Fathers laid, which led to the extinction of slavery. Douglas said freedom was in ______ and self-determination. A diverse and large nation can survive by only letting ______ decide their institutions. Douglas insisted that popular sovereignty was ____ with the Dred Scott decision as if people wished to keep slaveholders out, all they needed to do was avoid legal protection over it.

towns freedom opposition path self-government localities compatible

During the 1850s, _____ heard 300+ cases and returned 157 slaves south, many at the government's expense. The law widened sectional ______ and reinvigorated the _____ _____. Fugitives with abolitionists resisted recapture ____. In 1851, a large crowd rescued the escaped slave ____ from jail in NY and spirited him off to Canada. Similarly, an owner trying to recapture a fugitive was ___ in PA. Later on, Margaret Garner, a KY slave who escaped with her family, killed her daughter so she didn't have to be a ____.

tribunals divisions Underground Railroad violently Jerry killed slave

This decision was announced ____ days after Buchanan's inauguration, in March 1857. The justices addressed 3 questions: could a black person be a _____ and sue in court?, did _____ in a free state make Scot free?, did Congress have the power to ____ slavery in a territory? All 9 justices had different _____. The Court divided ___, with Justice Grier urging a Southern majority behind the scenes. Justice Roger Taney declared only ___ people were citizens as they were the nation's founders and blacks came from different ancestors and lacked a history of freedom.

two citizen residence prohibit opinions 7-2 white

Bonds of _____ already began to fray. The Methodists and Baptists ____ into Northern and Southern branches. The slavery issue as a result of the Mexican War dissolved the ___ ____ system, a force for national unity.

union divided two party

In world history, 1848 is remembered as the springtime of nations, which was a time of democratic ______ against the monarchies of Europe and demands by ethnic ______ for independence. American principles of liberty and self-government grew in the ____ ____. The Chartist government in GB organized massive demonstrations in support of democratic ____. The French replaced the monarchy with a ____. Hungarians proclaimed ____ from Austria. Patriots in Italy and Germany, who were divided into states, demanded ______. The revolutionary time receded and Chartism faded. In France, the Second Republic was succeeded by the reign of Emperor Napoleon III. Revolts in Budapest and Rome were _____. Americans wondered if they would suffer the same ____.

uprisings minorities Old World reforms republic independence unification crushed fate

Their free labor outlook resonated with northern ____ and explains why the Republicans rose to prominence. Events in 1855 and 1856 also fueled the party's growth. When _____ held elections in 54/55, hundreds of _____ Missourians crossed the border to cast fraudulent ballots. President Pierce recognized the legitimacy of the proslavery ____ and replaced Governor Reeder of PA when he dissented. Settlers from __ states soon established a rival government and a ____ war broke out in Kansas, where 200 people died. In May 1856, a ____ mob attacked the free soil stronghold of _____ by burning public buildings and pillaging private property.

values Kansas proslavery legislature free civil proslavery Lawrence

To white southerners, the idea of barring slavery from territory acquired from Mexico seemed a _______ of their equal rights as members of the Union. Southerners fought and died to ____ the territories, so they had a right to _____ in the fruits of victory. Majority of slaves lived in states that hadn't existed when the _____ was adopted. Many older plantation areas suffered from soil ______.

violation win share Constitution exhaustion

60,000 ______ enlisted and fought in the war. Combat took place on ___ fronts: 1. In June 1846, American _______ proclaimed CA freed from Mexican control and named John C. _____ its ruler. He was head of a scientific expedition in the west. The aim was CA's ______ into the US, but for the moment they adopted a ___ flag as a sign of independence. One month later, the US _____ sailed into Monterey and San Francisco and raised the American flag, ending the bear flag republic. 2. 1600 troops under General Stephen _____ occupied Santa Fe without resistance and set out for southern ___, where they put down a Mexican ____ against American rule. 3. In central Mexico, in 1847, _____ defeated Santa Anna's army at the Battle of __ ____. The Mexican army continued to not ______ and Polk ordered American forces under Winfield _____ to march inland to Mexico City. They occupied the capital and the governments agreed to the ____ __ ______, which confirmed the ______ of Texas and ceded CA, NM, AZ, NV, and UT to the US. The US paid Mexico ____ million in exchange. The Mexican cession was all of the land ceded over and it set the continental boundaries, except for the Gadsden Purchase, which brought more land from Mexico and acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867.

volunteers 3 insurrectionists Fremont incorporation bear Navy Kearny CA uprising Taylor Buena Vista negotiate Scott Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo annexation 15

Despite anti-Irish discrimination, little demands that _____ be barred from the political nation came. All European immigrants benefited from being ____. Free blacks found immigrants pushing them out of ____ as servants or laborers that previously were available to them. The newcomers had good fortune to arrive after white male _____ became the norm and they automatically got the right to vote. As NE states sought to reduce immigrant ____ power, western states allowed immigrants to vote before becoming ______. In a country where the suffrage had become essential to understandings of _____, its significance was that many white male immigrants could ___ from the moment they came to the US, while non-Whites couldn't.

immigrants white jobs suffrage political citizens freedom vote

Douglas insisted that politicians didn't have a right to ____ their moral standards on society. He spent much of the debates attempting to portray Lincoln as a ____ whose position was to degrade Americans by making them equal to blacks. The US government he claimed was created by white men for the _____ of white men.

impose radical benefit

Thanks to Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act became ____. It shattered the _____ Party's Unity and as congress debated, protest meetings began in the North. Fearful of the ____ of the bill harming chances for reelection, half the Northern Democrats cast negative votes, while the other half remained loyal to Pierce, Douglas, and their party. As the bill passed, American politics changed _____. During the next two years, the ______ Party collapsed as they weren't able to find a unified response to the political crisis. The South became solidly ______ and the North (mostly Whigs) joined the ______ party, which prevented further expansion.

law Democratic unpopularity profoundly Whig Democratic Republican

The spirit of ______ _____ gave a new stridency to ideas about racial superiority. Territorial expansion became proof of the superiority of the _____ race. John L. O'Sullivan declared race was the _____ to the history of nations in Democratic Review.

manifest destiny Anglo-Saxon key

These views easily ____ with the opposition of expansion of slavery. If slave plantations occupied _____ western land, northern migration would be blocked off. The Free Soil platform called for ___ slavery from western territories and for the government to provide free ____ to settlers in new territories. Unlike abolitionism, the free soil idea appealed to _______ in northern society. Wilmot insisted that his proviso was motivated to ___ the cause and rights of the free white man, not _____ for slaves, preventing him from competing with black labor.

merged fertile barring homesteads racism advance sympathy

California's non-Indian population was made up of ______, soldiers, and settlers and was outnumbered by ____ living/working on religious mission land and _______ tribes in the area. In 1834, the Mexican government _____ mission landholdings and _____ Indians working for friars to reduce the power of the ______ Church and bring Mexican/foreign ___ to CA. Most land went to ____ (Mexican cattle ranchers) who defined their identity against the Indians surrounding them. They believed themselves to be __ ___ ______, rather than indios. For the "common good," Indians were required to continue to work for the new _____.

missionaries Indians unsubdued dissolved emancipated Catholic settlers Californios gente de razon landholders

Lincoln's devotion to the Union appealed to ____ Republicans and his appeal of morality on sectional divisions led to support from _____ Republicans. He also appealed to ______ as he had no association with the Know-Nothing Party and ____ preferred him to Steward. Lincoln was also better positioned to carry the ____ states, which were essential for a Republican victory. On the 3rd ballot, he was nominated. The party platform denied the ____ of the Dred Scott decision and added _____ planks to win support of the Northern voters-free homesteads in the West, a protective tariff, and governmental aid in constructing a transcontinental railroad.

moderate abolitionist immigrants nativists doubtful validity economic

The _____ population of CA was <15K when the Mexican war ended and 5x as many Americans emigrated to ______, rather than CA. This changed after January 1848, when ____ was at a sawmill owned by Johann A, Sutter in the foothills of the _____ _____ Mountains. Mania for gold spread and news spread through the _____. Newcomers came to CA during the ___ ______. The non-Indian population ____ to 200K in 1852 and 360K in 1860.

non-Indian Oregon gold Sierra Nevada press gold rush grew

Volunteers in the Underground Railroad ______ their efforts to assist fugitives. Due to consolidation of the _____ in the North, it was possible for escapees who reached free states to be placed on trains to take them to ____. Sydney Howard Gay, an abolitionist editor in NY and an Underground Railroad operative, recorded the arrival of ___+ fugitives. She dispatched them upstate.

redoubled railroad safety 200

The 1856 election displayed that parties ____ themselves along sectional lines. One party had been destroyed, another weakened, and a new one arose (dedicated to Northern interests only).

reoriented

The campaign against Douglas, the North's preeminent leader, created Lincoln's _____ nationally. Accepting his party nomination for senate, he said that a house can't stand _____ and believed the government couldn't endure on. Lincoln's point wasn't to warn of a civil war, but to ____ between for or against slavery. Douglas's popular sovereignty reflected a moral indifference that could only leave to the ____ of slavery.

reputation divided choose spread

Two areas of industrialization had _____. One stretched from _______ __ _______. A second was centered on the ____ ____. Coal mining and iron manufacturing were growing quickly. ______, the old Northwest's rail center and jumping off place for settlers, became a manufacturing ____, producing reapers, barbed wire, and windmills facilitating western ______. By 1860, NYC had become the nation's ______ financial, commercial, and manufacturing center. The Southern economy also grew and the expansion of _____ production brought wealth to slaveholders.

risen Boston to Philadelphia/Baltimore Great Lakes Chicago center settlement preeminent cotton

In the eyes of southerners, their future was at ____ as Lincoln's party values were hostile to theirs. Those for secession didn't think Lincoln would immediately take _____ against slavery in the states. But if this election marked a shift in power to the Republicans, the antislavery _____ could last several years. Slave Owners feared Republicans would expand their party ______, by gaining support of non slaveholders. Rather than accept a minority status, Southern leaders fought for their ______ as they believed their lives were at stake.

risk action sentiment southward independence

Thomas Crawford, a prominent ____ in the US, was asked to design a statue to go on top of the Capitol's dome. He proposed a female wearing a ____ ______. Many were against this as it was identified with the French Revolution. Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, was also against it as the cap was ______ (the cap of the freed slave). He suggested a feather helmet. When Crawford died in Italy, the _____ ____ _______ was brought to the US in pieces and then assembled. By the time it was placed, the Civil War was ______ and Jefferson Davis was president. This dispute shows how almost all public questions were swept into a storm over ______.

sculptor liberty cap controversial Statue of Freedom ongoing slavery

Following the election of Lincoln, 7 states ______ from the Union. These were part of the Cotton Kingdom, where the slave population was a large part of the population. First to secede was ___, with the highest % of slaves and a history of political radicalism. On December 20, 1860, the legislature _____ voted to leave the Union. Its Declaration of Immediate Causes of Secession put __ at the center of its leaving. The 1st and longest complaint was the north's ____ with fugitive slaves. The northern public opinion and actions regarding slavery _____ them to leave. Secessionists equated their movement with the struggle for American _____.

seceded SC unanimously slavery interference compelled independence

The most notable thing about election returns was their ____ character. Lincoln carried all of the ____, except NJ, leading the popular and electoral votes. ______ carried most of the slave states, with the ____ ____ _____ carrying the 3 upper south states. ____ won Missouri, but ranked 2nd in the popular vote. He was the only candidate to win support in all of the ___. Lincoln ___ the election.

sectional North Breckinridge Constitutional Unified Party Douglas nation won

The Democratic party ___. National conventions had been places to _____ differences among the party in time for elections in the fall. But in 1860, neither party was interested in conciliation. Southern Democrats didn't trust the _____ and Douglas's party wouldn't _____ a platform that doomed their party.

shattered reconcile north accept

As boundaries ______, longtime residents became aliens. Tejanos faced pressures to _____ and sent children to English schools established by Protestant missionaries. They refused to convert from ______, even as the church declined after Texas became part of the US. Tejanos were increasingly confined to unskilled ______ or ______ labor. Some Tejanos took advantage of their ______ identities. Women seeking divorces took advantage of American laws, which were more ____. During the Civil War, Tejano men claimed to be citizens of ____ to get out of being drafted into the war.

shifted Americanize Catholicism agricultural urban ambiguous liberal Mexico

Polk assumed the presidency with clear goals: reduce the _____, reestablish the independent _____ system, settle the dispute over ownership of ____, and bring CA to the _____. Congress enacted the first two, the third was successful with an agreement with Great Britain, which divided Oregon at the _____ parallel. Northerners were disappointed by the compromise as they considered it a betrayal of Polk's campaign _____ to not give up any part of Oregon without a fight. However, the president secured his _____ objectives-Willamette Valley and Puget Sound.

tariff Treasury Oregon Union 49th promise main

As the Mexican government's grip on the area _______, they _____ existing land grants and _____ future emigration. Austin led American settlers who demanded greater _______ within Mexico. A small part of the __ elite joined. They were mostly ranchers and large farmers, who welcomed the economic _____ that accompanied the settlers and had formed _______ with traders in America. The issue of ______ also contributed to matters. Mexico abolished _____, but American settlers brought slaves allowed by local _______. General Antonio Lopez de _____ ____ sent an army in 1835 to impose central authority (give liberty to slaves and make slaves of our selves in one POV).

weakened annulled barred autonomy Tejano boom alliances slavery slavery authorities Santa Anna

As northerners believed _____ expansion was essential to their economic well-being, southerners became convinced that _____ should expand or die. Moreover, the _______ of new free states overturned the delicate political _____ between sections and made the South a permanent minority. Southern interests wouldn't be secure in a _____ dominated by non-slaveholding states.

westward slavery admission balance Union

After the war, the US absorbed _____ miles of Mexican territory, ⅓ of the nation's total area. A region united for so long was split into _____, dividing families and breaking trade routes. Around 75-100K Mexicans and 150K Indians inhabited the Mexican ____. The treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo guaranteed male citizens free enjoyment of ____ and ___ and all rights of _____, which was designed to protect the property of ____ in CA. Some residents went from being Spaniards to Mexicans to Americans. They adjusted to a new ______ like immigrants. Indians, whose land became part of the US, were mentioned in the treaty as ____ tribes and whom the US must prevent from launching ____ in Mexico across the new border.

500K two cession liberty property Americans landowners identity savage incursions

Santa Anna's army sparked the ______ _____. Rebels formed a provisional government, calling for Texan ______. On March 6, 1836, Santa Anna's troops stormed the _____ in San Antonio, killing 187 defenders. Remember the Alamo became a rallying cry. In April, under ____ _____ (former governor of TN), Santa Anna's army was routed to the Battle of ___ ______, where he was forced to recognize Texan independence. Houston became the first _______ of the Republic of Texas. In 1837, the Texas Union called for _____ with the US but Martin ______ ______ feared political disputes from adding another slave/free state to the Union and declined. Settlers from the US flew to the region and many slave owners took ______ land. The population grew to 150K by 1845.

Texas Revolt independence Alamo Sam Houston San Jacinto president union van Buren fertile

With the slavery issue becoming more _____, party leaders moved to resolve differences between sections. Some disputes were long standing, but an immediate factor of ______ arose from new land from the Mexican war. In 1850, ___ asked to be admitted to the Union as a free state. Southerners opposed it as it would upset sectional ____. Senator ____ ______ offered a plan with four main provisions that came to be known as the Compromise of 1850. CA would enter as a ____ state, the slave trade would be ____, Southerners would be allowed to reclaim ______ slaves, and the status of slavery in remaining territories would be left to ______. The US would also pay off ___ Texas had accumulated while independent.

ominous controversy CA balance Henry Clay free abolished runaway inhabitants debt

Crittenden's plan faced Lincoln's ____, however. He was willing to conciliate on issues of _____ slaves, but not on the expansion of slavery. He claimed a fundamental principle of ____ was at stake. Lincoln also feared that Crittenden's plan offered the South an invite to demand the _____ of mexico and cuba suited to slavery.

opposition fugitive democracy acquisition

As the Union unraveled, Buchanan seemed _____. He denied a state could secede, but said that the government couldn't use ____ to get them to come back. Other leaders couldn't find ____ to this either. Senator Crittenden of KY offered a popular compromise plan: it guaranteed ____ in the states where it existed and extended the Missouri Compromise to the ____ Ocean. The seceding states ____ the plan as it was too late. Many in the Upper south and north saw it as a way to settle sectional divisions.

paralyzed force resolutions slavery Pacific rejected

The final ____ collapse occurred during the administration of President Buchanan. He epitomized the ___ political structure, served in the PA legislature (in both houses of Congress), and as secretary of state under President Polk. He believed in the _____ and wanted to _____ sectional tensions. He __ disastrously in what he set out to accomplish.

party old union pacify failed

The Compromise of 1850 temporarily restored sectional ____ and unity. In the 1852 election, democrat _____ won a sweeping victory against the Whig _____ _____, who recognized the Compromise of 1850 as a final ______ of the slavery controversy. His administration became one of the most ______ and witnessed the collapse of the party system.

peace Pierce Winfield Scott settlement disastrous

Before his inauguration, Buchanan was aware of a _____ Supreme Court decision on the Dred Scott v. Sandford case, that could settle the slavery _____ once and for all. During the 1880s, Scott accompanied his owner, Dr. Emerson of Missouri, to ____, where slavery was prohibited by the ____ _____ and state law. He also went to _____ territory, where it was barred by the __ ____. After coming back to Missouri, Scott ____ for independence as he said residence on free soil made him free.

pending controversy Illinois Northwest Ordinance Wisconsin Missouri Compromise sued

Nativism emerged as a ____ movement in the 1840s. In 1854, with the party system in crisis, the emergence of the ____ party made it burst on the political scene. This party trumpeted its support for _____ Americans to reserve political office and to resist aggressions of the Catholic Church. They swept ___ elections in 1854 and the mayor's office in many ____. Nativists emerged as a major component of ____ voters opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska Act in many states. In the North, the Know-Nothings appeal combined anti-slavery and _____, also opposition of liquor. Most Catholics opposed reform movements, like ______ and antislavery.

political Know-Nothing native-born MA cities anti-Nebraska anti-Catholicism temperance

Lincoln shared many racial _____, like not giving Blacks the right to vote or serve on juries, but he didn't use _____ to racism to gain votes like Douglas. He refused to exclude blacks as they had rights according to the ____ ____ _______.

prejudices appeals Declaration of Independence

The imposition of the American system of _____ relations was detrimental to inhabitants of the newly acquired land. Mexico had abolished ______ and declared the Spanish, Indian, and African people ____ before the law, but Texas had provided _____ for slavery and denied civil ______ to Africans and Indians. Only whites were allowed to _____ land and the entrance of free blacks was _______.

race slavery equal protection rights purchase prohibited

The case could've ended there, but Taney went on inspired to solve the slavery issue. Scott remained a ___- he declared. The IL law had no ____ on him and in Wisconsin, Congress barred no _____ to ban slavery from a territory. The Missouri Compromise was deemed _____, and was recently banned anyways by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This went for any other acts getting in the way of southerners' ____ to own slaves. This in effect declared the _____ platform of reducing slavery expansion unconstitutional. It also seemed to undermine Douglas's ___ ____as if Congress couldn't prohibit slavery, how could a territorial legislature do so? This case covered every question regarding slavery and settles in favor of the south.

slave effect power unconstitutional rights Republican popular sovereignty

Political leaders removed the issue of ___ from congressional debate, but the ____ made controversy inevitable. It allowed commissioners to determine the fate of alleged ____ without a trial or testimony. It prohibited local _____ from interfering and required citizens to assist in capture when called upon by federal agents. Thus, southern leaders ____ it as it forced the North to comply to the federal agents (support slavery reluctantly). _____ of slavery was more important than states' rights.

slavery FSA fugitives authorities supported Security

In 1848, opponents of ____ formed the Free Soil party and nominated ___ ______ for president and Charles Francis Adams for VP. Democrats nominated _____ _____, who proposed that the decision of whether or not to allow slavery should be left to the settlers. Van Buren was motivated by _____ against the South for jettisoning him in 1844. His campaign struck a chord with Northerners opposed to the expansion of ______ and he got 14% of the northern total in votes. _____ _____ won in 1844, a hero of the Mexican war and a Louisiana sugar planter. He was a ____, abandoning his party to run on a free soil platform showed that antislavery spread beyond ______ ranks.

slavery Van Buren Lewis Cass revenge slavery Zachary Taylor Whig abolitionist

Before 1846, the status of ______ in all states had been settled by state law or the Missouri Compromise, but the question was reopened after the acquisition of new _____. The divisive potential of the issue became clear when Congressman __ _____ of PA proposed to prohibit slavery from the new territory. ______ lines crumbled as every Northerner supported the ____ _____, while southerners opposed it. The measure _____ the house as the North was the majority but failed in the Senate, with a _____ of free and slave states.

slavery land David Wilmot Party Wilmot Proviso passed balance

Opportunity of moving of ___, resulting in economic independence, was a defining quality of northern society, Republicans declared. Slavery spawned a social order of degraded ____, poor whites with no ____, and __ aristocrats. The struggle over territories was a ____ about which two antagonistic labor systems would dominate the West and the nation's future. If slavery spread west, northern free laborers would be ____ and chances of social advancement diminished. Slavery should be kept out of territories so free labor can ___ according to Republicans.

status slaves advancement idle contest barred flourish

With Republicans gaining _____ in the North, the Democrats of the South were expected to put a _____ on party unity as the 1860 election approached. By this time, a group of Southerners viewed their prospects more favorable _____ than inside the Union. Writers and political leaders kept tabs on the complaints about the South's problems through the 1850s. The high prices of slaves made it hard for sons of planters and small farmers to become planters on their _____. Many white southerners felt opportunity for economic independence was ______ through land and slaves. The North received benefits of the cotton trade, while the South went further into ___. An independent south could be the basis of a slave _____.

strength premium outside own eroding debt empire

By the late 1850s, southern leaders were desperate to ____ the bonds of slavery. New states further ______ access to freedom. Louisiana said slaves could no longer be ______. Some southerners wanted the slave ____ opened again, hoping an influx of slaves would lower the price on them, increasing the number of whites with an interest in the institution. By 1860, ____ states went on record to declare that the Democratic platform should protect slavery in all territories not admitted to the Union yet. No northern politician ____ this position. For southern leaders to insist on this, would lead to the destruction of the _______ party as a national institution. Southern nationalists, fire-eaters, hoped to split the party and country to form an _____ Southern confederacy.

strengthen restricted emancipated trade 7 accepted Democratic independent

In 1854, political order _____ to disruptive pressures of sectionalism. ____ _____, IL senator, introduced a bill to provide territorial governments for Kansas and Nebraska, within the _____ purchase. Calhoun, Clay, and Webster all died between 1850 and 1852, Douglas became a prominent leader of the ____. He believed in _____ development and hoped a transcontinental railroad, established in Kansas or Nebraska. He feared this couldn't happen unless ______ were established. Southerners were against this as it may upset the sectional ____. Douglas hoped to satisfy them with ____ ____, where settlers would decide whether slavery should be implemented or not. Douglas thought popular sovereignty embodied the idea of local self-government and offered a middle ground between the _____ of the North and the South. It was a principle that all parts of the Democratic Party could ___ upon and he could win the nomination in 1856, to beat Pierce.

succumbed Stephen Douglas Louisiana Senate western governments balance popular sovereignty extremes unite