phonetics final

Tense and Lax

- Lax are also called free or checked vowels - A vowel is lax if we can not use it in an open syllable - Tense vowels only exist in closed vowels

Which of the following words contain at least one consonant cluster. You may need to choose more than one answer.

A consonant cluster: 2, 3 or 4 consonant sounds in a row. Examples of consonants clusters with 2 consonant sounds are /bl/ in 'black', /sk/ in 'desk' and the /pt/ at the end of 'helped'.

Which of the following are examples of words that would undergo the rule described in the statement (an English consonant allophone rule)?

Allophones are different ways of producing a sound that do not change the meaning. Ex: water and hat, the t is produced differently

Which of the following are examples of words that would undergo the rule described in the statement (an English consonant allophone rule)?

Devoicing: A reduced vowel may be voiceless between voiceless stops. Example: "catastrophe" [kə̥ˈtʰæstɹəˌfiː] - The initial schwa is devoiced because it is unstressed and between two voiceless stops. Retraction: Vowels are retracted before syllable final /ɫ/. Example: sail = [seʊɫ] - The vowel gets retracted in the word "sail", and it almost becomes a diphthong. The word almost appears to add a syllable.

Which words would have a lengthened vowel?

In monosyllabic words, - longest in an open syllable - next longest before liquids - next longest before final voiced consonants - shortest before final unvoiced consonants. - longest in an open syllable - next longest in a syllable closed by a voiced consonant - shortest in a syllable closed by a voiceless consonant Example: "lie" /laɪ/ "lied" /laɪd/ "light" /laɪt/ -Other things being equal, vowels are longer in stressed syllables. Example: "hello" /hɛloʊ/ vs. "yellow" /jɛloʊ/ The /oʊ/ in "hello" is longer because it is stressed.- -Other things being equal, vowels are longest in monosyllabic words and progressively shorter as syllables are added. Example: "speed", "speedy", "speediest" The /i/ vowel is longest in "speed" and shortest in "speediest"

Which of the following words is a minimal pair of (an English word)?

Minimal pairs are two words that are different in ONE sound only Ex: cat and cap difference in the final sound - spelling doesnt play a role - the number of sounds has to be identical - the meaning must change

consonant place

Place of articulation ◦ bilabial ◦ labiodental ◦ dental ◦ alveolar ◦ retroflex ◦ palato-alveolar ◦ palatal ◦ velar

consonant manners

Stop = airflow stopped completely Fricative = continuous friction Affricates = a combination of a stop and a fricative Approximants = /l, w, ɹ, j/

If a child says (an English word) as (child's production in IPA), mark any and all processes which apply.

Stopping: "soap" = /toʊp/, "zoo" = /du/ Fronting: "cat" = /tæt/, "wash" = /wɑs/ Affrication: "train" = /tsɹeɪn/ (were adding an affricate that doesnt belong) Deaffrication: "chip" = /ʃɪp/ (affric. reduced to fricative) Gliding: "red" = /wɛd/ Vocalization: "hair" = /hɛʊ/

Identify each word that would feature (an English rhotic vowel phoneme) in the transcription. You may need to choose more than one answer.

This is the vowel in words like "bird," "learn," "nerd," "sir". Symbol: [ɚ] (schwar) or [ɝ].

Which of the following are examples of words that would undergo the rule described in the statement (an English consonant allophone rule)?

Vowels are nasalized in syllables closed by a nasal consonant. Example: "dean" = [dɪ̃n] But, "deny" = [di.naɪ] "dean" has a nasalized vowel because it's in a syllable closed by a nasal consonant, but "deny" does not because the syllable it's in is not closed by a nasal consonant. Note -it is possible to have various degrees of voicing, and the vowel in "deny" could have some nasalization.

Dipthongs

are two vowels that are merged together to create one vowel or one phoneme

. Look at the words and the transcriptions of how someone said them. Mark all of the words in which the speaker's production was an example of X (elision, metathesis, epenthesis, regressive assimilation, or progressive assimilation).

elision is the omission of a sound (a phoneme) in speech Metathesis is what occurs when two sounds or syllables switch places in a word. epenthesis is the insertion of an extra sound into a word regressive assimilation: assimilation in which a following sound has an effect on a preceding on (first one changes) progressive assimilation: assimilation in which a preceding sound has an effect on a following one. (second sound changes) LOOK AT HW AND LAB TO REVIEW

Which of the following English phonemes does not typically occur in (a language discussed in the course) (except perhaps as an allophone)?

ng

Identify all of the words which would have a reduced vowel in General American English. You may need to select more than one answer.

vowel reduction: any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language), and which are perceived as "weakening".

If a child says (an English word) as (child's production in IPA), mark any and all processes which apply.

weak syllable deletion (does not include stressed syllable deletion)