APUSH Chapter 14-17

Robert Fulton

(1765-1815) Pennsylvania-born painter and engineer who constructed the first operating steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807.

Samuel Slater

(1768-1835) British-born mechanic and father of the American "factory system," establishing textile mills throughout New England.

Winfield Scott

(1786-1866) Military officer and presidential candidate, Scott first made a name for himself as a hero of the War of 1812. During the war with Mexico, he led the American campaign against Mexico City, overcoming tremendous handicaps to lead his men to victory. He later made an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1852 as the Whig candidate.

Samuel F.B. Morse

(1791-1872) Inventor of the telegraph and the telegraphic code that bears his name. He led the effort to connect Washington and Baltimore by telegraph and transmitted the first long-distance message—"What hath God wrought?"—in May 1844.

Charles G Finney

(1792-1875) One of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, Finney presided over mass camp meetings throughout New York State, championing temperance and abolition and urging women to play a greater role in religious life.

Lucretia Mott

(1793-1880) Prominent Quaker and abolitionist, Mott became a champion for women's rights after she and her fellow female delegates were not seated at the World Anti-Slavery Convention of 1840 in London. Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she organized the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848.

Stephen W Kearney

(1794-1848) American officer during the Mexican War who led a detachment of troops into New Mexico and captured Santa Fe.

Sojourner Truth

(1799-1883) Black abolitionist, preacher, and women's rights activist, who worked tirelessly on behalf of slaves and freed blacks.

Nicholas P Trist

(1800-1874) American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which ended the Mexican War and through which the United States acquired a vast amount of territory from Mexico.

Brigham Young

(1801-1877) Second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Young led his Mormon followers to Salt Lake City, Utah, after Joseph Smith's death. Under Young's discipline and guidance, the Utah settlement prospered, and the church expanded to include over 100,000 members by Young's death in 1877.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804-1864) Novelist and author of The Scarlet Letter, a tale exploring the psychological effects of sin in seventeenth-century Puritan Boston.

Joseph Smith

(1805-1844) Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), the young Smith gained a following after an angel directed him to a set of golden plates that, when deciphered, became the Book of Mormon. Smith's communal, authoritarian church and his advocacy of plural marriage antagonized his neighbors in Ohio, Missouri, and finally Illinois, where he was murdered by a mob in 1844.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

(1807-1882) Harvard professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth-century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry.

Edgar Allen Poe

(1809-1849) American poet and author of Gothic horror short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher," which reflected a distinctly morbid sensibility for Jacksonian America.

Cyrus McCormick

(1809-1885) Inventor of the McCormick mower-reaper, a horse-drawn contraption that fueled the development of large-scale agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West.

John C Fremont

(1813-1890) Explorer who helped overthrow the Mexican government in California after the outbreak of war with Mexico. He later ran for president as the Republican nominee in 1856 but lost the election to Democratic candidate James Buchanan.

David Wilmot

(1814-1868) Pennsylvania congressman best known for his "Wilmot Proviso," a failed amendment that would have prohibited slavery from any of the territories acquired from Mexico. He later went on to help organize the Free Soil and Republican parties, supporting Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) Abolitionist and woman suffragist, Stanton organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. After the Civil War, Stanton urged Congress to include women in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, despite urgings from Frederick Douglass to let freedmen have their hour. In 1869, she, along with Susan B. Anthony, founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to lobby for a constitutional amendment granting women the vote.

Herman Melville

(1819-1891) New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience that no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick.

Susan B Anthony

(1820-1906) Reformer and woman suffragist, Anthony, with long-time friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocated for temperance and women's rights in New York State, established the abolitionist Women's Loyal League during the Civil War, and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 to lobby for a constitutional amendment giving women the vote.

Louisa May Alcott

(1832-1888) New England-born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women.

Shakers

Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semisecret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Cotton Kingdom

A term that was used for the "kingdom" of the south that focused mainly on cotton, which was their largerst export.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

Rio Grande

Americans desired the Texas border to extend to the Rio Grande river rather than stopping at the Nueces

The Liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

Liberty Party

Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.

Noah Webster

Born in Connecticut. Educated at Yale. Lived 1758-1843. Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America.

Caroline

Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

"Spot" resolution

Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive nineteenth-century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

American Colonization Society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

"Molly Maguires"

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Industrial Revolution

Shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system.

Pony Express

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Clipper Ships

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

Peculiar Institution

The name given to slavery as a nicer name

Plantation System

The system used in the south that allowed for the rich of the south to have many slaves, and kept the poor the same way. A class system that did not allow for momement between classes

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Unitarianism

a "spin-off" faith from the severe Puritanism of the past. Unitarians believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator. The Unitarian movement began in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and was embraced by many of the leading "thinkers" or intellectuals of the day.

General Incorporation Law

allows corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature. It also refers to a law enabling a certain type of corporation, such as a railroad, to exercise eminent domain and other special rights without a charter from the legislature.

The North Star

an antislavery newspaper published by Frederick Douglass

Knickerbocker group

group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing invented by Eli Whitney to conribute to the assembly line

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

signed August 9, 1842, was a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. Also banned the slave trade (on the ocean)

Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

was an oath-bound secret society in NYC created by Charles Allen in 1849 to protest the rise of the Irish, Roman Catholic, and German immigration into the U.S. They were also known as the "Know-nothings" because they kept the society a secret.

Sewing Machine

was invented by Elias Howe and perfected in 1846 by Isaac Singer. It became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry

Oligarchy

A government by the few. Pre-civil war the south operated in this way; heavily influenced by a planter aristocracy.

Bear Flag Revolt

A revolt of American settlers in California against Mexican rule. It ignited the Mexican War and ultimately made California a state.

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published Plan for Improving Female Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. In 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Market Revolution

Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Millerites

Followers of a Calvanist Baptist minister who taught that the second coming of Christ would occur in 1944

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Seneca Falls

Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

"Conscience" Whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the southern "slave power."

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

John Slidell

Prior to the Mexican American war president Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate an agreement between that the Rio Grande River would be the southern border of Texas. Instructed to offer 30 million for California. Mexico denied Slidell's mission and war was declared on May 13 1846.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-compromise tariff of 1833 rates.

Gag Resolution

Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Factory System

System where goods were produced at a large level by unskilled workers using machinery.

Declaration of Sentiments

declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights

Oregon Fever

migratory trend that began in the 1830's and in full swing a decade later that went to pacific territories of Califo0rnia and Oregon. Fueled from depression of 1837, stimulated by the optimistic reports of rich farmland and mild climate.

Nativism

movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers

Scabs

people who went on strike against their workplace

Homesteaders

people who were hoping to gain land in the west with the Homestead Act. The Act required 3 steps to receive a deed to land: file an application, improve the land, and file for a deed of the land.

Maine

the British attempt in the late 1830s to build a road from Halifax to Quebec led to a U.S.-British dispute over this state boundary.

Hudson's Bay Company

the British company that had a monopoly of the fur trade in the Oregon Country in the 1840s.

Rugged Individualism

the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook who promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance

"Twisting the Lions Tail"

the slang term for a politician in America in the mid-1800s making negative remarks about the British to his Irish audiences.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

the treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848.

Santa Anna

was a general that seized power of Mexico as a dictator, he increased the powers of the national government at the expense of the state governments, a measure that Texans from the United States assumed Santa Anna was aiming directly at them.