apush chapter 7 and 8 test

Baron von Steuben

A Prussian general who provided invaluable service to the American army. No one would employ at the time because of rumors that he was gay. He whipped them into fighting shape.

Nathanael Greene

A Quaker-born strategist who exhausted Charles Cornwallis by using his strategy of delay. He was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" and successfully cleared British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina.

Richard Henry Lee

A Virginian delegate to the Second Continental Congress who motioned that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." The acceptance of this motion on July 2, 1776 was the formal declaration of independence from Britain.

George Rogers Clark

A brilliant frontiersman who captured the Native American forts of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes by floating down the Ohio River with 175 men and catching the Native Americans by surprise.

John Paul Jones

A daring young Scotsman who commanded a tiny fleet of American ships that did serious damage to the British navy.

First Continental Congress

A gathering of 12 of the 13 colonies in response to the Intolerable Acts. They met in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774. After much deliberation, the delegates drew up a Declaration of Rights and other appeals to the King and the British people.

John Adams

A lawyer who defended the British soldiers from being charged in the Boston Massacre trials. He played a key role in the First Continental Congress.

Boston Massacre

A snowball fight that colonists started against the British that eventually led to the shooting and killing of 11 citizens. Many of the British soldiers were released after just being branded on the hand, and only 2 were convicted of manslaughter.

Marquis de Lafayette

A wealthy French nobleman who provided indispensable connections to the French and was made major general of the American army at age 19.

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773, about a hundred disguised Bostonians snuck onto British ships and dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor.

Crispus Attucks

One of the first people to die in the Boston Massacre. He was also a leader of the mob.

Common Sense

One of the most influential pamphlets ever published, it convinced the colonists that their true goal was independence from England, not reconciliation. It also set the groundwork for a lot of the ideas that America was founded on. It argued that the government should derive "their just powers from the consent of the governed."

privateers

Armored ships that were privately owned that Congress specifically authorized to take down the British ships.

Quebec Act

Act that accompanied the Intolerable Acts. It was thought to be in reaction to the Boston Tea Party by the colonists, but it was not. It gave many new freedoms to the French Canadians, who regarded it as only a conciliatory measure. The mostly-Protestant Americans hated it.

Townshend Acts

Acts passed by Charles Townshend that taxed glass, white lead, paper, paint, and, most importantly, tea.

Intolerable Acts

Acts that punished the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and other rebellious deeds. Many of Massachusetts's chartered rights were taken away.

Patriots/Whigs

American rebels who fought the British redcoats. They were also called Whigs, after the political party in Britain.

Loyalists/Tories

Americans who were loyal to the king throughout the war. They were also called Tories, after the political party in Britain.

Benjamin Franklin

An American who wore many hats, including inventor, politician, scientist, and more, but his most important job during the Revolution was as an envoy to France.

Richard Montgomery

An Irish-born general who used to be in the British army but led the Americans in the failed assault against Quebec and died.

Declaratory Act

An act passed by Parliament after the repeal of the Stamp Act that defended their right to "bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever."

Sugar Act

An act passed in 1764 by Prime Minister George Grenville. It was the first ever passed by Parliament that raised tax revenue on the colonies to help with their €14 million debt. The tax was eventually lowered because of bitter protest from Americans.

Quartering Act

An act passed in 1765 that required some colonies to house and feed British troops.

John Hancock

An enterprising colonial merchant, he amassed a fortune by smuggling, which disregarded the Navigation Laws set up by the British.

Thomas Paine

Author of Common Sense. He was a former corset-maker's apprentice who came over from Britain to America about a year before the famous pamphlet was published. He argued that the government should derive "their just powers from the consent of the governed."

William Howe

British general who did not capitalize on low American morale. He also captured Philadelphia in 1777.

Charles Cornwallis

British general who fell into the American trap at Yorktown. His vital mistake was assuming that Britain would also maintain dominance in the seas. He waited for supplies and help at the Chesapeake Bay and was ambushed.

Admiral de Grasse

French admiral who operated with a large fleet from the West Indies and helped in the ambush at Yorktown. He blocked the British on land from escaping to the sea after he had defeated the British navy that had come to help.

Samuel Adams

He was a leader of the Sons of Liberty who organized the Boston Tea Party. He also organized the local committees of correspondence, which grew into intercolonial committees of correspondence, which eventually became the First and Second Continental Congress. His second cousin was John Adams. He failed in the brewing business, but today he has a beer named after him. Known for his resistance against the British, he was also a master at propaganda and rebellion. His hands shook, so many people underestimated him, which he used to his advantage. He loved the people dearly and called them his "trained mob."

Olive Branch Petition

In July 1775, the Second Continental Congress signed this petition begging the king to stop the skirmishes and reassuring their loyalty to him.

King George III

King of Britain during the American Revolution. He surrounded himself with advisors that would agree with everything he said, most notably Prime Minister Lord North, and he proved to be a very bad ruler.

Benedict Arnold

Leader of a tiny legion of Americans that captured the British troops stationed at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in May 1775. This helped secure gunpowder and artillery. He also helped lead the assault on Quebec and was wounded. He turned traitor in 1780 because he felt that his efforts were going unnoticed. His plot to sell the stronghold of West Point to the British was found out, and he fled to England.

Thomas Hutchinson

Massachusetts governor who refused to back down from the colonists even though his home had been destroyed in 1765. He ordered the tea ships from Britain not to leave until the tea had been brought on shore. This eventually led to the Boston Tea Party.

Charles Townshend

Nicknamed "Champagne Charley," he passed the Townshend Acts, which taxed glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.

George Grenville

Prime Minister of Britain who ordered the British to start strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws in 1763. He also passed the Sugar Act in 1764 and the Quartering Act in 1765. He also imposed a stamp tax in 1765. He thought all of these acts were reasonable because the colonists had just made them fight an expensive war.

Lord North

Prime Minister to King George III who was known for being a "yes man."

Sons of Liberty

Revolutionist group that took the responsibility of punishing those who did not follow the nonimportation agreements, typically by tarring and feathering.

natural rights

Rights that a person has just for existing and cannot be lost. Governments that have been overthrown have often violated the natural rights of the people.

mercenaries

Soldiers hired out to a foreign government to fight.

Second Continental Congress

The 2nd Congress that met on May 10, 1775 in Philadelphia with all thirteen colonies. The conservative element in Congress was still strong, despite the shooting in Massachusetts. There was still no well-defined sentiment for independence-merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the new king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. They chose George Washington as the leader of the army. They also created a way to raise money and make an army and a navy.

Hessians

The German troops and mercenaries that King George hired. They were mostly from Hesse, Germany, hence the name Hessians. They were more attracted to money than fighting, and many deserted their posts to live in America.

Stamp Act Congress

The colonial outcry that gathered 27 delegates from 9 different colonies to New York City. They debated and drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and asked to repeal the Stamp Act. They sent it to England, where it went largely unnoticed. It aided in uniting the colonies.

Comte de Rochambeau

The commander of six thousand French troops that arrived in America in 1780.

John Burgoyne

The leader of the main British invading force trying to capture the Hudson Valley. He was nicknamed "Gentleman Johnny" and was also an actor and playwright. His progress down from Canada was painfully slow because of the amount of people he brought with him.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

The treaty that officially ended the American Revolution and granted America its independence. The Americans gained much and gave up little.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson, it declared independence from Britain and was formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. He argued that their severing of ties was just for many reasons.

stamp tax

a tax imposed by George Grenville in 1765 to raise money to support the new British military forces. It mandated the use of stamps on specific types of legal documents, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, and marriage licenses.

nonimportation agreement

colonists agreed not to use or buy British goods, which helped unite the colonies. It also gave people new opportunities to join the cause of resisting the British.

Ethan Allen

leader of a tiny legion of Americans that captured the British troops stationed at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in May 1775. This helped secure gunpowder and artillery.

boycott

refusing to do something, especially buying a product. Americans resisted buying many products that the British taxed.

republicanism

the opposite of hierarchical and authoritarian governments like monarchy and aristocracy. The model of government depended on the moral virtue of its citizens and their willingness to give up their own interests for the common good.

mercantilism

the theory that the British used to justify their control over the colonies. They believed that wealth was power, and they thought that they needed to export more goods than import. The colonies had access to raw materials, so they used them to create products.

committees of correspondence

their chief message was to spread the spirit of opposition against the British. These committees eventually led to intercolonial committees, which later became the first American congress.