CPL Theory

Instruments required for Day VFR RPT/CHTR MTOW greater than 5700kg

- 2 AH (with duplicated power supply) - ASI (with pitot heat and alt/dual static ports) - VSI (with alt/dual static ports) - 2 ALT (with alt/dual static ports) - DG (with duplicated power supply) - TS (with duplicated power supply and gyro power indications) - Compass - Clock - OAT - MEL requirements

FDP time limit

- 9 hours, or - 8 hours if FDP begins before 0600 local time or from 1400 local time

Privileges of CPL

1. To pilot as PIC any aircraft in any operation other than - multi-crew CHTR or RPT - an AC certificated for SPO with an MTOW >5700kg in an RPT operation - a turbojet AC with MTOW >3500kg in an RPT operation 2. To co-pilot any aircraft in any operation

Cumulative flight time limit for any consecutive 28-day period

100 hours; this may not be extended

Cumulative flight time limit for any consecutive 365-day period

1000 hours; this may not be extended

Minimum number of satellites required for GNSS position fixing

2D fix - 3 satellites 3D fix - 4 satellites 3D fix with fault detection (RAIM FD) - 5 satellites 3D fix with fault detection and exclusion (RAIM FDE) - 6 satellites Baro-aiding - one less satellite needed in each case; an altimeter supplies altitude information

Squawk Codes

3000 - A, C, D, IFR E 1200 - VFR E or G 0100 - certain airports like Essendon 7500 - taken alive - unlawful interference 7600 - radio tricks - comms failure 7700 - take me to heaven - emergency

When can you navigate by GPS when flying under day VFR?

AIP ENR 1.1 - 4.2 - Only ABOVE 2000ft AGL, GPS may be used to supplement visual navigation - If AT or BELOW 2000ft AGL, then you must navigate by visual reference to ground or water.

Radio carriage requirements for CHTR

AIP GEN 1.5-1 - VHF - HF (only if flying beyond VHF coverage)

Radio carriage requirements for RPT

AIP GEN 1.5-1 - VHF and HF, or - just 2 VHF

Radio carriage requirements for flight under Day VFR

AIP GEN 1.5-1 1 VHF is required if Day VFR and within: - controlled airspace (C, D, E, & A), - Class G 5000ft and above, - Class G - certified, registered, or military - Class G below 3000ft AMSL/1000ft AGL in 'reduced VMC' ('reduced VMC' means when VMC minima are relaxed by ATC only to assist with traffic separation; thus, a VHF radio is required to facilitate this)

Who can apply for an AOC?

Any legal entity such as a person or a company, so long as they meet the requirements.

Why is priming fuel delivered to only cylinders 1, 2, and 4?

Because the MAP detector/gauge is located at cylinder 3, and the priming fuel would give erroneous readings. Also, fuel delivered to only 3 cylinders is sufficient for start-up.

Fuel reserve requirements

CAE SOPs - 45 mins FR in all cases, no VR CAAP 234-1 PVT/AWK aeroplane with MTOW less than 5700kg: - 30 mins for VFR - 45 mins for IFR/NVFR RPT/CHTR IFR/VFR aeroplane: - 45 mins for piston + 10%VR - 30 mins for turboprop/jet + 5%VR

Life rafts carriage

CAO 20.11 - Must be carried when at a distance greater than either: a) lessor of distance flown at 30 mins cruising speed or 100NM, or If 4 engines, 3 turbine engine, or 2 turbine engine in an extended range operation: b) lessor of distance flown at 120 mins cruising speed or 400NM - For the PA44, it's 70NM overwater (30 mins at 140kts cruise) - If carried, they must be readily accessible and sufficient to carry every AC occupant

Life jackets carriage requirements

CAO 20.11 1 per occupant must be carried if overwater and - if SEA: beyond gliding distance from land, or - if MEA: beyond 50NM from land. - not required if overwater segment is part of normal landing/take-off procedure for the aerodrome, unless RPT/CHTR flight - the use of life jackets must be briefed orally prior to take-off if applicable

Portable megaphones carriage

CAO 20.11 If RPT/pax-CHTR AC with more than 60 seats and at least 1 pax, then it must carry - 1 megaphone, if less than 100 seats, or - 2 megaphones, if 100 or more seats, distributed throughout the cabin

Survival equipment

CAO 20.11 Must be carried when - life rafts are necessary - flying within designated remote areas (as per CAO 20.11) - directed by CASA

Operator requirements for emergency procedures

CAO 20.11 RPT/CHTR operators shall specify, in the aircraft operations manual, the procedures for handling - emergency decompression (where appropriate) - fire on ground/in air - flight crew compartment impact drill - emergency evacuation - ditching (where appropriate)

Requirements of ELT(s) to be carried on overwater flights

CAO 20.11 The ELT(s) to be carried on overwater flights must - transmit on 121.5 and 243Mhz frequencies - be approved under 252A of the regs (CARs) - be stowed for easy access in an emergency

Emergency signalling equipment carriage

CAO 20.11 When the carriage of life rafts is necessary, you must also carry: - 1 ELT where 1 life raft is carried, or at least 2 ELTs when more than 1 life raft is carried, and - a supply of pyrotechnic distress signals For SEA flying over water and without the capacity to maintain continuous 2-way communications, - 1 ELT must be carried

Passenger briefing

CAO 20.11 SSSEOF Brief pax before take-off on: - smoking - seat belts - stowage of luggage - exits - oxygen (where applicable) - floatation devices (where applicable) - handicapped person and their assistant individually briefed as appropriate on the emergency exits - if life jackets/rafts are required, their use must be briefed prior to take-off or prior to the overwater segment of the flight at the latest.

May cargo be carried on a passenger seat?

CAO 20.16.2 Yes, so long as - its weight is evenly distributed across the squab (seating portion of the seat) - it weighs no more than 77kg, and - it is properly restrained (withstands maximum accelerations of the aircraft with flame resistant restraints)

May cargo be carried on a pilot seat?

CAO 20.16.2 Yes, so long as - the MTOW is no more than 5700kg - it weighs no more than 77kg - it doesn't interfere with controls, which must be removed if easily removable - it is properly restrained

May cargo obstruct an emergency exit?

CAO 20.16.2 Yes, so long as - there are sufficient other exits are available - the obstructed exit sign is covered

When must pilots wear seatbelts?

CAO 20.16.3 - At least 1 must wear a seatbelt at all times

How many pairs of children may share seats?

CAO 20.16.3 - Children sharing a seat is classified as an 'excess passenger'. - For our 4-seat aircraft, only one excess passenger is permitted (only 1 pair of children may share a seat)

How many excess passengers may be carried?

CAO 20.16.3 - For an aircraft with 6 or fewer seats, a maximum of 1 excess passenger may be carried. - This excess passenger may be an infant or a child.

Carriage of infants

CAO 20.16.3 - May be carried in one's arms/lap/bassinet/infant seat so long as the infant is secure If carried by a passenger - the seatbelt is worn around only the passenger - not occupying the emergency exit seat on T/O and LDG unless PIC satisfied of safety Infant seat must be - CASA approved - secured at all times to a front-facing adult-passenger seat

Passenger in control seat of dual control aircraft

CAO 20.16.3 - Permitted when non-RPT - Passenger is briefed on not interfering, - Continuous communication between the pilot and the passenger is available

May passengers share a seat?

CAO 20.16.3 Only 2 children (reached third, but not 13th birthday) may share a seat if - they have a combined weight of 77kg or less - they sit side-by-side - secured by lap strap only, which is worn at all times when required

When must passengers wear seatbelts?

CAO 20.16.3 Operating crew and passengers must be seated and wear their seatbelts - during take-off and landing - during an instrument approach - less than 1000ft AGL - in turbulence

Carriage of supplemental oxygen

CAO 20.4 Unpressurised aircraft - Operating flight crew must *use* supplemental oxygen above 10,000ft Non operating crew must: -*be supplied* oxygen if in excess of 30 mins between 10,000ft and FL120 -*be supplied* oxygen above FL120 -*use* oxygen above FL140 Passengers must be supplied with oxygen: - If >30 mins between 10,000ft and FL140 10% of pax for 30 mins or 20% of pax for 15 mins - All pax above FL140

Runway length requirements for ALA

CAO 20.7.4 Length as per AFM/performance charts, multiplied by a factor of 1.15 (for MTOW 2000kg or less)

Requirements pertaining to fire extinguishers when fuelling

CAO 20.9 - At least 2 extinguishers 6-15m from AC, or fitted to equipment - If extinguishers are on the refuelling equipment, they need quick-release brackets, to be accessible from both sides, and be as far as practicable from the filling points

Refuelling requirements

CAO 20.9 - If refuelling equipment is not mobile, park brakes must be off - No pax on board - Electrics off - AC bonded prior to opening fuel caps - Refueller must have non-sparking shoes, no matches, no lighters - No smoking/flames within 15m of AC/equipment

Actions in the event of a fuel spill likely to form a fire hazard

CAO 20.9 - Suspend fuelling operations and any maintenance being done on the aircraft - Ensure the area 15m around the spill is clear of any persons, running vehicles/aircraft, or other sources of ignition (electrical equipment, etc.) until the hazard is removed - (no running/starting aircraft within 15m of spill)

What activities are classified under 'Aerial Work' operations?

CAR 206(1)a - aerial surveying - aerial spotting - agricultural ops - aerial photography - advertising - balloon flight training - ambulance functions - carriage of trade-goods owned by the pilot, AC owner or hirer

Drug and alcohol regulations reference

CAR 256

What are the requirements for an AOC?

Depends on the AOC being applied, but can be found in CASA's AOC Handbook. These include: Remember! 1. one bun - flight manual shaped like bread roll - AFM 2. two shoe - footloose no dancing, must comply - compliance statement 3. three tree - tree falls down - it's dangerous - dangerous goods manual 4. four door - the door is damp cause a dog peed on it - DAMP (drug and alcohol management plan) 5. five hive - bees carrying gold coins to the hive - financial viability assessment 6. six sticks - ticking off before flight checklist items with a stick - flight check system 7. seven heaven - you'll go to heaven if your instructors aren't authorised to train - flight training authorisation 8. eight date - date with refuellers - fuel policy 9. nine wine - uh oh you spilled wine on your weight and balance sheets and you gotta load of them to redo - load control system 10. ten hen - chickens conducting maintenance on the Cessna - maintenance schedule management 11. eleven in heaven - you'd be in heaven if the MEL was complete 12. twelve delve - David Attenborough does a doco delving into instructors and their standards and proficiency requirements - standards and proficiency requirements 13. thirteen weinstein - 13 year old Harvey weinstein is not safe to be around - safety management systems 14. fourteen you're mean - mean Janet berates you on not complying with the ops manual - operations manual & head of operations 15. fifteen nifteen - nifty pocket sized book on how to train being consulted by Clare - training and checking manual - Head of Operations - AFM (for each aircraft to be used) - Compliance Statement (to demonstrate understanding of requirements and establishment of procedures to comply with them) - Dangerous Goods Manual - DAMP (Drug and Alcohol Management Plan) - Financial Viability Assessment (for pax-carrying CHTR/RPT) - Flight Check System (Activities, processes, and docs for safe flight ops) - Flight Training Authorisation - Fuel Policy - Load Control System - Maintenance Schedule Management - MEL (Minimum Equipment List) - Nomination of Operational Personnel (Qualifications and experience requirements/Standards and Proficiency requirements) - Operations Manual - SMS (Safety Management System) - Training and Checking Manual

GNSS Errors

GECRIM - GDOP (Geometric dilution of precision - close proximity of satellites with one another reduces accuracy) - Ephemeris (disturbances in satellite orbital position due to gravity) - Clock (timing errors of internal clock of satellite or receiver) - Receiver (Due to low power of satellite signal transmission, the reception may fuzzy/unclear) - Ionosphere (Transmission of signals through which may distort signal speeds and therefore pseudo-ranges) - Multi-path (Reflection/refraction of signals near receiver)

What is GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System - Comprises three elements: space, user, and ground segments - Space segment consists of constellation of satellites including the USA's 'GPS' and Russian 'GLONASS' systems. - Ground segment consists of a network of ground stations that monitors and ensures the accuracy of the satellite positions and their clocks - User segment comprises of the receivers in aircraft

What is a fly-over area?

Ground areas adjacent to the runway strips free from protruding obstacles like tree stumps, large rocks, or fences. But, they may include ditches or drains below ground level.

What is a runway strip?

Ground areas embracing the runway that ensures minimal damage in the event of the aircraft run-off

Minimum GNSS system requirement for VFR flight

No prescribed GNSS requirements, but must be at least a TSO-C129

What do the prop levers control

The speed of the blades, it sets the tension/force of the CSU speeder spring which oppose the flyweights' variable force

PA44 Aerials and sensors

Top front to back: - teardrops are dual GPS receivers - shark fins are XPDR and Traffic sensors for the TIS - white antenna is a comma antenna - rear antenna with black base is ELT - V antennas on vertical stabilator is for VOR/LOC Bottom front to back - bent antenna is a comms antenna - teardrop is ADF

PA44-180 Fuel system

- 2 55USG fuel tanks in each nacelle - Fuel tank vents under each wing with anti-icing design - Engine-driven fuel pumps are the normal means of supplying fuel to the engines -Backup auxiliary electric fuel pumps - Brings fuel to engines via carburettor which mixes air with the fuel for combustion - Electric primer system sends fuel to 1, 2, and 4 cylinders on startup, making use of the auxiliary fuel pumps and primer solenoid valve which is activated by the priming buttons in the cockpit - Fuel quantities and pressures are displayed on the MFD - Fuel controls display which tanks the engines are sourcing fuel from ("ON" sources from the same side, "XF" from opposite side, "OFF" to cut flow) - Fuel Lines between left tank and engine are longer because they are connected via the heating combustion system (hence longer fuel shutoff/crossfeed test)

Regulations pertaining to alcohol and drug ingestion

- A person may not enter AC if intoxicated - Operating crew must not be impaired by alcohol or drugs - No consumption of alcohol in the 8 hours preceding departure - Operating crew must not consume alcohol onboard AC - May fly if at or below 0.02% BAC testing limit - provision made for testing errors and the intake of medicines like cough syrup - Must seek DAME/CASA approval to take medications not listed in the 'CASA-approved medications list' - Codeine causes drowsiness - Panadol is fine

GNSS Performance requirements

- Accuracy (give correct position, affected by GNSS errors) - Integrity (ability to detect faults) - Availability (amount of time it is accessible) - Continuity (ability to continuously provide navigation solutions)

Describe our propeller system.

- Counter rotating (left prop is C'wise as viewed from cockpit) - No critical engine - Feathering Hartzell propellers, with two blades, constant speed, controllable pitch, and are direct drive (ie mounted directly onto the crankshaft) - Pitch is controlled by two forces: the counterweights, nitrogen pressure and a spring, all of which oppose the oil pressure - (Oil fines) The counterweights, nitrogen and the spring seeks to coarsen the pitch and lower the RPM, while the oil pressure seeks to make it finer - A CSU supplies the oil pressure as required to maintain the set RPM - Variations in oil pressure causes changes in pitch and therefore changes in load torque (ie prop drag) until it matches engine torque

Precautions when refuelling with a fuel drum

- Ensure correct fuel - Check the condition of the drum (stored sideways, no leaks, bungs/seals intact, no deformation) - Check that it was filled less than 12 months ago - Test fuel for water/contaminants by tiling the drum and collecting fuel from the low point for inspection - Bond the drum to earth and then bond the drum to the aircraft - Don't use a plastic funnel

How do you feather and unfeather the prop?

- Feather by pulling the prop lever full aft - Unfeather by pushing the lever forward of the feather position, which allows oil pressure stored in the unfeathering accumulators to unfeather it

Late FDP

- Finished after 2200 local time - Must not be assigned more than 3 in 168 consecutive hours (7 days)

Flight training during FDP

- Flight time for flight training may only be conducted within first 7 hours of flight time of that FDP

Oil requirements for PA44-180

- Maximum 8 quarts - Minimum 6 quarts, as per Oxford SOPs - Minimum 'safe' quantity is 2 quarts, as per flight manual

Fuel planning for PA44-180

- Normal Cruise: 85L per hour - 45 mins fixed reserve: 64L - F/S LDG: 20L - T&G LDG: 10L - Heater: 2L per hour - SE Cruise: 60L per hour

What is flight time?

- Period from T/O ground roll until when aircraft comes to rest after landing

What is a flight duty period?

- Period in which you fly - Begins from when you report for duty - Ends at later of when flight-related duties are completed or 15 mins after final flight

How does GNSS calculate position?

- Through a process known as 'ranging' - Each satellite broadcasts a unique 'course acquisition code' (a pseudo-random code), containing information on the exact time it was transmitted. - These are then communicated to GPS receivers which finds the time-difference between when the signal was sent and received. - With which, GPS receivers thus calculates the 'pseudo-range' (distance) to the satellite. - Distance information from a minimum of 4 satellites is required to calculate a 'navigation solution' (3D GNSS position)

Methods of fuel testing

- Visual inspection via fuel drain - Litmus paper - Water-detecting paste

When must life jackets be worn

- life jackets must be worn when within 2000ft overwater - unless carriage of life jackets is not required

Life jackets storage

- life jackets/floatation devices must be stowed at/immediately adjacent to each seat - additional life jackets/floatation devices must be easily accessible for use by children/infants if theirs aren't available at their seats

Off-duty period required prior to FDP commencement

-36 hours off-duty, including 2 local nights, in 168 hours (7 days) prior to conclusion of the assigned FDP (e.g. say you were assigned an FDP that finishes at 1700 tomorrow, then you must have had at least 36 hours off-duty since 1700, a week before tomorrow; and those 36 hours must have included 2 local nights which is 8 consecutive hours at night embracing 2200 and 0500) and -6 days off-duty in the 28 days before the FDP

Navigation requirements under the VFR

AIP ENR 1.1 - 4.2 If ABOVE 2000ft AGL under the VFR, the PIC may fly by means of: - GPS (Approved area navigation system) to supplement visual navigation - Navaids (allowing for 9° of TE and 2 hour fixes) - Visual reference to ground or water by day (30 minute fixes) If AT or BELOW 2000ft AGL under the VFR, the PIC may fly by means of: - vis reference to ground or water (30 minute fixes)

Transponder carriage requirements

AIP GEN 1.5 6 A Mode A/C or Mode S XPDR must be carried in - Class A, and - Class C, and - Any airspace at or above 10,000ft, and - Class E below 10,000ft (not required if XPDR is NOT continuously powered by an engine-driven electrical system (eg. alternator)) AIP ENR 1.6-7.1.2, CAO 20.18 9 - If Mode A or S XPDR is equipped, then it must be activated in all Australian airspace -If Mode C also equipped, then it must be activated with Mode A

When must the fuel be tested?

After each refuelling and before the first flight of each day

What is an AOC?

An Air Operator's Certificate is an authorisation granted by CASA under section 27 of the CAA (Civil Aviation Act) to conduct commercial activities prescribed by regulation 206 of the CAR (Civil Aviation Regulations 1988)

Type of information contained in an Operations Manual

CAAP 215 CAMTAAEDAS - Company policies and procedures - Aircraft operating procedures - MEL and Configuration Deviation List (CDL) - Training and checking manual - Aircraft performance - Aerodrome and route guide - Emergency procedures - Dangerous goods - Accident and Incident Procedures - Security

ALA dimensions for MEA

CAAP 92-1 Guidelines for Aeroplane Landing Areas An ALA must have a - 15m-width runway, embraced by - 15m-width runway strips, all of which is embraced by - 7.5m-width fly over areas. This gives a total of 60m in width for the runway, runway strips, and the fly over areas. Extending from the ends of which are 900m-long approach and take-off areas with - a 5% horizontal splay (increasing from 60m to 150m in width, from the runway ends), and - a 5% vertical slope for day operations/3.3% for night

Engine starting/operation distances

CAO 20.9 An AC engine must not be started/operated within: - 5m from sealed buildings - 8m from other AC - 15m from exposed public areas - 8m from unsealed buildings if MTOW =/< 5700kg - 15m from unsealed buildings if MTOW > 5700kg

Refuelling distances

CAO 20.9 Fuel filling points/vents must be at least: - 5m from sealed buildings, - 6m from stationary AC, - 15m from exposed public areas, and - 9m from unsealed buildings if MTOW =/< 5700kg - 15m from unsealed buildings if MTOW > 5700kg

Flight and duty time limits reference

CAO 48.1 Instrument 2019

What activities are classified under 'Private' operations?

CAR 2(7)d - personal transportation of the AC owner - aerial spotting without remuneration - agricultural ops on land owned by the AC owner - aerial photography without remuneration - carriage of persons or goods without remuneration excluding trade-goods owned by the pilot, AC owner or hirer - carriage of persons where the flight is cost-shared, not advertised, and has max 6 POB - carriage of goods not for trade - some flight training (i.e. other than CASR Part 141/142 or balloon flight training)

What activities are classified under 'Charter' operations?

CAR 206(1)b Carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward, without a fixed schedule, and not between fixed terminals

What activities are classified under 'Regular Public Transport' operations?

CAR 206(1)c Carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward, with a fixed schedule, and between fixed terminals, and where the seats are advertised and/or available to the general public

ELT carriage

CAR 252A An ELT that TXs on 121.5Mhz must be carried on: - flights more than 50NM from departure aerodrome CAO 20.11 An ELT that TXs on 121.5 AND 243Mhz must be carried when: - a life raft is necessary (at least 2 ELTs if more than 1 life raft necessary) - SEA overwater without continuous 2 way comms

Carriage of animals

CAR256A No live animals in the AC unless - carried in a container/CASA approved, and - placed in the baggage compartment Guide dogs are permissible in passenger cabin but must be - restrained - close to the owner - on a moisture absorbent mat

Limitations of CPL

Can conduct multi-crew ops only if I've completed an approved multi-crew cooperation course

Equipment/Instrument Unserviceability

For RPT/CHTR, all equipment must be serviceable for the flight unless it is - CASA approved, or - permitted unserviceability as per MEL/CDL, or - only for passenger convenience and doesn't affect airworthiness If PVT/AWK, any permitted unserviceable items as per CAO 20.18/MEL must be placarded as 'unserviceable' or removed.

FDP assignment period

From earlier of - morning civil twilight - 0700 local time Until 0100 local time the following day

PA44 High oil temperature?

May be a blockage at the oil cooler which is being bypassed. Open cowl flaps and monitor. Land as soon as practical if it continues to increase.

Extension of flight training flight time during an FDP

May conduct up to 30 minutes of flight training after the initial 7 hours of flight time of that FDP if - unforeseen operational circumstances arise - extension is necessary to complete the duty - the FCM considers him/herself fit

Unserviceable Mode S XPDR

May continue if - flight occurs within 3 days of U/S-ability, and - Approved by CASA or permitted U/S-ability as per MEL, and - ATC clearance is given

Fuel requirements for PA44-180

May use: - 100LL AVGAS (blue) - 100/130 AVGAS (green) - These may be mixed as per POH - 110 USG total (108 USG useable) Other fuel types include -MOGAS (red) for cars -AVTUR (yellow) for turbine engines

Off-duty period limits

Minimum of 12 hours off-duty within any 24-hour period

Transponder types

Mode A (or 3A) - squawk code Mode C (or 3C) - pressure altitude information Mode S - can provide these + more AC info like callsign, speed, etc.

Sleep opportunity requirements

Must not commence/be assigned FDP unless FCM has had 8 consecutive hours' sleep opportunity within - 10 hours preceding FDP if away from home base - 12 hours preceding FDP if at home base

Requirements for grant of CPL

Must: - be at least 18 - have passed the exams for the CPL and associated category rating, - have completed the flight training for the CPL and associated category rating - have passed the flight test in an aircraft for the CPL and associated category rating - have met the aeronautical experience requirements (flight time must have been in a registered or recognised aeroplane) - Class 1 medical - Minimum ICAO Level 4 English result (which has 3 year validity; Level 5 has 5 year validity; 6 is valid forever)

PA44 Oil cooling system

Oil is cooled via oil cooler located in the engine nacelle. It cools the oil by the flow of air on which coming in via the engines' air inlet valves.

What types of authorisations may be approved under an AOC?

Operations include AWK, CHTR or RPT (and Flight Training)

Instruments required for Day VFR PVT/AWK/CHTR MTOW 5700kg or less

PVT/AWK/CHTR MTOW 5700kg or less: - ASI - ALT (with adjustable pressure datum setting scale) - Direct reading magnetic compass, or remote indicating and stby direct reading magnetic compass - Clock (with hours, minutes, and seconds; may be carried by pilot or navigator) If AWK/CHTR MTOW 5700kg or less: - TS (if agricultural: slip indicator only) - OAT (if N/A from aerodrome) - MEL requirements

What is a runway?

Portion of landing area intended for take-off and landing of aeroplanes

What is RAIM?

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring - A system whereby the GPS receiver monitors its 'integrity' (ability to provide accurate position information) and warns the pilot if it cannot do so. - It does so by comparing data from available satellites and warns a pilot if it detects a mismatch of information or an insufficient number of satellites to provide RAIM. - This is known as 'fault detection' (RAIM FD) - 'Fault detection and exclusion' (RAIM FDE) is where the GPS receiver automatically rejects info from the faulty satellite so long as there are sufficient satellites to provide FD

Aeronautical experience requirements

Refer to CASR 61.I.2; 61.590 for integrated training courses 150 aeronautical experience including - 140 flight time as pilot - 70 flight time as PIC - 20 XC flight time - 10 instrument time - 5 instrument in flight Non-flight time may be simulated in approved flight sim XC flight time included a 300nm flight with two full stop landings beyond TA Flight time must have been in registered or recognised aeroplane

PA44-180 G1000 GNSS system?

TSO-C146

Extension of FDP

The 9/8-hour FDP time limit may only be extended by 1 hour if - the FDP has commenced - unforeseen operational circumstances arise - extension is necessary to complete the duty - the FCM considers him/herself fit Maximum (extended) FDP is - 10 hours, or - 9 hours if FDP begins before 0600 local time or from 1400 local time

PA44 Type of oil sump

Wet sump, where the oil reservoir is located at the base and collects oil as it falls from the lubricated systems

What is an integrated course?

Where flight and ground theory are combined and structured to have a specified end date.

Can the FDP limits/cumulative flight time limits be exceeded?

Yes, if unforeseen operational circumstances arise after T/O on the final sector of the FDP, then that flight may proceed to the planned destination at the discretion of the PIC