APUSH Chapters 18 & 19
Which of the following statements about the period from 1860 to 1900 is not true? A. U.S. textile and iron production tapered off. B. Boom-bust business cycles produced two major depressions. C. Manufacturing output soared. D. Innovative advertising and marketing techniques were created. E. Industry often polluted the environment.
A. U.S. textile and iron production tapered off.
Who argued that "The law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest."? A. Lester Frank Ward B. William Graham Sumner C. Herbert Spencer D. Josiah Strong E. William Sylvis
B. William Graham Sumner
Who founded Standard Oil? A. Jay Gould B. Leland Stanford C. John D. Rockefeller D. J.P. Morgan E. Andrew Mellon
C. John D. Rockefeller
Who was known as the king of ragtime? A. Elvis Presley B. George Gershwin C. Scott Joplin D. Daniel Devito E. John Sullivan
C. Scott Joplin
Why did leisure-time activities become increasingly important to the working class during the late nineteenth century? A. Factory labor was growing more routine and impersonal, and social interactions at the workplace were increasingly inhibited. B. Working-class Americans viewed leisure activity as a method of rising to middle-class status. C. American employers were increasingly emphasizing leisure and relaxation as a method of keeping their work force happy and healthy. D. Leisure-time activities brought Americans of all ethnicities together and therefore contributed to a process of Americanization that most workers desired. E. Factory workers were working shorter days and weeks and had more time to play.
A. Factory labor was growing more routine and impersonal, and social interactions at the workplace were increasingly inhibited.
How did James Duke influence American society in the last 19th century? A. He offered trading cards and prizes targeted at young people to persuade them to smoke addictive cigarettes. B. He figured out how to turn barley into a much more flavorful form of beer. C. He established Duke University, one of the first elite universities in the South. D. He developed the secret formula for Coca Cola. E. He showed how a more sanitary environment reduced the threat of diseases.
A. He offered trading cards and prizes targeted at young people to persuade them to smoke addictive cigarettes.
Which of the following was one of the secrets of John D. Rockefeller's success? A. He paid attention to the minutest details and understood the benefits of vertical integration. B. He pioneered a division of labor in which he concentrated on financial matters and delegated the technical operations of the industry to his managers. C. He concentrated on the "big picture" and did not get bogged down in details. D. He did not waste a lot of money on advertising. E. He was willing to develop equal cooperative relationships with his competitors.
A. He paid attention to the minutest details and understood the benefits of vertical integration.
Why was the development of the flush toilet and indoor plumbing so significant? A. It helped fight the many diseases that flourish in polluted waters. B. It reduced the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. C. It forced Americans to learn how to conserve water. D. It increased the attraction of America to immigrants. E. It limited the spread of malaria.
A. It helped fight the many diseases that flourish in polluted waters.
What did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations? A. Self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for services. B. Mechanization would become the "invisible hand" and automation would eliminate human labor. C. Wealth should be distributed evenly throughout society. D. Inexorable natural laws controlled the social order. E. A single tax would solve the nation's uneven distribution of wealth.
A. Self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for services.
Which of the following is a valid conclusion to draw about the ways in which immigrants adjusted to urban life in their new society? A. Skilled workers and immigrants familiar with Anglo-American customs had relatively few problems adjusting, but for others, adjusting was difficult. B. Immigrants had little desire to become Americanized. C. Immigrants came to the United States to try to become like Americans. D. Immigrants were ashamed of their native culture. E. The dominant American culture made assimilation impossible.
A. Skilled workers and immigrants familiar with Anglo-American customs had relatively few problems adjusting, but for others, adjusting was difficult.
How did industrialization affect skilled craftsmen? A. Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product. B. Skilled craftsmen were needed to operate machinery. C. The tension of assembly-line work caused formerly sober, disciplined craftsmen to drink on the job. D. Skilled craftsmen were transformed into "aristocrats" in the world of labor. E. Industrialization allowed skilled craftsman to flourish as many people came to realize the value of products produced by hand.
A. Subdividing the manufacture of a product into smaller jobs meant that an individual no longer manufactured an entire product.
What form of theatrical entertainment drew the largest audiences in late-nineteenth-century America? A. Vaudeville B. Opera C. Shakespearean comedy D. Burlesque E. Brass band concerts
A. Vaudeville
Besides the fact that its all-inclusive membership undermined its unity, why did the Knights of Labor collapse in the late 1880s? A. Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed. B. A large percentage of the population became alienated by the union's failure to offer membership to black workers. C. Its attempts to bribe elected officials led to embarrassing scandals. D. Skilled workers became angered by the union's plan to help unskilled workers. E. The union's support of Karl Marx angered many capitalists.
A. Workers became disillusioned when a series of unauthorized strikes failed.
President of the Central Pacific Railroad Charles Crocker's testimony about Chinese workers and immigrants expressed A. a bias in his inability to understand and treat the Chinese as individuals. B. a humanitarian desire to help them make a better life for themselves in the United States. C. a fervent passion for ending discrimination against the Chinese. D. an unbending racist desire to have them all deported. E. a facility with the Chinese language.
A. a bias in his inability to understand and treat the Chinese as individuals.
Which of the following was not one of the features that dominated the world of large-scale manufacturing after the Civil War? A. a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. B. the rapid spread of technological innovation. C. a demand for workers who could be carefully controlled. D. the constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by cutting costs and prices, eliminating rivals, and creating monopolies. E. a relentless drop in prices.
A. a new focus on energy conservation and finding alternatives to traditional fossil fuels.
The Young Men's Christian Association and the Young Women's Christian Association were formed mainly to A. assist rural young men and women who migrated to the city. B. help youngsters migrate west. C. convert Jewish immigrants. D. convert Indians. E. prevent young people from attending performances of ragtime music
A. assist rural young men and women who migrated to the city.
In the late 19th century, John L. Sullivan represented America's love affair with A. boxing. B. cycling. C. football. D. basketball. E. racing.
A. boxing.
In the late nineteenth century, child labor was A. common in the coal mines and cotton mills. B. uncommon because children were not strong enough to handle the large machines and fast pace of factory production. C. uncommon because children had to stay in school until age sixteen. D. uncommon because for the first time childhood was seen as a distinct stage of life reserved for innocence, play, education, and maternal love. E. common in the economically-depressed south, but uncommon in the prosperous north.
A. common in the coal mines and cotton mills.
In her work against drinking for the Women's Christian Temperance Union, Frances Willard A. headed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union that pursued various reform issues. B. became the first woman to run for president. C. campaigned on behalf of Christianity being declared the state religion of the United States. D. fought against racial discrimination but supported gender segregation. E. chaired the National Woman's Suffrage Party and fought for a woman's right to vote.
A. headed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union that pursued various reform issues.
Who supported the New South Creed? A. industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development. B. white supremacists who believed that "the South will rise again" through the subjugation of the black race. C. fundamentalist Southern Baptists who believed that the "Second Coming" of Christ was close at hand. D. aristocratic southern families who believed that the South would flourish again only if it returned to the plantation system. E. Northerners who believed that a new "accommodationist" approach had to be used if the south were to be brought back to economic health.
A. industrialists who believed that the South's natural resources and cheap labor made it a natural site for industrial development.
In the United States v. Knight Company, the Supreme Court diminished the effectiveness of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by ruling that A. manufacturing was not interstate commerce. B. the Granger Laws were unconstitutional because states could not regulate interstate commerce. C. all trusts and monopolies in interstate commerce were illegal and could be broken up by the federal government. D. employers could force employees to sign and abide by "yellow dog contracts." E. holding companies, which simply owned a controlling share of the stock of other firms, were not subject to antitrust laws.
A. manufacturing was not interstate commerce.
Horatio Alger influenced American society by A. propagating the "rags to riches" idea. B. describing the perilous conditions in factories and lobbied Congress to regulate them. C. organizing workers into the National Labor Union. D. convincing many Americans that the Anglo-Saxon race was superior to all others. E. leading a movement to expand public education to include all children in the United States.
A. propagating the "rags to riches" idea.
Why was the Interstate Commerce Commission established? A. to investigate and oversee railroad practices. B. to control fluctuations in the international grain market. C. to encourage interstate cooperation in commercial ventures. D. to regulate the disruptive activities of industrial unions. E. to encourage Americans not to buy imported goods.
A. to investigate and oversee railroad practices.
As more and more women entered the paid work force, their work outside the home was A. understood by businessmen and portrayed by the popular press as temporary. B. enabling them to earn almost as much as their male counterparts. C. almost exclusively as domestic servants. D. solely the product of new technologies such as the typewriter or telephone. E. not essential to household income.
A. understood by businessmen and portrayed by the popular press as temporary.
Mary Harris Jones A. was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families. B. founded to the Women's Christian Temperance Union to try and reduce drinking in the laboring class. C. lobbied for reform in how the mentally handicapped were treated. D. assassinated James Garfield in 1881. E. persuaded Andrew Carnegie that well paid workers would be the best workers.
A. was a leader of the United Mine Workers of America who expanded its membership by stressing the need to fight for families.
Modernist architects like Frank Lloyd Wright believed that A. Buildings could be works of art. B. A building's form should follow its function. C. The past should be the primary inspiration for building designs. D. Europe served as a good starting point for their designs. E. All of these choices
B. A building's form should follow its function.
Why did women join the work force in growing numbers in the late nineteenth century? A. The feminist movement encouraged farm girls and young immigrant women to work in order to become independent of their families. B. Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes. C. Industrialists thought women would have a civilizing influence on the brutal factory conditions. D. Trade unions won a series of court cases opening employment opportunities for women. E The Civil War had created a shortage of male workers.
B. Changes in agriculture brought young farm women into the industrial labor force, and immigrant daughters worked to supplement meager family incomes.
Which of the immigrants in the West bore the brunt of labor hostility in the 1870s and 1880s? A. Jewish immigrants B. Chinese immigrants C. Irish Catholic immigrants D. Russian immigrants E. Mexican immigrants
B. Chinese immigrants
Why did young farm women lead the exodus from rural areas to cities? A. They were seeking husbands. B. Farming was increasingly male work due to mechanization. C. They were fleeing their strict upbringings for the freedom of the cities. D. Greater availability of beer in rural areas had led to more wife-beating by husbands. E. They were turning their backs on a way of life that demanded their labor for subsistence tasks.
B. Farming was increasingly male work due to mechanization.
Which statement best represents urban residential patterns among ethnic groups? A. Immigrants preferred to mix with the general population in order to assimilate more quickly into American culture. B. Immigrants tended to live in shabby tenements until they could afford better housing. C. Religion was the primary factor in ethnic residential patterns because immigrants congregated around their churches. D. Common language was the primary factor in ethnic residential patterns, regardless of national origin. E. Immigrants tried to blot out their memories of the Old Country by living among different kinds of people.
B. Immigrants tended to live in shabby tenements until they could afford better housing.
What is the significance of the book Sister Carrie? A. It was a best-seller among elite, educated Victorian readers who loved its moral about the consequences of prostitution. B. It broke with traditional, genteel literary styles to offer a gritty story of an innocent and attractive Wisconsin girl who is seduced by a traveling salesman, moves in with the married proprietor of a fancy saloon, and eventually pursues a theater career. C. It was Mark Twain's first book addressing the problems of urbanization. D. Its story of interracial love marked a departure from traditional sentimental novels. E. None of these choices
B. It broke with traditional, genteel literary styles to offer a gritty story of an innocent and attractive Wisconsin girl who is seduced by a traveling salesman, moves in with the married proprietor of a fancy saloon, and eventually pursues a theater career.
What was the importance of "culture" for American Victorians? A. It helped to separate the lower classes from the respectable middle classes. B. It was agency vehicle for social uplift that could help those Americans aspiring to middle-class status. C. It was a code word for decadence, they believed, because art museums were repositories of immoral works. D. It was a derogatory term generally used to describe the lower classes' cheap copies of famous paintings. E. It represented European life and was therefore considered un-American.
B. It was agency vehicle for social uplift that could help those Americans aspiring to middle-class status.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between single working-class women and married working-class women in the nineteenth century? A. Married women commonly hired maids and cooks to ease the burden of their work at home, whereas single women usually did most of the work themselves. B. Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity. C. Married women worked in cigar factories, whereas single women did needlework at home. D. Married women were able to work in factories because of the large number of unmarried women available to provide childcare. E. Married women had the assistance of their husbands at home and in the factory, while single women accepted an ideology of domesticity based on the idea of separate spheres.
B. Married women commonly worked under sweatshop conditions within the tenements, whereas single women often viewed outside work as an opportunity.
Which of the following best describes economic mobility in late nineteenth century America? A. There were dramatic leaps forward for those in the bottom rungs. B. Millions experienced an improved standard of living, while the gap between rich and poor widened. C. It was an era when 73% of Americans controlled most of the nation's wealth. D. Economically, it was difficult for those in the middle class, who saw their status remain stagnant or decline. E. Upward mobility was nonexistent for all levels of society - rich, poor and middle class.
B. Millions experienced an improved standard of living, while the gap between rich and poor widened.
How did southern cotton mills differ from northern cotton mills in the 1880s? A. Southern cotton mills hired mostly single women. B. Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities. C. Southern mill workers were paid better than northern mill workers. D. Southern cotton mills used traditional handicraft methods rather than machinery to produce cloth. E. Southern cotton mills tended to be smaller, with safer working conditions.
B. Southern cotton mills were located in the countryside rather than cities.
What is the difference between tenements and ghettos? A. Tenements were homes where three or four families would live together; ghettos were neighborhoods where tenements were located. B. Tenements were apartment buildings where immigrants clustered; ghettos occurred when residents of tenements were prevented by law or social pressure from renting somewhere else. C. Tenements were overcrowded apartment buildings with few services; ghettos were neighborhoods where blacks lived. D. Tenements were community centers where settlement workers provided services to the urban poor; ghettos were the neighborhoods where the urban poor lived. E. All of these choices
B. Tenements were apartment buildings where immigrants clustered; ghettos occurred when residents of tenements were prevented by law or social pressure from renting somewhere else.
The significance of the 1892 World's Columbian Exposition was A. That it was the first time the world came together for a massive public educational event. B. That it showcased fifty years of industrial development and technological progress. C. That the nation's leaders met in the District of Columbia to seek solutions to difficult industrial working conditions. D. That women were among the many exhibitors. E. None of these choices
B. That it showcased fifty years of industrial development and technological progress.
Economist Thorstein Veblen used the term "conspicuous consumption" to describe A. Women's frivolous purchases at the new department stores B. The excessive materialism of the wealthy and the widening gap between workers and the wealthy C. The themes of some of the new popular literature D. The rise of vaudeville and new forms of leisure E. All of these choices
B. The excessive materialism of the wealthy and the widening gap between workers and the wealthy
Which of the following is not an indicator of women's changing relationship to men during the last decades of the nineteenth century? A. The rise of bicycling as a popular activity among young women B. The growing popularity of catalog and department stores C. The substantial rise in the divorce rate in these years D. The new themes found in novels by women writers E. The growth of coeducational private colleges and public universities
B. The growing popularity of catalog and department stores
By the 1880s, what had happened to most southern farmers? A. They were the wealthiest, most stable members of southern society. B. They specialized in growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco and therefore were particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of commercial agriculture. C. They had left the land to become industrial workers because western competition drove southern farms out of business. D. They had sold their land to northern speculators. E. They were self-sufficient because they reverted to subsistence farming.
B. They specialized in growing cash crops such as cotton and tobacco and therefore were particularly vulnerable to the fluctuations of commercial agriculture.
During the late nineteenth century, the working-class saloon was not A. the center for immigrant politics. B. a meeting place for husbands and wives. C. a place to escape the socially isolating routines of the factory. D. a location for ethnic groups to reinforce their identities. E. a place for a free lunch.
B. a meeting place for husbands and wives.
Which of the following was the result of the rapid industrial development of the United States between 1860 and 1900? A. increased demand for and the importance of skilled artisans. B. an economy dominated by enormous corporations. C. the near extinction of small, specialized companies. D. reduced use of women and child laborers in mines and mills. E. marginalization of the richest 5% of the American population.
B. an economy dominated by enormous corporations.
The Salvation Army was A. a branch of the military formed to clean up the slums. B. organized along pseudo-military lines to provide food, shelter, temporary employment and morality to poor immigrant families. C. a social-welfare organization based on new ideas of gently persuading the urban poor to adopt middle-class values. D. organized by urban immigrants to police their own ghettos and improve living conditions. E. formed to employ military tactics to force poor immigrants out of respectable middle class neighborhoods.
B. organized along pseudo-military lines to provide food, shelter, temporary employment and morality to poor immigrant families.
Josephine Shaw Lowell and the New York Charity Organization Society wanted A. the federal government to take responsibility for providing for the urban poor. B. their aid recipients to move towards self-sufficiency. C. all aid to the urban poor to be administered through their organization. D. all aid to the indigent should be eliminated. E. charity to be provided in a discrete way that avoided drawing attention to those who were receiving the aid.
B. their aid recipients to move towards self-sufficiency.
According to its defenders in the late nineteenth century, college football A. epitomized American democratic ideals, because all Americans played or watched the game. B. was a character-building sport that could function as a surrogate frontier experience in an increasingly urbanized society. C. was a safe sport that the nation's future business and professional leaders could undertake without fear of injury. D. would teach students the military discipline and skills necessary as the U.S. became a world power.
B. was a character-building sport that could function as a surrogate frontier experience in an increasingly urbanized society.
Who argued in The American Woman's Home that those of "good breeding" should avoid "reaching over another person's plate; ... using the table-cloth instead of napkins; ... and picking the teeth at the table"? A. Elizabeth Cady Stanton B. Jane Addams C. Catharine Beecher D. Susan B. Anthony E. Abigail Allen
C. Catharine Beecher
Who led the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike? A. James Weaver B. James Blaine C. Eugene V. Debs D. Chester Arthur E. Terrence Powderly
C. Eugene V. Debs
What did Henry Grady advocate? A. He proposed expanding the rights of black Americans in the South. B. He argued that the South should continue to base its economy on agricultural production. C. He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South. D. He called for a national referendum to allow the South to secede peacefully. E. He supported the construction of military bases throughout the South.
C. He advocated diversifying the economy and expanding industrial production in the South.
How did the settlement-house movement distinguish itself from other urban social-welfare organizations? A. It helped poor immigrants settle on western homesteads to relieve urban overcrowding. B. It helped the urban poor purchase their own homes because of the belief that owning private property leads to the adoption of middle-class values. C. It insisted that charity workers live in slum neighborhoods to better understand the living conditions of the poor. D. It was not being concerned about the urban poor's propensity for drinking and gambling. E. It tried to keep immigrants "settled" indoors until they could behave like Americans.
C. It insisted that charity workers live in slum neighborhoods to better understand the living conditions of the poor.
Which of the following statements concerning the use of technology in industry in the second half of the nineteenth century is true? A. It required a better-educated work force. B. It allowed traditional craftsmen and artisans to maintain their dominance over production. C. It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semi-skilled labor. D. It was primarily the hallmark of giant corporations. E. It made it possible for manufacturers to eliminate human labor power altogether.
C. It made it possible for manufacturers to hire cheap unskilled or semi-skilled labor.
Which of the following statements concerning the United States Steel Company is true? A. It was Andrew Carnegie's steel company in the 1870s and 1880s. B. It was the steel company operated by the United States government when it nationalized the steel trust. C. It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion. D. It was created by J.P. Morgan to compete with Federal Steel. E. It was the first company to issue stock to meet its huge capital needs.
C. It was the first business capitalized at more than $1 billion.
During the 1880s and 1890s, which new obligation was added to the traditional middle-class woman's role as director of the household? A. She had to cultivate her special maternal gifts, especially her sensitivity toward children and her aptitude for religion. B. She had to seek outlets for her creative energies outside the home. C. She had to foster an artistic environment that would nurture her family's cultural improvement. D. She had to foster a home environment which would encourage her husband to share both his breadwinning duties and her homemaking duties E. She had to be the moral beacon shining light across a sea of male decadence
C. She had to foster an artistic environment that would nurture her family's cultural improvement.
What major change took place during the late nineteenth century in the teaching of medicine, architecture, engineering, and law? A. College faculties were purged of anyone who was not a native-born American. B. Colleges refused to train these professionals because the American public had demonstrated strong prejudice against them. C. Standards were raised and practice was professionalized. D. State boards of education agreed that training for such professions would best be accomplished at European universities. E. Admissions standards dropped as the professions tried to compete with the higher-paying business world.
C. Standards were raised and practice was professionalized.
Why did the New York campaigns against vice (gambling, prostitution, saloons) ultimately fail? A. They could not recruit enough volunteers. B. Members of anti-vice organizations divided over strategy. C. The city's population was too large and ethnically diverse for reformers to curb all the illegal activities. D. They lacked the funds needed to mount a successful campaign. E. All of these choices
C. The city's population was too large and ethnically diverse for reformers to curb all the illegal activities.
At the end of the Civil War, what communications system did the railroads use to coordinate their complex flow of rail cars? A. The telephone B. The Pony Express C. The magnetic telegraph D. The internet E. Text-messaging
C. The magnetic telegraph
How were the new research universities of the late 19th century different from earlier colleges? A. They stressed the importance of teaching the classical subjects like Latin and Greek. B. They focused on teaching science and math. C. They offered courses in a wide variety of subject areas, established professional schools, and encouraged faculty members to pursue basic research. D. They made conscientious efforts to have both male and female students. E. They included health-related courses like physical education and sex education.
C. They offered courses in a wide variety of subject areas, established professional schools, and encouraged faculty members to pursue basic research.
Which of the following statements best expresses the experiences of newly arrived immigrants going through U.S. Customs? A. They were directed toward agents of restaurants, factories and other businesses seeking workers. B. They were required to pay a bribe if they wanted to gain admittance to America. C. They were inspected for diseases and sometimes had their names changed by customs inspectors. D. They were sent to Ellis Island to await processing. E. All of these choices
C. They were inspected for diseases and sometimes had their names changed by customs inspectors.
For a late-nineteenth-century unmarried working-class woman, why did amusement parks exert a powerful lure? A. They offered opportunities to supplement meager wages through evening or weekend employment. B. They provided opportunities for the entire family to have a wholesome outing. C. They were places to meet friends, get away from parental supervision, and try out the latest dance steps. D. They had employment bureaus where factory owners recruited for high-paying jobs. E. They were places to buy bagels, baked potatoes, soda, and other foods and drinks not otherwise available.
C. They were places to meet friends, get away from parental supervision, and try out the latest dance steps.
Where was baseball the most popular? A. in the north because the integrated nature of baseball bothered many southerners. B. in rural areas as people living in the country could best relate to the slow pace of the game. C. in urban areas with large working-class populations. D. in cities where the stadium was placed in middle-class neighborhoods. e. in cities with large numbers of young adults
C. in urban areas with large working-class populations.
Which of the following did Thomas Edison invent? A. sewing machine B. refrigerated rail cars C. phonograph D. Bessemer converter E. refrigerated railroad cars
C. phonograph
How successful was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? A. Its success was limited, since only 18 suits were brought by the government from 1890 to 1904. B. Companies like Standard Oil got around it by reorganizing as holding companies. C. It did manage to hit some companies that acted as monopolies or restrained trade with fines of up to $5000. D. All of these choices E. None of these choices
D. All of these choices
In the late 1800s, education reformers such as William Torrey Harris advocated A. that the number of years children spend in school should be increased. B. that teachers instill in students a sense of order and self-discipline. C. that schools serve as models of precise schedules and punctuality to teach children how to become good factory workers. D. All of these choices E. None of these choices
D. All of these choices
What was the key to Hull House's success in its anti-poverty mission? A. Establishing settlement houses where workers lived in the neighborhoods they serviced. B. A philosophy that recognized the hardships of slum life as often being beyond the individual's control. C. Its emphasis on creating a social center with art and educational programs and a nursery. D. All of these choices E. None of these choices
D. All of these choices
In 1890, approximately what portion of the population of greater New York had been born abroad or were children of foreign parents? A. One out of five B. Almost one-third C. Approximately one-half D. Four out of five E. Five percent
D. Four out of five
Which of the following statements about upward mobility in the late nineteenth century is the most accurate? A. Andrew Carnegie's rise from poverty to colossal wealth was typical of the opportunities open to immigrants in America. B. Few industrial leaders came from the privileged classes because they were too soft to make it in the world of competitive capitalism. C. Skilled workers had few opportunities to rise to the top in small companies. D. Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches. E. Middle class Americans tended to slide downward more often than rise upward in socio-economic rank.
D. Immigrants who got ahead in the late nineteenth century were more likely to go from rags to respectability than from rags to riches.
Which of the following is not an example of the impact of the department store? A. It overcame middle- and upper-class reluctance to spend. B. It made shopping an adventure. C. It functioned as a kind of social club and home away from home for comfortably fixed women. D. It convinced middle class families to buy cheaper products that they would have to replace annually. E. It set the standard for consumption.
D. It convinced middle class families to buy cheaper products that they would have to replace annually.
What was the result of the Haymarket Square bombing in 1886? A. It led to increased sympathy for workers and unions. B. It resulted in the election of several German-born anarchists to the Illinois state legislature. C. It led to the arrest of the police who fired on the crowd. D. It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions. E. It led to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act.
D. It resulted in intensified animosity toward labor unions.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that the American Federation of Labor was the most successful union of the late 19th century? A. It had a strong leader in Samuel Gompers. B. It limited its membership to skilled workers allowing the union more unity. C. It clearly defined its objectives. D. It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole. E. It focused on practical tactics aimed at bread-and-butter issues.
D. It was a tightly organized federation that required all members to give up their autonomy and independence for the good of the whole.
Which of the following issues did not impede the growth of unions in the late 19th century? A. Divisions between skilled craftsmen and common laborers B. Ethnic and religious diversity of the working class C. Limited financial resources D. Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving E. Divisions over tactics
D. Lack of interest on the part of workers because their real wages were rising and conditions were improving
What did the work of Frances Willard of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union show about many women in the late nineteenth century? A. They could rebel against the fundamental assumptions of middle-class family structure and the woman's role within the family itself. B. They could undercut the very club movement that they professed to favor. C. They could use a fad such as bicycling without corsets as the symbol of liberation from patriarchy. D. That activists could use the cult of domesticity's celebration of women's domestic roles and unique moral virtues as a rationale for their efforts to improve society. E. All of these choices
D. That activists could use the cult of domesticity's celebration of women's domestic roles and unique moral virtues as a rationale for their efforts to improve society.
According to research provided in this chapter, how likely was it for someone in the late 19th century to live up to the Horatio Alger image of rising to great wealth simply based on self-discipline and hard work? A. Just as likely as it was for those from middle and upper class families. B. Highly likely, given the affordable new technologies that made it easier to start a business with little money. C. Completely unlikely - very few workers went from poverty to enormous wealth. D. The best way for someone from the working class to get ahead was by mastering a skill and rising through the ranks of a small company. E. Likely, if they were willing to lie and cheat like the big companies.
D. The best way for someone from the working class to get ahead was by mastering a skill and rising through the ranks of a small company.
What was the goal of William S. Rainford's institutional church movement? A. To seek new Episcopal congregants among inner city immigrant groups. B. To combat social ills such as prostitution, crime and excessive alcohol consumption. C. To establish a new Christian denomination for Irish immigrants. D. To insist that downtown churches provide social services to immigrants such as recreational facilities and industrial training programs. E. To improve racial and ethnic relations in the growing inner city.
D. To insist that downtown churches provide social services to immigrants such as recreational facilities and industrial training programs.
Which of the following statements accurately describes urban growth in the late 19th century. A. While Atlantic seaboard cities like New York and Boston grew dramatically, interior cities like Cincinnati did not. B. The population of American cities grew on average 25 percent between the Civil War and 1900. C. Urban areas remained about the same size as people tried to stay in more rural communities. D. Urban populations grew dramatically with cities such as Chicago growing by over 400 percent. E. City managers carefully planned and monitored urban growth before 1900.
D. Urban populations grew dramatically with cities such as Chicago growing by over 400 percent.
Which of the following was not one of the ways that Andrew Carnegie revolutionized the steel industry? A. incorporating the Bessemer process in his steel manufacturing factories. B. standardizing workplace procedures to achieve greater efficiency. C. utilizing vertical integration to minimize costs and maximize profits. D. restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country. E. applying rigorous cost accounting.
D. restructuring the criteria for wages so that his workers could have the highest wage scales in the country.
What did Karl Marx argue? A. that a classless society would emerge when capitalism triumphed around the world. B. that individual economic theories were only as effective as those who practiced them. C. that workers who knew they would be given a competitive wage would be the most loyal to a company. D. that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt. E. that only by introducing Biblical principles into the workplace could there be harmony between business owners and their workers.
D. that capitalists would eventually bring about their own destruction by driving impoverished workers to revolt.
Which of the following ideas was not part of the central philosophy of Walter Rauschenbusch? A. He believed a truly Christian society would unite all churches. B. He wanted to reorganize the industrial system. C. He believed Christians should strive for world peace. D. He believed that the nation's urban woes needed to be addressed. E. He believed that if working class Americans had a shorter work week, they would be motivated to be more religious.
E. He believed that if working class Americans had a shorter work week, they would be motivated to be more religious.
Which of the following was not one of the reasons that ragtime quickly become a national craze during the 1890s, especially among the working class? A. The music displayed a fresh originality. B. It was considered to have catchy, freer and complex rhythms. C. It originated in brothels and was associated with blacks. D. It was played strictly for entertainment. E. Listening to it was considered a good route to middle class respectability.
E. Listening to it was considered a good route to middle class respectability.
Which of the following is not evidence that public education in the late-nineteenth-century United States had become entangled in ethnic and class differences? A. The proliferation of private and parochial schools B. The controversy over compulsory education C. The debates over classroom decorum D. The efforts to wrest control of schools from neighborhood leaders E. New educational theories that stressed decentralized administration, repealed compulsory attendance, and de-emphasized white European conventions such as punctuality.
E. New educational theories that stressed decentralized administration, repealed compulsory attendance, and de-emphasized white European conventions such as punctuality.
Who were the "new immigrants" who poured into the United States between 1890 and 1920? A. Scandinavians and Germans B. Irish C. English, Scottish, and Welsh D. Chinese and Koreans E. Southern and eastern Europeans
E. Southern and eastern Europeans
Which of the following was not one of the principles advocated by Terence V. Powderly and the Knights of Labor? A. Immigration restrictions. B. Temperance. C. The admission of blacks into local Knights of Labor assemblies. D. Producer and consumer cooperatives. E. Widespread and aggressive use of strikes
E. Widespread and aggressive use of strikes
According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, about how many railroad workers were killed or injured on the job in 1889? A. about 45 killed and I,000 injured B. Between 4,000 and 5,000 killed and injured C. Close to 10,000 killed and injured D. about 14,000 killed and 16,000 injured E. about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured
E. about 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured
Where did Andrew Carnegie learn many of the successful management methods he used in the steel? A. as a bookkeeper in the textile industry in his native Scotland. B. as a secretary for the Singer Sewing Machine Company. C. as a foreman in the meatpacking industry in Chicago. D. as a bartender at an Edinburgh pub. E. as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
E. as an employee of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
What did Henry George argue in Progress and Poverty? A. that industrialization was the key to progress and the end of poverty. B. that socialism was the answer to the end of poverty. C. that industrialization had led to a great deal of misery. D. that the government needed to fight poverty by limiting industrialization. E. that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.
E. that the government should tax the "unearned increment" of rising land prices and use the funds to ameliorate the misery caused by industrialization.