APUSH - Chapters 9-10

Upon whose writings were the theory of nullification based?

"Exposition and Protest" was written by John C. Calhoun.

Why did Jackson oppose rechartering the Bank?

95% of the bank would be owned by wealthy investors leaving the Average American person in the minority

Albany Regency

A group of politicians that controlled the New York government led by Martin Van Buren.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest:

A pamphlet published in 1828, secretly written by John C. Calhoun, that denounced the recent tariff as unjust and unconstitutional.

Nullification Crisis

A showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Indian Removal Act

Allowed the U.S. government to remove the Native Americans from their eastern homelands and force them to move west of the Mississippi River Passed by Congress in 1830 Supported by President Andrew Jackson

What was Jackson's response to the Supreme Court's (Marshall's) decision in Worcester v. Georgia? Did he agree and comply with the decision or did he disagree and refuse to comply with it? Explain.

Andrew Jackson declined to enforce the Supreme Court's decision, thus allowing states to enact further legislation damaging to the tribes.

How did Nicholas Biddle, the President of the Bank respond to Jackson's attempt to kill the Bank?

Biddle's response to Jackson's attempt to kill the bank was to call loans early so the money being withdrawn would be replaced, however, this attempt would eventually fail.

John Marshall

Chief justice of the supreme court He was originally the secretary of state for John Adams, but by the end of Adam's presidency, he anointed Marshall's to become the justice of the Supreme Court

Erie Canal

Constructed in 1817 and completed in 1825 The Erie Canal connects the Hudson River and Lake Erie spanning 350 miles.

What argument(s) did Daniel Webster and A. Jackson use against nullification?

Daniel Webster argued that nullification was illegal and only the Supreme Court had the power to nullify federal law. Andrew Jackson argued that the doctrine of nullification was "incompatible with the existence of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which It was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed."

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, ran for president five times until his death in 1852, a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser", responsible for the Missouri Compromise.

Which form of transportation had the biggest impact in the 1830s?

Erie Canal and the invention of the Steamboat "The Clermont"

Explain the facts of the case in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Georgia issued a law that no one could go into Cherokee territory without special permission As a result, Georgia made a contract with a small number of Cherokees to buy their land Cherokees objected and sued Georgia in front of the Supreme Court They argued that Georgia and the federal government had a poor argument for forcing Cherokees out of their land The Supreme Court's ruling was the Cherokees had a right to their land and their borders should be respected

What rationale (justification/argument(s)) did J. C. Calhoun use in defense of nullification?

He argued that the U.S. Constitution gave states the right to block the enforcement of federal law.

Nicholas Biddle

He was the 3rd and last president of the Second Bank of the United States Tried to get the bank reinstated with a new charter to expand length, but Jackson denied

How was the nullification crisis finally resolved? Who was the so-called "Great Compromiser" that proposed the compromise that ended the crisis?

In 1833, Henry Clay helped organize a compromise bill with Calhoun that slowly lowered tariffs over the next decade. The Compromise Tariff of 1833 was eventually accepted by South Carolina and ended the nullification crisis.

Kitchen cabinet

Jackson's group of unofficial advisors which he used more than his official Cabinet.

How did Jackson respond to South Carolina's Exposition and Protest?

Jackson's response was sending a revenue ship to Charleston and the force bill on the army/navy.

What were the general characteristics of "Jacksonian Democracy," its philosophy, and its practice?

Jacksonian democracy was built on the principles of expanded suffrage, Manifest Destiny, patronage, and strict constructionism

Who was the most significant proponent of the Nullification Doctrine?

John C. Calhoun was the most significant proponent of the Nullification Doctrine because he opposed the federal imposition of the tariffs. In 1828, South Carolina came up with "Exposition and Protest" which nullified the tariff.

Peggy Eaton (Eaton affair)

John Henry Eaton's young wife Was heavily disliked by other cabinet members' wives who were middle-aged Jackson attempted to force the cabinet wives to accept Peggy Eaton, but this only resulted in most of the Cabinet members resigning This also contributed to Jackon's vice president, John C. Calhoun, resigning as J.C. Calhoun's wife was one of the main wives to have mistreated Peggy Eaton Martin Van Buren was chosen as the new vice president

Who won the election?

John Quincy Adams

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1824?

John Quincy Adams (North) John C. Calhoun (South) Henry Clay (West) Andrew Jackson (West) They were all Democratic-Republican

Which Indian tribe successfully resisted removal? Why?

The Cherokee Nation, led by Principal Chief John Ross, resisted the Indian Removal Act. They resisted because the treaty did not reflect the will of their majority.

Why did the Cherokees have a strong case against being removed from their lands? What key points did they make in their defense?

The Cherokees had a strong case against being removed from their lands because Georgia could not force the Cherokees from their land, only the federal government has the Constitutional power to deal with/make treaties with the Indians.

How did the Erie Canal revolutionize domestic markets?

The Erie Canal gave way for business expansion into the Western United States as well as the modernization of the west which brought economic expansion with the speedy transportation of goods and the beginning of American industrialization.

Force Bill

The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 It was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper species (gold or silver) backing it

What effect did the Indian Removal Act have on the Indians?

The Indian Removal Act (1830) resulted in the forced removal and migration of many eastern Indian nations to lands west of the Mississippi.

What functions did the National Bank perform?

The National Bank was to serve as a depository of the money collected in taxes, and ensure that all state and local banks followed fair and sound business practices.

How did the National Bank benefit the economy?

The National bank benefited the economy by allowing the nation to lend money and safely hold its deposits, the creation and spread of consistent currency, and extended credit which would then help promote business and industry within the country.

What precipitated the Nullification Crisis?

The Nullification Crisis was deemed unconstitutional by the Southerners.

Which city gained the most from the Erie Canal?

The city of New York benefited the most from the construction of the Erie Canal because it sat at the mouth of the river/canal so it saw the transportation of goods and people, and gave way for trade into the west. As an already Established city, it began to grow more with this trade, and modernize with the rest of the west.

By what means did the common people gain political power during the presidency of Andrew Jackson?

The common people gained political power during Jackson's presidency by creating national nominating conventions, eliminating property qualifications for voting, increasing the opportunity to hold political office, and challenging entrenched officeholders.

What was a significant result of the development of canals?

The creation of canals opened the doors to expansion into the west that brought more people and goods

Spoils system

The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power.

In which particular industry did the rise of the factory system begin?

The textile industry in New England and improvement in technology after the War of 1812 gave way for the rise of the factory system which would soon begin expanding into other lucrative industries.

Upon what principle was the doctrine of nullification based?

The theory of nullification is based on a view that the states have the authority to determine the limits of the power of that government.

Nullification Theory

The theory that states have the right to nullify a federal law they feel is unconstitutional.

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Andrew Jackson, leading Southern politician, began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, then later became an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.

What were the goals of Jackson and the Jacksonians in this regard?

a movement for more democracy in American government, support for greater rights for the common man, and opposed any signs of aristocracy in the nation.

Trail of Tears

as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects

On what grounds did Presidency Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, his Secretary of State, and the Albany Regency argue that the country needed a permanent party system?

at the time they were struggling with the ratification of the federal constitution of 1787 when political factions began to form.

Explain the so-called "corrupt bargain" that supposedly took place during the election.

none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State Some people believe that an agreement was made ahead of time between the two, which was referred to by the defeated Jackson as a Corrupt Bargain

Explain the Supreme Court's (Marshall's) decision in Worcester v. Georgia.

the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land.

Tariff of Abominations

was a protective tariff passed by Congress that was designed to protect industry in the northern US.