APUSH exam

"Billion Dollar Congress"

Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. Benjamin Harrison was president at the time.

William McKinley

Republican nominee in 1896 election

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Responsible for obtaining information in open and covert ways.

Sixth Amendment

Right to a fair and speedy trial

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

Fourteenth Amendment

Rights of citizens

cuyahoga fires

River in cleveland that occasionally burst into flames due to the petroleum waste that was being dumped into it

the rolling stones

Rock and Roll band whose main themes were anger, frustration, and rebellion

William Berkeley

Nathaniel Bacon demanded that this person grant him the authority to raise a militia and attack the nearby tribes

NSC-68

National Security Council report that said that US could not rely on allies to resist communism. Called for a major expansion of military power.

Chief Tecumseh

Native American chief that unified area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois, both before and after the war

Tenskwatawa

Native American that led an extensive revivial of traditional Native American culture and religion

War of 1812

Native Americans aligned themselves with the british

Boston

New England's major port city

middle colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. had more fertile land and therefore focused primarily on farming

nixon resignation

Nixon resigned from office on August 8, 1974, becoming the first president in American History ever to do so.

melvin laird

Nixon's secretary of defense

william rogers

Nixon's secretary of state

spiro agnew

Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.

Eighth Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

Twenty-fourth Amendment

No poll taxes

Third Amendment

No quartering of troops in civilian homes

Fifth Amendment

No trial without a grand jury indictment; no double jeopardy; an accused person cannot be forced to testify; private property cannot be taken without just compensation

Fourth Amendment

No unlawful searches or seizures

bernard devoto

Non mormon historian who grew up in Utah and studied at Harvard (or some other east coast school).

D-Day

Normandy invasion planned by Big Three at Tehran (November 1943)

"white man's burden"

Notion that people not of European extraction were unfit to rule themselves, derived from a poem by Rudyard Kipling in response to US annexing Philippines

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery, published in 1852. Powerful piece of propaganda

organization of petroleum exporting countries

OPEC, informal bargaining party that decided to raise prices for all nations that supported Israel

Watts Riot

Occurred in the summer of 1965. In Los Angeles. A white officer struck a black protester with his club and this caused a week of violence. 34 people died because of this.

"Black Tuesday"

October 29, 1929. After a week of steadily rising instability, the market began to fall apart. All efforts to save the market failed. Sixteen million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points (or nearly 10 percent), wiping out all the gains of the previous year; stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. Within a month, stocks had lost half their September value, and despite occasional, short-lived rallies, they continued to decline for several years after that.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"

Andrew Jackson

"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Basically, he refused to comply with the Court's decision regarding the Cherokee nation

Twentieth Amendment

"Lame Duck" amendment. Shorten period between election and inauguration

white males

"We the People" met only this group in the 1830s

coureurs du bois

"runners in the woods" french colonists that helped trade furs

Battle of Concord

"the shot heard 'round the world"

Poor Richard's Almanack

(1732-1758) Pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin,published yearly. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. eloquent advocator of freedom and equality

Fifteenth Amendment

(1869) required states to enfranchise black men

Treaty of San Lorenzo, Pinckney's Treaty

(2 names) treaty Signed with Spain in 1795, gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida. Ratified by the Senate in 1796 and often considered the high point of Washington's administration

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

"Bank Holiday"

On March 6, FDR issued a proclamation closing all American banks fr four days until Congress could meet in special session to consider banking reform legislation. This created a general sense of relief and hope because of how great the panic about bank failures was.

"Pumpkin papers"

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"blacklist"

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38th Parallel

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Adlai Stevenson

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Alger Hiss

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Dwight Eisenhower

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Film noir

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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

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Inchon invasion

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J. Edgar Hoover

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Joseph McCarthy

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

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Klaus Fuchs

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McCarran Internal Security Act

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Office of Defense Mobilization

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Omar Bradley

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Richard M. Nixon

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Syngman Rhee

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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The "Checkers Speech"

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The "Hollywood Ten"

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The Korean War

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The Twilight Zone

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Truman-MacArthur conflict

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Whittaker Chambers

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Bill of Rights (basic outline)

1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition 2. Right to bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia 3. No quartering of soldiers in private homes 4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self incrimination, double jeopardy 6. Right of accused persons, such as the right to a speedy and public trial 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases 8. Freedom from excessive bail and from cruel and unusual punishment 9. Rights not listed are kept by the people 10. Powers not listed are kept by the states or the people

Lodge Reservations

12 reservations to the post war agreement (treaty of versailles). Wilson refused to accept these. defeated by the democrats/irreconcilables

Edict of Nantes

1598. Provided for religious toleration of the Huguenots, ended France's possibility for dominating the colonial scene

Quartering Act of 1765

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Stamp Act

1765. Was a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue, demonstrated that the colonies' tradition was being taken Parliament. Broad based tax, covering all legal documents and licenses. Affected everyone, particularly the literate (lawyers), was a tax on goods produced in the colonies. Because of all of these reasons, reaction to this was very negative. law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Trail of Tears

1835 - 1838 when thousands of Cherokees walked to Oklahoma under the supervision of the U.S. Army

gag rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

William Henry Harrison

1841 became the first Whig president, died a month after taking office.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty that ended the Mexican American war. Mexico handed over all of the modern southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles of present day Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah

James Buchanan

1856 democratic presidential candidate. won the presidency. worked to enforce fugitive slave act, opposed abolitionist activism.

Thomas Edison

1876 built his workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Best known for invention of light bulb, pioneering the development of power plants.

Munn v. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court case when the court upheld an Illinois state law regulating railroads and grain elevators

Haymarket Square Riot

1886 labor demonstration in Chicago a bomb went off, killing police. Many blamed the incident on the radicals within the union movement.

Dawes Severalty Act

1887 broke up the reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each Native American family. Gave 160 acres, required they live on the land for 25 years. Main goal was to integrate Native Americans more closely with the whites.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History

1890 book by Captain Alfred T. Mahan, detailed the government's interest in imperialism. argued tat successful foreign trade relied on access to foreign ports

Wilson-Gormon Tariff

1894, essentially resembled the schedule established by the McKinley Tariff. Considered one of the causes of the Spanish American war.

US v. E.C. Knight Co.

1895 Supreme Court case that ruled that this company, that controlled 98% of the sugar refining plats in the US, did not violate the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Prohibition

18th amendment. banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

Insular Cases

1901 - 1903. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not follow the flag; Congress was free to administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending on the particular situation

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914, made allowances for collective bargaining (labor unions)

Espionage Act

1917. Prohibited anyone from using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort

Sedition Act

1918. made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flag, the military, or the Constitution

Schenck v. United States

1919. Supreme court case that held up the Espionage Act. Involved prominent socialist/critic of American capitalism who was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage Act when he printed and mailed leaflets urging men to resist the draft

Truth in Securities Act

1933. This was passed to restore confidence in the stock market. This required corporations to give the public any information about their new securities.

committee for the re-election of the president

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved this to spy on the Democrats.

geraldine ferraro

1984 democratic party candidate for vice president

neil armstrong

1st person to walk on the moon his famous words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."

Leif Eriksson, Bjarni Herjolfsson

2 Norse explorers

Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan

2 attorneys in the Scopes Monkey Trial

Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas

2 nicknames for Kansas during the 1850s, earned because of all of the deadly conflict over slavery

Oneida community (New York), New Harmony community (Indiana)

2 other utopian groups like the shakers

Wyoming, Idaho

2 territories populous enough to achieve statehood in 1890

buzz aldrin

2nd man to walk on the moon

William Howard Taft

2nd progressive president. drove two amendments: 16th - instituted national income tax 17th - allowed for the direct election of senators pursued monopolies even more aggressively

Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlet Letter), Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

3 famous transcendentalist authors

midwestern merchants and farmers, western settlers, eastern importers

3 groups attracted to the new political party the republicans

Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists

3 main religious groups involved in the Second Great Awakening

Rutherford B. Hayes, Majes Garfield, Chester A. Arthur

3 presidents during the Gilded Age that were concerned primarily with civil service reform

Woodrow Wilson

3rd progressive president. Democrat. argued that the federal government had to assume greater control over business to protect man's freedom. won election of 1912

Spain, France, The Netherlands, England

4 main colonizing powers in North America

North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Montana

4 territories populous enough to achieve statehood in 1889

furman v georgia

8th Amendment Capital punishment. It raised the question of racial imbalances in the use of the death penaltyby state courts. Many states rewrote the death penalty statutes.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression

Eleventh Amendment

A lawsuit brought about by a citizen of the U.S. or a foreign nation must be tried in state court, not federal court

party ticket

A list of a political party's candidates for various offices

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; her brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. some Americans believed they had a God-given right to the Western territories

archibald cox

A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. 50% tariff

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land (1676)

the beatles

A rock 'n' roll singing group from Liverpool, England that was phenomenally popular in the middle and late 1960s.

fugitive slave law

A rule that was written in the Compromise of 1850 that stated: If a slave goes from the South to the North, they are a fugitive slave and can be returned to the South. It also included the deputization of ordinary citizens so that they were unable to refuse to help.

nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. American business looked for new markets because of an increase in this. 1876 centennial celebration heightened national pride

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

A substantial group of young Americans- more than 3,000 in all- formed this group and traveled to Spain to join in what they considered a fight against the fascists.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea contained several antagonistic measures. taxed goods imported directly from Britain - the first tax to do so. Some of the tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors, meaning the colonists could no longer withhold government officials' payments to get what they wanted. also created even more vice-admiralty courts. suspended New York Legislature because it had refused to comply with the Quartering Act. instituted Writs of Assistance

duel

Aaron Burr challenged Alexander Hamilton to this after accusing him of sabotaging his political career. Ended up killing Hamilton.

Thirteenth Amendment

Abolished slavery

Mother Jones

Active among the railroad workers and coal miners, this female activist traveled the country protesting and lobbying for the rights of all worker. Even as she lost her ability to write and walk without assistance, she continued to fight for labor rights up until her death at the age of 94 in 1930.

confiscation acts

Acts introduced to congress by the radical republicans that: 1. gave the government the rights to seize any slaves used for insurrectionary purposes 2. allowed the government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion, even if that support was limited to paying taxes to the Confederacy

arab oil embargo

After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis

Immigration and Control Act of 1986

Aiming to put a damper on illegal immigration that occurred mainly at the country's southern border with Mexico, Congress passed this act. Despite this act, illegal immigration into the US continued, allowing some 12 million undocumented aliens into the country by 1990.

Potsdam

Allies met again here to decide how to implement agreements made at Yalta

judicial review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

The Nation of Islam

Also called the Black Muslims, this religious group followed the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Members of this group assassinated Malcolm X when he left them.

Seward's Folly

Also known as "Seward's Icebox," this is the nickname given to Alaska when it was first purchased. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase the icy land from Russia for a sum of $7.2 million in 1867. Not until the twentieth century would Americans realize the sweet deal they received when oil drillers found that Alaska was rich with fossil fuel.

new markets

America began looking overseas to find this

expansionism

America moving into regions to do business, supported by most Americans

New England

America's manufacturing center during and after the War of 1812

patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won consisted mostly of white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans

cambodia invasion

American forces invaded cambodia to oust remaining north vietnamese bases. revitalized anti war protests

independent internationalism

American foreign policy objectives that were aimed primarily at promoting and maintaining peace. other name for isolationism

rugged individualism

American ideal that president Hoover thought federal relief efforts opposed

Open Door Policy

American policy that McKinely thought for all Western nations hoping to trade with Asia

Maine

American warship that exploded in the Havana (Cuba) harbor, began US involvement in Cuban civil war

father knows best

Among many situation comedies that portrayed women as housewives and mothers whose roles were to serve their children and please their husbands.

little richard

An African American rock-n-roll singer and recorded hit songs in the 50's including Tutti Fruiti

chuck berry

An African-American rock 'n' roll musician and composer, who influenced many musicians of the 1950s and 1960s, including the Beatles and Bob DyLan.

salutary neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa

Bay of Pigs

An invasion took place in April 1961 in this location in Cuba. With faulty intelligence, CIA operatives landed here and were immediately surrounded by unhappy Cubans. The invasion was a failure and an embarrassment for President Kennedy.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie. Great wealth brought with it social responsibility. Advocated philanthropy, as by building libraries and museums, but not charity.

pet banks

Andrew Jackson kept government funds in these. State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.

swann v charlotte-mecklenburg board of education

Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools

The Geneva Convention

At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into 3 nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in 2 years.

elliot richardson

Attorney General that resigned instead of firing Cox

Shay's Rebellion

August 1786 - 1787. Army of 1,500 farmers marched on Springfield to protest unfair economic and political policies. Revealed lingering resentment that backcountry farmers harbored toward the costal elite. Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

michael harrington

Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.

Tenochitlan

Aztec capital

sugar

Barabdos's primary export

Black Panthers

Based in Oakland, California. This was one of the most revolutionary organizations of the black-power idea.

French Revolution

Began in 1789 and then became hostile in 1792 when France declared war Austria. The French sought help from America by regarding the France-American alliance of 1778. In response, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. Washington did not want to damage the new country's trade business. HS: Led to the declaring of the Neutrality Proclamation, which led to arguments between the French and Americans. Finally they came to peace in 1800.

Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin

Big Three

scandals of the 1870s

Black Friday (1869), Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872), New York Custom House Ring (1872), Star Route Frauds (1872 - 1876), Sunburn Incident (1874), Pratt and Boyd Scandal (1875), Whisky Ring (1875), Delano Affair (1875), Trading Post Scandal (1876), Alexander Cattell and Co. Scandal (1876), Sfae Burglary (1876)

the lonely crowd

Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.

accommodationist

Booker T. Washington was accused of being this because he refused to press for immediate equal rights.

Mark Twain

Born Samuel Clemens, he is one of the most famous and prolific realists, who captured the ruggedness of the frontier and South with humor and satire.

War of the League of Augsburg

British name for the war against French and Native Americans on the Canadian boarder

salutary neglect

British treatment of the colonies prior to the French and Indian War An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

The "Fair Deal"

Called for expansion for Social Security benefits, the raising of the legal minimum wage from 40 to 65 cents an hour, a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending and investment, a permanent Fair Employment Practices Act, public housing and slum clearance, long-range environmental and public works planning, and gov. promotion of scientific research.

Coolidge prosperity

Calvin Coolidge's 1924 election slogan

Nineteenth Amendment

Can't deny someone the right to vote on the basis of gender

Fifteenth Amendment

Can't deny someone the right to vote on the basis of race

League of Women Voters

Carrie Chapman Catt formed this group to assist the new voters who were granted the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Twelfth Amendment

Changes the procedure for electing president and vice president

earl warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.

John Marshall

Chief justice during Marbury v. Madison. established and strengthened judicial review throughout his career. Federalist

Seventh Amendment

Civil cases require a jury trial

Contact Period

Columbus's arrival marked the beginning of this. in which Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and ideas in the Columbian Exchange

Pleiku

Communist forces attacked an American base here in February 1965.

Yalta Conference

Conference where Russia was promised some of the land that they had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Also created the UN

Potsdam Conference

Conference with Truman, Churchill, and Stalin. Polish-German border was adjusted and then basically the US, GB, and France zones of Germany united, and the Russia zone became separate pro-Soviet government.

Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist minister during the Great Awakening. famous for his graphic descriptions of hell. famous speech "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Tenure of Office Act

Congressional Republicans passed this act, which disallowed the executive to discharge a federal appointee without consent of the Senate. The act was an attempt by Republicans to protect their numbers from the angry hand of President Andrew Johnson. Johnson chose to ignore the act and fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Republican. The house of Representatives submitted articles of impeachment to the floor by charging Johnson with 11 counts of "high crimes and misdemeanors." He was impeached by the House, but the Senate failed to convict Johnson by only one vote.

harry blackmun

One of Nixon's Supreme Court appointment and was the author of Roe v. Wade.

Commission on Civil Disorders

Created as a result of all of the riots. Issued a celebrated report in the spring of 1968 recommending massive spending to eliminate the abysmal conditions of the ghettoes.

Annapolis Convention

Created by Alexander Hamilton. only five delegates showed up. A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

National Security Council (NSC)

Created by the National Security Act of 1947. It governed foreign and military policy.

Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

Created in 1935. Worked to make electric power available to farmers.

Atomic Energy Commission

Created in 1946. It was the supervisory committee that watched all nuclear research.

Glass-Steagall Act

Created in June 1933. Gave the government to regulate irresponsible speculation by banks.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Created on April 4, 1949. If one member was attacked than all members would fight together.Members had a standing military in Europe to prevent a Soviet invasion. This made Stalin form his own version of this, the Warsaw Pact, with all of the communist governments of Eastern Europe.

Truman Doctrine

Created on March 12, 1947. Based off of Kennan's arguments for containing soviet power. Also gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey as aid.

National Security Act of 1947

Created the CIA and NSC. It reshaped the nation's major military and diplomatic institutions.

Pontiac

Ottawa war chief that rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic candidate in the 1896 election backed by the Populists

Ninth Amendment

People's rights are not limited to those mentioned in the Constitution

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. Under James Madison's presidency

yom kippur war

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)

Aswan Dam

Egyptian leader Nasser asked the US for assistance in building this structure. The US refused, however as Egypt looked to threaten the security of the new Jewish state of Israel.

Twenty-sixth Amendment

Eighteen year old voters

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Eisenhower saw the creation of this administration in 1958 to get the US back in the running with the Soviets with regards to space travel.

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower warned of this in his farewell address

charles wilson

Eisenhower's secretary of defense; kept Pentagon budget under control

john foster dulles

Eisenhower's secretary of state. dominant figure in the administrations foreign policy

South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

Eisenhower, fearing what he called the "domino theory" (where one Asian nation would fall to communism and the rest would follow), urged Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to snap to action. He created this group, which resembled NATO, to give mutual military assistance to member nations and hold up anticommunist Ngo Dinh Diem's crumbling regime in South Vietnam.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI. Under this, Germany was forced to cede German and colonial territories to the Allies, to disarm, to pay huge reparations, and to admit total fault for WWI.

blockade

England imposed this on shipments headed for Germany, particularly those coming from the US.

proprietary colony

English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

George Grenville

English prime minister, felt that the colonists should help pay the debt of the Seven Years' War

Coercive Acts

English response to the Boston Tea Party. convinced many colonists that their days of semi-autonomy were over and that the future held even further encroachments on their liberties by the Crown

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Established by Johnson in 1966. This was his new cabinet administration. Robert Weaver was a senator and the first African American to serve in the cabinet.

The Berlin Wall

Established by the East German government on August 13, 1961. This wall separated East and West Germany.

Resettlement Administration (RA)

Established in 1935. Gave farmers loans to help them relocate to better land when the land that they were working on was not the best.

Farm Security Administration (FSA)

Established in 1937. Gave farmers loans to help them move to better land when their land was not very good.

Sixteenth Amendment

Established national income tax

The United Nations

Every member represented. permanent reps for US, GB, France, Russia, and China. US joined this org.

enumerated powers

Powers given to the national government alone

Emergency Banking Act

FDR sent this to Congress three days after the Bank Holiday. This was a generally conservative bill designed primarily to protect the larger banks from being draged down by the weakness of smaller ones. The bill provided for Treasury Department inspection of all banks before they would e allowed to reopen, for federal assistance to some troubled institutions, and for a thorough reorganization of those banks in the greatest difficulty. Congress passed this within a few hours. It helped dispel the panic.

"Cross of Gold"

Famous speech by William Jennings Bryan in which he argued that an easy money supply, though inflationary, would loosen the control that Northern banking interests held over the country

nixon in china

February 21 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.

termination

Federal government tried to incorporate tribes into mainstream america

Alan shepherd

First american in space

yuri gargarin

First in space. First to orbit the earth

South Carolina, December 1860

First state to succeed and time of succession

Commonwealth of Independent States

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Boris Yeltsin took the role of president of Russia. He joined with the 14 other former Soviet republics to create this temporary organization.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Formulated by Stephen Douglas. created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

President Clinton created this agreement that opened free trade with Canada and Mexico, allowing the flow of more goods, services, and jobs across the international borders. The agreement was hotly contested by organized labor and conservative groups who saw the agreement as selling American jobs to cheap labor across the border, while compromising America's sovereignty to international arbitration boards. It was signed in 1993, reducing restrictions and tariffs on goods and services that were to be transported between the US, Canada, and Mexico.

Citizen Edmond Genêt

French government representative that visited America to seek assistance. his visit sparked large, enthusiastic rallies held by American supporters of the revolution

War of 1812

French-English dispute that eventually led to this (JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act

Platt Amendment

Gave the US control over Cuba's foreign affairs. US could intervene in Cuba's domestic and foreign affairs, US granted land to build a naval base (Guantanamo Bay)

u-boats

German submarines

"zone of occupation"

Germany split into four of these. US, GB, France, and Russia each had their own.

Benjamin Harrison

Gilded Age president that believed in a strong federal government

Grover Cleveland

Gilded Age president that believed that a government governed best was governed least

First Amendment

Guarantees basic civil liberties; Free speech, press, religion, assembly and petition

broad (loose) constructionist position

Hamilton's opposing viewpoint to the strict constitutionalists. Argued that the creation of the national bank was an implied power of the government because the government already had the power to coin/borrow money and collect taxes. Washington agreed and signed the bill

john dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped lead to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

Office of Equal Opportunity (OEO)

President Johnson created this group, which oversaw the creation of the Job Corps program that provided career training to inner-city and rural citizens. This group was also in charge of the Head Start program, which provided free or low-cost pre-schooling for disadvantaged children to ready them for elementary school.

Teller Amendment

President McKinley added this amendment to the declaration of war against the Spanish. The amendment assured Cuba and the world that the United States intended to grant Cuba her independence once the war ended.

Gentlemen's Agreement

President Roosevelt crafted this agreement between the San Francisco School Board and the Japanese government. The school board would allow Japanese students to enter public school if the Japanese government would help stem the tide of immigrants coming to California.

Federal Trade Commission

President Wilson created this commission in 1914 to control monopolies. This regulatory agency would monitor interstate business activities and force companies that broke laws to comply with government's "cease and desist" orders.

leon jaworski

He was the next Special Prosecutor of the Watergate case after Cox was fired. J aworski was responsible for bringing to light many damaging facts of the Watergate break-in and subsequent cover-up.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment

Presidential succession and disability

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) I

Presidents Bush and Yeltsin signed this treaty in 1991, which drastically reduced the number of nuclear warheads in both countries.

Walden

Henry David Thoreau's most famous work. an account of the two years he spent living alone in a cabin on Walden Pond

Agricultural Marketing Act

Hoover proposed this in April 1929, which established the first major government program to help farmers maintain prices. A federally sponsored Farm Board would make loans to national marketing cooperatives or establish corporations to buy surpluses and thus raise prices.

"Education is the great equalizer"

Horace Mann's famous belief

international buisness machine

IBM produced major data processing

Transcontinental Railroad

In 1862, Lincoln promised America would have this before the decade was over. From 1863 - 1869, farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and war veterans worked to make this a reality

National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

In 1868, Oliver H. Kelley organized this group as a fraternity of brothers and their families. Soon the social atmosphere of their meetings was replaced by a political zeal. They sought to break the hold of railroad owners and middlemen who kept raising the price of farming. By the mid-1870s, there were meetings across the country. Members organized farm cooperatives and kept railroads and silo owners under watch. Due to their political clout, laws that regulated rates farmers could be charged for shipping by rail or using grain elevators were passed in many states.

George Custer

In 1876, this colonel marched into the Black Hills of South Dakota, a section of the Sioux Indian reservation, and proclaimed the discovery of gold. As a result, the hills soon became flooded with gold seekers, which enraged the Sioux. To quell a possible Sioux uprising, this colonel marched his column of men deep into Sioux territory, only to discover some 2,500 Sioux warriors waiting for them at the Little Big Horn River. The colonel and his men were cut down by the Native American warriors, who were soon hunted themselves by white reinforcements.

Plessy v. Ferguson

In 1896, this landmark case was brought before the Supreme Court. In this case, a mulatto man who was seven-eighths white and only one-eighth African American refused to give up his seat on a "whites only" railcar in Louisiana and was arrested. He sued, claiming that his civil rights had been violated. The court ruled that because a car was provided for passengers of color, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The justices used the "separate but equal" doctrine to Justify their decision.

Underwood Tariff Bill

In 1913, President Wilson persuaded Congress to pass this bill. It imposed the first permanent federal income tax on the well-to-do. The income tax had strong constitutional leg on which to stand, since the Sixteenth Amendment had made federal income taxes legal.

Lusitania

In 1915, this British luxury liner was sunk by the Germans off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of almost 1,200 people, about 130 of those American. President Wilson, still not wishing to enter the war, issued a stern warning to the Germans to cease submarine warfare on unarmed ships. After the sinking of another liner that cost the lives of two Americans, the Germans finally agreed to stop this type of attack.

Jonas Salk

In 1955, this man discovered the serum that would immunize humans against polio. Using a live strain of the virus, he was successful in developing a vaccine that would almost eradicate the disease within the US by the 1960s.

Nikita Khrushchev

In 1958, this Soviet Premier demanded the removal of Westerners from Berlin within 6 months. He later joined forces with Fidel Castro to threaten U.S. national security.

Fidel Castro

In 1959, this revolutionary overthrew the brutal dictator Batista in Cuba. He nationalized businesses owned by Americans and introduced massive land reforms. He then set off to build his communist state on the lucrative island. This man and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev joined forces to threaten U.S.national security.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

In 1972, Congress passed this amendment which would disallow states and the federal government to discriminate on the basis of sex. Unfortunately for the women's movement, the amendment fell short of its required number of ratifying states and died in the 1980s.

Three Mile Island

In 1979, this nuclear plant in Pennsylvania sent a cloud of radioactive gas into the air. It was soon discovered that in a rush to get the plant on-line, many shortcuts had been taken that ultimately threatened the safety of the plant. Nuclear power was no longer a viable option for most Americans.

Timothy McVeigh

In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist.

Marshall Plan

In June 1947, Truman's secretary of state masterminded this plan t give Western Europe massive amounts of financial assistance and political support for rebuilding democratic forms of government. Congress readily approved this plan, which would supply $3 billion in aid over a 4 year period. This plan was an economic miracle for Western Europe. By the end of the era the region was entirely self-sufficient, and communism had been contained away from vulnerable countries.

Scottsboro Case

In March 1931, nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in northern Alabama (in a small town near Scottsboro) and arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women who had also been riding the train accused them of rape. In fact, there was overwhelming evidence, medical and otherwise, that the women had not been raped at all; they may have made their accusations out of fear of being arrested themselves. Nevertheless, an all-white jury in Alabama quickly convicted all nine of the "Scottsboro boys" (as they were known to both friends and foes) and sentenced eight of them to death.

Truman Doctrine

In March 1947, Truman made this speech where he asked Congress for funding to assist Greece and Turkey in repelling a possible communist take-over. The president's speech explained that the US had a duty to give financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. This policy passed its first test, as both Greece and Turkey successfully thwarted communism.

Birmingham bombing

In September, a black church was bombed in Birmingham, killing 4 African American children.

"Lublin" Poles

Pro-communist people put in charge of Poland by Stalin.

"London" Poles

Pro-western people who Roosevelt wanted to be part of the Polish Gov.

Pure Food and Drug Act

In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Meat Inspection Act passed in 1906.

Meat Inspection Act

In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibition

the new left

In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.

Seventeenth Amendment

Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by a popular vote instead of the state legislatures

Twenty-third Amendment

Provided the District of Columbia with 3 electors in the electoral college

horizontal integration

In this business strategy, used by John D. Rockefeller, a company controls one aspect of the business. In Rockefeller's case, he controlled everything related to the refining stage of oil production.

vertical integration

In this business tactic, an owner single-handedly controls every aspect of the production process for a product. Andrew Carnegie used this tactic in steel production. His company did everything from the mining of the ore, to the distribution of the final product to the customer.

Schenck v. U.S.

In this pivotal case, the Supreme Court, with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writing the majority opinion, upheld the Espionage Act by stating that Congress could limit the right of free speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "Evils" that the government was seeking to stop.

Congregationalists

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

Military Reconstruction Act

Radical Republicans passed this act in 1867. The act divided the South into five districts that would be managed by military forces stationed there- in other words, martial law was in effect. The act further tightened the requirements for the readmission of former Confederate states by requiring petitioning states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and provide for universal manhood suffrage.

Force Bill

Jackson had Congress authorize this. Treated to call in troops to enforce the tariff.

Second Bank of the United States

Jackson saw that this failed by vetoing Congress's attempt to recharter the bank and by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them into state pet banks

"No taxation without representation"

James Otis's primary argument

John Rolfe

Jamestown settler known for 2 things: 1. Marrying Pocahontas 2. Pioneered the practice of growing tobacco

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on December 7 that officially initiated US involvement in WWII

Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover

Jazz Era presidents (3). pursued pro-business policies

"the bloodless revolution"

Jefferson referred to his victory and the non-violent transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans as this

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's opponent in the election of 1800

Alexander Hamilton

John Adams often allowed this man to take charge

Thomas Jefferson

John Adams's vice president. Democratic-Republican. 3rd president

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller owned this company, which eventually controlled 95 percent of the refineries in the United States.

"Swing Around the Circle"

Johnson's public speaking tour

Warsaw Pact

Joseph Stalin formed this alliance in 1955, which provided the military protection but at a cost-once a country was a member, it could never leave the alliance.

"Freedom Rides"

Kids would travel by bus throughout the south. They tried to force the desegregation of bus stations. They were often met with violence. This continued until Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered the integration of all buses and train stations.

Hugh Johnson

Leader of the NRA. Wanted companies to give workers good wages and hours so he made "laws", basically, that made companies have certain limitations to what they could do with a worker's wages and hours.

Senator Gerald Nye

Led Nye Commission

Horace Greeley

Liberal republican candidate that ran against Grant in 1872 election

william calley

Lieutenant that oversaw the massacre of 100 vietnamese civilians

Sedition Act

Like the Espionage Act, this act of 1917 was aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to free speech. Socialists such as Eugene V. Debs were targeted and arrested.

Twenty-Second Amendment

Limits president to 2 terms

"house divided" speech

Lincoln during debates: "this nation cannot exist permanently half slave and half free"

national currency

Lincoln initiated the printing of this

"those states in rebellion"

Lincoln referred to the Confederate States as this

pocket veto

Lincoln utilized this with the Wade Davis Bill. A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that required 10% of voters who had voted in the 1860 election to swear allegiance to the Union and accept the 13th amendment. His plan for state re-admittance

Salmon P. Chase

Lincoln's treasury secretary

36°30'

Line designed as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise

Taft-Hartley Act

Made closed shops illegal and it called for a "cooling-off" period of ten days before a strike.

yellow-dog contract

Many prospective employers made their employees sign this document, also called an "ironclad oath." By signing this document, the worker agreed not to join a union as a condition of employment.

Teheran Conference

Meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. Stalin agreed to have Russia enter war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated.

Stalwarts

Members of the Republican Party that believed that all government jobs should go to loyal republicans

Half Breeds

Members of the Republican Party that thought that qualified Democrats should be able to keep their jobs even after a Republican was elected

robber barons

Men such as Jay Gould earned this nickname because they artificially inflated the value of their company's stock, sold the stock to the public, and pocketed the profits. The company then went bankrupt, leaving the stockholders with nothing.

border states

Missouri, Knetucky, Maryland, Deleware. slave states that fought for the union

Warren Harding

More liberal on issues of civil liberty. Supported anti-lynching laws, tried to help farmers by providing more money for farm loans.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Much like the Truman Doctrine, this doctrine was meant to provide financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. However, this particular doctrine pointed at the Middle East.

"payola" scandals

Music industry people were taking gifts and would not report them for taxes, investigation begins in November 1959

Twenty-first Amendment

Repealed prohibition

Frank Capra

This man was an Italian-born director who had a deep and somewhat romanticized love for his adopted country, and he translated that love into a vaguely populistic admiration for ordinary people. He contrasted the decency of small-town American and the common man with what he considered the grasping opportunism of the ciry and the greedy capitalist marketplace. He made Mr. Deeds Goes to Town in 1936 and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington in 1939.

Orson Welles

This man was an actor-director who created a memorable event on Halloween night, 1938, when he broadcast a radio play about aliens landing in central New Jersey and setting off toward New York armed with terrible weapons. The play took the form of a news broadcast, and it created panic among millions of people who believed for a while that the events it described were real.

Strom Thurmond

This man was governor of South Carolina and the leader of the "Dixiecrats".

Robert La Follette

This man was governor of Wisconsin and later became a U.S. Senator. Under his leadership, Wisconsin became the model for increased voter power at the ballot box.

Michael Schwerner

This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the South. He arrived with Andrew Goodman and James Chaney. They were all murdered.

James Chaney

This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the South. He arrived with Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner. He was the only African American of the 3.

Andrew Goodman

This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the south. He arrived with Michael Schwerner and James Chaney. They were all murdered.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

This man was president for 12 years. This man's administration was known as the New Deal and it had created many of the broad outlines of the political world we know today. This man did frequent "fireside chats" during which he explained in simple terms his programs and plans to the people. The fireside chats helped build confidence in the administration.

Douglas MacArthur

This man was put in charge of the government of Japan in the first few years after WWII.

Samuel Gompers

This man was the American Federation of Labor leader. He hailed the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1913 as the "Magna Carta of Labor"

Jack Ruby

This man was the Dallas night club owner who killed Lee Harvey Oswald.

Eugene McCarthy

This man was the Democratic candidate who ran against Lyndon Johnson in the 1968 primaries. He almost defeated Johnson. Was senator of Minnesota.

Richard M. Nixon

This man was the Republican candidate for the election of 1960. He lost to Kennedy.

Barry Goldwater

This man was the Republican candidate for the election of 1964. He lost.

George C. Marshall

This man was the Secretary of State who, in June 1947, announced the Marshall Plan.

Nikita Khrushchev

This man was the Soviet Premier. In 1958, this Soviet Premier demanded the removal of Westerners from Berlin within 6 months. He later joined forces with Fidel Castro to threaten U.S. national security

Douglas MacArthur

This man was the army chief of staff. He led the Third Cavalry, two infantry regiments, a machine-gun detachment, and six tanks down Pennsylvania Avenue in pursuit of the Bonus Army. He was the man who broke up the Bonus Army

Ngo Dinh Nhu

This man was the brother and principal adviser of Ngo Dinh Diem. He was assassinated along with his brother.

Robert F. Kennedy

This man was the brother of JFK and in 1967 he joined Fulbright and opposed the war. He was the senator of New York at the time.

Henry Wallace

This man was the candidate of the new Progressive Party.

Mao Zedong

This man was the communist leader of China who was opposed by Chiang Kai-shek. By 1945 he only controlled 1/4 of the population of China.

Fidel Castro

This man was the dictator of Cuba.

Joseph Kennedy

This man was the father of JFK. He was the former American ambassador to Britain.

George Wallace

This man was the governor of Alabama who stood in the doorway to prevent the court-ordered enrollment of several black students. He stepped away when federal marshals arrived.

Ho Chi Minh

This man was the leader of North Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

This man was the leader of South Vietnam. He was supported by America during the war. He was assassinated in early November 1963 by the generals of South Vietnam.

Rafael Trujillo

This man was the leader of the Dominican Republic before he was assassinated in 1961.

Jim Clark

This man was the leader of the police in Selma Alabama. He led the local police in a brutal attack on the demonstrators in Selma. Two northern whites were killed in the Selma March.

Juan Bosch

This man was the left-wing candidate to succeed Trujillo as the leader of the Dominican Republic.

Eugene "Bull" Connor

This man was the police commissioner of Birmingham Alabama. He supervised a brutal attack on the peace protesters.

Hubert Humphrey

This man was the reform mayor of Minneapolis who engineered the civil rights plank.

Hubert Humphrey

This man was the vice-president who, with support from Johnson, entered the elections and became very popular. At one point he appeared to be a front runner.

JFK

This man won the election of 1960 over Nixon. Created the "New Frontier" and overcame doubts about his youth (43 at time of election). He was assassinated in Texas on November 22, 1963.

Dale Carnegie

This man wrote How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, which was a self-help manual preaching individual initiative.

John Steinbeck

This man wrote the Grapes of Wrath in 1939.

Erskine Caldwell

This man wrote the novel Tobacco Road in 1931, which later became a long-running play. It was an expose of rural southern poverty.

Malcolm X

This man's real name was Malcolm Little. He was a member of the Nation of Islam. He was killed in 1965 when gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated.

Osama Bin Laden

This man, a Saudi national, is the leader of Al-Qaeda. He had formed a military training camp in Afghanistan to prepare warriors to attack Western targets.

Jack Benny

This man, along with George Burns and Gracie Allen, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.

George Burns

This man, along with Jack Benny and Gracie Allen, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.

Alger Hiss

This man, who had assisted President Franklin Roosevelt during the Yalta conference, was accused of leaking secrets to the communists. He denied any connections to the communist part or any spy networks. Nonetheless, he was convicted and sent to prison for perjury; he had never been a member of a communist party.

Tet Offensive

This military operation took place in the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. It was a massive Vietcong offensive that moved the war from the rural areas to the streets of Saigon. The psychological impact of this battle would change the course of the war both in Vietnam and at home. American public opinion now opposed the war and increasingly demanded that the US pull out of the war-torn country. In effect, this was the beginning of the end of US military involvement in Vietnam.

The Tet Offensive

This military operation took place in the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. It was a massive Vietcong offensive that moved the war from the rural areas to the streets of Saigon. The psychological impact of this battle would change the course of the war both in Vietnam and at home. American public opinion now opposed the war and increasingly demanded that the US pull out of the war-torn country. In effect, this was the beginning of the end of US military involvement in Vietnam.

Al-Qaeda

This multinational force of fighters and terrorists, led by Osama Bin Laden, began by attacking the World Trade Center in New York in 1993, which killed 6 people but inflicted minimal damage. This group was also responsible for the 9/11 attacks.

Horatio Alger

This novelist propagated the "rags to riches" myth subscribed to by many lower-class Americans. His titles such as Ragged Dick were intended to inspire young street urchins to become wealthy industrialists like Andrew Carnegie. In reality, even though opportunities for incredible success were available, the odds were slight that a street waif would become another Andrew Carnegie.

"Freedom Summer"

This occurred during the summer of 1964. This was the movement of thousands of civil rights workers throughout the South. They did this to work on behalf of black voter registration and participation.

Woolworth Sit-in

This occurred in February 1960. Black college students in Greensboro, NC, staged a sit-in in this segregated restaurant.

Model Cities

This offered federal subsidies for urban redevelopment pilot programs

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

This organization initiated an embargo of oil to US as punishment for its involvement in the Yom Kippur War. Immediately, the US and world supply of gasoline and petroleum products plummeted. Americans waited in lines that stretched as much as a mile long at gas stations to purchase the coveted liquid. The impact of the gas shortage was most devastating to the economy- the nation fell into a deep recession as companies decreased investment, laid off workers, and reduced inventories.

International Money Fund (IMF)

This organization supplies billions in funding to faltering nations.

Freedman's Bureau

This organization was created by the federal government in 1865 to manage and assist the newly emancipated slaves of the nation. It provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to both African Americans and Southern whites. Eventually, it established schools across the South and educated large numbers of former slaves. The organization struggled as President Johnson refused to increase its funding, and it finally expired in 1872.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

This organization was founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan. As a result, women began to become more vocal with regard to their desire for a greater role in American society.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. In 1953, this organization staged a coup that led to the return of the corrupt and ruthless Shah of Iran. Similarly, this organization aided in the overthrow of a left-leaning government in Guatemala in 1954.

National Security Council

This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. This organization wrote a secret document labeled NSC-68, which was released just after China fell to communism and the Korean crisis was about to begin. The document detailed the Soviet's plans for worldwide domination and encouraged an immediate buildup of the nation's military. Where the Truman Doctrine provided for financial support in preventing the spread of communism, NSC-68 now provided for the use of U.S. troops to achieve containment.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

This organization, along with Francis Willard, gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages. They believed prohibition would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

This organization, established by activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890, combined the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

This organization, established in 1939 to look for former Nazis who had made it to the US, was reactivated in the postwar years to find communists. This organization made headlines in 1948 when American communist Whittaker Chambers testified in the case of a State Department employee who had supposedly leaked secrets to the communists.

Department of Defense

This organization, formerly called the Department of War, was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947.

The Atlantic Charter

This outlined a postwar world where an international organization acted as an arbiter to world disputes.

Camp David Accords

This peace agreement occurred when President Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to meet at the presidential retreat in Maryland. Sadat and Begin discussed peace options while Carter acted as mediator. This peace agreement was signed in September 1978. The treaty served as the first step toward peace in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in 1948.

Fannie Lou Hamer

This person was the leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Along with others.

Jacob Riis

This photojournalist showed the conditions of New York's tenements in Hell's Kitchen. He also shocked the nation with his book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890

"War on Terror"

This phrase was the reason that American troops invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 to find Osama Bin Laden.

Drive 55

This plan, supported by President Carter was meant to reduce the amount of gasoline expended by the average American.

Moral Diplomacy

This policy came from President Wilson's belief that imperialism was immoral and that American democracy was superior. He though it was his duty to spread that ideal to protect nations under threat of totalitarianism. As a result, Wilson invaded Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic and purchased the Virgin Islands. Wilson also intervened in the Mexican Revolution to capture the revolutionary Pancho Villa after he had killed Americans in the towns of Santa Ysabel, Mexico, and Columbus, New Mexico.

Roosevelt Corollary

This policy was an attempt to protect Venezuela from European intervention. It stated that the United States would come to the aid of any Latin American nation experiencing financial trouble. In essence, the United States became the policeman of Latin American through this policy. Under this new reality, the United States used force to "protect" the Dominican Republic and Cuba from political chaos.

Open Door Policy

This policy, issued by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, meant that China and her surrounding regions would be open and free to trade with any nation. The policy was wildly popular in the United States, but received a cold shoulder abroad. In 1900, a young group of Chinese nationalists revolted against the Open Door Policy and foreign intervention. The Boxer Rebellion sought to remove all foreigners from China by force.

Reagan Revolution

This political era ended the old New Deal guard and ushered in a new era of conservative policymaking in Washington. The president promised lower taxes, smaller government, and a stronger military. The president set forth to build trust and support by following through with his promises.

Tammany Hall

This political machine in New York City was led by "Boss" Tweed. Tweed and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small businessmen, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes. Not all members of this machine were honest in their intentions. George Washington Plunkett, a lower boss in this particular machine, would pocket large sums of taxpayer money in what he called "honest graft."

Greenback Party

This political party looked to paper money not backed by hard specie as the answer to the country's economic woes in the 1880s.

Populist Party

This political party was formed from the Farmers' Alliance. Having drafter their political platform in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892, it advocated for the following: unlimited coinage of silver; a graduated income tax; public ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone; government subsidies to assist in stabilizing agricultural prices; an eight-hour work day; direct election of U.S. senators; and increased voter power with the use of the initiative, referendum, and recall. Even though this group made an impressive showing with almost one-million popular and 22 electoral votes, they failed to win the election.

red-lining

This practice kept minorities out of white housing areas.

reconcentrating

This practice placed Cuban natives into central locations under direct Spanish control to help prevent revolution.

Vietnamization

This process was Nixon's plan to turn the war over to those who should be fighting it- the Vietnamese. This process involved the US military instructing the South Vietnamese on how to go about fighting the war on their own. The number of US troops in the country slowly decreased. Within the span of 3 years, the number of US troops in Vietnam decreased from over 500,000 in 1969 to just under 30,000 in 1972.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

This proclamation, made by Abraham Lincoln, was set in 1863 as a way to reintroduce Southern states back under the wing of the federal government. The reentry process would begin by the reestablishment of state governments that would gain legitimacy by obtaining at least 10 percent of their voting populace to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States and the Constitution. Second, the president was fully prepared to grant complete pardons to any former Confederate, as long as he also took the oath of allegiance and agreed to the elimination of slavery.

The Berlin Airlift

This program delivered supplies to a German city, day after day, for 11 months. The city had been cut off from Western contact by Stalin.

Star Wars

This program, officially known as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was supported by President Reagan. The system was designed to have battle "ships" stationed in orbit that could defend the US against nuclear attack with lasers. While critics and many in the scientific community spoke of the impossibility of SDI, Reagan used the idea of the system as a scare tactic for the Soviets.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

This provided for federal protection to African Americans attempting to exercise their right to vote.

National Housing Act of 1949

This provided for the construction of 810,000 houses.

Medicare

This provides federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses.

Birth of a Nation

This racist silent film, which glamorized the history of the Ku Klux Klan, was named as a personal favorite of President Woodrow Wilson.

Union Pacific

This railroad began building its portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and moving westward. The rail lines of the Central Pacific and this railroad finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake.

Central Pacific Railroad

This railroad, led by Leland Stanford, set out to build the most treacherous stretch of rail from Sacramento, California, through the Sierra Nevada mountains, and then eastward. The Union Pacific began building its portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and moving westward. The rail lines of this railroad and the Union Pacific finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake. Chinese labor ("Coolies") had been largely responsible for building this line, while Irish workers ("Paddies") built the Union Pacific.

Boxer Rebellion

This rebellion sought to remove all foreigners from China by force. As a result, some 200 whites were killed by the rebels, and a multinational force, including U.S. forces, was sent to Peking to end the rebellion.

glasnost

This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "openness," it was designed to rid the country of the old Stalin totalitarian state by easing laws designed to limit the freedoms of Russians.

perestroika

This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "restructuring," it was aimed at opening up the once-closed Soviet economy to more free market interactions to repair the sluggish economy.

George H.W. Bush

This republican candidate ran against Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. He was able to take the presidency easily, with his promise to be tough on crime and his statement of, "Read my lips, no new taxes." However, the Republicans were not successful in united government, as the House and Senate went to the Democrats.

Communist Revolution

This revolution took place in 1917 when the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government of Russia and pledged to destroy capitalism. This caused great fear among middle- and upper-class Americans. Socialists and anarchists in the United States had been persecuted throughout the war and their problems intensified as fears over communism rose.

Ghost Dance

This ritual was originated in 1870 and promised a rebirth of Native American tradition and a repelling of white incursion. It so frightened whites living near the Dakota Sioux that it was outlawed. The U.S. Army was called in 1890 to stop the Sioux from performing the ritual, which led to the Battle of Wounded Knee. Two-hundred men, women, and children were slaughtered over the ritual.

Iran-Contra Scandal

This scandal occurred when it was discovered that money had been secretly diverted to the sale of American weapons to the Nicaraguan "Contras" to whom Congress had specifically forbidden aid. It was soon discovered that the US had also secretly sold military equipment to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. This money was illegally diverted to pay for the weapons and aid to the Contras. President Reagan denied any knowledge of the scandal and was able to leave office with his reputation intact.

The Red Scare

This situation arose when a series of bombings occurred, one of which was in the neighborhood of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. When the bombings were attributed to anarchists, Palmer immediately ordered the rounding up of suspected anarchists, socialists, aliens (usually Russian), and agitators. During this, come 6,000 people were arrested in a two-month period, and 500 were deported on "Soviet Arks" that sent the passengers back to Europe.

Cuban Missile Crisis

This situation occurred in October 1962 when U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites on Cuba. These missiles decreased the warning time of a nuclear attack to 30 seconds. Kennedy ordered their immediate removal, but Castro and Khrushchev balked. Headed by Attorney General Robert Kennedy, an advisory group decided a naval blockade would be the safest option. After days of turning back Soviet ships, Khrushchev decided to remove the missiles, as long as the US promised to never invade Cuba again and removed its missiles from Turkey

Cuban Missile Crisis

This situation occurred in October 1962 when U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites on Cuba. These missiles decreased the warning time of a nuclear attack to 30 seconds. Kennedy ordered their immediate removal, but Castro and Khrushchev balked. Headed by Attorney General Robert Kennedy, an advisory group decided a naval blockade would be the safest option. After days of turning back Soviet ships, Khrushchev decided to remove the missiles, as long as the US promised to never invade Cuba again and removed its missiles from Turkey.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

This speech was made by William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska at the Democratic National Convention. It made him the spokesman for the prosilver advocates, and he was eventually nominated as a candidate for the presidency in the 1896 election.

Fourteen Points

This speech, delivered by President Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918, provided for the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, economic freedom, reduction of arms, the end of colonialization, the freedom of self-determination of all peoples to choose independence, and the formation of an international organization for collective security.

National Women's Party

This splinter group of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was led by Alice Paul. Formed in 1913, it wanted more immediate action in the fight for woman suffrage. The women picketed important sites such as the White House and the Capitol to demand voting rights. Arrests occurred, and the women were known for going on hunger strikes while in jail. After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, Paul and the group shifted focus to the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which repeatedly failed passage and finally succumbed in the early 1980s.

Port Huron Statement

This statement demanded a greater voice for young people in the course of their lives and signaled the birth of the "New Left." The statement came about after college students met in Michigan in 1962 to form the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), led by Tom Hayden.

Great Railroad Strike

This strike occurred in 1877 when rail companies cut wages by 10 percent in the wake of an economic depression. This strike began in the East, but quickly became a nationwide strike that paralyzed rail traffic across the country. In addition, workers from other industries joined the strike, further injuring the economy. President Rutherford B. Hayes authorized the use of federal troops to break the strike. In the end over 100 men died and workers gained little from employers in return.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

This student group was formed to keep the civil rights movement alive among the nation's young population

"Black Power"

This suggested a shift away from the goals of assimilation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness.

sharecropping

This system meant that African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system. The farmers would "lease" land and borrow supplies to till their plots, while giving a significant portion of their harvest to the landowner as payment for the "lien" or "loan." Never able to quite harvest enough to pay the landlord and feed their families, generations of African Americans remained tied to their plot of land until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

Federal Reserve System

This system, created by the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress in 1913, consisted of 12 regional banks that were publicly controlled by the new Federal Reserve Board, but privately owned by member banks. The system would serve as the "lender of last resort" for all private banks, hold or sell the nation's bonds, and issue Federal Reserve Notes for consumers to purchase goods and services. This was the first time since Andrew Jackson killed the Second Bank of the United States that the country would have a national bank.

Dollar Diplomacy

This tactic, used by President Taft to deal with foreign relations, was much more economic than militaristic. This tactic encouraged Wall Street investors to send their dollars to foreign countries, such as those in Latin America, to further break European bonds and strengthen ties with the United States. However, when these American investments were endangered, Taft on several occasions sent U.S. forces to invade Latin American countries and protect American interests. These actions further alienated the United States in Latin America.

McCarthyism

This term came from the name of a Republican senator who started raising suspicion that communists besides Alger Hiss were still working in the State Department. This became like a witch hunt for communists- although many of the accusations were false.

nouveau riche

This term described the new class of elite in America. This group disgusted the old upper class and was detested by the middle and lower classes. This class of people felt that science and God were on their side and justified their newfound status.

agribusiness

This term describes large-scale cash crop farms. The growth of this large-scale farming meant that small farmers could not keep up with their large competitors in both the cost of equipment and the speed at which goods were brought to market.

The Gilded Age

This term for an era was coined by Mark Twain. In it, creative types reacted to the romanticism of the antebellum and Civil War eras by reflecting industrialized America. Authors told stories of human nature in novels like Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. Many artists, such as Winslow Homer' remained tied to the romantic spirit of lush landscapes; others broke tradition and redefined the art scene. Many cities "beautified" surroundings by bringing wilderness to the urban landscape. The music scene was also altered, as African American music traveled into the north.

trickle-down theory

This theory, subscribed to by Andrew Carnegie, stated that wealth would eventually reach the lower classes by the spending and good nature of the rich, and would therefore benefit society as a whole.

American Independent Party

This third political party rose to prominence in the 1968 election; it chose Alabama Governor George Wallace as its candidate. Wallace, most known for his attempt to keep two black students from entering the campus of the University of Alabama in 1963, wished to tap into the base of Americans who supported the troops but did not agree with Democrats. Nixon won the election.

The Progressive Era

This time frame began with the swearing in of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and lasted until the beginning of U.S. involvement in the Great War in 1917. The group that dominated this time frame were largely white, middle-class Protestants who hoped to better society and preserve the lifestyle they were accustomed to living.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I

This treaty was signed by the US and the USSR in May 1972. In the treaty, each nation agreed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for the US supplying the Soviets with much-needed grain over the next 3 years.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

This treaty, in which the British granted full construction rights to the Americans, was not agreed upon by the Colombian government, which controlled the Isthmus of Panama, where the new canal would be built. Under secrecy and with the aid of the French, President Theodore Roosevelt raised a revolutionary force to fight or Panamanian independence. The "revolution" ended quickly; Roosevelt immediately recognized the new nation. The Panamanian government quickly signed an agreement that gave the United States exclusive rights to build the new canal.

Treaty of Portsmouth

This treaty, signed in 1905, ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. Russia and Japan had been feuding over land and ports in Korea and Manchuria. President Roosevelt did not want either nation to win control over the region and approached Japan to assist in the settlement of the war. In 1906, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in mediating this treaty.

Knights of Labor

This union emerged in 1881 under Terrance Powderly. It advocated the development of labor cooperatives modeled after the Grangers, eight-hour work days, government regulation of business, and arbitration to settle disputes between labor and management rather than strikes. In May 1886, this union's protest in Chicago's Haymarket Square turned violent. Allegedly, an anarchist with ties to the union threw a bomb in an attempt to begin a government overthrow. By the end of the nineteenth century, the once 700,000 member strong union had faded to 100,000 members.

American Federation of Labor

This union, led by Samuel Gompers, was founded in 1886 and became the country's largest with over a million members. This union was a practical; it chose to concentrate on "bread and butter" economic issues- such as the eight-hour work day and higher wages- rather than mire itself in social commentary. Gompers utilized the tactic of collective bargaining to make modest gains for workers, particularly through the establishment of closed shops, or businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union.

accommodation

This view, promoted by Booker T. Washington, meant that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites.

Rosa Parks

This volunteer for the local chapter of the NAACP, had seen many African American men and women arrested and mistreated for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that ruled the bus system. She decided enough was enough when, on December 11, 1955, she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus. Arrested and fined, she had started the ball rolling for the NAACP.

Yom Kippur War

This war broke out in October 1973 between Israel and the coalition of Syria and Egypt. The war was over quickly, as the aid from the US greatly boosted Israeli forces.

The Spanish- American War

This war officially began in 1898 in the Spanish colony of the Philippines. In the first battle, the U.S. Navy routed the Spanish fleet. The United States convinced Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo to assist in exchange for independence. American and Filipino fighters quickly took Manila. The fight in Cuba was more difficult; many casualties were attributed to diseases and food poisoning. After the United States claimed victory, it invaded Puerto Rico. The Spanish soon signed a cease fire; the resulting peace treaty gave the United States Guam and Puerto Rico.

Spanish Civil War

This war pitted the forces supporting Francisco Franco (who received support from Hitler and Mussolini and was thus allied with fascism) against the existing republican government.

The Hindenberg

This was a German dirigible that crashed in flames in Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. It produced an enormous national reaction largely because of the live radio account by a broadcaster, overcome with emotion, who cried out, as he watched the terrible crash, "Oh the humanity! Oh the humanity!"

Gone With the Wind

This was a book written by Margaret Mitchell in 1936.

Popular Front

This was a broad coalition of "antifascist" groups on the left, of which the most important was the American Communist Party.

Schechter Case

This was a case where the Schechter brothers were accused of breaking the NRA's codes. The final verdict was that they did not and that the NRA's codes were unconstitutional because the president went out of his power to make them. Roosevelt denounced the justices for their interpretation of the interstate commerce clause because this threatened many other New Deal programs.

The Plow that Broke the Plains

This was a documentary made by Pare Lorentz in 1936.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This was a government agency that was designed to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. In 1932, it had a budget of $1.5 billion for public works alone.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

This was a group led by Martin Luther King Jr.

Americans for Democratic Action

This was a group of anticommunist liberals. They tried to get Eisenhower to run for President against Truman.

Socialist Party of America

This was a group under the leadership of Norman Thomas. This group cited the economic crisis as evidence of the failure of capitalism and sought vigorously to win public support for its own political program. It attempted to mobilize support among the rural poor.

Gold Diggers of 1933

This was a lavish musical produced in the 1930s

Yalta accords

This was a list of the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. Russia did not follow these as US and GB thought they would.

Life

This was a magazine that was first published in 1936. It had the readership of any publication in the United States (with the exception of the Reader's Digest). It devoted some attention to politics and to the economic conditions of the Depression, but it was best known for stunning photographs of sporting and theater events, natural landscapes, and impressive public projects. One of its most popular features was "Life Goes to a Party," which took the chatty social columns of daily newspapers and turned them into glossy photographic glimpses of the rich and famous.

Selma March

This was a major demonstration that King helped to organize in Alabama. It took place in March 1965. It ended when two northern whites were killed by police ordered by Jim Clark to end the demonstration.

Our Daily Bread

This was a movie by King Vidor in 1932 which explored social questions

Mr. Deeds Goes to Town

This was a movie that was made by Frank Capra in 1936. It showed a simple man from a small town that inherits a large fortune, moves to the city, and- not liking the greed and dishonesty he finds there- gives the money away and moves back home.

Mr. Smith Goes to Washington

This was a movie that was made by Frank Capra in 1939. It showed a decent man from a western state who is elected to the United States Senate, refuses to join in the self-interested politics of Washington, and dramatically exposes the corruption and selfishness of his colleagues.

Progressive Party

This was a new party whose candidate was Henry A. Wallace.

Let Us Now Praise Famous Men

This was a novel created by novelist James Agee and photographer Walker Evans.

Section 7(a)

This was a part of the National Industrial Recovery Act and it promised workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. It encouraged many workers to join a union. It had no enforcement.

Marshall Plan

This was a plan created by George C. Marshall. This plan was meant to help the economy of Western European nations by channeling $13 billion to those nations.

"War on Poverty"

This was a plan to help prevent people from falling into poverty and to save the people who were already living in poverty. Medicare and Medicaid were part of this and its centerpiece was the Office of Economic Opportunity.

How to Win Friends and Influence People

This was a self-help manual written by Dale Carnegie in 1936. It was one of the best-selling books of the decade.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

This was a student branch of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Council. They worked to keep the spirit of the resistance alive.

The Grapes of Wrath

This was adapted by John Ford in 1940.

The Lone Ranger

This was an adventure radio broadcast along with Dick Tracy.

Dick Tracy

This was an adventure radio broadcast along with The Lone Ranger.

Bay of Pigs

This was an attack on Cuba. 2,000 men landed at this location in Cuba and were immediately surrounded by angry Cuban soldiers. It was a humiliating defeat for President Johnson and America.

"Community Action"

This was an attempt to get the members of poor communities to be involved with the planning and designing of programs that would help them.

Amos 'n Andy

This was an escapist show that contained humorous, if demeaning, pictures of urban blacks.

International Labor Defense

This was an organization associated with the Communist Party. It came to the aid of the accused youths in the Scottsboro Case and began to publicize the case.

Ku Klux Klan

This was an underground society of whites who ruthlessly and successfully used terrorist tactics to frighten both whites and blacks in the South. Congress sought to abolish the group with the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, which authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. While moderately successful in calming the group's activities, the group continued to exist, resurfacing in the 1920s in response to the influx of southern and eastern European immigrants.

"blanket code"

This was created by Hugh Johnson and was supposed to be upheld by the NRA. It said that minimum wage had to be between 30 and 40 cents an hour, a maximum workweek of thirty-five to forty hours, and no child labor.

March on Washington

This was done in August 1963. more than 200,000 demonstrators marched down to the Mall in Washington D.C. and gathered before the Lincoln Memorial to generate support for the legislation of civil rights.

Securities and Exchange Commission

This was established by an act of June 1934. It was made to police the stock market.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This was established by the Glass-Steagall Act. It guaranteed all bak deposits up to $2,500.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

This was made to administer the National Industrial Recovery Act's spending programs. The only thing it did was allow the $3.3 billion in public works funds to gradually disappear.

reservationists

This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of the Versailles Treaty. Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and this group would only agree to ratify the treaty if "reservations" such as the ability to leave the League of Nations and international acceptance of the Monroe Doctrine were added to the League's Covenant.

irreconcilables

This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of the Versailles Treaty. This group, led by Senators Hiram Johnson and William Borah, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty in any way.

Social Gospel

This was one of the most influential reform movements of this era. Leaders such as Walter Rauschenbusch believed that Christians had an obligation to improve the lives of those less fortunate, such as the citizens of the rough Hell's Kitchen area of New York City with whom he worked. In many ways, it was the work of Rauschenbusch that encouraged many middle-class Protestants to join in the reform effort and bring on the Progressive movement.

Economy Act

This was planned to cut government employees wages and the pension of veterans by up to 15%. This was designed to show the public that the government was in safe hands. It passed through Congress immediately.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

This was produced by the Freedom Summer. It was an integrated alternative to the regular state party organization. Led by Fannie Lou Hamer and others. They challenged the regular party's right to its seats at the Democratic National Convention that summer.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This was started by Kennedy and was put on hold after he was assassinated. Johnson finally got the majority vote for this piece of legislation in early 1964.

Southern Tenant Farmer's Union

This was supported by the Socialist Party of America and it was organized by a young socialist, H.L. Mitchell. It attempted to create a biracial coalition of sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others to demand economic reform.

Twenty-First Amendment

This was the amendment which ended prohibition

"Attrition" strategy

This was the belief that the US could inflict so much damage on the enemy that they would not be able to absorb it all and would eventually surrender. This failed because North Vietnam believed they were fighting for National Independence so they risked more lives and had more determination.

The Warren Commission

This was the commission put in charge of investigating the assassination of JFK. They announced that there was no larger conspiracy involved.

U.S. Steel

This was the country's first billion-dollar corporation and was created by J.P. Morgan. Still headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it today remains one of the world's top producers of steel products.

National Labor Union

This was the first union and was founded in 1866 to urge better working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and the inclusion of women and African Americans. After the violent Railroad Strike of 1877, this union fell by the wayside.

Sutter's Mill

This was the location of the initial gold strike in central California in 1848.

Lee Harvey Oswald

This was the man who assassinated JFK. He was killed, 2 days after being arrested, by Jack Ruby.

carpetbaggers

This was the name given to Northern Republicans who moved south to seek their fortunes. The term came from the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of his worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet.

New Frontier

This was the name given to President Kennedy's domestic policy. It promised equality, employment, and aid to the poor. The young president would run into many roadblocks as he attempted to pass his plans through Congress.

The Great Society

This was the name given to a plan of President Johnson. He was determined to expand civil rights, cut income taxes, and rid society of poverty. The president was influenced by a book by Michael Harrington titled The Other America, in which Harrington asserted that 20% of Americans and more than 40% of all African Americans lived in poverty. During this time, the president created the Office of Equal Opportunity, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other laws and programs also took effect.

"Hoovervilles"

This was the name given to the shantytowns that were established on the outskirts of cities during the Depression.

The Great Society

This was the name of Johnson's reform program

Rough Riders

This was the name of Theodore Roosevelt's volunteer force of college students, cowboys, and adventurers who were able to take in San Juan Hill in Cuba with the heavy assistance of the Fourteenth Regiment Colored Cavalry.

sodbusters

This was the name of those who had taken advantage of the Homestead Act, which granted them 160 acres of land, and who remained, despite the fact that the land was not farmable due to the lack of rain and hard-packed soil.

scalawags

This was the name that Southern Democrats gave to Southern Republicans. It was a derogatory term that meant they were pirates who sought to steal from state government to line their own pockets.

Great White Fleet

This was the nickname given to the U.S. Navy. President Roosevelt sent the navy around the world as a show of power so that the Japanese would not think that the United States had given in to the to the "Gentleman's Agreement" as a show of weakness.

Economic Cooperation Administration

This was the organization that administered the Marshall Plan.

The Great War

This was the original name of World War I. President Wilson believed that it was the "war to end all wars."

"Dust Bowl"

This was the region, which stretched north from Texas into the Dakotas, that experienced a steady decline in rainfall and an accompanying increase in heat. The drought continued for a decade, turning what had once been fertile farm regions into virtual deserts. Hundreds of thousands of families from this event traveled to California and other states, where they found conditions a little better than those they had left.

Taliban

This was the ruling party of Afghanistan. It was sympathetic to Al-Qaeda and had provided safe haven for their activities. The US military was successful in removing this group from power, and assisted in the establishment of a coalition government in its place.

Reconstruction

This was the term that described the rebuilding of the nation following the Civil War.

1968 Democratic Convention

This was when Democrats met in Chicago in August to discuss their party's candidate. At the end of the meeting, Humphrey left with the nomination.

"Affirmative Action"

This was where a business hired minorities to show that they were no racist.

Carrie Chapman Catt

This woman became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900. She was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage. She believed that women could only guarantee protections for themselves and their children through voting. Ultimately, she was successful in helping to earn woman suffrage.

Jane Addams

This woman founded Hull House, a settlement house, in Chicago in 1889. She became active through volunteerism because she could not become involved in the political process.

Mae West

This woman portrayed herself in a series of successful films as an overtly sexual woman manipulating men through her attractiveness.

Margaret Bourke-White

This woman was a photographer, along with Dorothea Bourke-White.

Dorothea Lange

This woman was a photographer, along with Margaret Bourke-White.

Gracie Allen

This woman, along with Jack Benny and George Burns, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.

Susan B. Anthony

This woman, along with fellow activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combining the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

This woman, along with fellow activist Susan B. Anthony, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combining the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.

Francis Willard

This woman, along with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages.

Andrew Carnegie

This young Scottish immigrant saw a future in the production of steel as he worked his way up in the railroad business in the 1860s. He emerged as one of the nation's wealthiest men through his steel company. Using the Bessemer process, he soon was responsible for supplying over half of the world's steel. Eventually, he retired and sold his company to J.P. Morgan. He lived out the rest of his life as a philanthropist, giving away much of his fortune to establish universities, endow libraries, and infuse culture across the country.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

This young minister from Georgia, along with other lack leaders, organized a bus boycott by the black community until buses were desegregated. It was the negotiations by this man with city managers and downtown business owners that truly desegregated the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama. He then began to challenge more Jim Crow Laws in the South. He followed the tenets of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance, believing that engaging whites in violence would only feed the stereotype that African Americans were savages.

JFK

This young senator was from a wealthy Bostonian family, was Roman Catholic, and became the country's youngest president. His domestic policy was named the "New Frontier," with promises of equality, employment, and aid to the poor. While on a trip to Texas to gain support for his domestic programs, he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald as his motorcade made its way through Dallas. Americans sat riveted as they waited for news of their beloved president. It was with great sadness that news anchors announced his passing and the swearing in of Lyndon Baines Johnson.

demonstration of civil disobedience

Thoreau demonstrated this by refusing to pay taxes to a government that waged war against Mexico and subsequently enacted a Fugitive Slave Act

triangular trade route

Three-sided trade route among England, Africa, and the North American colonies; included the slave trade.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty with the British that prevented war, opponents believed Jay made too many concessions towards the British. Often considered the low point of Washington's administration

Berlin Airlift

Truman ordered this when Stalin put a blockade on the Western zones of Germany. Ships delivered food, fuel, and other needed goods. It continued for 10 months before Stalin lifted the blockade.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Turner, a preacher, took his vision as a sign from God that a black liberation movement would succeed. He rallied a gang that proceeded to kill and mutilate the corpses of 60 whites. In return, 200 slaves were executed.

universal automatic computer

UNIVAC developed for the census bureau

Containment

US and allies used this policy to "contain" soviet powers from expanding further.

Hawaii

US attracted to this area because of search for a port along the trade route to Asia

Philippines

US drove Spain out of here during the Spanish American war

Good Neighbor Policy (1934)

US foreign policy in Latin America. US achieved its foreign objectives through economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders

neutrality

US policy that Wilson declared at the beginning of WWI. Called for America to treat all the belligerents fairly and without favoritism.

Ho Chi Min Trail

US tactics focused on destroying this passage, which linked the South Vietnamese Vietcong fighters with the North Vietnamese supply lines.

Henry Kissinger

Under President Nixon's orders, this Secretary of State met secretly with North Vietnamese to negotiate a settlement. President Nixon and this man did make headway in another part of Asia with results that would alter the very fabric of world affairs. Together they crafted "detente", or the relaxing of tensions between the US, the Soviet Union, and China.

william rehnquist

United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)

Lyndon B. Johnson

Vice president to JFK. Became president when JFK was assassinated

my lai

Village where the massacre of 100 civilians took place

John Randolph

Virginian leader of the Quids

"Republican Motherhood"

WHAT: A 20th century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the Revolution. Focused primarily on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to have the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. Meant civic duty. HS: Elevated women to a newly prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience.

Pontiac's Rebellion

WHAT: A response to Britain raising the price of goods sold to Native Americans and ceasing to pay rent on their western forts in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. Ottawa Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts. WHO: Ottawa Pontiac WHEN: 1763 HS: Led to the British government issuing the Proclamation of 1763, which closed off the frontier to colonial expansion calming the fear of Indians. This made colonists angry because they felt as if Britain had let them down.

Western Hemisphere

WHAT: Home to many cultured indigenous people who came over from Russia. Columbus discovered the land in the Western Hemisphere in 1492 and exploration begun. Defend Western Hemisphere. Exploration and "discovery." Our region! HS: Now the Western Hemisphere is home to nearly half of the world's population. The people are very diversified and are from many different cultures dating back to the Native Americans first arrival.

Democratic Ideas

WHAT: Influenced by enlightenment thinkers in Greece, these ideas helped shape America and its constitution. The ideas included: liberty equality, and justice. HS: These values helped to build America for what it stands for and keep the reputation of a free country to all. Difference between republicanism is how do you take these ideas and institutionalize them. Not everyone enjoys. Ideas vs. actual government to promote ideas.

Trans-Appalachian West

WHAT: Land west of the Appalachian Mountain where settlers concentrated. Consisted of Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. HS: Led to the expansion of America and growth of population

Republicanism

WHAT: Modeled after Greek and Roman republics. Meant that a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good. Stability of the society was then dependent on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as a monarchy. Founders try to create a free country from these ideas where everyone has a say. HS: Created a way in which politics were run in America. Some believed in the Republican ideals and others didn't. Later this would lead to the dividing of a nation with political parties. Open doors to democracy

Separation of Powers

WHAT: The division of power among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government HS: This separated our government into the three branches it is today and set a model for how our country was to be governed.

Freedom of Speech

WHAT: The political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas using one's body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. This idea was part of the first amendment in the Bill of Rights and part of America's constitution. HS: Granted Americans the right to say as they please with various limitations and not be persecuted for their beliefs and ideas.

Colonial Independence Movement

WHAT: When a colonized area wants independence from colonialism. In this case the thirteen colonies wanted independence from Britain. HS: In history, many colonies have declared their independence and worked to solidify that claim. They united to form a rebellion against Britain. Also, there are many other revolutions in this age. Arguing rights as English to Americans.

Colonization

WHAT: Whenever any one or more persons populate an area. HS: Colonizing has been going on since the first people walked the Earth. More relevant, the British colonized America when they came over. They secured 13 colonies for themselves.

Civil Liberties

WHAT: individual legal and constitutional protection against the government. The American Civil Liberties Union was founded in 1920 to promote the freedom of speech for anti-war protestors. HS: Allowed Americans to be free under the guardianship of the constitution and bill of rights.

Northwest Ordinance

WHEN: 1787 WHAT: This law touched on how a nation should handle its colonies. The solution was that there would be temporary guardianship over the Northwest, then permanent equality. This also deemed slavery forbidden in the Northwest. First, the government would watch over the territory. Then when it had more than sixty thousand inhabitants, Congress could admit it as a state, with all the privileges of the thirteen charter members. HS: This scheme brought happiness to citizens and made it so congress did not have to enact subordination. It avoided a second Revolutionary war and was later used on other frontier areas.

Washington's Farewell Address

WHEN: 1796 WHO: George Washington WHAT: . Washington decided to retire after serving two terms as President. Address printed in Newspapers. Strong advised against permanent alliances like the Franco-American treaty in 1778. Favored temporary alliances that would keep a week country out of war. Reminding citizens to be unified. HS: Washington warned against political parties and promoted neutrality, these would eventually be broken in the future. He set a precedent for keeping a strong national government, promoting patriotism, and keeping morality in the government. We should be isolationist. Arguing against factions

Paxton Boys

WHO/WHAT: A group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764 and protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. HS: Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Huron Confederation Dispersal

WHO/WHAT: A group of four Indian tribes who first came in contact with the French in the 16th century. Many perished because of disease the French brought over from Europe. Another reason why they dispersed was because the Haudenosaunee burned their villages since the French has sided with them. The Huron people fled across the land. Seven Years' War. Colonists felt they are attacked constantly by American Indians and those allied with the French. WHEN: 16th Century HS: Their dispersion caused the development of many states. They created settlements across the Lake Michigan region soon to be discovered by Americans. Allied with French. Provides justification of the British which leads to debt and war.

Mulatto

WHO/WHAT: A person of mixed white and black ancestry. European and African. HS: Created new cultures and a more diversified society

Patriot

WHO/WHAT: American colonists in the 1770s who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. HS: After winning the war, they helped create the America known today.

Loyalist

WHO/WHAT: American colonists who remained loyal to the British Empire and Monarchy during the Revolutionary War. Often referred to as: Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. Opposed by the Patriots, supporters of the revolution. About 15 to 20 percent were loyal. They were usually older, wealthy people who believed rebellion against the crown was morally wrong. HS: These were people who stayed loyal to Britain because they saw nothing was wrong. Eventually they fled to British Canada and Britain after the revolution.

Mercy Otis Warren

WHO/WHAT: New England woman who wrote many important works questioning the declining republican values in post revolutionary America. These included a history of the revolution, a play, and poems. She was the head of the patriot women during the revolution. HS: One of America's first writers

George Washington Dispersal

WHO: A Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the First President and is considered to be an American founding father. HS: He was one of the most influential war commanders and served as the first president of the United States. He wanted the United States to never become divided into two different parties.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

WHO: Alexander Hamilton WHAT: Plan to pay of the revolutionary war. The federal government would assume all debts (makes the states feel like they have to repay gov), create a national bank, and impose higher taxes/tariffs. HS: Helped to pay off the revolution efforts. Create stable economy for America. Created tension between states and federal government • Necessary proper clause: fed gov. and do anything to ensure functioning of nation • Jefferson says infringing on rights. If the fed gov does not have power explicitly said in constitution then power goes to state. From beginning there is tension. • After central bank, capitalist manufacturing begins. Set paths to civil war.

National Bank

WHO: Alexander Hamilton WHAT: Document issued by Alexander Hamilton asking Congress to charter the bank of the United States. He wanted this to be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. He argued that the bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, by handling government funds, and by issuing bills of credit. WHERE: America WHEN: 1790s HS: Led to the creation of a National Bank helping the economy and stability of the new nation of America.

British Colonies

WHO: British WHAT: , Britain claimed many lands around the world and created colonies. Some of the most famous colonies were the thirteen colonies in the New World. These thirteen colonies began the United States of America by fighting for their independence against Britain's Monarchial Rule. Britain ruled and continues to rule many parts of the world. The country owns land in all of the seven continents. WHEN: Age of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries HS: The British Colonies in the New World created America after the revolutionary war. If Britain had not colonized in the New World, America would not exist. Influenced life in America

Proclamation of 1763

WHO: British WHAT: After Pontiac's Rebellion, the British sought peace with the Indians by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. WHEN: 1763 WHERE: America HS: The American's saw this ban as an unlawful restriction of their rights and generally ignored it.

Jay's Treaty

WHO: Chief Justice John Jay WHAT: Washington sent John Jay to negotiate peace with the British. The British had been providing guns and ammunition to Indians and seizing American ships in the West Indies. The British also impressed seaman to work on British ships and forced many people into dungeons. Jay won a few concessions including: British promise to leave posts in America and British would pay the damages they inflicted on American ships. However, the British failed to promise the seizure of ships in the future. WHEN: 1794 WHERE: London WHY: To negotiate peace with Britain HS: This treaty angered many Jeffersonians because it looked as if America was surrendering to the British. Also, this gave strength to the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson. This treaty also led to the 1795 Pinckney's Treaty with Spain because the Spanish feared an Anglo-American alliance.

Shay's Rebellion

WHO: Daniel Shay WHAT: A rebellion by debt farmers in western Massachusetts led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shay against Boston creditors. WHEN: Began in 1786 and lasted half a year. WHERE: Massachusetts HS: Threatened the economic interests of the business elite and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

Seven Years' War

WHO: French and English WHAT: War fought by the French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio Rover Valley. English defeated French in 1763. Often considered to be the First World War because it involved most of the globe. WHEN: 1756-1763 WHERE: America HS: Established England as a number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of colonists toward England for the worse

Letters from a Pennsylvanian

WHO: Lawyer and Legislator John Dickinson. WHAT: A series of essays written by lawyer and legislator John Dickinson published between 1767-1768. Read throughout the 13 colonies and helped unite the colonists against the Townshend Acts. WHEN: 1767-1768 WHERE: America WHY: Dickinson argued that the colonies were sovereign in internal affairs. Also said that taxes rose upon colonists by Parliament for revenue were unconstitutional. HS: These series of essays helped unite the colonists against the Townshend Acts and worked side-by-side with Common Sense in that it promoted revolutionary ideals.

Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy

WHO: Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people WHAT: He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars. He belonged to the Western Confederacy of Indians Great Lakes Region. Their goal was to deal jointly with America. WHEN: 1790s WHERE: America HS: After raids to discourage settlement, the Western confederacy found themselves in a battle with America. Led to Battle of Fallen Timbers, which ended with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 granting America Ohio lands.

Molasses Act

WHO: Parliament WHAT: this act suppressed North American Trade of molasses and sugar with the French West Indies. WHEN: 1733 WHERE: British colonies/America HS: Americans still worked their way around the act by smuggling resources to the French West Indies. This showed that the American colonist would not adhere to the British laws, later leading to revolution.

Proclamation of Neutrality

WHO: President George Washington WHAT: A formal announcement declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. WHEN: May 1793 HS: Kept America from weakening their new Nation and small army

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

WHO: Put into practice by Jefferson and James Madison WHEN: 1789 WHAT/WHY: Secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. HS: Brought about the later compact theory, which gave the states more power than the federal government.

Pinckney's Treaty

WHO: Signed by San Lorenzo de El Escorial WHAT: It established intentions of friendship between the US and Spain. Also defined boundaries between US and Spanish colonies and guaranteed American navigation rights on the Mississippi River. WHEN: October 27, 1795 HS: Ended the phase of dispute of West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.

unconstitutional

Washington used his veto only if he was convinced that a bill was ___________

neutrality

Washington's call for this defined American foreign policy from 1800 to the late 1890s, and then again from the end of WWI to 1941

stone v powell

When the court agreed to certain limits on the right of a defendant to appeal a state conviction to the federal judiciary.

government activism

Whigs believed in this, especially in the case of social issues

Black Codes

While Congress was on hiatus, Southern legislatures adopted these codes to restrict the actions, movements, and freedoms of African Americans. Under these codes, African Americans could not own land, tying them to small plots leased from a landowner. This began the system of sharecropping, in which African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system.

watergate cover-up

White House cover-up began immediately. Nixon claimed no one in the White House was part of this. He then ordered Hunt's name to be expunged from the White House directory. He approved $400,000 in "hush money" to keep the arrested quiet. The CIA also halted the FBI's investigation of the Watergate scandal.

"free silver"

William Jennings Bryan based his 1896 presidential campaign off of this

"He kept us out of war"

Wilson's election second election campaign slogan (1916)

New Freedom

Wilson's ideas and policies

preparedness

Wilson's response to the sinking of the Arabic. asked congress to put military into this stage, just in case

William (Bill) Clinton

Winner of the 1992 presidential election, this man worked to reform health care and the welfare system. He was challenged by a disunited government- Congress sat in Republican hands. He and House Speaker Newt Gingrich were headed for a showdown, as the president threatened to veto the Republican budget and force the closure of government offices until a new budget was created. Republicans were ultimately forced to back down, opening the doors for this president to emerge unscathed as he compromised to pass a federal budget.

Robert La Follette

Wisconsin governor that led the way for many progressive state leaders. implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation.

United States v. E.C. Knight

With its ruling in this case in 1895, the Supreme Court further weakened the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Court interpreted the commerce clause of the Constitution to exclude manufacturing, thus rendering Congress incapable of regulating that sector of the economy. In essence, the Sherman Antitrust Act had not teeth, and businessmen found ways to skirt its penalties.

Bull Moose ticket

Woodrow Wilson ran for reelection on this

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace. Called for free trade through lower tariffs/freedom of the seas; a reduction of arms supplies on all sides; the promotion of self-determination; creation of the League of Nations.

Virginia Stamp Act Resolves

Written by Patrick Henry, protesting the tax and asserting the colonists' right to a large measure of self government

the organization man

Written by William Whyte; attacked the way businesses wanted every employee to be just like the others to keep any individual from dominating or being a threat

sam j ervin

a 76-year-old senator from North Carolina who served as the chair of the Watergate Committee; defender of First Amendment rights and the Constitution

Enlightenment

a European intellectual movement that borrowed heavily from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality

John C. Calhoun

a South Carolinian who was Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

francis gary powers

a U-2 pilot who's plane was shot down by a Soviet pilot. Sentenced to ten years in prison

silent spring

a book by rachel carson on the dangers of pesticides

tobacco

a cash crop long cultivated by native americans that began to be exported back to England the success of this brightened the prospects for English settlement in Virginia

Sojourner Truth

a charismatic black abolitionist speaker who campaigned for emancipation and women's rights

democratic party

a coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers, and other community leaders rallied around Andrew Jackson's campaign and later became known as the present day _____________

stagflation

a combination of rising prices and general economic stagation

Harlem Renaissance

a development of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers in the largest black neighborhood of NYC

"A Model of Christian Charity"

a famous sermon delivered by John Winthrop while onboard the Arabella, urging colonists to be a "city upon the hill"

students for a democratic society (SDS)

a gathering of students in michigan, most prominent organization in the new left

political bosses

a group of corrupt men that helped the poor find homes and jobs, apply for citizenship and voting rights. in return, expected community members to vote as they were instruction. occasionally required "donations" to help fund community projects

joint-stock company

a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king. Jamestown was funded by this

Reservationists

a group of republicans that wanted a treaty with reservations

Korematsu v. United States

a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.

Olive Branch Petition

a last ditch attempt to avoid armed conflict

bicameral legislature

a legislature containing two houses, modeled after the British Parliament

conscription

a military draft. in 1862 the Confederacy imposed this, requiring many small farmers to serve in the army

vice-admirality court

a military-style court in which a defendant is not entitled to a jury - the decisions are up to a single judge

underground railroad

a network of hiding places and "safe" trails for slaves trying to escape slavery

holding company

a new form of business organization that owned enough stock in various companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw material, means of transport, the factory itself, and the distribution network of that product

flapper

a new image of American women that emerged and became a symbol of the Roaring Twenties

The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

a pamphlet written by James Otis that laid out the colonists' argument against the taxes

Second Great Awakening

a period of religious revival, mainly among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists

feminist

a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. the campaign for women's suffrage gave birth to this movement.

Social Darwinism

a philosophy based on the work of Charles Darwin, argued that in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the "fittest" to survive

The New Jersey Plan

a plan that called for modifications of the Articles of Confederation, a well as equal representation from each state

Monroe Doctrine

a policy of mutual noninterference. also claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere if it felt its security was threatened

gemini program

a program of rocket-powered flights undertaken by US between 1961 and 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the earth

mercury program

a program of space flights undertaken by US in 1965 and 1966

Anne Hutchinson

a prominent proponent of antinomianism. her beliefs challenged Puritan beliefs and authority of the Puritan clergy. was tried for heresy, convicted, and banished

gag rule

a rule instated in Congress that automatically suppressed discussion of slavery/abolition. also prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery. lasted 1836 - 1844

army-mccarthy hearings

a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists

"Alliance for Progress"

a series of projects for peaceful development and stabilization of the nations in Latin America.

black codes

a series of restrictive laws passed by Southern states in response to Turner's Rebellion that prohibited blacks from congregating and learning how to read

New York

a settlement that was a royal gift to the king's brother James

Booker T. Washington

a southern black born into slavery that promoted economic independence as a mean by which blacks could improve their lot

u-2

a spy plane used by the US. shot down over the USSR

public virtue

a strictly masculine quality Meant, to the revolutionary generation, patriotism and the willingness of a free and independent people to subordinate their interests to the common good and even to die for their country

habeas corpus

a traditional protection against improper imprisonment suspended by Jefferson Davis

Shakers

a utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and too neglectful of their afterlives. isolated themselves in communes where they shared work and rewards

gambling

a vice battled by temperance societies besides alchohol consumption

Great Awakening

a wave of religious revivalism experienced between the 1730s and 1740s

postmillennialism

a widespread belief amongst 19th century Christians that said that Jesus would return only after a thousand-year old golden age brought about humankind. This brought about a major progressive force in America. John Quincy Adams pushed for the adoption of the metric system

Liberator (1831)

abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd garrison

extremists

abolitionists were often considered this prior to the Civil War

Navigation Acts

accepted as a part of mercantilism

Coffin Handbill

accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian War. A pamphlet created by Adam's supporters that had the names of militiamen Jackson supposedly had shot in the war of 1812. The names were actually of deserters who had been executed after being sentenced to death by a court.

clean air act

act in 1970 that promoted clean air

clean water act

act in 1972 that promoted clean water

Act of Toleration

act passed by Maryland's government in 1649 that protected the religious freedom of most Christians

Emergency Relief Appropriation Act

act that created the Works Progress Administration

brokers

acted as middlemen, buying and selling raw and finished products trafficking them among manufacturers and retailers

james dean

actor. had no cause

Southern and Eastern Europe

after 1880, the majority of immigrants came from this area

Bering Strait

after the earth warmed, the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska faded and formed this

NASA

agency that controls all civilian things space

EPA

agency that enforces pollution standards

Compromise of 1877

agreed that if Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidential election, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana

Tripartite Pact

alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany formed in 1940

United Nations

allies agreed to create this to mediate future international disputes

third neutrality act

allowed arm sales

12th Amendment

allowed electors to vote for a party ticket. 1804. solved the problem of a president being saddled with a vice president he did not want.

Thomas Edison inventions

allowed for the extension of the workday, which previously ended at sundown, and the wider availability of electricity.

Labor Disputes Act (1943)

allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security

telegraph

allowed immediate long-distance communication, helped the increase in travel and shipping

Alien and Sedition Acts

allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing" low point of Adams's administration.

War Production Board

allowed the government to oversee the mobilization of industry toward the war effort

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals

referendum

allowed the public to vote on new laws

equal rights amendment

amendment that was shot down by rising concerns about disrupting traditional values

easter offensive

american and vietnamese forces mounted this offensive that halted the communist advance.

ABC

american broadcasting company

afl-cio

american federation of labor merges with the congress of industrial organizations under the leadership of george meany

apollo program

american program aimed at landing a man on the moon.

challenger

american shuttle that exploded during launch

3/4

amount of Southerners that did not own slaves

Dominion of New England

an English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade. had autocratic control

covenant

an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return all Puritans believed they had this, was central to their entire philosophy

Mayflower compact

an agreement signed by the Pilgrims that established a "body politic" and a basic legal system for the colony

Monks Mound

an artificial hill 100 ft high that dominated Cahokia

recession

an economic period of continually decreasing output. caused by 2 things: 1. Roosevelt cut back government programs in an effort to balance the budget 2. the Federal Reserve Board tightened the credit supply in an effort to slow inflation

evangelicalism

an intense period of this was sparked in the South and West from influence from the burned over district

the weathermen

an offshoot of SDS. radicals that were responsible for several cases of arson and bombings

penicillin

an organism discovered by fleming that kills other bacteria.

Mississippian culture

an urban culture known for their immense earthen mounds

little rock central high school

angry white mob tried to bar black students from entering the school

beaver

animal hunted nearly to intinction by fur traders

James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

anonymously wrote the Federalist Papers

French Revolution

another cause for debate within the early government. Jefferson wanted to support it and its republican ideals, whereas Hamilton had aristocratic leanings and therefore disliked the revolutionaries that had overthrown the French artistocracy

fur trading

another common commercial enterprise in the frontier besides farming

Hudson River School painters

another important group involved in the American Renaissance, the first distinct school of American art. their goal was to create a specific vision for American art, and they mostly painted landscapes that seemed to portray an awe for the wilderness

camp meetings

another name for revivals

benign neglect

another name for salutary neglect

Waltham system

another name for the Lowell system

Arabic

another passenger ship sunken by Germany. Wilson responded.

"Conscience Whigs"

anti-slavery northern Whig Party members

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

antitrust law that sought to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.

Twenty-seventh Amendment

any increases in salary will take effect in the next session of Congress

ghettoes

areas in cities with large poor populations

"The South Carolina Exposition and Protest"

argued that states who felt the 50% tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law

strict constitutionalists

argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only the powers specifically granted to it or those necessary and proper to the execution of its enumerated powers. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

zionism

asian religion

John Wilkes Booth

assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Monroe Doctrine

asserted America's right to assume the role of an international police force and intervene anywhere in the Western Hemisphere where it felt its national security was at stake. US didn't want to be apart of Europe's internal disputes

Declaratory Act

asserted the British government's right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies

East Indies

at first, Columbus thought he was here, giving the native americans the name "indians"

Amos Akerman

attorney general that had been posted to the Carolinas to try to speed trials of Klansmen along "These combinations amount to war"

indentured servitude

attracted many people to the New World. in return for free passage, people were promised seven years' labor, and afterwards they would receive their freedom. many also received a small amount of land, enabling to survive and vote

gold rush

attracted more than 100,000 people to California in 1848

Helen Hunt Jackson

author of A Century of Dishonor

Thomas Paine

author of Common Sense

Ida Tarbell

author of History of Standard Oil

Captain Alfred T. Mahan

author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)

Upton Sinclair

author of The Jungle

James Otis

author of The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved

Lincoln Steffen

author of The Shame of the Cities

jd sallinger

author of catcher in the rye. book about insecurity

Thomas Jefferson

author of the Declaration of Independence

Samuel Adams

author of the Massachusetts Circular Letter

suburbs

automobile allowed those who worked in the cities to move farther away from city centers, thus giving birth to this

ICBM

ballistic missiles capable of reaching any point on the globe

wildcat banks

banks that sprung up and issued paper money without hesitation or "hard currency" to back it up after jackson killed the Bank of the United States

engel v. vitale

banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.

second neutrality act

banned loans to belligerents

corrupt bargain

bargain between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Clay backed Adams for presidency, Adams offered Clay the secretary of state position.

Puritainism

based on the idea of wanting to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices. Persecuted by English monarchs

Embargo Act of 1807

basically shut down America's import and export business, with disastrous economic results. Jefferson's response to the continual British and French harassment on US ships

Little Big Horn

battle that the Native Americans won against Americans

Andrew Johnson

became president after Lincoln's assassination

Squanto

became the interpreter for the Pilgrims, taught them how to plant in their new home

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

began dismantling the spoils system after the assassination of President Garfield by a frustrated job-seeker

market economy

began to developed after it was made possible to mass produce goods and transport them across the country cheaply. people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they use to buy other people's labor or goods

Transcendentalists

believed that humans contained elements of the divine, and thus they had faith in man's, and ultimately society's perfectibility

slaves

believed their chances for freedom were better with the British than with the colonists

Judicial Reorganization bill

bill drafted by Roosevelt that proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of 70 and had not yet retired

"mulattoes"

biracial individuals, some of whom lived lives of relative luxury and refinement in the Deep South, particularly in and around New Orleans

bb king

black musician

rosa parks

black woman that refused to give up her seat to a white rider

Great Compromise

blended the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and the constitution

the feminine mystique

book by betty freidan. gave a voice to the feminism movement that was stirring

the other america

book by michael harrington about the inner cities

A Century of Dishonor

book written by Helen Hunt Jackson that detailed the injustices of the reservation system

equal pay act

brought about by kennedy, barred the pervasive practice of paying women less for the same work.

presidents commission on the status of women

brought national attention to sexism.

anti-British sentiment

brought on by how the English treated their soldiers and also how they behaved. especially strong in New England where much of the fighting in the French and Indian War took place.

internal improvements

building bridges, dredging harbors, digging canals, civilizing the lands that America already had

railroads

built beginning in the 1830s, first typically connecting only 2 cities

progressives

built on populism's achievements and adopting some of its goals mainly urban, northern, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in reform while maintaining a capitalist economy

750,000

by 1790, this was the number of blacks enslaved in England's north american colonies

railroad time

by which rail schedules were determined, gave nation 1st standardized method of time telling with the adaption of time zones

land bridge

by which the native americans walked from Siberia to Alaska

The Virginia Plan

called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state based upon the population of the state

radical republicans

called for immediate emancipation of the slaves

reform movements

called for increased government activism against social and economic problems. Jackson fought against these

brown vs board of education

case in supreme court

red scare

caused by the Russian revolution, further split the progressive coalition by dividing the leftists from the moderates

CBS

central broadcasting company

liberty cabbage

changed name of sauerkraut in the spirit of rejecting all things German

Halfway Covenant

changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms

boom and bust cycles

changes in market economy that can halt a period of prosperity and throw the economy into a skid like the panics of 1819 and 1837

david beck

charged with misappropriation of union funds. resigned to be replaced by jimmy hoffa

Chief Justice Roger Taney

chief justice in the dred scott decision, argued that blacks were not citizens and therefore did not have rights

mickey mouse club

children's show started by disney. started mouse craze

Douglas MacArthur

chose to remove WWI veterans from Washington with excessive force. Employed cavalry and tear gas, driving veterans from DC and bring their makeshift homes. killed any chance Hoover had for reelection

George Washington

chosen by the second continental congress as a leader of the army

William H. Crawford

chosen for election of 1824 by Democratic-Republican caucus

states' rights

cited as most southerners' cause for fighting in the civil war

Boston

city in which there was the heaviest amount of remaining soldiers after the Quartering Act was repealed

New York City

city with the biggest opposition to the civil war

propagandists

claimed that labor unions were subversive forces that used violence and political radicalism

morse code

code that people used when sending a telegraph

conquistadors

collected and exported as much of the New World's wealth as they could

"Sons of Liberty"

collective name of protest groups formed throughout the colonies

royal colonies

colonies that was owned by the king

proprietorships

colonies that were owned by one person who usually received the land as a gift from the king

Ben Franklin

colonist that came to typify Enlightenment ideals in America. printer's apprentice that became and wealthy printer

King William's War

colonists's name for the war against French and Native Americans on the Canadian boarder

Pennsylvania

colony founded by William Penn

louis bruce

commissioner of indian affairs in 1969. mohawk-sioux idian

Platt Amendment

committed Cuba to American control. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation without US approval, US had the right to intervene in Cuba's affairs

mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, cotton gin

common machines used by farmers during this time period

corporate consolidation

companies, such as railroad companies, that followed the path that led to greater economies of scale, meaning larger and larger businesses with little to no legal restraint

remington rand company

company that developed UNIVAC

East India Tea Company

company that the British granted a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies as well as a portion of new duties to be collected on tea sales

leftists

complained that the Agricultural Adjustment Act was immoral, felt government policy towards businesses was too favorable, wanted more punitive measures because many blamed the Great Depression on cooperate greed

monopoly

complete control of an entire industry

Chesapeake

comprised of present day Virginia and Maryland. Collective area of settlements around Jamestown

Alexander Hamilton

concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the public. Convened the Annapolis Convention.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

condemned war as a means of foreign policy

Jefferson Davis

confederate president

miranda v. arizona

confirmed obligation of authorities to read a criminal their rights

"a meeting in Philadelphia"

congress agreed to this after the Annapolis Convention in order to revise the Articles of Confederation

Joseph galloway

conservative delegate sent by Pennsylvania to the First Continental Congress

Progressive Era

considered a turning point in American history because it marks the ever-increasing involvement of the federal government in our daily lives

"The Northwest"

consisted of northern states west of the Appalachians, such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois

"The Southwest"

consisted of southern states west of the Appalachians, such as Alabama and Mississippi

National Industrial Recovery Act

consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction and stabilizing prices

Thirteenth Amendment

constitutional amendment that abolished slavery

automobile

consumer product that typified the new spirit of the nation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment. Abolished slavery in the Northwest territories, and also set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood.

Second Continental Congress

convened a few weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord

roth v. united states

court limited local gov't ability to curb pornography

vice-admiralty courts

courts in which a single judge issued a verdict without the deliberation of a jury. Part of the Sugar Act that most angered colonists - felt they were overstepping their authority

westward migration

created a new frontier culture

Crittendon Compromise

created by Southern leaders who wanted to maintain the Union

Federal Trade Commission

created by Woodrow Wilson. a federal agency, established in 1914, that administers antitrust and consumer protection legislation in pursuit of free and fair competition in the marketplace.

Sixteenth Amendment

created federal income tax

national congress of american indians

created in 1944. principle indian organization.

horizontal integration

created monopolies within a particular industry. several smaller companies within the same industry are combined to form one larger company, either by being bought out legally or by being destroyed through ruthless business practices. Example: Standard Oil created by John D. Rockefeller

Continental Congress

created the Articles of Confederation (1777)

Banking Act of 1933

created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to guarantee bank deposits

War Industry Board

created to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural production, sought to guarantee that all of the Allies were well supplied

fidel castro

cuban leader

homestead land

cultivate land, build a home, and live there

allen ginsberg

dark poem "howl" about American society

March 5, 1770

date of the Boston Massacre

December 16, 1773

date of the Boston Tea Party

July 4, 1776

date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence

earth day

day to learn about enviroment

Lincoln-Douglas debates

debates between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln that began in 1858 over the Illinois senate seat

"decade of crisis"

decade previous to the civil war, centered around the issue of slavery following the dred scott decision

Wilmot Proviso

defeated congressional bill that prohibited the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico

John Adams

defended the soldiers of the Boston Massacre in court, helping to establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all those who are accused

John Quincy Adams

deftly negotiated a number of treaties that fixed US borders and opened new territories

Continental Association

delegates agreed to form this, with town setting up committees of observation to enforce the boycott, in time these committees became their towns' de facto (in fact, or in effect, whether by right or not) government overtime, expanded their powers. collected taxes, disrupted court session, organized militias, and stock piled weapons

First Continental Congress

delegates from all colonies except Georgia, convened in late 1774 so colonists could discuss their grievances

54°40' or fight

demand/slogan directed at James Polk regarding Oregon Country

Stephen Douglas

democrat that contributed to the Compromise of 1850

sulfa drugs

derived from sulfanilamide effectively treated streptococcal blood infections

Spanish Flu

devastating outbreak of 1918 that contributed to the end of progressivism

louis pasteur

developed antibodies and their study. worked with joubert

jules francois joubert

developed antibodies. worked with pasteur

radar, atomic bomb

developed by the US during WWII through government sponsored scientific research directed at improving weaponry

david sarnoff laboratories

developed color tv

Eli Whitney

developed interchangeable parts

albert sabin

developed oral vaccination against polio

edward jenner

developed the smallpox vaccine. first great immunological triumph

janas salk

developed vaccine against polio

almorth wright

developed vaccine against typhoid

william levitt

developer that mass produced houses for under 10,000

Allies' war aims

disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, guarantees of each nation's security. discussed at Atlantic Charter Conference

dien bien phu

disastrous french action in vietnam. french were surrounded

alexander fleming

discovered penicillin

aids

disease that was rampant in the gay community.

saturday night massacre

dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973

17th parallel

divides north and south vietnam

declaration of indian purpose

document written by indians stating that they had the right to chose the life they wanted to live.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws. Declared the Alien and Sedition Acts void.

Patrick Henry

drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves, protesting the tax and asserting the colonists' right to a large measure of self government

popular novels and newspapers

during this period, large segments of the public began to read these

vietnamization

effort to train and equip south vietnam to continue the fight with limited american aid

goals of Knights of Labor

eight hour workday, equal pay/equal work for men and women, child labor laws, safety and sanitary codes, federal income tax, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines

Martin Van Buren

election of 1836. took over presidency just as the country was entering economic crisis (Panic of 1837).

private virtue

emerged as a very important quality for women, who were given the task of inspiring and teaching men to be good citizens through romance and motherhood

McKinley Tariff

enacted in 1890 that raised the level of duties on imported goods by almost 50 percent

Specie Circular

ended the policy of the selling of government land on credit. caused a one shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury, helped trigger the Panic of 1837

Treaty of Ghent

ended the war of 1812

canal era

ended when railroads developed into a more convenient means of transporting goods

King Philip

english nickname for Metacomet

Hollywood

enlisted to create propaganda film to encourage support on the home front and boost morale of troops overseas

Declaration of Independence

enumerated colonies' grievances, articulates the principal of individual liberty and the government's fundamental responsibility to serve the people

the sand county almanac

environmental literature classic that argued that humans had a responsibility to care for the enviroment

Gilded Age

era between Reconstruction and 1900

executive priviledge

established by Washington in the case of the Treaty of San Lorenzo. the right of the president to withhold information when doing so would protect national security

House of Burgesses

established in 1619 in Virginia, in which any property holding, white male could vote. all decisions made by this had to be approved by the Virginia Company

Brook Farm

established in 1841. home to the Transcendentalists, a group of nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers that drew their inspiration from European romanticism. most famous of these experimental communities

Freedman's Bureau

established in 1865 to help newly liberated blacks establish a place in postwar society

governor

every colony had this who was appointed by either the king or the proprietor

Connecticut, Maryland

examples of proprietorships (2)

mass transportation

expansion of railroad lines, streetcars, construction of subways. allowed middle class to live in nicer neighborhoods and commute to work

democrats

expansionist political party, felt it was not the government's place to do anything with newly added land

mass hysteria

experienced in Salem in the summer of 1692, led to the witch trials

Lewis and Clark

explorers sent by Jefferson to investigate the western territories

port huron statement

expressed disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build new politics

title VII

extended legal protections against discrimination to women.

Tariff of 1832

failed to lower tariff rates to an acceptable level for the South. nullified by South Carolina

Alamo

famous battle fought in 1836 between Texan ranchers and Mexicans A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Louis Armstrong

famous jazz musician

Constitutional Convention

famous meeting in which delegates revised the Articles of Confederation. Met during the summer of 1787, included delegates from all states except Rhode Island

Eugene O'Neill

famous playwright of the Roaring Twenties

Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston

famous poets from the Harlem Renaissance

Hull House

famous settlement house that provided services such as English lessons for immigrants, day care for children of working mothers, childcare classes for parents, playgrounds for children.

"Atlanta Exposition"

famous speech in Atlanta in 1895 where Booker T. Washington outlined his view of race relations

Scopes Monkey Trial

famous trial of John Thomas Scopes over teaching the theory of evolution

Lowell system

famous work enticement program. guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boarding houses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events organized by the mill

landless whites

farmers that either farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers

"silver vs. gold" debate

farmers wanted the liberal use of silver coins as a way to increase available money, banks preferred for the country to use only gold to back its money supply

northern banks

favored by hamilton's financial plan.

warren burger

federal appeals court judge with conservative leanings appointed by nixon

clement haynsworth

federal circuit court judge. took fire from senate liberals, blacks, and labor unions for conservative record on civil rights

john j sirica

federal judge in the Watergate scandal

Panic of 1873

financial crisis that drew the nation's attention away from Reconstruction

john glenn

first american to orbit globe

Fort Sumter

first attack by the confederacy occurred here on December 12, 1861

sandra day o'connor

first female supreme court justice. appointed by reagan

beautification

first lady johnsons pet project to raise awareness for the rampant destruction of nature by industry

free speech movement

first major outburst of what was to be nearly a decade of campus turmoil

George Washington

first president of the US. unanimously chosen by the electoral college. Didn't seek out the presidency; however, accepted the role out of a sense of obligation.

explorer I

first satellite in space from USA

Missouri

first state to come out of the Louisiana Purchase

first trimester

first three months of a pregnancy

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

five civilized tribes, "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion. lived South in the area east of the Mississippi River.

g harrold carswell

florida federal appeals court judge

joan baez

folk singer, focused on political radicalism. like bob dylan

bob dylan

folk singer. focused on explicit political radicalism. like joan baez

Democratic-Republicans

followers of Jefferson that believed in a weak federal government with greater emphasis on states' rights

appointees

following the civil war, most important political positions were held by these people

Currency Act

forbade the colonists to issue paper money

movies

form of entertainment that grew tremendously popular during the Roaring Twenties

labor unions

formed to try to counter the poor treatment of workers. considered radical organizations by many.

Knights of Labor

founded in 1869, one of the first national labor unions. organized skilled and unskilled workers.

Grange Movement

founded in 1875, group of farmers that rallied around the silver vs. gold debate. started out as a cooperative that allowed farmers to buy machinery and sell crops

gay liberation front

founded in new york in 1969. promoted gay rights

Uriah Stephens

founded the Knights of Labor in 1869

berry gordy

founder of Motown Records

William Penn

founder of Pennsylvania

Jane Addams

founder of the Hull House. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Erie Canal (1825)

funded entirely by NY, this linked the Great Lakes region to NY and thus, to European shipping routes

Quebec Act

further upset colonists. 1. Granted greater liberties to Catholics 2. Extended the boundaries of Quebec Territory, thus further impending westward expansion

socialists

gained popularity by calling for the nationalization of businesses (government takeover). extreme leftists

Washington Conference (1921 - 1922)

gathered eight of the world's great powers; resulting in a treaty that set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy towards China

writs of assistance

gave British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods

Amnesty Act of 1872

gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again basically pardoned rebels and allowed them to reenter public life

indian civil rights act

gave indians rights that other citizens were given in the bill of rights. recognized the legitimacy of tribal law within reservations.

Federal Reserve System

gave the government greater control over the nation's finances

recall election

gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired

gamal abdel nasser

general in egypt that pushed leader towards friendly relations with commies

Works Progress (Project) Administration

generated more than 8 million jobs, all paid for by the government. employed writers, photographers, and other artists as well as regular public workers

hard currency

gold or silver. preferred by Andrew Jackson

Federal Bureau of Investigation

government agency that was created to prevent radicals from taking over

Palmer Raids

government agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences to arrest 4,000 suspected radicals in early 1920. abandoned all pretext of respecting civil liberties

greenbacks

government issued paper money that was a precursor to modern currency

neutrality acts

government response to Nye Commission

pro-business

government was more for this during the Jazz Era

Samuel J. Tilden

governor of New York that won the popular vote b y a small margin during the election of 1876

legislature

governors of colonies were dependent on this for money

most favored nation trade status

granted to countries that were eligible for the lowest tariff rate set by the united states

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women's suffrage

Ireland, Germany

great migration waves came from these places during the 1840s and 1850s

Babe Ruth

greatest baseball player of the Roaring Twenties

elvis

greatest early rockstar

advertising industry

grew up during the jazz era to hype up all of these new products such as radios and cars

bipartisan electoral commission

group consisting of senators, representatives, and supreme court justices that was meant to resolve the disputed 1876 election

National Woman Suffrage Association

group for women's rights led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869

Populist Party

group of farmers that called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of US senators, and shorter work days. convention held in 1892

Liberal Republicans

group of moderates that abandoned the coalition that supported Reconstruction during the 1872 election

Powhatan Confederacy

group of native americans that traded with John Smith. after he was injured in a gun powder explosion and went back to England, they stopeed trading with him

copperheads

group of people that accused Lincoln of instigating a national social revolution

"war democrats"

group of people that conceded that the war was necessary to preserve the union

pueblo people

group of people that lived in the desert southwest with multistory stone houses. urban culture

Quids

group of republicans led by John Randolph that criticized Jefferson for violating Republican principles with his purchase of Louisiana territory

Irreconcilables

group of republicans that were totally opposed to the League of Nations

Confederate States of America

group of southern states that had succeeded from the union

Bonus Expeditionary Force

group of tens of thousands of impoverished veterans and their families that came to Washington to lobby for a bill to enact early payment of benefits to WWI veterans

plantation owners

group of the wealthiest people in the South that formed an aristocracy

New Deal coalition

group of union members, urbanites, the underclass, and blacks that swept Roosevelt back into office for his second term

immediatists

group of white abolitionists that wanted emancipation at once

moderates

group of white abolitionists that wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the operation of slave owners

lost genration

group of writers that moved to Europe, where they chronicled their alienation from the modern era

american indian movement

group of young militant indians that drew support from both urban areas and reservations

the beat

group of young poets, writers and artists. critical of american society

American Antislavery Society (1833)

group started by William Lloyd Garrison. Abolitionist group

Norse

group that arrived in Canada almost 500 years before Columbus

Ku Klux Klan

group that attacked blacks, Jews, urbanites, and anyone whose behavior deviated from their narrowly defined code of acceptable Christian behavior

electoral college

group that elected the president and vise president according to the Great Compromise/Constitution

northerners

group that feared that new states in the West would become slave states

"The Female Moral Reform Society"

group that led the battle against prostitution in the cities, focusing not only on eliminating the profession but also on rehabilitating those women involved in it

loyalists

group that remained loyal to the crown. consisted of government officials, devout Anglicans, merchants dependent on trade with England, and many religious and ethnic minorities

women

group that was crucial to boycotting British products - typically in charge of the family budget

khmer rouge

group whose policies led to the death of 1/3 of cambodia's population

congressional caucuses

groups of US congressmen that had chosen their parties' nominees

Committees of Correspondence

groups set up by colonists throughout the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood

Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst

growth of the newspaper industry largely due to these people. Understood the commercial value of bold, screaming headlines and lurid tales of scandal.

family assistance program (fap)

guaranteed annual income for american families.

specie

hard currency, such as gold coins

henry kissinger

harvard grad whom nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs

nativism

hatred of foreigners

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

highest protective tariff in US history that Hoover thought would help American business, but ended up worsening the economy

the counter culture

hippies: long hair, flashy clothes, +sex, +drugs

Sigmund Freud

his ideas brought about the new attitudes of the Roaring Twenties

the Turner, Frontier Thesis

historian Fredrick Turner's ideas: 1. the frontier was significant in shaping democracy. 2. defining american spirit. 3. fostering democracy. 4. providing a safety valve for economic distress in urban, industrial centers

doctrine of nullification

holds that the individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional

dick clark

host of american bandstand

settlement houses

houses that became community centers, provided schooling, childcare, cultural activities

"40 acres and a mule"

idea to give this to freedmen, never really got anywhere

egalitarianism

ideal of the west that opposed the south A belief in the equality of all people

William Jackson

importer that ran a shop called the Brazen Head

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867

imposed marital law on the south 1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions

internment of Japanese Americans

imprisonment of more than 110,000 Asian Americans by the US government

Glorious Revolution

in England, James II was overthrown and replaced with William and Mary. Ended the Dominion of England

XYZ Affair

in which Adams published diplomats' reports in the newspapers about the French officials who demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations to begin. complete turnaround: pro-French people became anti-French

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

in which John Marshall had established that only the Supreme Court had the power of judicial review

Hampton Roads Conference

in which Lincoln offered a five year delay on implementing the 13th amendment as well as $400 million to compensate slave owners. basically an attempt at negotiation.

Freeport Doctrine

in which Stephen Douglas attempted to defend popular sovereignty and inadvertently destroyed his political career

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

in which Thomas Jefferson and James Madison first expressed the doctrine of nullification

farewell address

in which Washington (composed partly by Alexander Hamilton) warned future presidents to "steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world"

Neutrality Proclamation

in which Washington declared the US intention to remain "friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers"

Boston Massacre

in which a mob pelted a group of soldiers with rock filled snowballs and then soldiers fired into the crowd killing 5 people

sharecropping

in which farmers traded a portion of their crop in return for the right to work someone else's land

vertical integration

in which one company buys out all the factors of production, from raw materials to finished product. Example: Andrew Carnegie

germ warfare

in which the British used smallpox-infested blankets to help defeat the Ottawa

Panic of 1819

in which the Era of Good Feelings came to an end, threw America into economic turmoil. cause by a period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation.

Federalist Papers

in which the Federalist position in regards to the Constitution was argued and published in a New York newspaper and later widely circulated. written anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

in which the Supreme Court ruled against Jackson with regards to the Second Bank of the United States.

Teller Amendment

in which the US claimed it would not annex Cuba after Spain's departure from the island in 1898

Sherman's March

in which the Union army marched from Atlanta to the sea in the fall of 1864 burning everything in their wake as a way to destroy the Confederate morale and Southern resources

King Philip's War

in which the Wampanoags attacked several settlements in retaliation for the intrusion on Wampanoag territory

Slaughter-House cases

in which the court ruled that the 14th amendment applied only to the federal government, not the state government

Battle of Lexington

in which the minutemen of Lexington fought the British. Resulted in 18 minutemen casualties

bicameral legislature

included a lower house (House of Representatives) elected by the people, and the upper house (the Senate) elected by state legislatures

Tariff of Abominations

infamous tariff from Jackson administration in 1828

The North Star

influential newspaper started by Frederick Douglass

Pequots

inhabitants of the Connecticut Valley, resisted the English

impeachment proceedings

initiated against president Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act

ddt

insecticide that helped greatly during ww2

Whiskey Rebellion

instigated by Hamilton's financial program. Started in western Pennsylvania when farmers resisted an excise tax on whiskey. emphasized class tensions between farmers and the elite

Horace Mann

instrumental in publishing for public education and education reform in general. he lengthened the school year, established the first normal school for teacher training, and used the first standardized books in education

Zimmermann Telegram

intercepted telegram that outlined a German plan to keep US out of European war. Stated that if Mexico declared war on US, Germany would help Mexico regain lost lands.

southern christian leadership conference

interracial group led by martin luther king junior

headright system

introduced by the Virginia Company in 1618. granted parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. became the basis for an emerging aristocracy in colonial Virginia

interchangeable parts

invented by Eli Whitney, allowed for manufacturing to run much smoother, replacing parts much easier

cotton gin

invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, revolutionized Southern agriculture

Proclamation of 1763

issued by the British that forbade settlement west of the rivers running through the Appalachians

nuclear fusion

joining heavier elements with lighter ones resulting in far greater power.

muckrakers

journalists who wrote exposés of corporate greed and misconduct. name coined by Theodore Roosevelt

care and restraint

knowing that whatever he did would set precedents for future presidents, Washington exercised his power with this

silent majority

label nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

American Federation of Labor

labor union that concentrated on "bread and butter" issues such as higher wages and shorter workdays. only included skilled workers

Great Migration

large movement of southern blacks to big cities like New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit to seek out wartime manufacturing jobs

Massachusetts Bay

larger colony established in 1629 established by Congregationalists

national organization for women

largest and most affluent feminist group in america

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

law that forbade any combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade. basically tried to get rid of trusts. however, it was vague enough for the (pro business) Supreme Court to interpret it as it saw fit.

personal liberty laws

laws passed by northern states to weaken the fugitive slave act. required a trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them the right to a lawyer.

Dorothea Dix

lead the movement for penitentiaries that sought to rehabilitate criminals

jimmy hoffa

leader of teamsters union. pursued by government officials for almost a decade

Samuel Gompers

leader of the American Federation of Labor

Nathaniel Bacon

leader of the Bacon Rebellion

Joseph Smith

leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (mormons)

J. Edgar Hoover

leader of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Terrence Powderly

leader of the Knights of Labor. Led several unsuccessful strikes that started the decline in popularity of this group.

W.E.B. Du Bois

leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Eugene Debs

leader of the Socialist Party of America

Metacomet

leader of the Wampanoags

Henry Cabot Lodge

leader of the reservationists, chairman of the senate foreign relations committee, Wilson's political nemesis/intellectual rival

Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun

leaders of the War Hawks

temperance movement

leading social movement of the 19th century prior to the Civil War

daniel ellsberg

leaked the pentagon papers

George Washington

led a colonial contingent that attacked a French outpost and lost badly

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

led by Hugh S. Johnson. Had trouble with the codes that they created.

Brigham Young

led mormons to the Salt Lake Valley

John Winthrop

led the Massachusetts Bay colony, developed along Puritan ideals

george meany

led the afl-cio

Susan B. Anthony

led the fight for women's suffrage

jacobo arbenz guzman

leftist leader of guatemala. CIA was ordered to topple his leadership

9 years

length of the Seven Years' War

commercial banks

lent money to everyone so that the wheels of commerce stayed well greased

Massachusetts Circular Letter

letter sent out by the Massachusetts Assembly written by Samuel Adams in 1768. Asked all other assemblies that they protest in unison

Molasses Act of 1733

little revenue was collected from this because smuggling was so commonplace

Cherokees

lived South in the area east of the Mississippi River. had developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture as a way of life. Had developed their own government and deemed themselves an independent republic within the state of Georgia

Captain John Smith

lived in Jamestown. "He who will not work shall not eat" helped improve Jamestown for a time

packing the courts

loading the courts with judges that favored his policies (Roosevelt)

echo park

located near boarders of Utah, Colorado and Wyoming) where the gov't sought to build a dam to create source of hydroelectric power. American environmentalists led fight to maintain Echo park and won. Helped create widespread environmental consciousness.

clothing manufacturers

located primarily in the northeast, transformed the textiles into finished products

Ohio Valley

location in which settlers discovered was suitable to grain production and dairy farming

Tehran (November 1943)

location of first meeting of Big Three, planned D-Day, to divide defeated Germany

Deep South

location where cotton was grown

Middle Atlantic

location where tobacco was grown

House of Representatives

lower house, elected by the people

fourteenth amendment

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

midnight appointments

made by John Adams because he was so upset about the election of 1800. He filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could. Jefferson responded by refusing to accept these appointments and replacing as many Federalist appointees as he could

steam engine

made steam ships possible

middle class

made up of tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals. they worked to reach a point in which the women in their families could devote themselves to homemaking instead of wage earning

immigrants and migrants

made up the majority of city populations

supply exceeding demand

main underlying cause for the Great Depression that led to deflation, unemployment, and business failures

populists

mainly aggrieved farmers who advocated radical reforms

christmas bombing

major bombing campaign near christmas, 1972.

class tensions

major factor that led to widespread desertions from the Confederate Army

immigrants

manufacturers hired many of these people because they were desperate for work

railroad regulations

many states imposed this because railroads were engaging in price gouging

election of 1824

marked a major turning point in presidential elections

stonewall riot

marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. police raided the Stonewall Inn (gay bar) and arrested patrons. Gays taunted the police, then attacked, then lit the place on fire.

disenfranchised

meaning unable to vote

Interregnum

means "between kings" during this time, the Puritans had little motive to move to the New World

League of Nations

mechanism for international cooperation proposed by Wilson. US never actually entered this. Created at Treaty of Versailles

National Labor Relations Board

mediated labor disputes

Atlantic Charter Conference

meeting between Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, where they declared the Allies' war aims

Yalta

meeting in February 1945 of the Allied leaders

Albany Plan of Union

meeting of representatives from 7 colonies. developed by Benjamin Franklin. Provided for an intercolonial government, system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense.

ngo dinh diem

member of south vietnams roman catholic minority

wounded knee occupation

members of AIM occupied the town for two months demanding the government honor old treaties

Iron Curtain

metaphor coined by Churchill to describe symbolic division of Eastern and Western Europe

sharecropping

method in which landless farmers rented land to farm on

Three-Fifths Compromise

method laid out by the Constitution for counting slaves among the population of Southern states for "proportional" representation in Congress. also established three branches of government with the power of checks and balances on eachother

George Whitefield

methodist preacher that preached a Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality

cesar chavez

mexican worker that became a mexican rights activist, created the united farm workers union

la raza unida

mexican-american political organization.

Roger Williams

minister in the Salem Bay settlement, taught that the church and state should be separate. Became banned, went on to found a colony in modern day Rhode Island

Charles Townshend

minister of the exchequer (treasury)

Irish immigrants

minority group in the union that opposed fighting for freedom of the slaves

david brower

modern day John-Muir; Executive director of the Sierra Club 1952-1962; changed it from being hiking club to advocacy group for saving and preserving land across U.S., founded Friends of the Earth and the Earth Island Institute; Helped the passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964

Absolutists

monarchs that believed the government's power derived from god

April 1865

month/date of the end of the civil war

"Christianize and civilize"

most compelling argument for US annexing Philippines. US had a moral obligation to do this

martin luther king junior

most powerful black voice in the civil rights movement. nonviolent resistance

Theodore Roosevelt

most prominent progressive leader (was a president)

Great Migration

movement of large number of blacks into Northern cities, did not take place until WWI

blackboard jungle

movie about crime and violence in inner city schools

rebel without a cause

movie with james dean

religious convictions

much of the impulse to improve the lives of others came from this during the 19th century

woodstock

music festival where 400,000 hippies gathered to do drugs and have sex with each other

ecobedo v. illinois

must be allowed access to lawyer before being questioned by police

mohammed mossadegh

naionalist prime minister of Iran

Jim Crow laws

name for a group of numerous discriminatory laws passed by towns and cities throughout the South

Grand Alliance

name for tenuous alliance between Soviet Union and the West

pink collar jobs

name given to predominately female professions such as school teaching or office assistant work

squatters

name given to settlers that ignored the requirements to buy land and simply moved onto and appropriated an unoccupied tract as their own

Forty-Niners

name given to settlers that were drawn to California for the Gold Rush in 1849

Peter Stuyvesant

name of Dutch governor that surrendered New Amsterdam to the British

Redeemers

name of Southern Democrats that intended to reverse Republican reconstruction policies as they returned to power

Spanish Armada

name of Spain's navy

"Republic of Texas"

name of Texas during its short independence

minutemen

name of a small colonial militia because they reputedly could be ready to fight on a minute's notice. first troops to meet the British in Lexington on their way to Concord

Narrative on the Life of Frederick Douglass

name of autobiography of Frederick Douglass

Jazz Age

name of the decade of the 1920s

Virginia Company

name of the joint-stock company that founded Jamestown

Cahokia

name of the larges North American city north of Mexico before the arrival of European settlers

First New Deal

name of the major programs implemented during the First Hundred Days

Plymouth

name of the settlement of the separatists

Arabella

name of the ship of the Congregationalists/Massachusetts Bay colonists

Mayflower

name of the ship that the Separatists took to the New World

McGuffey's Reader

name of the standardized text book used by 80% of public schools

Pilgrims

name of the travelers on board the Mayflower

Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry

name of two radical delegates sent by Virginia to the First Continental Congress

Pontiac's Rebellion

name of when war chief rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts

suez canal crisis

nasser siezed the suez canal from he british to raise funds for a dam

NBC

national broadcasting company

ho chi minh

nationalist leader of vietnam

Iroquois

native group the Franklin tried to negotiate a treaty with at the Albany Plan of Union.

colleges

nearly all of these established during the period of 1600 - 1750 served primarily to train ministers

Franco-American Alliance

negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists after the battle of Saratoga

ethnic neighborhoods

neighborhoods where groups of immigrants from the same area settled together

George III

new British King during the time of the Seven Years' War

rock and roll

new music genre with the electronic guitars and big drums

republican

new political party formed by former free spoilers, northern democrats, anti-slavery whigs. not abolitionist, but dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories. Also championed issues such as further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, increased protective tariffs

yellow journalism

new style of sensational reporting started by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hurst

redcoats

nickname for British troops

"burned-over district"

nickname for area in western New York in which the Second Great Awakening started. so many people were religious in this area that they had no more people left to convert.

Big Stick Policy

nickname for the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

"doughface"

nickname given to Northerners who supported pro-Southern policies

The Trustbuster

nickname given to roosevelt because of his use of the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies

"the nation's bread basket"

nickname given to the Midwest because of the ease of farming/transportation in that area

Know-Nothings

nickname of American party because they met privately and remained secretive

"president without a party"

nickname of John Tyler

Virgin Queen

nickname of Queen Elizabeth I, origin of the name of the Virginia Company

sick chicken case

nickname of Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States

Tariff of Abominations

nickname of Tariff of 1828

the Prophet

nickname of Tenskwatawa

"over-mountain men"

nickname of fur traders

fool's gold

nickname of iron pyrite that ignorant aristocrats mistook for gold

Hoovervilles

nickname of shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression

bread colonies

nickname of the middle colonies

"the starving time"

nickname of the winter of 1609 - 1610 in Jamestown because 90% of settlers died

alphabet agencies

nickname to Roosevelt's new agencies because so many of them were referred to by their acronyms

fall of saigon

north vietnamese disregard paris accords and attack saigon. americans hastily vacate

le duc tho

north vietnamese foreign secretary. made unofficial peace agreements with kissenger.

northwest territories

northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and up to the Canadian border

Proclamation of 1763

noted as the first step on the road to revolution, the end of salutary neglect. established a pattern of demarcating "Indian Territory"

"city upon a hill"

now famous quote in which John Winthrop urged the colonists to be a model for others to look up to

4,000

number of British soldiers that remained in Boston (16,000 residents)

130,000

number of Englishmen who migrated to the Chesapeake during the 17th century

35 ballots

number of ballots required to choose a president between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr and the election of 1800

100,000

number of copies sold of Common Sense within the first 3 months

55

number of delegates at the Constitutional Convention

22 states

number of states in the Union in 1820

40%

number that British imports dropped by 1770

sectional strife

occurred during the 1840s due to different regions developing in very different directions

"Boss" Tweed

of Tammany Hall in New York City. Most notorious political boss.

Housing Act of 1961

offered $4.9 billion to cities to preserve open spaces, create mass-transit, and for the subsidization of middle-income housing.

Teapot Dome Scandal

oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands

exxon valdez

oil tanker that crashed into a reef of the coast of alaska. dumped oil into the sea

War of 1812

one factor that forced the US to become less dependent on imports

james w mccord

one of the burglars in the watergate scandal was a former CIA employee said he was paid hush money to plea guilty

Quakers

one of the first groups to believe slavery to be morally wrong and argue for its end

Louisiana Purchase

one of the major accomplishments in Jefferson's first term. bought Louisiana territory in 1803 from the french for $15 million

stock market crash of 1929

one of the major contributing factors to the Great Depression

James Madison

one of the major contributors to The Virginia Plan

nullification

one of the major issues of Jackson's presidency

robert stevens

one of the people mccarthy accused of being communst

American manufacturing

one of the positive results of the War of 1812

camp followers

one of the roles of women in the Revolutionary war. Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

Georgia

only colony that did not send delegates to the First Continental Congress

gangster era

open warfare between competing gangs and between criminals and law enforcement earned the prohibition period this name

Anti-Federalists

opponents of the Constitution, saw it as an all powerful beast. tended to come from the backcountry and were particularly appalled by the absence of a bill of rights

conservatives

opposed the higher tax rates the New Deal brought, disliked the increase in government power over business, complained that relief programs removed incentive for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty

American Suffrage Association

organization that fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions

political machines

organizations of political bosses that rendered services that communities would otherwise have not received.

John Calhoun, Henry Clay

organized a behind the scenes compromise that lowered the Tariff of 1832 and defused tensions

Farmer's Holiday Association

organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices

New Amsterdam

original name of New York

Intolerable Acts

other name for Coercive Acts

Pontiac's Uprising

other name for Pontiac's Rebellion

French and Indian War

other name for Seven Years' War called this because thats who the colonists were fighting

Nationalist Program

other name for the American System

Connecticut Compromise

other name for the Great Compromise

Cato Rebellion

other name for the Stono Uprising

lotteries

outlawed by every state in the Union by 1860 a way of distributing land whereby hopeful claimants entered their names to be drawn from barrels.

Quakers

pacifists that wanted to avoid war

Common Sense

pamphlet published by the English printer Thomas Paine. Advocated colonial independence, argued for the merits of republicanism over monarchy

White League

paramilitary force that focused on murdering republicans organization established to restore political power to the pre-civil war white democrats and did not hesitate to use violence to achieve that end

Indian Removal Act

passed by congress under Jackson in 1830. demanded that the Native Americans resettle in Oklahoma, which had been deemed "Indian Territory"

black codes

passed by southern legislators that limited freedman's rights to assemble and travel, instituting curfews, and requiring blacks to carry special passes

Homestead Act

passed in 1862. offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would homestead it for five years

Lusitania

passenger ship that was sunk by German u-boats in 1915 killing 1,198 passengers including 128 Americans.

peace with honor

peace settlement that allowed the war to end while not damaging the honor of either side

paris accords

peace treaty temporarily ending the vietnam war

"captains of industry"

people who owned and controlled the new manufacturing enterprises (fans called them this)

"robber barons"

people who owned and controlled the new manufacturing enterprises (others called them this)

75%

percent of Englishmen that migrated to the Chesapeake during the 17th century that were indentured servants

less than 1%

percent of Southerners that owned more than 100 slaves

Henry Ford

perfected the assembly line and mass production

pre-columbian era

period before Columbus's arrival

The Great Puritan Migration

period from 1629 - 1642 in which a large number of puritans journeyed to the New World

Era of Good Feelings

period of unity in which the United States had only one political party

First Hundred Days

period right after Roosevelt's election that the government implemented most of the major programs

Lend-Lease Act

permitted the US to "lend" armaments to England

Edwin Stanton

person that Johnson fired, therefore violating the tenure of office act

Preston Brooks

person that savagely beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner for a speech in which Sumner attacked the South

"power of the purse"

phrase used to describe the control over government salaries and tax legislation

Ohio Valley

place where English settlers were trying to move into that angered the French

Salt Lake Valley

place where Mormons traveled to so that they would be able to practice their faith

revivals

places where there had only been occasional religious meetings

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

plan that called for the creation of provisional military governments to run the states until the were readmitted to the Union

howl

poem by allen ginsberg

protectionism

policy of keeping tariffs high

People's Party

political group of the populist movement

republicans

political party that advocated high protective tariffs

whigs

political party that formed because Jackson's democratic party could not represent the interests of all its constituencies. a loose coalition that shared one thing in common: opposition to one or more of the democrats' policies

American Party

political party that rallied around the single issue of hatred of foreigners

whig

political party that stood for a policy of internal improvements

republican party

political party that supported business and its opposition to unions

republican

political party that supported high tariffs

democrat

political party that supported low tariffs

democrats

political party that supported lower tariffs

Rosie the Riveter

popular image that symbolized the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs during WWII

New Navy

popularized by Mahan's Book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which called for a strong navy

native americans

populated America before Christopher Columbus's arrival

southeastern quarter

portion of the country where southerners envisioned slavery

welfare capitalism

practices utilized by businessmen to dissuade workers from organizing and demanding more. this included pension plans, opportunities for profit sharing, company parties, and other events to foster a communal spirit at work

ENIAC

preceded the UNIVAC

Ulysses S. Grant

president after Johnson. Civil War hero, but had no political experience

gerald ford

president after nixon, appealed to congress for more money at the very end of the war

Franklin D. Roosevelt

president at the end of the Great Depression (1933). Declared war on the Depression. "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"

nguyen van thieu

president of south vietnam during peace talks. wanted full withdrawal of north vietnamese troops

black codes

prevented black from owning guns, drinking liquor, and assembling in groups of more than 3 besides at a church

$15 million

price of the Louisiana purchase

tobacco

primary crop the George Washington farmed

white farmers and workers

primary opposition to the expansion of slavery came from these people

separation of powers, checks and balances

principles behind that the president has the power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, but these treaties are subject to Senate ratification

New England newspapers

printed pleas to boycott British goods, specifically directed at women

Lecompton Constitution

pro-slavery constitution from Kansas

"Cotton Whigs"

pro-slavery southern Whig Party members

machine tool industry

produced specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation

howard florey

produced stable and potent types of penicillin with chain

ernest chain

produced stable and potent types of penicillin with florey

assembly line production

products are constructed more efficiently by dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one task. promoted by Eli Whitney's inventions

Fredrick Jackson Turner

progressive historian that declared the American frontier gone after the result of the 1890 census

first neutrality act (1935)

prohibited the sale of arms to either belligerent in a war

Dust Bowl

prolonged drought that afflicted the Great Plains area of the Midwest

Harriet Tubman

prominent black abolitionist who escaped slavery and then returned to the south repeatedly to help more than 300 slaves escape via the underground railroad

William Lloyd Garrison

prominent immediatist that began publishing a popular abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator

Andrew Carnegie

promoted Social Darwinism. argued against government regulation, but supported all types of government assistance to business (grants, tariffs, etc.). Argued that the concentration of wealth among the few was natural and efficient for capitalism.

national indian youth council

promoted the idea of intertribal unity and nationalism

Margaret Sanger

promoted the use of contraceptives. founded what became known as Planned Parenthood

National Bank

proposed by Hamilton to help regulate and strengthen the economy. Both houses of Congress agreed to it, but Washington considered a veto

border ruffians

proslavery Missourians that relocated in Kansas as a way to influence popular sovereignty

Andrew Butler

proslavery senator

kent state

protests that turned violent. members of the national guard opened fire on students, killing four and wounding nine

Tennessee Valley Authority

provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region, and under government control expanded its operations greatly, which led to the economic recovery of the region

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided grants to the states to mange their own Public Works Administration-esque projects

GI Bill

provided housing, education, and job-training subsidies to veterans

Farm Credit Act

provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure

Agricultural Adjustment Act

provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one half

Social Security Administration

provided retirement benefits for many workers

Wade Davis Bill

provided that former Confederate states be ruled by a military governor and required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the US. Congress plan for state re-admittance

Dr benjamin spock

published a baby and child care book. advised women to stay at home

John Dickinson

pushed for reconciliation with Britain using the Olive Branch Petition

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses to those that were solvent

Compromise of 1850

put together by Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay. Collection of bills that: 1. Admitted California as a free state, however included the fugitive slave law 2. Created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, but left slavery up to popular sovereignty 3. Abolished slave trade, not actual slavery, in Washington DC

John Brown

radical abolitionist that led a raid on a proslavery camp in Kansas

International Workers of the World

radical labor union that was branded as an enemy of the state

Congressional Reconstruction

radicals' plan for reconstruction: 1. Stated that if you are born in the US, you were a citizen of the US and that you are a citizen of the state in which you reside (14th amendment) 2. Prohibited states from depriving any citizen of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law" 3. Prevented states from denying "equal protection of the law" 4. Gave states a choice to give freedmen the right to vote 5. Barred prominent Confederates from holding political office 6. Excused the Confederacy's war debt

adlai stevenson

ran against eisenhower in 1956

sam phillips

record promoter. promoted black people music

motown records

recording label that specialized on black funk stars

hiring women and children

reduced labor costs for manufacturers

penitentiaries, asylums, orphanages

reform societies helped bring about these three things by popularizing the intone that society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate

lon nol

regime in cambodia. fell to the khmer rouge.

south

region dense with democrats

New England

region dense with whigs

New England

region of the colonies that was centered on trade

north

region that became industrialized. technological advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking helped in become the nation's commercial center.

West

region that came to symbolize freedom and equality to many Americans

west

region that economic interests were varied but largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation

south

region that remained almost entirely agrarian. chief crops were tobacco and cotton.

midwest

region that was America's chief source of grain

Free Soil Party

regional, single-issue political party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso

Securities and Exchange Commission

regulated the stock market

yeomen

remaining landholders that had few slaves or none at all, working their small tracts of land with their families. non plantation owners that were mostly Scottish and Irish

Macon's Bill No. 2

reopened trade with both France and England under Madison. He promised that if either country renounced its interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

reopened trade with most nations, but still officially banned trade with the two most significant partners: French and British

21st amendment

repealed prohibition in 1933

Jacksonian democracy

replaced Jeffersonian republicanism. Benefited from universal white manhood suffrage, characterized by a strong presidency.

William Pit

replaced Lord Rockingham

Lord Rockingham

replaced Prime Minster Grenville, opposed the Stamp Act

Farmers' Alliances

replaced the Grangers. Soon grew into the People's Party. Group of farmers

Nye Commission

report in 1936 that revealed unwholesome activities by American arms manufacturers; many had lobbied intensely for entry into WWI, bribed foreign officials

Harry Truman

represented the US at Potsdam

loyalty oath

required for all southern citizens before receiving amnesty for the rebellion

Navigation Acts

required the colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell certain of their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports. sought to establish wide-ranging English control over colonial commerce

US sold arms to Chinese, called for an embargo on arms sales to Japan

response to when Japan went to war against China (1937)

goals of James Polk

restore the practice of keeping government funds in the treasury, reduce tariffs

Civil Rights Act of 1875

reversed in 1883, allowed legal (de jure) segregation

mechanization

revolutionized farming during the period, as many machines came into common use during this time

Slave Power

rich Southerners that were allegedly pulling strings during the Mexican American War

gideon v. wainwright

right to an attorney regardless of ability to pay

National Road

road created under the Madison administration that went from Maryland to Ohio

National Road

road from Maryland to West Virginia and ultimately central Ohio that made east-west travel easier

Oliver Cromwell

ruled as Lord Protector of England (1649 - 1660), during which time Puritan immigration came to a near halt

Wabash decision

ruled that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce

the shah of iran

ruler of iran after mohammed mossadegh

brown II

rules to implement brown v. board of education

John Adams

said the quote "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people... This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."

Jacksonian Democrats

saw themselves of champions of liberty, but did not always act like it

ruth bader ginsberg

second female supreme court justice. appointed by clinton

John Adams

second president. Federalist. argumentative and elitist. hands-off administrator

Second New Deal

second round of legislation by Roosevelt

marielietos

second wave of cuban immigrants, far poorer than the first wave. named for the port they left cuba from

Thomas Jefferson

secretary of state during the Washington administration. wrote the Declaration of Independence. favored a weaker federal government and a stronger state government

William H. Seward

secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson, set precedent for increased American participation in the Western Hemisphere. Engineered purchase of Alaska, invoked Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico.

Alexander Hamilton

secretary of the treasury during the Washington administration. favored a strong central government and weaker state government.

Ku Klux Klan

secretive white group that focused on murdering freedmen (1870s group)

george mcgovern

senator from south dakota, ran for president in democratic party

joseph mccarthy

senator that accused many people of being traitors. started the "red scare"

gaylord nelson

senator that proposed earth day

James Monroe

sent by Jefferson to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans

Thomas Pinckney

sent to Spain by Washington to negotiate the use of the Mississippi River, duty free access to world markets, and the removal of any remaining Spanish forts on American soil

black churches

served as a means by which the black community could bond and gain further autonomy

Fair Labor Standards Act

set a minimum wage and established the 40 hour work week for a lot of professions

Public Works Administration

set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities

Morrill Land Grant Act

set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from southern and eastern Europe. These limits were set to reduce "foreign influence" on the US

Boards of Trade

set up by the British to better regulate colonial commerce. reviewed colonial legislation, revoking laws that conflicted with British law, and administered government appointments.

Interstate Commerce Act

set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair and unethical practices

geneva accords

settled the french end of the vietnam war as well as the korean conflict

Jamestown

settlement founded by the English in 1607

New Jersey

settlement that Charles II have to a few of his friends, who in turn sold it off to investors, many of whom were quakers

steamships

ships that traveled faster than sailing vessels. became important freight carriers and replaced sailing ships

Brazen Head

shop run by William Jackson

american bandstand

show that helped to promote rock and roll

joseph lister

showed how antiseptics prevented infection during surgery

soap operas

shows that were nicknamed this because they were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps

democrats

sided with Wilson and were willing to accept America's entrance into the League of Nations

Panama

sight of canal that was built in order to shorten the sea trip from the east coast to California. During Roosevelt's time.

Antiedam

sight of the Union victory that gave Lincoln the push for emancipation

Seneca Falls (1848)

sight of the first women's rights convention

Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

signed by FDR, created the first peacetime draft in US history

Treaty of Paris

signed in 1783, granted the US independence and generous territorial rights

Oregon Treaty

signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowed the US to peacefully acquire present day Oregon, Washington, parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana

Sutter's Mill

site where gold was found in the new territory acquired by the Mexican Cession

Yorktown

site where the British surrendered in October 1781

working class

social class in which men often worked in factories or at low paying crafts and women often worked at home, taking in sewing

Schenck

socialist. argued that the draft was a violation of the 13th amendment, which banned not slavery but "involuntary servitude"

retailers

sold the clothing and other manufactured products in their stores

National Woman Suffrage Association, American Bar Association, National Municipal League

some of the many groups that rallied citizens around a cause or profession

massive resistance

southern resistance to integration

nikita khrushchev

soviet premier and communist party chief

sputnik

soviet satellite launched in 1957

montgomery bus boycott

sparked by rosa parks. people on the side of blacks refused to ride the mongomery busses

Henry Clay

speaker of the house 1824, supported John Quincy Adams

deficit spending

spending more money than the government took in

Sir Walter Raleigh

sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island in 1587 (present day North Carolina)

Socialists

starting in 1894 gained more popularity. believed in a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

subsistence poverty

state in which the slaves lived

Emancipation Proclamation

stated that on January 1, 1863 that the government would liberate all slaves residing in states still in rebellion

Tenure of Office Act

stated that the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they'd been approved by that body

michael collins

stayed in the ship on first apollo mission

Oregon Country

stretched from the Mexican territory of Alta California to the Russian territory of Alaska

pentagon papers

study of the war by johnson, stated that the govt had led in reporting the war progress.

teamsters union

subject of scandal and congressional investigation.

tenements

substandard, multi-family living dwelling at the heart of an urban area. usually inhabited by immigrants.

Hamilton's financial plan

successful handling of the national debt accrued during the war. Called for the federal government to assume the states' debts, which further increased the federal government's power over them, and to repay those debts by giving debt holders land on the western frontier

juvenile delinquency

sudden habit of youth to be rebelious

propaganda

suggested that the soldiers in the Boston Massacre had shot into a crowd of innocent bystanders

Salem Witch Trials

summer of 1692. outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. 103 "witches" were jailed or executed

Second Hundred Days

summer of 1935 is often referred to as this because Roosevelt passed a large amount of important legislation during this time. during this time, congress passed legislation that broadened the powers of the National Labor Relations Board, democratized unions, and pushed businesses with anti-union policies

states rights

supported by Andrew Jackson and his supporters

McCulloch v. Maryland

supreme court case in which John Marshall ruled that the states could not tax the National Bank, thus establishing the precedence of national law over state law

Dred Scott v. Sanford

supreme court case in which Scott, a former slave whose master had taken him to territories where slavery was illegal, declared himself a free man and sued for his freedom. Lost the case at the supreme court level.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

supreme court case in which the Cherokees fought against the Indian Removal Act. (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

supreme court case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.

United States v. Reese

supreme court case in which the court cleared the way for "grandfather clauses," poll taxes, literacy tests, property requirements, and other restrictions on voting

Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States

supreme court case that invalidated sections of the National Industrial Recovery Act on the grounds that the codes created by the agency were unconstitutional

milliken v bradley

supreme court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, undid swan v charlotte

United States v. Cruikshank

supreme court case that strengthened the decision of the Slaughter-House cases Supreme Court ruling of 1876 that overturned the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre, ruling that the Enforcement Act applied only to violations of black rights by states, not individuals

United States v. Butler

supreme court case where the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

supreme court justice that ruled that one's freedom of speech and other civil liberties not absolute and could be curtailed

paul muller

swiss scientist that discovered ddt

crop lien system

system of sharecropping that was meant to keep the poor in constant debt. famers had to borrow money to buy seeds and tools, promising a portion of their crop as collateral. huge interest rates pretty much guaranteed that they would never get out of debt.

spoils system

system pioneered by Andrew Jackson that meant every time a president took office, thousands of government jobs opened up, and it was the president's responsibility to fill them

protective tariffs

tariffs imposed on the colonies by the British. placed on colonial goods that might compete with English goods

"work ethic"

taught to criminals when they were rehabilitated

progressive income taxes

taxes that charge higher percentages for people with higher incomes. partially helped to redistribute the nation's wealth

John Thomas Scopes

teacher that taught the theory of evolution in Tennessee, where it was illegal

mass production

technological advances in the late 1800s allowed more opportunity for this, caused economy to grow at a tremendous rate

hubble space telescope

telescope launched into orbit in 1990

brinkmanship

term coined by dulles. push USSR to brink of war to gain concessions

scalawags

term for Southerners that cooperated with Reconstruction

freedmen

term for newly liberated slaves

come out

term used to describe one who is open about their sexuality.

"getting a new start in life"

term used to describe the possibilities for advancement that were offered in the West

"sweeten the pot"

term used to describe the way that textile manufacturers enticed laborers (mostly women from nearby farms) into working

cash and carry

term used to summarize third neutrality act. Allies were required to pay cash for their weapons and come to the US to pick up their purchases and carry them away on their own ships

colonies

territories settled and controlled by a foreign power

popular sovereignty

territories would themselves decide, by vote, whether to be a free state or slave state

Oregon territory

territory settled by western settlers

watergate break in

the 1972 illegal entry into the democratic national committee offices by participants in president richard nixon's reelection campaign

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey

the 3 middle colonies

military posts

the British refused to abandon these after the war, claiming they remained to protect the loyalists' rights

lower South

the Carolinas, concentrated on cash crops such as tobacco and rice

mormons

the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day saints. Accepted polygamy

cabinet

the Constitution does not specifically grant the president the duty or power to do make this. However, Washington and every president since then has had one. The president's chief group of advisors

Hartford Convention

the Federalist party died out after this

"wars for empire"

the French and Indian War was actually one of these between the British and French

Mohawks

the Sons of Liberty were poorly disguised as this during the Boston Tea Party

roe vs wade

the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.

nixon doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid

Miami Confederacy

the US's main Native American opponent in the northwest territories claimed by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

250,000

the approximate number of free blacks that lived in South during the 1800s - 1860s

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

the assertion that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security and therefore US troops could intervene

antinomianism

the belief that faith in God's grace, as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds earned one a place among the "elect"

Washington D.C.

the capital was moved to a Southern location as a concession for Hamilton's financial plan in order to prove that he wasn't favoring the North

Spain

the colonial power in America, founded a number of coastal towns in Central and South America and in the West Indies

Chesapeake

the colonies of Maryland and Virginia were here. Combined features of the middle colonies and the lower South.

non-consumption and non-importation

the colonists' only weapon - to boycott British goods

Continental Army

the continental congress prepared for war by establishing this

free blacks

the descendants of slaves freed by their owners or feed for having fought in the Revolutionary War

Hamilton and Jefferson

the differences between these two people has been cited as the origin of America's two party system

mercantilism

the economic theory that believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade and the control of specie

universal white manhood suffrage

the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property

Articles of Confederation (1777)

the first national constitution sent to the colonies for ratification

Sugar Act of 1764

the first of a number of new regulations and taxes on the colonists. Establish a number of new duties and which also contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers

levittown

the first town that william levitt built. first example of a modern suburb

ghettoization

the increased number of free blacks in the colonies after the war was accompanied by a growth of racist publications and legislation that led to the early _______ for free blacks and other minorities

power loom

the invention of this meant that textile manufacturers could produce both thread and finished fabric in their own factories

electric motor

the invention of this was largely responsible for the economic boom of the early 1920s. became essential to home and work environments.

Dutch republic

the largest commercial power during the 17th century

Age of Invention

the last quarter of the 19th century is often called this because so many technological advances were made

economies of scale

the more raw product bought, the cheaper the suppliers' asking price. the closer capacity for new, faster machines, the less cost of labor and electricity per product. the lower the costs, the cheaper they could sell their products. the cheaper the products, the more they sold.

on the road

the most popular documentary of he beat generation

middle passage

the name of the shipping route that brought the slaves to the americas

the baby boom

the nations population grew 20% from 1950 to 1960

cult of domesticity

the notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children

Battle of New Orleans

the only clear cut US victory of the war, led by Andrew Jackson

Pennsylvania

the only colony with a unicameral legislature

Rhode Island

the only state that did not participate in the Constitutional Convention

North Carolina

the part of Carolina that was settled by Virginians

South Carolina

the part of Carolina that was settled by descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados

Southern paternalism

the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves. basically, southerners convinced themselves that the slave system benefited all of its participants, including slaves

war profiteering

the practice of overcharging the government for services and products during a time of war

reconstruction

the process of readmitting Southern states, rebuilding the South, and integrating newly freed blacks into society

Article X

the section of the League of Nations calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. Many Americans opposed this.

Calvinists

the settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were strict __________

Mother Ann Lee

the shakers followed this person

slave labor

the south became increasingly dependent on this throughout the time period of 1800 - 1860

commoners

the support of this group of people made rallies against the British much larger and intimidating

judicial review

the supreme court had the power to review the constitutionality of Congressional acts

economic sectionalism

the tariff exposed this source of tension in the new US. It was a major conflict that eventually led the new nation to civil war and continues to play a part in politics to this day

executive, legislative, and judicial

the three branches of government set up by the Three-Fifths Compromise

ranching and mining

the two major growing industries on the western frontier

gradual abolition

the type of abolition argued for by most antislavery whites besides the Quakers

levy taxes

the war time government was unable to do this, and therefore unable to finance the war

printing money

the war time government's solution to financing the war that led to heavy inflation

cattle ranchers and miners

the western frontier was also home to these two occupation (besides farming and fur trade)

virtual representation

theory that stated that members of Parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them

distribution of wealth

there was a great disparity in this in both North and South. An elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort

women and blacks

these two groups were considered to be second-class citizens and non citizens

tariff

this became an issue after the Revolutionary War because the British pursued punitive trade policies against the colonies, denying them access to West Indian markets and dumping goods on American markets. This would have been able to protect America from the economic damages the British were imposing; however, the federal government had no power over this until 1816

transportation industry

this grew as a result of the need to ship products such as textiles across the country

Pequot War

this group resisted the English's interest/arrival in the Connecticut Valley. Attacked a settlement and killed nine colonists. this resulted in the colonists going to their village and killing 400 people

Open Door Policy

this policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. reaffirmed at the Washington Conference (1921 - 1922)

assembly line production

this required workers to perform a single task over and over, often for 12 - 14 hours a day

industrialization

this resulted in bigger cities with large migrant and immigrant neighborhoods

celibacy

this was practiced by the shakers, and because of this their numbers decreased

massive retalliation

this was used to threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any communist states that tried to gain territory.

federalists

those favoring a strong federal government

Separatists

thought that the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it. At first went to the Netherlands but eventually headed to the New World in 1620

tobacco, rice, and indigo

three major land-intensive crops farmed in the Carolinas

1900 - 1920

time period of Progressivism

1865-1877

time period of reconstruction

women's civil role

to be the teachers and producers of virtuous male citizens

fulgenico batista

toppled previous leaders. leader of cuba. island controlled almost entirely by american corporations

spoils system

trading jobs for political favors became known as this

strategic arms limitation treaty (salt 1)

treaty between the US and the Soviet to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

treaty in which the US acquired Florida from the Spanish

temperance societies

tried to encourage people to sign the pledge not to drink and some of which sought outside prohibition of liquor, formed and remained powerful until the adoption of the 18th amendment. usually led by women

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian anarchists that were charged with murder

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

two cities where the US dropped the atomic bomb in Japan

Susquehannock, Pamunkeys

two native groups attacked during the Bacon Rebellion

Fisk University, Howard University

two of the first schools established by the Freedman's Bureau

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

two women that held the first women's right convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls in upstate New York

federalist

type of congressman that John Quincy Adams had been

Special Field Order No. 15

under General Sherman. Land seized form the confederates was to be redistributed among the new freedman

united farm workers

union created by cesar chavez for mexican farm workers

trade unions

unions made up exclusively of workers within a single trade. American Federation of Labor made up of theses.

Senate

upper house, elected by state legislatures

ms.

used to show the irrelevance of a woman's marital status in the workplace

vaudeville

variety acts

John Tyler

vice president of William Henry Harrison, former Democrat

Tuskegee Institute

vocational and industrial training school for blacks founded by Booker T. Washington

ballot initiative

voters could propose new laws through this

John Quincy Adams's proposals

wanted to initiate improvements through the federal government. proposals to impose new protective tariffs, build interstate highways, and establish federal schools and research centers

Mexican American War

war declared in 1846 over border attack 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Committee on Public Information

wartime propaganda tool used by the government to created a frenzied atmosphere. used lectures, movie theaters, newspapers, and magazines to portray Germans as cold blooded, baby killing, power hungry Huns.

augusto pinochet

was a General who moved to overthrow the government of Chile

The New England Confedederation

was designed to bolster colonial defense offered advice to the northeastern colonies when disputes arose among them. also provided colonists from different settlements the opportunity to meet and discuss mutual problems.

John Jay

was sent to England by Washington to negotiate a treaty concerning the evacuation of the British from the Northwest Territory and to discuss British violations of free trade

buddy holly

weezer song

altamont

west coast woodstock. Not a peaceable gathering. four deaths, security was the local hells angels chapter

assimilation

what Jefferson, among others, suggested as the solution to the "Indian Problem"

"The Atlanta Compromise"

what W.E.B. Du Bois referred to the Atlanta Exposition as

Indiana and Illinois

what two states did Chief Tecumseh not want Americans to settle?

imperialism

when America took control of another country, more controversial

impressment

when British began stopping at American ships and forcing American sailors into the British navy

Boxer Rebellion

when Chinese nationalists rose up against US entering markets because of the Open Door Policy

"down river"

where slaves feared being sent, because slaves were treated the worst in the Deep South

Concord

where the British dispatched troops to confiscate weapons. it was here that a much larger contingent of minutemen awaited

Henry Clay

whig leader

gauge

width of a railroad track - differed from railroad to railroad, made connecting them difficult

plurality

winning more votes than any other candidate, but not the majority. happened to Andrew Jackson in 1824

Nineteenth Amendment

women's right to vote was granted (1920)

James Polk

won presidential election of 1844

Thomas Jefferson

won the election of 1804

"Join or Die"

words written in this famous political cartoon of a snake broken into pieces

white citizens councils

worked to obstruct desegregation

F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway

world-class authors of the Roaring Twenties

aldo leopold

writer and naturalist. sought to apply new scientific findings to his interactions with the world

betty freidan

writer for womens magazines. wrote "the feminine mystique"

Missouri Compromise

written by Henry Clay. 1. Admitted Missouri as a slave state 2. Carved a piece out of Massachusetts - Maine - and admitted Maine as a free state 3. drew a line along the 36°30' parallel across Louisiana territory and 4. Established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point at which slavery would then be allowed in the western territory

david reisman

wrote "the lonely crowd" sociologist argued that this conformity was changing people "inner directed"

rachel carson

wrote "the silent spring" a book on the dangers of pesticides

william whyte

wrote The Organization Man; most sweeping indictment of suburbia; based on suburb study; change from old Protestant ethic to stifling conformity

Abigail Adams

wrote a famous letter to her husband pleading the case for women's rights in the new government

saul bellow

wrote books on how hard it was for jewish men to find fulfillment in america

bill haley

wrote rock around the clock

jack kerouac

wrote the most popular documentary of the beat generation

1492

year in which Columbus arrived in America

1756

year in which England officially declared war on France

1808

year in which african slaves were banned, thus making it essential to keep one's slave alive and reproducing

1820

year in which nearly all of this eastern territory had attained statehood, and the frontier region consisted of much of the Louisiana Purchase

1619

year in which slavery was introduced into the English colonies

1791

year in which the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution

1789

year in which the Constitution went into effect

1588

year in which the English navy defeated the Armada, thus making French and English colonization of North America much easier

1766

year in which the Stamp Act was repealed

1754

year in which the colonists still considered themselves English subjects

1808

year that American participation in the Atlantic slave trade ended

1931

year that Japan invaded Manchuria

Sherman Antitrust Act

Roosevelt used this against monopolies

court-packing scheme

Roosevelt's attempt to load the courts with justices who supported his policies. Wanted to increase supreme court justices from 9 to 15

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's policies

fireside chats

Roosevelt's radio chats in which he reassured the public that the banks were once again secure. More than 60 million Americans listened

New Deal

Roosevelt's reforms

united states v richard nixon

Ruled that the President must relinquish the tapes to Special prosecutor Jaworski. Days later, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend three articles of impeachment.

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) II

SALT I was set to expire in 1977, so Carter and the Soviets were set to sign a renewal treaty. This treaty was negotiated and sat ready for ratification when a world crisis got in the way. The USSR invaded the nation of Afghanistan in December 1979 in a move to play a greater role in the Middle East. Americans were now certain that the Soviets had intentions to take control of the precious oil transportation region of the Persian Gulf. The US immediately ceased supplying the USSR with grain shipments and withdrew this treaty from the table.

J. William Fulbright

Senator of Arkansas. Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. This man publicly turned against the war in 1966.

Stono Uprising

September 1739. One of the most successful slave rebellions.

Fundamental Orders

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Lost Colony

Sir Walter Raleigh's colony became known as this because it only lasted from 1587 - 1590

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader. One of the founders of the International Workers of the World

salvador allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners saw war with the British as an opportunity to grab new territories in the west and southwest. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

leonid brezhnev

Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982)

Treaty of Paris

Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US

ecomienda system

Spain's system in which the crown granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonist was obligated to protect the natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonist was entitled to those natives' labor

"Green Berets"

Special Forces- soldiers trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars.

free and unfettered elections

Stalin promised to hold these after the war

bufferzone

Stalin wanted to create this between the Soviet Union and Western Europe; wanted to surround himself with friendly nations

Lincoln Steffens

Starting his career in magazines, this man moved into writing books with his The Shame of Cities (1904), which chronicled the corruption and greed of big city political machines.

Fourteenth Amendment

Stated that if you are born in the US, you were a citizen of the US and that you are a citizen of the state in which you reside. Protects individuals from the sate government.

Proposition 209

Supported by an African American member of the University of California Board of Regents, War Connerly, this proposition ended affirmative action laws in California. After the passage of the proposition, government contracts and college admissions boards could no longer use gender or race as a factor in awarding jobs or acceptance. As a result, minority enrollment in the UC system plummeted, with classrooms not reflecting the state's ethnic diversity. Several other states followed suit, enacting laws abolishing affirmative action.

Shelley v. Kraemer

Supreme Court case that made the court rule that courts could not be used to enforce private "covenants" meant to bar blacks from residential neighborhoods.

bakke v board of regents of california

Supreme Court decision that upheld the legality of affirmative action

Fourteenth Amendment

Supreme Court ruling. Stated that blacks were not protected from discrimination by privately owned businesses and that blacks would have to seek equal protection from the states, not from the federal government.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme court case in 1803. William Marbury, one of Adams's last minute appointees, sued Secretary of State James madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench. Established judicial review.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme court decision that ruled that "separate but equal" was legal

lewis powell

Supreme court justice, realized conservatives has to work with each other rather than against each other. Talking about how we can deploy language to match people's views and mobilize a population. Wrote the Powell memo about building a movement between all types of conservatism

Farmer's Alliance

Taking the cue from the earlier Grange movement, farmers joined forces in several states across the country to form this political party. It gained membership, successfully seated senators and governors in several Midwestern states, and eventually morphed into the Populist (People's) Party.

watergate tapes

Tapes which proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal. Although he withheld them at first, the Supreme Court made Nixon turn over these recordings of the plans for the cover-up of the scandal.

Patriot Act

The Bush administration enacted this act, which broadly expanded the government's ability to monitor the activities of Americans and conduct investigations of people suspected of terrorism.

Freedom Summer

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) declared this era in 1961. CORE members boarded integrated buses in the north bound for the Deep South to show support for the desegregation of public transit. As the buses reached Alabama, mobs firebombed and severely beat riders. State troopers and local police stood by and watched. Attorney General Robert Kennedy at first asked the riders to stop, but more and more boarded buses and traveled south. He then sent federal marshals to protect the bus riders, signaling a victory for CORE.

Dixiecrats

The State's Rights Party. Formed by southern conservatives.

Theodore Roosevelt

The assassination of President McKinley amid his second term brought this spirited, progressive vice president into office. This man soon became known as the Progressive's president as he worked on issues ranging from labor disputes to land conservation. He is also often called the first "modern President" in that he actively set an agenda for Congress and expected that they listen to his suggestions. His willingness to step in on the side of the workingman garnered him enough support to get him reelected on his own right in the election of 1904.

The "New Frontier"

The domestic reforms of JFK

evangelism

The enthusiastic preaching or proclamation of the Christian gospel

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

The federal government enacted this act, which stripped tribes of their official recognition and land rights and would grant individual Indian families with land and citizenship in 25 years if they "behaved."

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

The government would tell individual farmers how much they should produce and would pay them subsidies for leaving some of their land idle, through this organization.

Hydrogen Bomb

The most powerful nuclear weapon at the time.

AIDS

The outbreak of this disease in the 1980s descended upon urban areas and soon spread worldwide. In 2006, the known cases of this disease in the US reached 1 million, with the number doubling throughout the world.

executive privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

"Pacification"

The purpose of this was to push the Viet Cong from particular regions and "pacify" those regions by winning the "hearts and minds" of the people.

Promontory Point

The rail lines of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific met in May 1869 at this location in Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake.

English Civil Wars

The religious wars in England in the mid 1600's which led to a Puritan England, won by the Puritans under Oliver Cromwell

Tenth Amendment

The states retain all power not granted to the national government

Force Acts

These acts of 1870 and 1871 authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. While it was moderately successful in calming the Ku Klux Klan's activities, the group continued to exist.

Insular Cases

These cases, which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled upon in 1901, showed that the Constitution and its protections did not follow the flag. In other words, a citizen in a U.S.-conquered territory did not necessarily have the protection of the Constitution. It was up to Congress to decide the rights of the peoples in the newly conquered territories.

Jim Crow laws

These laws, which segregated public facilities such as drinking fountains and hotel rooms, were immediately adopted by cities across the South.

Marx Brothers

These men produced films designed to divert audiences from their troubles and, often, indulge their fantasies about quick and easy wealth.

initiative, referendum, and recall

These things were meant to increase the power of the voter in state and local politics. The first allowed voters to propose a law without the legislature; the second was the way in which voter-proposed laws were placed on the ballot; and the last allowed voters to remove an elected official from office through the ballot box.

"Okies"

These were people from Oklahoma who were forced to move to places like California to escape the Dust Bowl.

National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)

These were the South Vietnamese fighters.

Vietminh

These were the followers of Ho Chi Minh

Selective Services Act

This 1917 act, which President Wilson helped pass because of the difficult task of raising an army for the war, authorized the conscription of American males into military service. Within months of its passage, the army had enough men to relieve the allied forces overseas.

The Smith Act

This 1940 act was designed to arrest people who were advocates of overthrowing the gov. , even if they had no intention of ever doing so.

National Security Act

This 1947 act created the Department of Defense (formally the Department of War), the National Security Council, and the CIA.

National Highway Act

This 1956 act created the nation's interstate freeway system. It looked as if it was intended solely to improve the county's infrastructure, but the 42,000 miles of road were also meant to provide for the quick evacuation of large urban centers, the emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles.

The Feminine Mystique

This 1963 book by Betty Friedan encouraged women to leave the myth of homemaking behind and pursue fulfillment outside of the home. She called into question the notion that women were meant to remain at home to care for a husband and children and instead spoke of opportunities for women to become successful in the business world.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

This 1964 resolution greatly increased the power of the executive branch to engage in war. It came about as a result of LBJ's announcement that a North Vietnamese gun boat had carried out an unprovoked attack on 2 US destroyers off the coast of North Vietnam. The president used the incident to immediately ask Congress for an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam without an actual war declaration. Johnson used the resolution to widen the war further after he won reelection in 1964

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

This 1964 resolution greatly increased the power of the executive branch to engage in war. It came about as a result of LBJ's announcement that a North Vietnamese gun boat had carried out an unprovoked attack on 2 US destroyers off the coast of North Vietnam. The president used the incident to immediately ask Congress for an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam without an actual war declaration. Johnson used the resolution to widen the war further after he won reelection in 1964.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

This Austro-Hungarian man was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. His assassination meant that President Wilson, who had military and political alliances all over Europe, made joining the war inevitable for the United States.

Warren Court

This Court was one of the most liberal in history. In Brown v. Board of Education, its ruling overturned the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court decision read that "separate facilities were inherently unequal" and had no place in public education. The Court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed." Due to another of this Court, the Little Rock School Board finally integrated the public schools. The Court also ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.

W.E.B. Du Bois

This Harvard-educated man disagreed vehemently with Booker T. Washington. This man believed that African Americans should demand nothing less than social and political equality with whites; only then would blacks gain economic success. In 1905, he held a meeting in Niagara Falls to discuss possible forms of protest and to formulate a plan of action. This group, called the Niagara Movement, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908.

Saddam Hussein

This Iraqi leader had been a problem for the US since he invaded Kuwait back in 1991. More recently, he refused to cooperate full with UN weapons inspections, so President George W. Bush, along with British Prime Minister Tony Blair, convinced Congress and most of the US that Iraq posed a serious threat to the US and the world if left in power. The official invasion of Iraq was not sanctioned by the UN and was condemned by many of the US's allies around the world. This man was caught and eventually executed.

Carrie A. Nation

This Kentucky-born woman, who suffered from two failed marriages, one due to the death of an alcoholic, traveled across the United States, smashing bars with her trademark hatchet. She believed she was doing the work of God. She was arrested over 30 times and lost her second husband because of her zeal to stop the evils of alcohol. This woman also crusaded against the evils of smoking tobacco, fought for women's suffrage, and railed against the restrictive women's fashions of the day.

Challenger

This NASA space shuttle exploded upon takeoff in February 1986. All 7 astronauts aboard, including the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe, were killed.

Jacob Coxey

This Populist had an "army" of the jobless and the homeless that proposed federally funded public works projects to employ those who needed work. The government did not listen, but rather arrested the "army" for trespassing. This man's radical ideas would soon become the cornerstone of a future president who looked to emerge from an even greater depression.

Richard M. Nixon

This Republican candidate of the 1960 election was a former vice president, "Commie Fighter," and foreign diplomat. He believed his campaign would be an easy one, as the Democrats chose John F. Kennedy as their candidate. Kennedy edged this man by the slimmest margin ever in an American presidential election. Despite cries of election fraud and ballot tampering from the Republicans, JFK was declared the next president.

Sputnik

This Russian space satellite was launched in 1957. When this happened, Americans were convinced that they had better get moving if they were to keep up with the Russian space programs.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

This WWII hero took the reigns of the presidency in 1952, with the anticommunist crusading Richard M. Nixon as his vice president. His presidency was marked by its foreign policy. The U.S. would actively support nations who sought liberation from communism through his idea of "brinksmanship"- the US would push the aggressor nation to the brink of nuclear war, forcing them to back down in the face of American superiority.

"underemployed"

This accounted for up to 1/3 of the workforce in 1932. This meant that the workers were experiencing major reductions in wages, hours, or both.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

This act made literacy tests illegal and more or less nationalized the voter registration system in states where African Americans were denied voting rights.

Chinese Exclusion Act

This act of 1882 restricted Asian immigration to the United States. It was a reaction to the large numbers of Chinese and Japanese immigrants that landed in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Hepburn Act

This act of 1906 allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the price level of shipping rates railroad lines could charge, ending the long-haul/ short-haul price gouging that had been the bane of farmers.

Mann-Elkins Act

This act of 1910 placed the regulation of communication directly under the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).

Espionage Act

This act of 1917 was aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to free speech. Socialists such as Eugene V. Debs were targeted and arrested. The Supreme Court upheld this act by stating that Congress could limit the right of free speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "evils" that the government was seeking to stop.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act outlawed segregation of public accommodations, established the Equal Opportunity Commission to enforce the law, made the federal government responsible for finding instances of discrimination, and made illegal discrimination based on race, religion, ethnic origin, or gender. Unfortunately, the act did not effectively address many problems associated with voting rights.

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1881

This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions- all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.

The Immigration Act of 1965

This act repealed the discriminatory practices of the Quota Acts of the 1920s by allowing first-come, first-serve entrance into the US. This monumental law helped change the face of America by allowing millions of immigrants from Latin America and Asia to live in the US over the course of the next 4 decades.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

This act was aimed at extending the life of the Civil Rights Commission and giving the U.S. attorney general the authority to inspect local and state voting records for federal elections. After an intense fight in Congress, the final bill was just as weak as its predecessor in dealing with voting rights for African Americans.

Interstate Commerce Act

This act was passed by Congress in 1887 and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which regulated and investigated railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This act was passed by Congress in 1890 in an attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were crowding the American economy. The act forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade. However, the act failed to specify the difference between trusts that were designed to restrain trade. However, the act failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers and those that were harmful. More importantly, the act failed to include any real method of enforcement.

federal highway act of 1956

This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.

Federal Reserve Act

This act, passed by Congress in 1913, created the Federal Reserve System.

War Powers Act

This act, passed by Congress in 1973, repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This act severely limited the president's ability to wage war without the consent of the legislative branch.

Clayton Antitrust Act

This act, passed with President Wilson's support in 1913, finally gave some teeth to the weak and ineffective Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This act strengthened provisions for breaking up trusts and protected labor unions from prosecution under the Sherman Act.

Elkins Act

This act, which was passed by Congress in 1903, gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) more power to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates and kickbacks to favored customers.

grandfather clause

This allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had voted in an election before 1865- that is, before Reconstruction.

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

This allowed the government to pay farmers to make less crops to "conserve soil," prevent erosion, and accomplish other secondary goals.

24th Amendment

This amendment to the Constitution abolished another barrier to voting rights by outlawing the poll tax

Sixteenth Amendment

This amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to collect income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment

This amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1913, meant that voters, not the state legislature, elected U.S. senators.

Nineteenth Amendment

This amendment to the Constitution, which granted women the right to vote, was signed into law in 1920. Carrie Chapman Catt skillfully had used the American mobilization for entrance into the Great War as her rallying cry. She had claimed that armed with the vote, American women would also support their president and country as they entered the worldwide crisis. Her message, delivered on the eve of the congressional vote on women's suffrage, hit home. President Wilson gave his public support for their amendment.

Fourteenth Amendment

This amendment was proposed by Congress in 1866 and was finally ratified in 1868. It protected the rights of all U.S. citizens and required states to adhere to the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. Furthermore, Radical Republicans added some punches aimed directly at the former Confederacy. The amendment included provisions that disallowed former Confederate officers from holding state or federal office and would decrease the proportional representation of any state that denied suffrage to any able citizen.

Platt Amendment

This amendment, issued in 1902, would have had to be written into the new Cuban constitution in order for them to gain freedom. The provisions of this amendment were that Cuba had to have all treaties approved by the United States before signing, that the United States had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs both politically and militarily, and that the United States would be given access to naval bases on the island. In essence, the Cubans had not gained their independence at all.

Fifteenth Amendment

This amendment, which was ratified in 1870, barred any state from abridging a citizen's right to cote on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude.

William Jennings Bryan

This anti-imperialist formed an organization to publicly oppose U.S. expansion. He is also famous for making the "Cross of Gold" speech.

Article X

This article of the League of Nations Charter called for members to stand at the ready if another member nation's sovereignty was being threatened. It was this article, along with the other mistakes Wilson made in the eyes of the Republicans, that would derail ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States.

Civil Rights Bill of 1957

This bill hoped to ensure that African Americans would be able to vote by supporting new division within the federal Justice Department to monitor civil rights abuses. By the time the bill was enacted as law, it had been watered down so as to not have much of an impact at all.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

This bill was designed to destroy the Black Codes by giving African Americans full citizenship. As expected, President Johnson vetoed the bill, which Congress simply overturned.

Wade-Davis Bill

This bill, passed in 1864 by both houses, required that 50 percent of Southern state voters take the oath of loyalty and allowed only those citizens who had not been active members or supporters of the confederacy to approve of the new state constitutions. Exercising his executive power, President Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it until after Congress had gone on recess.

War Industries Board

This board, headed by Bernard Baruch, sought to control production, wages, and prices of manufactured goods while the U.S. was mobilizing for war.

The Jungle

This book, written by Upton Sinclair, was considered by President Roosevelt as a prime example of muckraking. The book, which was written to expose the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, had the nation in a virtual panic.

Our Country

This book, written in 1885 by the Reverend Josiah Strong, echoed the sentiments of many Americans. In this book, he derided cities as dens of Hell and immigrants as the reason for the downturn of urban America. The tide could be stemmed, however- by the turn of the century, one out of every three New Yorkers was foreign-born.

Committee on Public Information

This committee, headed by George Creel, was given the task of informing Americans of the Great War through a massive propaganda machine. Posters, speeches, and "liberty leagues" throughout the country encouraged Americans to buy war bonds and support the war effort.

Mao Tse-Tung

This communist leader engaged in a war with Nationalists under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi). Many Chinese citizens began to turn to this leader and the communists as they became more and more disgusted by the corruption, inflation, and inequality they experienced under Chiang. China finally fell to the communists by 1949, and in 1950 Joseph Stalin and this leader signed a pact that linked the two large nations into one communist bloc.

Pullman Palace Car Company

This company, which manufactured sleeping cars, constructed a "model town" for employees in response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When a wage cut was announced and their union leader was fired, its workers went on strike. Other rail workers showed support by refusing to load, link, or carry any train with this company's car attached. As a result, rail owners began linking U.S. mail cars to this company's cars. President Cleveland encouraged the filing of an injunction to demand the workers stop striking. The union refused and was eventually jailed.

The Compromise of 1877

This compromise provided that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president only if he agreed to remove the federal troops stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The end of martial law in the South signaled the end of Reconstruction in the United States

massive retaliation

This concept meant that the US would unleash its arsenal of nuclear weapons on any nation that threatened it.

Woodstock

This counterculture festival occurred in 1969 on a farm in New York State. Hippies gathered at the concert for a 3 day party that involved sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin wowed the crowd that lived together in the dirt and mud of the farm. Young people found a connection with the work of folk singers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, whose protest songs galvanized the counterculture.

Brown v. Board of Education

This court case involved an elementary school student who had to leave her home over an hour early to travel across town to attend the all-black school. The NAACP encouraged the student's family to file suit on the grounds that her right to equal protection had been violated. Lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed all citizens equal protection, which meant equal opportunity. The Warren Court agreed, and its ruling overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed".

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)

This created an array of new educational, employment, and housing and health-care programs.

9/11

This day began as a normal workday in New York City. At 8:46 A.M. Eastern Time, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. Approximately 15 minutes later, United Flight 175 crashed into the south tower. Two planes remained unaccounted for until American Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon and United Flight 93 crashed into a wooded area of Pennsylvania. The towers soon collapsed, killing occupants and rescue workers. In the end, some 3,000 lives were lost, and the city of New York faced over $80 billion in damages.

Sussex Ultimatum

This decree occurred following a German attack on a French passenger liner in March 1916 that killed four Americans. President Wilson issued this statement, where he warned the Germans to stop submarine warfare, or the United States would break all diplomatic relations with Germany. This decree clearly signaled America's willingness to go to war.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development

This department was founded in 1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight.

laissez-faire

This doctrine, articulated by economist Adam Smith in his treatise The Wealth of Nations, stated that American lawmakers believed that natural market forces, not governments, should regulate the marketplace.

stagflation

This economic phenomenon occurs when high inflation is coupled with high unemployment.

Farmer's Holiday Association

This endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmer's strike. This began in August in western Iowa.

Great Migration

This event occurred in the period between 1910 and 1930. During this time, millions of African Americans moved to northern cities in search of jobs and a better life. Just as the cities lured European immigrants during the 1880s, the promise of factory work and less discrimination brought blacks to urban centers. Unfortunately, the stories filtering to the South were fairy tales. Blacks experienced horrible living conditions, low-paying jobs, and racial unrest with both whites and other ethnic groups in the city's largest ghetto neighborhoods.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

This extended aid to both private and parochial schools and based the aid on the economic conditions of the students, not the needs of the schools themselves.

Medicaid

This extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

This factory was housed in the top floors of the Asch building in New York City, where women, some as young as 15 years old, were crammed in to work. Windows, doors, and fire exits were completely blocked by people, machines, and trash cans, One night in 1911, just before closing, a fire broke out on the ninth floor. With no way to escape, many of the young women died in the building while others jumped from windows to the pavement below. After the flames were finally tamed, the fire had taken 146 of 500 employees' lives.

Panic of 1893

This financial crisis was the result of overspeculation by investors that artificially inflated the price of stocks. These stocks then took a tumble and did not recover for almost four years.

Square Deal

This four part plan by Theodore Roosevelt involved busting up harmful trusts, increasing government regulation of big business, giving labor a fair chance, and promoting conservation of the natural environment. This last part provided for the protection of millions of acres of land for natural reserves and the creation of the National Conservation Commission.

redeemers

This group caused a resurgence of Democratic power in the state legislatures of the Deep South. They hoped to revitalize the South through industry and rid state legislatures of corrupt Republicans. They succeeded in convincing voters that they were right for the job by wresting away the remaining Republican seats in all Southern state houses. Their campaigns focused on issues important to Southern whites: low taxes, small government, and white power.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

This group helped a group of interracial students begin Freedom Rides in 1961.

"Bonus Army"

This group of World War I veterans marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early release of bonuses by Congress. They were eventually forced to leave by soldiers using tear gas and tanks.

beatniks

This group of nonconformists rocked New York City's Greenwich Village with poetry and wild culture. Led by people such as writer Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, they encouraged individuality in an age of conformity. Freely using mind-altering drugs and rebelling against society, they studied art, poetry, and philosophy. Poetry readings often included "free verse," where participants spoke their minds at an open microphone. The terms "groovy" and "far out," along with snapping instead of clapping, became synonymous with this group's movement.

American Communist Party

This group was always under the close and rigid supervision of the Soviet Union. Most members obediently followed the "party line" (although Communists acted independently in many areas for which there was no party line). The subordination of the party leadership to the Soviet Union was most clearly demonstrated in 1939, when Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany.

League of Nations

This group was called for in President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Although he was determined to see this group formed, the other European leaders were interested in exacting revenge and gaining reparations from Germany. This proved to make Wilson's job difficult- he had to compromise in order to see his ideas become a reality. One of the first was that conquered territories would not become the property of the conquering nation, but would rather be under trusteeship of this group.

Committee to Reelect President (CREEP)

This group was connected to the break-in of the Democratic Party National Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington in 1972. They were attempting to bug the headquarters.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

This group was created due to an act passed by Congress in 1887. The purpose of the group was to regulate and investigate railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking. However, the group lacked enforcement powers and remained essentially a "paper tiger." Farmers did not gain much from the formation of the group, as most of the cases were lost. Nonetheless, farmers kept up the fight up through the end of the nineteenth century as currency issues and railroad trusts made tough times even tougher.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

This group was formed by the Niagara Movement and other concerned African Americans and whites on February 12, 1908. Originally called the National Negro Committee, founding members W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, and William English Walling answered what they deemed the "Call" to end all racial discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement. This group became one of the largest and most active civil rights groups in the country.

Kerner Commission

This group, appointed by President Johnson, concluded in 1968 that it was frustration over extreme poverty and lack of opportunity that sparked the riots that occurred during the "Long Hot summers" from 1964 to 1968 in cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. The group's report stated that there were two Americas-one white and one black.

The Anti-Saloon League

This group, established in 1893, gained more success in the temperance movement as states across the country agreed to shutter bars.

The Warren Commission

This group, headed by the chief justice, concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman who killed the president.

Nationalists (Kuomintang)

This group, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), received financial aid from the US to keep the country from falling prey to the Japanese. Once support was removed post-war, this group and the communists, under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung, reengaged in a war that had been brewing since before WWII. More money was sent, but much of it never made it into their hands. China finally fell to the communists by 1949; Chiang and this group fled to the nearby island of Formosa, now Taiwan.

Niagara Movement

This group, which was established in 1905 following a meeting led by W.E.B. Du Bois in Niagara Falls, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908.

red phone

This hotline was initially installed during the Cuban Missile Crisis so that world leaders could have immediate contact in the instance of an emergency.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This increased protection on seventy-five farm products.

jingoism

This is a term given to extreme nationalism that encourages a very aggressive foreign policy stance.

interlocking directorates

This is a term to describe the regional monopolies created by J.P. Morgan.

The Wisconsin Experiment

This is a term used to describe a situation that occurred in Wisconsin. Wisconsin was the first state in the Union to direct primaries in which state voters nominated their own slate of candidates, as opposed to the prior selection of the party ticket by the state legislature. This set the pace for other states to adopt reform laws with regard to taxes, representation, and commerce regulation.

Hull House

This is the most famous of all of the settlement houses. The goal of its founder, Jane Addams, was to invite immigrants and the poor to live among college-educated people to teach them how to manage city life. Settlement house guests were taught English, hygiene, and cooking. Addams and others also pioneered some of the first instruction in child care. Many other settlement houses modeled themselves after this particular house as the nineteenth century came to a close. Moreover, settlement houses soon became a meeting place for women activists.

Exodusters

This is the name for freed slaves who went in search of a new life or to find family members and friends. Spirited on by a former slave named Ben Singleton, as many as 25,000 former slaves uprooted their families and moved toward Kansas between 1878 and 1880. The name came about because they believed that somewhere in the West lay their promised land.

Vietcong

This is the name for the South Vietnamese fighters.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

This is the name given to Frederick Jackson Turner's speech "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier. But as the Civil War ended and Manifest Destiny was complete, there was no longer any part of the continent that Americans had not touched. This was a dangerous time for Americans in Turner's eyes; he felt the frontier encouraged democracy.

Little Rock Nine

This is the name given to the black students who were denied entrance into an all-white school in Arkansas in 1957. The were ultimately allowed entrance to the campus by a Federal Court ruling, but violent protests immediately broke out in the city. President Eisenhower ordered federal troops into the city to restore order and escort the students to their classes.

Mugwumps

This is the name given to the group that neither supported or opposed the Republican Party of this era.

white flight

This is the name given to the trend of American cities being drained of upper- and middle- class white families. In their place, poor and minority families and singles moved in. Once-booming downtown areas in cities such as Chicago and Detroit became rife with crime and poverty. Businesses often moved their headquarters out of the city and into the suburbs where workers lived, leaving empty buildings behind.

Stalwarts

This is the name given to those who had a special relationship with the Republican Party of this era. Their opposition was referred to as Halfbreeds.

Halfbreeds

This is the name given to those, unlike the Stalwarts, who were opposed to the Republican Party of this era.

closed shops

This is the term for businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union.

yellow journalism

This is the term given to a kind of writing that radically alters the truth of stories in an effort to sell more papers. The origin of the term was a popular color comic strip called "Yellow Kid" that ran exclusively in Hearst's paper, which often resorted to this kind of writing.

scabs

This is the term given to cheap replacement laborers when laborers are out on strike. Factory owners would often hire private police forces that would inflict violence on strikers as they attempted to protest these replacement workers.

Big Four

This is the term given to the men who met in Versailles on January 18, 1919, at the peace conference that ended World War I. These men were Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain.

satellite nations

This is the term given to the smaller nations which, from 1946 to 1948, were taken under the wing of the communist leaders installed by Moscow and the Soviets.

Gold Bugs

This is the term given to those who supported using gold, not silver, to back the value of the dollar. Grover Cleveland was one of these people.

muckrakers

This is the term, originally used by Theodore Roosevelt, for authors and journalists who wrote articles, essays, and books aimed at exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice. Despite the negative name, these writers were successful in gaining an audience and stirring up concerns among their readers. Magazines such as McClure's and Collier's were the first weapons of these writers.

Da Nang

This is where American forces landed in March 1965 in South Vietnam. This group of troops brought the troop strength up to 100,000.

Formosa

This is where Chiang Kai-Shek fled to when his nationalistic government collapsed in China.

38th Parallel

This location in Korea was the line crossed when the North Korean Army invaded the South in 1950. The North Koreans cut their way easily to the heart of the South. However, General MacArthur, an American, was able to push the North Koreans back across this line with a surprise landing of UN forces at Inchon, near the border of the two Koreas.

Immigration Act of 1965

This maintained a strict limit onthe number of immigrants admitted to the country each year. It eliminated the "national origins" system. It restricted immigration from some parts of Latin America.

John Ford

This man adapted The Grapes of Wrath in 1940.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

This man amassed a fortune in the steamboat business before venturing into rail. He led the modernization of older rails by placing his fortune into the conversion of eastern lines to common gauge steel rails, and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one name- the New York Central Railroad. By connecting and consolidating the smaller lines, he created linkages of major cities in the East and Midwest.

James Earl Ray

This man assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. He was captured 2 months later in London with no apparent motive.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

This man became president in 1932.

Herbert Hoover

This man became president in March 1929. The shantytowns that were established on the outskirts of cities during the Great Depression became known as "Hoovervilles".

Walt Disney

This man began to produce feature-length animated films,starting in 1937 with Snow White, after producing cartoon shorts for theaters in the late 1920s.

Ayatollah Khomeini

This man came to power when the Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979. He suddenly cut off the flow of petroleum to OPEC, causing a gas shortage.

Martin Dies

This man chaired the Congressional committees that investigate communist influence wherever they could find (or imagine) it. He did this with Hamilton Fish.

Hamilton Fish

This man chaired the Congressional committees that investigated communist influence wherever they could find (or imagine) it.

Frederick Law Olmstead

This man focused on bringing nature to the city by designing vast parks that were densely planted and meticulously planned. His Central Park in New York City set the standard for future urban beautification projects, with his use of winding trails, arched bridges, and open spaces that were nestled among the hustle bustle of city life.

Francisco Franco

This man fought against the existing republican government in the Spanish Civil War. He received support from Hitler and Mussolini and was thus allied with fascism.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

This man helped launch a series of nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a preacher before this.

Norman Thomas

This man led the Socialist Party of America

John L. Lewis

This man led the United Mine Workers on a strike in April 1946.

Stokely Carmichael

This man led the once nonviolent SNCC in 1966. Under his leadership, the group rejected integration and began touting "Black Power." He left SNCC for the Oakland California-based Black Panthers, who openly carried weapons and clashed with police on a regular basis.

"Boss" Tweed

This man led the political machine known as Tammany Hall in New York City. He and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small businessmen, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes.

John Dos Passos

This man made the U.S.A trilogy (1930-1936), which attacked what he considered the materialistic madness of American culture.

King Vidor

This man made the movie Our Daily Bread in 1932 which explored social questions.

Robert McNamara

This man originally helped the government fund the war but mysteriously left the government in 1968. Was Secretary of Defense

Booker T. Washington

This man rose to prominence during the late 1890s and argued that African Americans needed the skills necessary to work within the white world. In essence, he claimed that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites.

John D. Rockefeller

This man turned a small petroleum company into a monopoly by his business strategy of horizontal integration. His style was to control one aspect of the production process; in this case the refining stage. His Standard Oil Company eventually controlled 95 percent of refineries by the process of consolidation. He asked stockholders in competing companies to enter a trust in which they would sell him their shares of stock in exchange for trust certificates. The Board of Trustees would then control the business transactions of the now consolidated companies, driving other competitors out of business.

Clark Clifford

This man was McNamara's successor as Secretary of Defense. He became a quiet but powerful voice.

Medgar Evers

This man was a NAACP official who was murdered the night that the black students were enrolled in University of Alabama.

Malcolm X

This man was a disciple of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. He openly criticized Dr. King and his followers as "Uncle Toms" who had sold themselves out to whites. While not advocating the use of violence, he did encourage followers to respond to violence perpetrated against them with violence in self-defense. This man took his requite Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca and returned a changed man in 1964. Preaching love and understanding, he left the Nation of Islam and was assassinated by members of the Nation as he spoke to a congregation in February 1965.

Pare Lorentz

This man was a filmmaker who made two powerful documentaries- The Plow that Broke the Plains (1936) and The River (1937)- that combined a celebration of New Deal programs with a harsh critique of the exploitation of people and the environment that industrial capitalism had produced. He did this with funding from New Deal agencies.

Richard Wright

This man was a major African American writer who wrote the powerful novel Native Son (1940) about the desperate plight of residents of black urban ghettoes.

James Agee

This man was a novelist who, along with photographer Walker Evans, created the book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. This man had traveled to rural Alabama in the mid-1930s on an assignment from Fortune magazine to produce an article about sharecropping and rural poverty.

Ben Shahn

This man was a photographer

Walker Evans

This man was a photographer who, along with novelist James Agee, created Let US Now Praise Famous Men.

Thomas Nast

This man was a political cartoonist for Harper's Weekly and became "Boss" Tweed's archenemy as he began drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine's corruption and greed.

John L. Lewis

This man was a powerful (and strongly anticommunist) labor leader.

Chiang Kai-shek

This man was a rising power in China and he opposed Mao Zedong. Truman supported this man in hopes of having him as an ally.

Robert Weaver

This man was a senator and the first African American to serve in the cabinet (Department of Housing and Urban Development).

Sirhan Sirhan

This man was a young Palestinian who shot Robert Kennedy in the head after he won the California primaries. He killed him because of some pro-Israeli remarks that Kennedy made.

H.L. Mitchell

This man was a young socialist who organized the Southern Tenant Farmer's Union.

George F. Kennan

This man was an American diplomat who, after the war, warned the US that the only way to deal with Russia was to contain the soviet power from expanding further.