APUSH exam
"Billion Dollar Congress"
Republican congress of 1890. passed record # of significant laws that helped shape later policies and asserted authority of federal govt., gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government silver purchases, and passed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890. Benjamin Harrison was president at the time.
William McKinley
Republican nominee in 1896 election
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Responsible for obtaining information in open and covert ways.
Sixth Amendment
Right to a fair and speedy trial
Second Amendment
Right to bear arms
Fourteenth Amendment
Rights of citizens
cuyahoga fires
River in cleveland that occasionally burst into flames due to the petroleum waste that was being dumped into it
the rolling stones
Rock and Roll band whose main themes were anger, frustration, and rebellion
William Berkeley
Nathaniel Bacon demanded that this person grant him the authority to raise a militia and attack the nearby tribes
NSC-68
National Security Council report that said that US could not rely on allies to resist communism. Called for a major expansion of military power.
Chief Tecumseh
Native American chief that unified area tribes in an effort to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois, both before and after the war
Tenskwatawa
Native American that led an extensive revivial of traditional Native American culture and religion
War of 1812
Native Americans aligned themselves with the british
Boston
New England's major port city
middle colonies
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey. had more fertile land and therefore focused primarily on farming
nixon resignation
Nixon resigned from office on August 8, 1974, becoming the first president in American History ever to do so.
melvin laird
Nixon's secretary of defense
william rogers
Nixon's secretary of state
spiro agnew
Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford.
Eighth Amendment
No cruel or unusual punishment
Twenty-fourth Amendment
No poll taxes
Third Amendment
No quartering of troops in civilian homes
Fifth Amendment
No trial without a grand jury indictment; no double jeopardy; an accused person cannot be forced to testify; private property cannot be taken without just compensation
Fourth Amendment
No unlawful searches or seizures
bernard devoto
Non mormon historian who grew up in Utah and studied at Harvard (or some other east coast school).
D-Day
Normandy invasion planned by Big Three at Tehran (November 1943)
"white man's burden"
Notion that people not of European extraction were unfit to rule themselves, derived from a poem by Rudyard Kipling in response to US annexing Philippines
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery, published in 1852. Powerful piece of propaganda
organization of petroleum exporting countries
OPEC, informal bargaining party that decided to raise prices for all nations that supported Israel
Watts Riot
Occurred in the summer of 1965. In Los Angeles. A white officer struck a black protester with his club and this caused a week of violence. 34 people died because of this.
"Black Tuesday"
October 29, 1929. After a week of steadily rising instability, the market began to fall apart. All efforts to save the market failed. Sixteen million shares of stock were traded; the industrial index dropped 43 points (or nearly 10 percent), wiping out all the gains of the previous year; stocks in many companies became virtually worthless. Within a month, stocks had lost half their September value, and despite occasional, short-lived rallies, they continued to decline for several years after that.
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution"
Andrew Jackson
"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it." Basically, he refused to comply with the Court's decision regarding the Cherokee nation
Twentieth Amendment
"Lame Duck" amendment. Shorten period between election and inauguration
white males
"We the People" met only this group in the 1830s
coureurs du bois
"runners in the woods" french colonists that helped trade furs
Battle of Concord
"the shot heard 'round the world"
Poor Richard's Almanack
(1732-1758) Pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin,published yearly. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense
Frederick Douglass
(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star. eloquent advocator of freedom and equality
Fifteenth Amendment
(1869) required states to enfranchise black men
Treaty of San Lorenzo, Pinckney's Treaty
(2 names) treaty Signed with Spain in 1795, gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida. Ratified by the Senate in 1796 and often considered the high point of Washington's administration
Bunker Hill
(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran-out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.
"Bank Holiday"
On March 6, FDR issued a proclamation closing all American banks fr four days until Congress could meet in special session to consider banking reform legislation. This created a general sense of relief and hope because of how great the panic about bank failures was.
"Pumpkin papers"
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"blacklist"
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38th Parallel
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Adlai Stevenson
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Alger Hiss
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Dwight Eisenhower
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Film noir
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
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Inchon invasion
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J. Edgar Hoover
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Joseph McCarthy
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
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Klaus Fuchs
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McCarran Internal Security Act
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Office of Defense Mobilization
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Omar Bradley
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Richard M. Nixon
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Syngman Rhee
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
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The "Checkers Speech"
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The "Hollywood Ten"
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The Korean War
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The Twilight Zone
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Truman-MacArthur conflict
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Whittaker Chambers
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Bill of Rights (basic outline)
1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition 2. Right to bear arms in order to maintain a well-regulated militia 3. No quartering of soldiers in private homes 4. Freedom from unreasonable search and seizure 5. Right to due process of law, freedom from self incrimination, double jeopardy 6. Right of accused persons, such as the right to a speedy and public trial 7. Right of trial by jury in civil cases 8. Freedom from excessive bail and from cruel and unusual punishment 9. Rights not listed are kept by the people 10. Powers not listed are kept by the states or the people
Lodge Reservations
12 reservations to the post war agreement (treaty of versailles). Wilson refused to accept these. defeated by the democrats/irreconcilables
Edict of Nantes
1598. Provided for religious toleration of the Huguenots, ended France's possibility for dominating the colonial scene
Quartering Act of 1765
1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Stamp Act
1765. Was a tax specifically aimed at raising revenue, demonstrated that the colonies' tradition was being taken Parliament. Broad based tax, covering all legal documents and licenses. Affected everyone, particularly the literate (lawyers), was a tax on goods produced in the colonies. Because of all of these reasons, reaction to this was very negative. law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Trail of Tears
1835 - 1838 when thousands of Cherokees walked to Oklahoma under the supervision of the U.S. Army
gag rule
1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress
William Henry Harrison
1841 became the first Whig president, died a month after taking office.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848 treaty that ended the Mexican American war. Mexico handed over all of the modern southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah
Mexican Cession
1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles of present day Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah
James Buchanan
1856 democratic presidential candidate. won the presidency. worked to enforce fugitive slave act, opposed abolitionist activism.
Thomas Edison
1876 built his workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Best known for invention of light bulb, pioneering the development of power plants.
Munn v. Illinois
1877 Supreme Court case when the court upheld an Illinois state law regulating railroads and grain elevators
Haymarket Square Riot
1886 labor demonstration in Chicago a bomb went off, killing police. Many blamed the incident on the radicals within the union movement.
Dawes Severalty Act
1887 broke up the reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each Native American family. Gave 160 acres, required they live on the land for 25 years. Main goal was to integrate Native Americans more closely with the whites.
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
1890 book by Captain Alfred T. Mahan, detailed the government's interest in imperialism. argued tat successful foreign trade relied on access to foreign ports
Wilson-Gormon Tariff
1894, essentially resembled the schedule established by the McKinley Tariff. Considered one of the causes of the Spanish American war.
US v. E.C. Knight Co.
1895 Supreme Court case that ruled that this company, that controlled 98% of the sugar refining plats in the US, did not violate the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Prohibition
18th amendment. banned the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages
Insular Cases
1901 - 1903. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not follow the flag; Congress was free to administer each overseas possession as it chose, depending on the particular situation
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914, made allowances for collective bargaining (labor unions)
Espionage Act
1917. Prohibited anyone from using the US mail system to interfere with the war effort
Sedition Act
1918. made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flag, the military, or the Constitution
Schenck v. United States
1919. Supreme court case that held up the Espionage Act. Involved prominent socialist/critic of American capitalism who was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage Act when he printed and mailed leaflets urging men to resist the draft
Truth in Securities Act
1933. This was passed to restore confidence in the stock market. This required corporations to give the public any information about their new securities.
committee for the re-election of the president
1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved this to spy on the Democrats.
geraldine ferraro
1984 democratic party candidate for vice president
neil armstrong
1st person to walk on the moon his famous words "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
Leif Eriksson, Bjarni Herjolfsson
2 Norse explorers
Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan
2 attorneys in the Scopes Monkey Trial
Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas
2 nicknames for Kansas during the 1850s, earned because of all of the deadly conflict over slavery
Oneida community (New York), New Harmony community (Indiana)
2 other utopian groups like the shakers
Wyoming, Idaho
2 territories populous enough to achieve statehood in 1890
buzz aldrin
2nd man to walk on the moon
William Howard Taft
2nd progressive president. drove two amendments: 16th - instituted national income tax 17th - allowed for the direct election of senators pursued monopolies even more aggressively
Nathaniel Hawthorne (Scarlet Letter), Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
3 famous transcendentalist authors
midwestern merchants and farmers, western settlers, eastern importers
3 groups attracted to the new political party the republicans
Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists
3 main religious groups involved in the Second Great Awakening
Rutherford B. Hayes, Majes Garfield, Chester A. Arthur
3 presidents during the Gilded Age that were concerned primarily with civil service reform
Woodrow Wilson
3rd progressive president. Democrat. argued that the federal government had to assume greater control over business to protect man's freedom. won election of 1912
Spain, France, The Netherlands, England
4 main colonizing powers in North America
North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Montana
4 territories populous enough to achieve statehood in 1889
furman v georgia
8th Amendment Capital punishment. It raised the question of racial imbalances in the use of the death penaltyby state courts. Many states rewrote the death penalty statutes.
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression
Eleventh Amendment
A lawsuit brought about by a citizen of the U.S. or a foreign nation must be tried in state court, not federal court
party ticket
A list of a political party's candidates for various offices
Pocahontas
A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; her brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.
carpetbaggers
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. some Americans believed they had a God-given right to the Western territories
archibald cox
A professor of Harvard law school who also worked with the Department of Labor. He was the appointed Special Prosecutor over the Watergate case.
Tariff of 1828
A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. 50% tariff
Bacon's Rebellion
A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land (1676)
the beatles
A rock 'n' roll singing group from Liverpool, England that was phenomenally popular in the middle and late 1960s.
fugitive slave law
A rule that was written in the Compromise of 1850 that stated: If a slave goes from the South to the North, they are a fugitive slave and can be returned to the South. It also included the deputization of ordinary citizens so that they were unable to refuse to help.
nullification
A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country. American business looked for new markets because of an increase in this. 1876 centennial celebration heightened national pride
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
A substantial group of young Americans- more than 3,000 in all- formed this group and traveled to Spain to join in what they considered a fight against the fascists.
checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea contained several antagonistic measures. taxed goods imported directly from Britain - the first tax to do so. Some of the tax collected was set aside for the payment of tax collectors, meaning the colonists could no longer withhold government officials' payments to get what they wanted. also created even more vice-admiralty courts. suspended New York Legislature because it had refused to comply with the Quartering Act. instituted Writs of Assistance
duel
Aaron Burr challenged Alexander Hamilton to this after accusing him of sabotaging his political career. Ended up killing Hamilton.
Thirteenth Amendment
Abolished slavery
Mother Jones
Active among the railroad workers and coal miners, this female activist traveled the country protesting and lobbying for the rights of all worker. Even as she lost her ability to write and walk without assistance, she continued to fight for labor rights up until her death at the age of 94 in 1930.
confiscation acts
Acts introduced to congress by the radical republicans that: 1. gave the government the rights to seize any slaves used for insurrectionary purposes 2. allowed the government to liberate any slave owned by someone who supported the rebellion, even if that support was limited to paying taxes to the Confederacy
arab oil embargo
After the U.S. backed Israel in its war against Syria and Egypt, which had been trying to regain territory lost in the Six-Day War, the Arab nations imposed an oil embargo, which strictly limited oil in the U.S. and caused a crisis
Immigration and Control Act of 1986
Aiming to put a damper on illegal immigration that occurred mainly at the country's southern border with Mexico, Congress passed this act. Despite this act, illegal immigration into the US continued, allowing some 12 million undocumented aliens into the country by 1990.
Potsdam
Allies met again here to decide how to implement agreements made at Yalta
judicial review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws
The Nation of Islam
Also called the Black Muslims, this religious group followed the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Members of this group assassinated Malcolm X when he left them.
Seward's Folly
Also known as "Seward's Icebox," this is the nickname given to Alaska when it was first purchased. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase the icy land from Russia for a sum of $7.2 million in 1867. Not until the twentieth century would Americans realize the sweet deal they received when oil drillers found that Alaska was rich with fossil fuel.
new markets
America began looking overseas to find this
expansionism
America moving into regions to do business, supported by most Americans
New England
America's manufacturing center during and after the War of 1812
patriots
American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won consisted mostly of white Protestant property holders and gentry, as well as urban artisans
cambodia invasion
American forces invaded cambodia to oust remaining north vietnamese bases. revitalized anti war protests
independent internationalism
American foreign policy objectives that were aimed primarily at promoting and maintaining peace. other name for isolationism
rugged individualism
American ideal that president Hoover thought federal relief efforts opposed
Open Door Policy
American policy that McKinely thought for all Western nations hoping to trade with Asia
Maine
American warship that exploded in the Havana (Cuba) harbor, began US involvement in Cuban civil war
father knows best
Among many situation comedies that portrayed women as housewives and mothers whose roles were to serve their children and please their husbands.
little richard
An African American rock-n-roll singer and recorded hit songs in the 50's including Tutti Fruiti
chuck berry
An African-American rock 'n' roll musician and composer, who influenced many musicians of the 1950s and 1960s, including the Beatles and Bob DyLan.
salutary neglect
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
unions
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa
Bay of Pigs
An invasion took place in April 1961 in this location in Cuba. With faulty intelligence, CIA operatives landed here and were immediately surrounded by unhappy Cubans. The invasion was a failure and an embarrassment for President Kennedy.
Gospel of Wealth
Andrew Carnegie. Great wealth brought with it social responsibility. Advocated philanthropy, as by building libraries and museums, but not charity.
pet banks
Andrew Jackson kept government funds in these. State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank.
swann v charlotte-mecklenburg board of education
Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools
The Geneva Convention
At this convention in 1954, the region of Indochina was divided into 3 nations: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The convention also decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with the communists led by Ho Chi Minh in the North and anti-communists led by Ngo Dinh Diem in the South. It was further decided that elections to reunite Vietnam would occur in 2 years.
elliot richardson
Attorney General that resigned instead of firing Cox
Shay's Rebellion
August 1786 - 1787. Army of 1,500 farmers marched on Springfield to protest unfair economic and political policies. Revealed lingering resentment that backcountry farmers harbored toward the costal elite. Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
michael harrington
Author who wrote The Other American. He alerted those in the mainstream to what he saw in the run-down and hidden communities of the country.
Tenochitlan
Aztec capital
sugar
Barabdos's primary export
Black Panthers
Based in Oakland, California. This was one of the most revolutionary organizations of the black-power idea.
French Revolution
Began in 1789 and then became hostile in 1792 when France declared war Austria. The French sought help from America by regarding the France-American alliance of 1778. In response, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. Washington did not want to damage the new country's trade business. HS: Led to the declaring of the Neutrality Proclamation, which led to arguments between the French and Americans. Finally they came to peace in 1800.
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin
Big Three
scandals of the 1870s
Black Friday (1869), Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872), New York Custom House Ring (1872), Star Route Frauds (1872 - 1876), Sunburn Incident (1874), Pratt and Boyd Scandal (1875), Whisky Ring (1875), Delano Affair (1875), Trading Post Scandal (1876), Alexander Cattell and Co. Scandal (1876), Sfae Burglary (1876)
the lonely crowd
Book written by David Riesman that criticized the people of the 50s who no longer made decisions based on morals, ethics and values; they were allowing society to tell them what is right and wrong.
accommodationist
Booker T. Washington was accused of being this because he refused to press for immediate equal rights.
Mark Twain
Born Samuel Clemens, he is one of the most famous and prolific realists, who captured the ruggedness of the frontier and South with humor and satire.
War of the League of Augsburg
British name for the war against French and Native Americans on the Canadian boarder
salutary neglect
British treatment of the colonies prior to the French and Indian War An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
The "Fair Deal"
Called for expansion for Social Security benefits, the raising of the legal minimum wage from 40 to 65 cents an hour, a program to ensure full employment through aggressive use of federal spending and investment, a permanent Fair Employment Practices Act, public housing and slum clearance, long-range environmental and public works planning, and gov. promotion of scientific research.
Coolidge prosperity
Calvin Coolidge's 1924 election slogan
Nineteenth Amendment
Can't deny someone the right to vote on the basis of gender
Fifteenth Amendment
Can't deny someone the right to vote on the basis of race
League of Women Voters
Carrie Chapman Catt formed this group to assist the new voters who were granted the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Twelfth Amendment
Changes the procedure for electing president and vice president
earl warren
Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes.
John Marshall
Chief justice during Marbury v. Madison. established and strengthened judicial review throughout his career. Federalist
Seventh Amendment
Civil cases require a jury trial
Contact Period
Columbus's arrival marked the beginning of this. in which Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and ideas in the Columbian Exchange
Pleiku
Communist forces attacked an American base here in February 1965.
Yalta Conference
Conference where Russia was promised some of the land that they had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Also created the UN
Potsdam Conference
Conference with Truman, Churchill, and Stalin. Polish-German border was adjusted and then basically the US, GB, and France zones of Germany united, and the Russia zone became separate pro-Soviet government.
Jonathan Edwards
Congregationalist minister during the Great Awakening. famous for his graphic descriptions of hell. famous speech "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Tenure of Office Act
Congressional Republicans passed this act, which disallowed the executive to discharge a federal appointee without consent of the Senate. The act was an attempt by Republicans to protect their numbers from the angry hand of President Andrew Johnson. Johnson chose to ignore the act and fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Republican. The house of Representatives submitted articles of impeachment to the floor by charging Johnson with 11 counts of "high crimes and misdemeanors." He was impeached by the House, but the Senate failed to convict Johnson by only one vote.
harry blackmun
One of Nixon's Supreme Court appointment and was the author of Roe v. Wade.
Commission on Civil Disorders
Created as a result of all of the riots. Issued a celebrated report in the spring of 1968 recommending massive spending to eliminate the abysmal conditions of the ghettoes.
Annapolis Convention
Created by Alexander Hamilton. only five delegates showed up. A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention
National Security Council (NSC)
Created by the National Security Act of 1947. It governed foreign and military policy.
Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
Created in 1935. Worked to make electric power available to farmers.
Atomic Energy Commission
Created in 1946. It was the supervisory committee that watched all nuclear research.
Glass-Steagall Act
Created in June 1933. Gave the government to regulate irresponsible speculation by banks.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Created on April 4, 1949. If one member was attacked than all members would fight together.Members had a standing military in Europe to prevent a Soviet invasion. This made Stalin form his own version of this, the Warsaw Pact, with all of the communist governments of Eastern Europe.
Truman Doctrine
Created on March 12, 1947. Based off of Kennan's arguments for containing soviet power. Also gave $400 million to Greece and Turkey as aid.
National Security Act of 1947
Created the CIA and NSC. It reshaped the nation's major military and diplomatic institutions.
Pontiac
Ottawa war chief that rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate in the 1896 election backed by the Populists
Ninth Amendment
People's rights are not limited to those mentioned in the Constitution
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. Under James Madison's presidency
yom kippur war
Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur)
Aswan Dam
Egyptian leader Nasser asked the US for assistance in building this structure. The US refused, however as Egypt looked to threaten the security of the new Jewish state of Israel.
Twenty-sixth Amendment
Eighteen year old voters
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Eisenhower saw the creation of this administration in 1958 to get the US back in the running with the Soviets with regards to space travel.
military-industrial complex
Eisenhower warned of this in his farewell address
charles wilson
Eisenhower's secretary of defense; kept Pentagon budget under control
john foster dulles
Eisenhower's secretary of state. dominant figure in the administrations foreign policy
South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Eisenhower, fearing what he called the "domino theory" (where one Asian nation would fall to communism and the rest would follow), urged Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to snap to action. He created this group, which resembled NATO, to give mutual military assistance to member nations and hold up anticommunist Ngo Dinh Diem's crumbling regime in South Vietnam.
Treaty of Versailles
Ended WWI. Under this, Germany was forced to cede German and colonial territories to the Allies, to disarm, to pay huge reparations, and to admit total fault for WWI.
blockade
England imposed this on shipments headed for Germany, particularly those coming from the US.
proprietary colony
English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment
George Grenville
English prime minister, felt that the colonists should help pay the debt of the Seven Years' War
Coercive Acts
English response to the Boston Tea Party. convinced many colonists that their days of semi-autonomy were over and that the future held even further encroachments on their liberties by the Crown
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Established by Johnson in 1966. This was his new cabinet administration. Robert Weaver was a senator and the first African American to serve in the cabinet.
The Berlin Wall
Established by the East German government on August 13, 1961. This wall separated East and West Germany.
Resettlement Administration (RA)
Established in 1935. Gave farmers loans to help them relocate to better land when the land that they were working on was not the best.
Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Established in 1937. Gave farmers loans to help them move to better land when their land was not very good.
Sixteenth Amendment
Established national income tax
The United Nations
Every member represented. permanent reps for US, GB, France, Russia, and China. US joined this org.
enumerated powers
Powers given to the national government alone
Emergency Banking Act
FDR sent this to Congress three days after the Bank Holiday. This was a generally conservative bill designed primarily to protect the larger banks from being draged down by the weakness of smaller ones. The bill provided for Treasury Department inspection of all banks before they would e allowed to reopen, for federal assistance to some troubled institutions, and for a thorough reorganization of those banks in the greatest difficulty. Congress passed this within a few hours. It helped dispel the panic.
"Cross of Gold"
Famous speech by William Jennings Bryan in which he argued that an easy money supply, though inflationary, would loosen the control that Northern banking interests held over the country
nixon in china
February 21 - Nixon visited for a week to meet with Chairman Mao Tse-Tung for improved relations with China, Called "ping-pong diplomacy" because Nixon played ping pong with Mao during his visit. Nixon agreed to support China's admission to the United Nations.
termination
Federal government tried to incorporate tribes into mainstream america
Alan shepherd
First american in space
yuri gargarin
First in space. First to orbit the earth
South Carolina, December 1860
First state to succeed and time of succession
Commonwealth of Independent States
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Boris Yeltsin took the role of president of Russia. He joined with the 14 other former Soviet republics to create this temporary organization.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
Formulated by Stephen Douglas. created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
President Clinton created this agreement that opened free trade with Canada and Mexico, allowing the flow of more goods, services, and jobs across the international borders. The agreement was hotly contested by organized labor and conservative groups who saw the agreement as selling American jobs to cheap labor across the border, while compromising America's sovereignty to international arbitration boards. It was signed in 1993, reducing restrictions and tariffs on goods and services that were to be transported between the US, Canada, and Mexico.
Citizen Edmond Genêt
French government representative that visited America to seek assistance. his visit sparked large, enthusiastic rallies held by American supporters of the revolution
War of 1812
French-English dispute that eventually led to this (JM), 1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act
Platt Amendment
Gave the US control over Cuba's foreign affairs. US could intervene in Cuba's domestic and foreign affairs, US granted land to build a naval base (Guantanamo Bay)
u-boats
German submarines
"zone of occupation"
Germany split into four of these. US, GB, France, and Russia each had their own.
Benjamin Harrison
Gilded Age president that believed in a strong federal government
Grover Cleveland
Gilded Age president that believed that a government governed best was governed least
First Amendment
Guarantees basic civil liberties; Free speech, press, religion, assembly and petition
broad (loose) constructionist position
Hamilton's opposing viewpoint to the strict constitutionalists. Argued that the creation of the national bank was an implied power of the government because the government already had the power to coin/borrow money and collect taxes. Washington agreed and signed the bill
john dean
He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped lead to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.
Office of Equal Opportunity (OEO)
President Johnson created this group, which oversaw the creation of the Job Corps program that provided career training to inner-city and rural citizens. This group was also in charge of the Head Start program, which provided free or low-cost pre-schooling for disadvantaged children to ready them for elementary school.
Teller Amendment
President McKinley added this amendment to the declaration of war against the Spanish. The amendment assured Cuba and the world that the United States intended to grant Cuba her independence once the war ended.
Gentlemen's Agreement
President Roosevelt crafted this agreement between the San Francisco School Board and the Japanese government. The school board would allow Japanese students to enter public school if the Japanese government would help stem the tide of immigrants coming to California.
Federal Trade Commission
President Wilson created this commission in 1914 to control monopolies. This regulatory agency would monitor interstate business activities and force companies that broke laws to comply with government's "cease and desist" orders.
leon jaworski
He was the next Special Prosecutor of the Watergate case after Cox was fired. J aworski was responsible for bringing to light many damaging facts of the Watergate break-in and subsequent cover-up.
Twenty-Fifth Amendment
Presidential succession and disability
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) I
Presidents Bush and Yeltsin signed this treaty in 1991, which drastically reduced the number of nuclear warheads in both countries.
Walden
Henry David Thoreau's most famous work. an account of the two years he spent living alone in a cabin on Walden Pond
Agricultural Marketing Act
Hoover proposed this in April 1929, which established the first major government program to help farmers maintain prices. A federally sponsored Farm Board would make loans to national marketing cooperatives or establish corporations to buy surpluses and thus raise prices.
"Education is the great equalizer"
Horace Mann's famous belief
international buisness machine
IBM produced major data processing
Transcontinental Railroad
In 1862, Lincoln promised America would have this before the decade was over. From 1863 - 1869, farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and war veterans worked to make this a reality
National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
In 1868, Oliver H. Kelley organized this group as a fraternity of brothers and their families. Soon the social atmosphere of their meetings was replaced by a political zeal. They sought to break the hold of railroad owners and middlemen who kept raising the price of farming. By the mid-1870s, there were meetings across the country. Members organized farm cooperatives and kept railroads and silo owners under watch. Due to their political clout, laws that regulated rates farmers could be charged for shipping by rail or using grain elevators were passed in many states.
George Custer
In 1876, this colonel marched into the Black Hills of South Dakota, a section of the Sioux Indian reservation, and proclaimed the discovery of gold. As a result, the hills soon became flooded with gold seekers, which enraged the Sioux. To quell a possible Sioux uprising, this colonel marched his column of men deep into Sioux territory, only to discover some 2,500 Sioux warriors waiting for them at the Little Big Horn River. The colonel and his men were cut down by the Native American warriors, who were soon hunted themselves by white reinforcements.
Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1896, this landmark case was brought before the Supreme Court. In this case, a mulatto man who was seven-eighths white and only one-eighth African American refused to give up his seat on a "whites only" railcar in Louisiana and was arrested. He sued, claiming that his civil rights had been violated. The court ruled that because a car was provided for passengers of color, the state of Louisiana had not violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The justices used the "separate but equal" doctrine to Justify their decision.
Underwood Tariff Bill
In 1913, President Wilson persuaded Congress to pass this bill. It imposed the first permanent federal income tax on the well-to-do. The income tax had strong constitutional leg on which to stand, since the Sixteenth Amendment had made federal income taxes legal.
Lusitania
In 1915, this British luxury liner was sunk by the Germans off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of almost 1,200 people, about 130 of those American. President Wilson, still not wishing to enter the war, issued a stern warning to the Germans to cease submarine warfare on unarmed ships. After the sinking of another liner that cost the lives of two Americans, the Germans finally agreed to stop this type of attack.
Jonas Salk
In 1955, this man discovered the serum that would immunize humans against polio. Using a live strain of the virus, he was successful in developing a vaccine that would almost eradicate the disease within the US by the 1960s.
Nikita Khrushchev
In 1958, this Soviet Premier demanded the removal of Westerners from Berlin within 6 months. He later joined forces with Fidel Castro to threaten U.S. national security.
Fidel Castro
In 1959, this revolutionary overthrew the brutal dictator Batista in Cuba. He nationalized businesses owned by Americans and introduced massive land reforms. He then set off to build his communist state on the lucrative island. This man and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev joined forces to threaten U.S.national security.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
In 1972, Congress passed this amendment which would disallow states and the federal government to discriminate on the basis of sex. Unfortunately for the women's movement, the amendment fell short of its required number of ratifying states and died in the 1980s.
Three Mile Island
In 1979, this nuclear plant in Pennsylvania sent a cloud of radioactive gas into the air. It was soon discovered that in a rush to get the plant on-line, many shortcuts had been taken that ultimately threatened the safety of the plant. Nuclear power was no longer a viable option for most Americans.
Timothy McVeigh
In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist.
Marshall Plan
In June 1947, Truman's secretary of state masterminded this plan t give Western Europe massive amounts of financial assistance and political support for rebuilding democratic forms of government. Congress readily approved this plan, which would supply $3 billion in aid over a 4 year period. This plan was an economic miracle for Western Europe. By the end of the era the region was entirely self-sufficient, and communism had been contained away from vulnerable countries.
Scottsboro Case
In March 1931, nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in northern Alabama (in a small town near Scottsboro) and arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women who had also been riding the train accused them of rape. In fact, there was overwhelming evidence, medical and otherwise, that the women had not been raped at all; they may have made their accusations out of fear of being arrested themselves. Nevertheless, an all-white jury in Alabama quickly convicted all nine of the "Scottsboro boys" (as they were known to both friends and foes) and sentenced eight of them to death.
Truman Doctrine
In March 1947, Truman made this speech where he asked Congress for funding to assist Greece and Turkey in repelling a possible communist take-over. The president's speech explained that the US had a duty to give financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. This policy passed its first test, as both Greece and Turkey successfully thwarted communism.
Birmingham bombing
In September, a black church was bombed in Birmingham, killing 4 African American children.
"Lublin" Poles
Pro-communist people put in charge of Poland by Stalin.
"London" Poles
Pro-western people who Roosevelt wanted to be part of the Polish Gov.
Pure Food and Drug Act
In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Meat Inspection Act passed in 1906.
Meat Inspection Act
In response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, which exposed the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, President Roosevelt worked to get this act and the Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906.
Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition
the new left
In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.
Seventeenth Amendment
Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by a popular vote instead of the state legislatures
Twenty-third Amendment
Provided the District of Columbia with 3 electors in the electoral college
horizontal integration
In this business strategy, used by John D. Rockefeller, a company controls one aspect of the business. In Rockefeller's case, he controlled everything related to the refining stage of oil production.
vertical integration
In this business tactic, an owner single-handedly controls every aspect of the production process for a product. Andrew Carnegie used this tactic in steel production. His company did everything from the mining of the ore, to the distribution of the final product to the customer.
Schenck v. U.S.
In this pivotal case, the Supreme Court, with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writing the majority opinion, upheld the Espionage Act by stating that Congress could limit the right of free speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "Evils" that the government was seeking to stop.
Congregationalists
Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within
Military Reconstruction Act
Radical Republicans passed this act in 1867. The act divided the South into five districts that would be managed by military forces stationed there- in other words, martial law was in effect. The act further tightened the requirements for the readmission of former Confederate states by requiring petitioning states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and provide for universal manhood suffrage.
Force Bill
Jackson had Congress authorize this. Treated to call in troops to enforce the tariff.
Second Bank of the United States
Jackson saw that this failed by vetoing Congress's attempt to recharter the bank and by withdrawing federal funds and depositing them into state pet banks
"No taxation without representation"
James Otis's primary argument
John Rolfe
Jamestown settler known for 2 things: 1. Marrying Pocahontas 2. Pioneered the practice of growing tobacco
Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack on December 7 that officially initiated US involvement in WWII
Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover
Jazz Era presidents (3). pursued pro-business policies
"the bloodless revolution"
Jefferson referred to his victory and the non-violent transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans as this
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's opponent in the election of 1800
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams often allowed this man to take charge
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams's vice president. Democratic-Republican. 3rd president
Harper's Ferry
John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged
Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller owned this company, which eventually controlled 95 percent of the refineries in the United States.
"Swing Around the Circle"
Johnson's public speaking tour
Warsaw Pact
Joseph Stalin formed this alliance in 1955, which provided the military protection but at a cost-once a country was a member, it could never leave the alliance.
"Freedom Rides"
Kids would travel by bus throughout the south. They tried to force the desegregation of bus stations. They were often met with violence. This continued until Attorney General Robert Kennedy ordered the integration of all buses and train stations.
Hugh Johnson
Leader of the NRA. Wanted companies to give workers good wages and hours so he made "laws", basically, that made companies have certain limitations to what they could do with a worker's wages and hours.
Senator Gerald Nye
Led Nye Commission
Horace Greeley
Liberal republican candidate that ran against Grant in 1872 election
william calley
Lieutenant that oversaw the massacre of 100 vietnamese civilians
Sedition Act
Like the Espionage Act, this act of 1917 was aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to free speech. Socialists such as Eugene V. Debs were targeted and arrested.
Twenty-Second Amendment
Limits president to 2 terms
"house divided" speech
Lincoln during debates: "this nation cannot exist permanently half slave and half free"
national currency
Lincoln initiated the printing of this
"those states in rebellion"
Lincoln referred to the Confederate States as this
pocket veto
Lincoln utilized this with the Wade Davis Bill. A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.
Ten Percent Plan
Lincoln's plan that required 10% of voters who had voted in the 1860 election to swear allegiance to the Union and accept the 13th amendment. His plan for state re-admittance
Salmon P. Chase
Lincoln's treasury secretary
36°30'
Line designed as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise
Taft-Hartley Act
Made closed shops illegal and it called for a "cooling-off" period of ten days before a strike.
yellow-dog contract
Many prospective employers made their employees sign this document, also called an "ironclad oath." By signing this document, the worker agreed not to join a union as a condition of employment.
Teheran Conference
Meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. Stalin agreed to have Russia enter war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated.
Stalwarts
Members of the Republican Party that believed that all government jobs should go to loyal republicans
Half Breeds
Members of the Republican Party that thought that qualified Democrats should be able to keep their jobs even after a Republican was elected
robber barons
Men such as Jay Gould earned this nickname because they artificially inflated the value of their company's stock, sold the stock to the public, and pocketed the profits. The company then went bankrupt, leaving the stockholders with nothing.
border states
Missouri, Knetucky, Maryland, Deleware. slave states that fought for the union
Warren Harding
More liberal on issues of civil liberty. Supported anti-lynching laws, tried to help farmers by providing more money for farm loans.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Much like the Truman Doctrine, this doctrine was meant to provide financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. However, this particular doctrine pointed at the Middle East.
"payola" scandals
Music industry people were taking gifts and would not report them for taxes, investigation begins in November 1959
Twenty-first Amendment
Repealed prohibition
Frank Capra
This man was an Italian-born director who had a deep and somewhat romanticized love for his adopted country, and he translated that love into a vaguely populistic admiration for ordinary people. He contrasted the decency of small-town American and the common man with what he considered the grasping opportunism of the ciry and the greedy capitalist marketplace. He made Mr. Deeds Goes to Town in 1936 and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington in 1939.
Orson Welles
This man was an actor-director who created a memorable event on Halloween night, 1938, when he broadcast a radio play about aliens landing in central New Jersey and setting off toward New York armed with terrible weapons. The play took the form of a news broadcast, and it created panic among millions of people who believed for a while that the events it described were real.
Strom Thurmond
This man was governor of South Carolina and the leader of the "Dixiecrats".
Robert La Follette
This man was governor of Wisconsin and later became a U.S. Senator. Under his leadership, Wisconsin became the model for increased voter power at the ballot box.
Michael Schwerner
This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the South. He arrived with Andrew Goodman and James Chaney. They were all murdered.
James Chaney
This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the South. He arrived with Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner. He was the only African American of the 3.
Andrew Goodman
This man was one of the first 3 American civil rights workers to arrive in the south. He arrived with Michael Schwerner and James Chaney. They were all murdered.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
This man was president for 12 years. This man's administration was known as the New Deal and it had created many of the broad outlines of the political world we know today. This man did frequent "fireside chats" during which he explained in simple terms his programs and plans to the people. The fireside chats helped build confidence in the administration.
Douglas MacArthur
This man was put in charge of the government of Japan in the first few years after WWII.
Samuel Gompers
This man was the American Federation of Labor leader. He hailed the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1913 as the "Magna Carta of Labor"
Jack Ruby
This man was the Dallas night club owner who killed Lee Harvey Oswald.
Eugene McCarthy
This man was the Democratic candidate who ran against Lyndon Johnson in the 1968 primaries. He almost defeated Johnson. Was senator of Minnesota.
Richard M. Nixon
This man was the Republican candidate for the election of 1960. He lost to Kennedy.
Barry Goldwater
This man was the Republican candidate for the election of 1964. He lost.
George C. Marshall
This man was the Secretary of State who, in June 1947, announced the Marshall Plan.
Nikita Khrushchev
This man was the Soviet Premier. In 1958, this Soviet Premier demanded the removal of Westerners from Berlin within 6 months. He later joined forces with Fidel Castro to threaten U.S. national security
Douglas MacArthur
This man was the army chief of staff. He led the Third Cavalry, two infantry regiments, a machine-gun detachment, and six tanks down Pennsylvania Avenue in pursuit of the Bonus Army. He was the man who broke up the Bonus Army
Ngo Dinh Nhu
This man was the brother and principal adviser of Ngo Dinh Diem. He was assassinated along with his brother.
Robert F. Kennedy
This man was the brother of JFK and in 1967 he joined Fulbright and opposed the war. He was the senator of New York at the time.
Henry Wallace
This man was the candidate of the new Progressive Party.
Mao Zedong
This man was the communist leader of China who was opposed by Chiang Kai-shek. By 1945 he only controlled 1/4 of the population of China.
Fidel Castro
This man was the dictator of Cuba.
Joseph Kennedy
This man was the father of JFK. He was the former American ambassador to Britain.
George Wallace
This man was the governor of Alabama who stood in the doorway to prevent the court-ordered enrollment of several black students. He stepped away when federal marshals arrived.
Ho Chi Minh
This man was the leader of North Vietnam.
Ngo Dinh Diem
This man was the leader of South Vietnam. He was supported by America during the war. He was assassinated in early November 1963 by the generals of South Vietnam.
Rafael Trujillo
This man was the leader of the Dominican Republic before he was assassinated in 1961.
Jim Clark
This man was the leader of the police in Selma Alabama. He led the local police in a brutal attack on the demonstrators in Selma. Two northern whites were killed in the Selma March.
Juan Bosch
This man was the left-wing candidate to succeed Trujillo as the leader of the Dominican Republic.
Eugene "Bull" Connor
This man was the police commissioner of Birmingham Alabama. He supervised a brutal attack on the peace protesters.
Hubert Humphrey
This man was the reform mayor of Minneapolis who engineered the civil rights plank.
Hubert Humphrey
This man was the vice-president who, with support from Johnson, entered the elections and became very popular. At one point he appeared to be a front runner.
JFK
This man won the election of 1960 over Nixon. Created the "New Frontier" and overcame doubts about his youth (43 at time of election). He was assassinated in Texas on November 22, 1963.
Dale Carnegie
This man wrote How to Win Friends and Influence People in 1936, which was a self-help manual preaching individual initiative.
John Steinbeck
This man wrote the Grapes of Wrath in 1939.
Erskine Caldwell
This man wrote the novel Tobacco Road in 1931, which later became a long-running play. It was an expose of rural southern poverty.
Malcolm X
This man's real name was Malcolm Little. He was a member of the Nation of Islam. He was killed in 1965 when gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated.
Osama Bin Laden
This man, a Saudi national, is the leader of Al-Qaeda. He had formed a military training camp in Afghanistan to prepare warriors to attack Western targets.
Jack Benny
This man, along with George Burns and Gracie Allen, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.
George Burns
This man, along with Jack Benny and Gracie Allen, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.
Alger Hiss
This man, who had assisted President Franklin Roosevelt during the Yalta conference, was accused of leaking secrets to the communists. He denied any connections to the communist part or any spy networks. Nonetheless, he was convicted and sent to prison for perjury; he had never been a member of a communist party.
Tet Offensive
This military operation took place in the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. It was a massive Vietcong offensive that moved the war from the rural areas to the streets of Saigon. The psychological impact of this battle would change the course of the war both in Vietnam and at home. American public opinion now opposed the war and increasingly demanded that the US pull out of the war-torn country. In effect, this was the beginning of the end of US military involvement in Vietnam.
The Tet Offensive
This military operation took place in the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. It was a massive Vietcong offensive that moved the war from the rural areas to the streets of Saigon. The psychological impact of this battle would change the course of the war both in Vietnam and at home. American public opinion now opposed the war and increasingly demanded that the US pull out of the war-torn country. In effect, this was the beginning of the end of US military involvement in Vietnam.
Al-Qaeda
This multinational force of fighters and terrorists, led by Osama Bin Laden, began by attacking the World Trade Center in New York in 1993, which killed 6 people but inflicted minimal damage. This group was also responsible for the 9/11 attacks.
Horatio Alger
This novelist propagated the "rags to riches" myth subscribed to by many lower-class Americans. His titles such as Ragged Dick were intended to inspire young street urchins to become wealthy industrialists like Andrew Carnegie. In reality, even though opportunities for incredible success were available, the odds were slight that a street waif would become another Andrew Carnegie.
"Freedom Summer"
This occurred during the summer of 1964. This was the movement of thousands of civil rights workers throughout the South. They did this to work on behalf of black voter registration and participation.
Woolworth Sit-in
This occurred in February 1960. Black college students in Greensboro, NC, staged a sit-in in this segregated restaurant.
Model Cities
This offered federal subsidies for urban redevelopment pilot programs
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
This organization initiated an embargo of oil to US as punishment for its involvement in the Yom Kippur War. Immediately, the US and world supply of gasoline and petroleum products plummeted. Americans waited in lines that stretched as much as a mile long at gas stations to purchase the coveted liquid. The impact of the gas shortage was most devastating to the economy- the nation fell into a deep recession as companies decreased investment, laid off workers, and reduced inventories.
International Money Fund (IMF)
This organization supplies billions in funding to faltering nations.
Freedman's Bureau
This organization was created by the federal government in 1865 to manage and assist the newly emancipated slaves of the nation. It provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to both African Americans and Southern whites. Eventually, it established schools across the South and educated large numbers of former slaves. The organization struggled as President Johnson refused to increase its funding, and it finally expired in 1872.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
This organization was founded in 1966 by Betty Friedan. As a result, women began to become more vocal with regard to their desire for a greater role in American society.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. In 1953, this organization staged a coup that led to the return of the corrupt and ruthless Shah of Iran. Similarly, this organization aided in the overthrow of a left-leaning government in Guatemala in 1954.
National Security Council
This organization was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947. This organization wrote a secret document labeled NSC-68, which was released just after China fell to communism and the Korean crisis was about to begin. The document detailed the Soviet's plans for worldwide domination and encouraged an immediate buildup of the nation's military. Where the Truman Doctrine provided for financial support in preventing the spread of communism, NSC-68 now provided for the use of U.S. troops to achieve containment.
Woman's Christian Temperance Union
This organization, along with Francis Willard, gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages. They believed prohibition would cure society of a variety of ills, particularly poverty.
National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
This organization, established by activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890, combined the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
This organization, established in 1939 to look for former Nazis who had made it to the US, was reactivated in the postwar years to find communists. This organization made headlines in 1948 when American communist Whittaker Chambers testified in the case of a State Department employee who had supposedly leaked secrets to the communists.
Department of Defense
This organization, formerly called the Department of War, was provided for in the National Security Act in 1947.
The Atlantic Charter
This outlined a postwar world where an international organization acted as an arbiter to world disputes.
Camp David Accords
This peace agreement occurred when President Carter invited Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to meet at the presidential retreat in Maryland. Sadat and Begin discussed peace options while Carter acted as mediator. This peace agreement was signed in September 1978. The treaty served as the first step toward peace in the Middle East since the founding of the state of Israel in 1948.
Fannie Lou Hamer
This person was the leader of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. Along with others.
Jacob Riis
This photojournalist showed the conditions of New York's tenements in Hell's Kitchen. He also shocked the nation with his book How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890
"War on Terror"
This phrase was the reason that American troops invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 to find Osama Bin Laden.
Drive 55
This plan, supported by President Carter was meant to reduce the amount of gasoline expended by the average American.
Moral Diplomacy
This policy came from President Wilson's belief that imperialism was immoral and that American democracy was superior. He though it was his duty to spread that ideal to protect nations under threat of totalitarianism. As a result, Wilson invaded Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic and purchased the Virgin Islands. Wilson also intervened in the Mexican Revolution to capture the revolutionary Pancho Villa after he had killed Americans in the towns of Santa Ysabel, Mexico, and Columbus, New Mexico.
Roosevelt Corollary
This policy was an attempt to protect Venezuela from European intervention. It stated that the United States would come to the aid of any Latin American nation experiencing financial trouble. In essence, the United States became the policeman of Latin American through this policy. Under this new reality, the United States used force to "protect" the Dominican Republic and Cuba from political chaos.
Open Door Policy
This policy, issued by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, meant that China and her surrounding regions would be open and free to trade with any nation. The policy was wildly popular in the United States, but received a cold shoulder abroad. In 1900, a young group of Chinese nationalists revolted against the Open Door Policy and foreign intervention. The Boxer Rebellion sought to remove all foreigners from China by force.
Reagan Revolution
This political era ended the old New Deal guard and ushered in a new era of conservative policymaking in Washington. The president promised lower taxes, smaller government, and a stronger military. The president set forth to build trust and support by following through with his promises.
Tammany Hall
This political machine in New York City was led by "Boss" Tweed. Tweed and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small businessmen, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes. Not all members of this machine were honest in their intentions. George Washington Plunkett, a lower boss in this particular machine, would pocket large sums of taxpayer money in what he called "honest graft."
Greenback Party
This political party looked to paper money not backed by hard specie as the answer to the country's economic woes in the 1880s.
Populist Party
This political party was formed from the Farmers' Alliance. Having drafter their political platform in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1892, it advocated for the following: unlimited coinage of silver; a graduated income tax; public ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone; government subsidies to assist in stabilizing agricultural prices; an eight-hour work day; direct election of U.S. senators; and increased voter power with the use of the initiative, referendum, and recall. Even though this group made an impressive showing with almost one-million popular and 22 electoral votes, they failed to win the election.
red-lining
This practice kept minorities out of white housing areas.
reconcentrating
This practice placed Cuban natives into central locations under direct Spanish control to help prevent revolution.
Vietnamization
This process was Nixon's plan to turn the war over to those who should be fighting it- the Vietnamese. This process involved the US military instructing the South Vietnamese on how to go about fighting the war on their own. The number of US troops in the country slowly decreased. Within the span of 3 years, the number of US troops in Vietnam decreased from over 500,000 in 1969 to just under 30,000 in 1972.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
This proclamation, made by Abraham Lincoln, was set in 1863 as a way to reintroduce Southern states back under the wing of the federal government. The reentry process would begin by the reestablishment of state governments that would gain legitimacy by obtaining at least 10 percent of their voting populace to swear an oath of loyalty to the United States and the Constitution. Second, the president was fully prepared to grant complete pardons to any former Confederate, as long as he also took the oath of allegiance and agreed to the elimination of slavery.
The Berlin Airlift
This program delivered supplies to a German city, day after day, for 11 months. The city had been cut off from Western contact by Stalin.
Star Wars
This program, officially known as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was supported by President Reagan. The system was designed to have battle "ships" stationed in orbit that could defend the US against nuclear attack with lasers. While critics and many in the scientific community spoke of the impossibility of SDI, Reagan used the idea of the system as a scare tactic for the Soviets.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This provided for federal protection to African Americans attempting to exercise their right to vote.
National Housing Act of 1949
This provided for the construction of 810,000 houses.
Medicare
This provides federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses.
Birth of a Nation
This racist silent film, which glamorized the history of the Ku Klux Klan, was named as a personal favorite of President Woodrow Wilson.
Union Pacific
This railroad began building its portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and moving westward. The rail lines of the Central Pacific and this railroad finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake.
Central Pacific Railroad
This railroad, led by Leland Stanford, set out to build the most treacherous stretch of rail from Sacramento, California, through the Sierra Nevada mountains, and then eastward. The Union Pacific began building its portion of the transcontinental railroad starting in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and moving westward. The rail lines of this railroad and the Union Pacific finally met in May 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake. Chinese labor ("Coolies") had been largely responsible for building this line, while Irish workers ("Paddies") built the Union Pacific.
Boxer Rebellion
This rebellion sought to remove all foreigners from China by force. As a result, some 200 whites were killed by the rebels, and a multinational force, including U.S. forces, was sent to Peking to end the rebellion.
glasnost
This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "openness," it was designed to rid the country of the old Stalin totalitarian state by easing laws designed to limit the freedoms of Russians.
perestroika
This reform program was introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. Meaning "restructuring," it was aimed at opening up the once-closed Soviet economy to more free market interactions to repair the sluggish economy.
George H.W. Bush
This republican candidate ran against Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. He was able to take the presidency easily, with his promise to be tough on crime and his statement of, "Read my lips, no new taxes." However, the Republicans were not successful in united government, as the House and Senate went to the Democrats.
Communist Revolution
This revolution took place in 1917 when the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government of Russia and pledged to destroy capitalism. This caused great fear among middle- and upper-class Americans. Socialists and anarchists in the United States had been persecuted throughout the war and their problems intensified as fears over communism rose.
Ghost Dance
This ritual was originated in 1870 and promised a rebirth of Native American tradition and a repelling of white incursion. It so frightened whites living near the Dakota Sioux that it was outlawed. The U.S. Army was called in 1890 to stop the Sioux from performing the ritual, which led to the Battle of Wounded Knee. Two-hundred men, women, and children were slaughtered over the ritual.
Iran-Contra Scandal
This scandal occurred when it was discovered that money had been secretly diverted to the sale of American weapons to the Nicaraguan "Contras" to whom Congress had specifically forbidden aid. It was soon discovered that the US had also secretly sold military equipment to Iran in exchange for the release of the American hostages. This money was illegally diverted to pay for the weapons and aid to the Contras. President Reagan denied any knowledge of the scandal and was able to leave office with his reputation intact.
The Red Scare
This situation arose when a series of bombings occurred, one of which was in the neighborhood of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. When the bombings were attributed to anarchists, Palmer immediately ordered the rounding up of suspected anarchists, socialists, aliens (usually Russian), and agitators. During this, come 6,000 people were arrested in a two-month period, and 500 were deported on "Soviet Arks" that sent the passengers back to Europe.
Cuban Missile Crisis
This situation occurred in October 1962 when U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites on Cuba. These missiles decreased the warning time of a nuclear attack to 30 seconds. Kennedy ordered their immediate removal, but Castro and Khrushchev balked. Headed by Attorney General Robert Kennedy, an advisory group decided a naval blockade would be the safest option. After days of turning back Soviet ships, Khrushchev decided to remove the missiles, as long as the US promised to never invade Cuba again and removed its missiles from Turkey
Cuban Missile Crisis
This situation occurred in October 1962 when U.S. spy planes discovered nuclear missile sites on Cuba. These missiles decreased the warning time of a nuclear attack to 30 seconds. Kennedy ordered their immediate removal, but Castro and Khrushchev balked. Headed by Attorney General Robert Kennedy, an advisory group decided a naval blockade would be the safest option. After days of turning back Soviet ships, Khrushchev decided to remove the missiles, as long as the US promised to never invade Cuba again and removed its missiles from Turkey.
"Cross of Gold" Speech
This speech was made by William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska at the Democratic National Convention. It made him the spokesman for the prosilver advocates, and he was eventually nominated as a candidate for the presidency in the 1896 election.
Fourteen Points
This speech, delivered by President Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918, provided for the abolishment of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, economic freedom, reduction of arms, the end of colonialization, the freedom of self-determination of all peoples to choose independence, and the formation of an international organization for collective security.
National Women's Party
This splinter group of the National American Woman Suffrage Association was led by Alice Paul. Formed in 1913, it wanted more immediate action in the fight for woman suffrage. The women picketed important sites such as the White House and the Capitol to demand voting rights. Arrests occurred, and the women were known for going on hunger strikes while in jail. After the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, Paul and the group shifted focus to the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, which repeatedly failed passage and finally succumbed in the early 1980s.
Port Huron Statement
This statement demanded a greater voice for young people in the course of their lives and signaled the birth of the "New Left." The statement came about after college students met in Michigan in 1962 to form the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), led by Tom Hayden.
Great Railroad Strike
This strike occurred in 1877 when rail companies cut wages by 10 percent in the wake of an economic depression. This strike began in the East, but quickly became a nationwide strike that paralyzed rail traffic across the country. In addition, workers from other industries joined the strike, further injuring the economy. President Rutherford B. Hayes authorized the use of federal troops to break the strike. In the end over 100 men died and workers gained little from employers in return.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
This student group was formed to keep the civil rights movement alive among the nation's young population
"Black Power"
This suggested a shift away from the goals of assimilation and toward increased awareness of racial distinctiveness.
sharecropping
This system meant that African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system. The farmers would "lease" land and borrow supplies to till their plots, while giving a significant portion of their harvest to the landowner as payment for the "lien" or "loan." Never able to quite harvest enough to pay the landlord and feed their families, generations of African Americans remained tied to their plot of land until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
Federal Reserve System
This system, created by the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress in 1913, consisted of 12 regional banks that were publicly controlled by the new Federal Reserve Board, but privately owned by member banks. The system would serve as the "lender of last resort" for all private banks, hold or sell the nation's bonds, and issue Federal Reserve Notes for consumers to purchase goods and services. This was the first time since Andrew Jackson killed the Second Bank of the United States that the country would have a national bank.
Dollar Diplomacy
This tactic, used by President Taft to deal with foreign relations, was much more economic than militaristic. This tactic encouraged Wall Street investors to send their dollars to foreign countries, such as those in Latin America, to further break European bonds and strengthen ties with the United States. However, when these American investments were endangered, Taft on several occasions sent U.S. forces to invade Latin American countries and protect American interests. These actions further alienated the United States in Latin America.
McCarthyism
This term came from the name of a Republican senator who started raising suspicion that communists besides Alger Hiss were still working in the State Department. This became like a witch hunt for communists- although many of the accusations were false.
nouveau riche
This term described the new class of elite in America. This group disgusted the old upper class and was detested by the middle and lower classes. This class of people felt that science and God were on their side and justified their newfound status.
agribusiness
This term describes large-scale cash crop farms. The growth of this large-scale farming meant that small farmers could not keep up with their large competitors in both the cost of equipment and the speed at which goods were brought to market.
The Gilded Age
This term for an era was coined by Mark Twain. In it, creative types reacted to the romanticism of the antebellum and Civil War eras by reflecting industrialized America. Authors told stories of human nature in novels like Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. Many artists, such as Winslow Homer' remained tied to the romantic spirit of lush landscapes; others broke tradition and redefined the art scene. Many cities "beautified" surroundings by bringing wilderness to the urban landscape. The music scene was also altered, as African American music traveled into the north.
trickle-down theory
This theory, subscribed to by Andrew Carnegie, stated that wealth would eventually reach the lower classes by the spending and good nature of the rich, and would therefore benefit society as a whole.
American Independent Party
This third political party rose to prominence in the 1968 election; it chose Alabama Governor George Wallace as its candidate. Wallace, most known for his attempt to keep two black students from entering the campus of the University of Alabama in 1963, wished to tap into the base of Americans who supported the troops but did not agree with Democrats. Nixon won the election.
The Progressive Era
This time frame began with the swearing in of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and lasted until the beginning of U.S. involvement in the Great War in 1917. The group that dominated this time frame were largely white, middle-class Protestants who hoped to better society and preserve the lifestyle they were accustomed to living.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) I
This treaty was signed by the US and the USSR in May 1972. In the treaty, each nation agreed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for the US supplying the Soviets with much-needed grain over the next 3 years.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
This treaty, in which the British granted full construction rights to the Americans, was not agreed upon by the Colombian government, which controlled the Isthmus of Panama, where the new canal would be built. Under secrecy and with the aid of the French, President Theodore Roosevelt raised a revolutionary force to fight or Panamanian independence. The "revolution" ended quickly; Roosevelt immediately recognized the new nation. The Panamanian government quickly signed an agreement that gave the United States exclusive rights to build the new canal.
Treaty of Portsmouth
This treaty, signed in 1905, ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904. Russia and Japan had been feuding over land and ports in Korea and Manchuria. President Roosevelt did not want either nation to win control over the region and approached Japan to assist in the settlement of the war. In 1906, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in mediating this treaty.
Knights of Labor
This union emerged in 1881 under Terrance Powderly. It advocated the development of labor cooperatives modeled after the Grangers, eight-hour work days, government regulation of business, and arbitration to settle disputes between labor and management rather than strikes. In May 1886, this union's protest in Chicago's Haymarket Square turned violent. Allegedly, an anarchist with ties to the union threw a bomb in an attempt to begin a government overthrow. By the end of the nineteenth century, the once 700,000 member strong union had faded to 100,000 members.
American Federation of Labor
This union, led by Samuel Gompers, was founded in 1886 and became the country's largest with over a million members. This union was a practical; it chose to concentrate on "bread and butter" economic issues- such as the eight-hour work day and higher wages- rather than mire itself in social commentary. Gompers utilized the tactic of collective bargaining to make modest gains for workers, particularly through the establishment of closed shops, or businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union.
accommodation
This view, promoted by Booker T. Washington, meant that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites.
Rosa Parks
This volunteer for the local chapter of the NAACP, had seen many African American men and women arrested and mistreated for refusing to comply with the Jim Crow laws that ruled the bus system. She decided enough was enough when, on December 11, 1955, she refused to give up her seat to a white man on a city bus. Arrested and fined, she had started the ball rolling for the NAACP.
Yom Kippur War
This war broke out in October 1973 between Israel and the coalition of Syria and Egypt. The war was over quickly, as the aid from the US greatly boosted Israeli forces.
The Spanish- American War
This war officially began in 1898 in the Spanish colony of the Philippines. In the first battle, the U.S. Navy routed the Spanish fleet. The United States convinced Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo to assist in exchange for independence. American and Filipino fighters quickly took Manila. The fight in Cuba was more difficult; many casualties were attributed to diseases and food poisoning. After the United States claimed victory, it invaded Puerto Rico. The Spanish soon signed a cease fire; the resulting peace treaty gave the United States Guam and Puerto Rico.
Spanish Civil War
This war pitted the forces supporting Francisco Franco (who received support from Hitler and Mussolini and was thus allied with fascism) against the existing republican government.
The Hindenberg
This was a German dirigible that crashed in flames in Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. It produced an enormous national reaction largely because of the live radio account by a broadcaster, overcome with emotion, who cried out, as he watched the terrible crash, "Oh the humanity! Oh the humanity!"
Gone With the Wind
This was a book written by Margaret Mitchell in 1936.
Popular Front
This was a broad coalition of "antifascist" groups on the left, of which the most important was the American Communist Party.
Schechter Case
This was a case where the Schechter brothers were accused of breaking the NRA's codes. The final verdict was that they did not and that the NRA's codes were unconstitutional because the president went out of his power to make them. Roosevelt denounced the justices for their interpretation of the interstate commerce clause because this threatened many other New Deal programs.
The Plow that Broke the Plains
This was a documentary made by Pare Lorentz in 1936.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
This was a government agency that was designed to provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other businesses. In 1932, it had a budget of $1.5 billion for public works alone.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
This was a group led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Americans for Democratic Action
This was a group of anticommunist liberals. They tried to get Eisenhower to run for President against Truman.
Socialist Party of America
This was a group under the leadership of Norman Thomas. This group cited the economic crisis as evidence of the failure of capitalism and sought vigorously to win public support for its own political program. It attempted to mobilize support among the rural poor.
Gold Diggers of 1933
This was a lavish musical produced in the 1930s
Yalta accords
This was a list of the agreements made at the Yalta Conference. Russia did not follow these as US and GB thought they would.
Life
This was a magazine that was first published in 1936. It had the readership of any publication in the United States (with the exception of the Reader's Digest). It devoted some attention to politics and to the economic conditions of the Depression, but it was best known for stunning photographs of sporting and theater events, natural landscapes, and impressive public projects. One of its most popular features was "Life Goes to a Party," which took the chatty social columns of daily newspapers and turned them into glossy photographic glimpses of the rich and famous.
Selma March
This was a major demonstration that King helped to organize in Alabama. It took place in March 1965. It ended when two northern whites were killed by police ordered by Jim Clark to end the demonstration.
Our Daily Bread
This was a movie by King Vidor in 1932 which explored social questions
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town
This was a movie that was made by Frank Capra in 1936. It showed a simple man from a small town that inherits a large fortune, moves to the city, and- not liking the greed and dishonesty he finds there- gives the money away and moves back home.
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
This was a movie that was made by Frank Capra in 1939. It showed a decent man from a western state who is elected to the United States Senate, refuses to join in the self-interested politics of Washington, and dramatically exposes the corruption and selfishness of his colleagues.
Progressive Party
This was a new party whose candidate was Henry A. Wallace.
Let Us Now Praise Famous Men
This was a novel created by novelist James Agee and photographer Walker Evans.
Section 7(a)
This was a part of the National Industrial Recovery Act and it promised workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining. It encouraged many workers to join a union. It had no enforcement.
Marshall Plan
This was a plan created by George C. Marshall. This plan was meant to help the economy of Western European nations by channeling $13 billion to those nations.
"War on Poverty"
This was a plan to help prevent people from falling into poverty and to save the people who were already living in poverty. Medicare and Medicaid were part of this and its centerpiece was the Office of Economic Opportunity.
How to Win Friends and Influence People
This was a self-help manual written by Dale Carnegie in 1936. It was one of the best-selling books of the decade.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
This was a student branch of Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Council. They worked to keep the spirit of the resistance alive.
The Grapes of Wrath
This was adapted by John Ford in 1940.
The Lone Ranger
This was an adventure radio broadcast along with Dick Tracy.
Dick Tracy
This was an adventure radio broadcast along with The Lone Ranger.
Bay of Pigs
This was an attack on Cuba. 2,000 men landed at this location in Cuba and were immediately surrounded by angry Cuban soldiers. It was a humiliating defeat for President Johnson and America.
"Community Action"
This was an attempt to get the members of poor communities to be involved with the planning and designing of programs that would help them.
Amos 'n Andy
This was an escapist show that contained humorous, if demeaning, pictures of urban blacks.
International Labor Defense
This was an organization associated with the Communist Party. It came to the aid of the accused youths in the Scottsboro Case and began to publicize the case.
Ku Klux Klan
This was an underground society of whites who ruthlessly and successfully used terrorist tactics to frighten both whites and blacks in the South. Congress sought to abolish the group with the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871, which authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. While moderately successful in calming the group's activities, the group continued to exist, resurfacing in the 1920s in response to the influx of southern and eastern European immigrants.
"blanket code"
This was created by Hugh Johnson and was supposed to be upheld by the NRA. It said that minimum wage had to be between 30 and 40 cents an hour, a maximum workweek of thirty-five to forty hours, and no child labor.
March on Washington
This was done in August 1963. more than 200,000 demonstrators marched down to the Mall in Washington D.C. and gathered before the Lincoln Memorial to generate support for the legislation of civil rights.
Securities and Exchange Commission
This was established by an act of June 1934. It was made to police the stock market.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
This was established by the Glass-Steagall Act. It guaranteed all bak deposits up to $2,500.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
This was made to administer the National Industrial Recovery Act's spending programs. The only thing it did was allow the $3.3 billion in public works funds to gradually disappear.
reservationists
This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of the Versailles Treaty. Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and this group would only agree to ratify the treaty if "reservations" such as the ability to leave the League of Nations and international acceptance of the Monroe Doctrine were added to the League's Covenant.
irreconcilables
This was one camp of those who were opposed to the ratification of the Versailles Treaty. This group, led by Senators Hiram Johnson and William Borah, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty in any way.
Social Gospel
This was one of the most influential reform movements of this era. Leaders such as Walter Rauschenbusch believed that Christians had an obligation to improve the lives of those less fortunate, such as the citizens of the rough Hell's Kitchen area of New York City with whom he worked. In many ways, it was the work of Rauschenbusch that encouraged many middle-class Protestants to join in the reform effort and bring on the Progressive movement.
Economy Act
This was planned to cut government employees wages and the pension of veterans by up to 15%. This was designed to show the public that the government was in safe hands. It passed through Congress immediately.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
This was produced by the Freedom Summer. It was an integrated alternative to the regular state party organization. Led by Fannie Lou Hamer and others. They challenged the regular party's right to its seats at the Democratic National Convention that summer.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This was started by Kennedy and was put on hold after he was assassinated. Johnson finally got the majority vote for this piece of legislation in early 1964.
Southern Tenant Farmer's Union
This was supported by the Socialist Party of America and it was organized by a young socialist, H.L. Mitchell. It attempted to create a biracial coalition of sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others to demand economic reform.
Twenty-First Amendment
This was the amendment which ended prohibition
"Attrition" strategy
This was the belief that the US could inflict so much damage on the enemy that they would not be able to absorb it all and would eventually surrender. This failed because North Vietnam believed they were fighting for National Independence so they risked more lives and had more determination.
The Warren Commission
This was the commission put in charge of investigating the assassination of JFK. They announced that there was no larger conspiracy involved.
U.S. Steel
This was the country's first billion-dollar corporation and was created by J.P. Morgan. Still headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, it today remains one of the world's top producers of steel products.
National Labor Union
This was the first union and was founded in 1866 to urge better working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours, and the inclusion of women and African Americans. After the violent Railroad Strike of 1877, this union fell by the wayside.
Sutter's Mill
This was the location of the initial gold strike in central California in 1848.
Lee Harvey Oswald
This was the man who assassinated JFK. He was killed, 2 days after being arrested, by Jack Ruby.
carpetbaggers
This was the name given to Northern Republicans who moved south to seek their fortunes. The term came from the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of his worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet.
New Frontier
This was the name given to President Kennedy's domestic policy. It promised equality, employment, and aid to the poor. The young president would run into many roadblocks as he attempted to pass his plans through Congress.
The Great Society
This was the name given to a plan of President Johnson. He was determined to expand civil rights, cut income taxes, and rid society of poverty. The president was influenced by a book by Michael Harrington titled The Other America, in which Harrington asserted that 20% of Americans and more than 40% of all African Americans lived in poverty. During this time, the president created the Office of Equal Opportunity, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other laws and programs also took effect.
"Hoovervilles"
This was the name given to the shantytowns that were established on the outskirts of cities during the Depression.
The Great Society
This was the name of Johnson's reform program
Rough Riders
This was the name of Theodore Roosevelt's volunteer force of college students, cowboys, and adventurers who were able to take in San Juan Hill in Cuba with the heavy assistance of the Fourteenth Regiment Colored Cavalry.
sodbusters
This was the name of those who had taken advantage of the Homestead Act, which granted them 160 acres of land, and who remained, despite the fact that the land was not farmable due to the lack of rain and hard-packed soil.
scalawags
This was the name that Southern Democrats gave to Southern Republicans. It was a derogatory term that meant they were pirates who sought to steal from state government to line their own pockets.
Great White Fleet
This was the nickname given to the U.S. Navy. President Roosevelt sent the navy around the world as a show of power so that the Japanese would not think that the United States had given in to the to the "Gentleman's Agreement" as a show of weakness.
Economic Cooperation Administration
This was the organization that administered the Marshall Plan.
The Great War
This was the original name of World War I. President Wilson believed that it was the "war to end all wars."
"Dust Bowl"
This was the region, which stretched north from Texas into the Dakotas, that experienced a steady decline in rainfall and an accompanying increase in heat. The drought continued for a decade, turning what had once been fertile farm regions into virtual deserts. Hundreds of thousands of families from this event traveled to California and other states, where they found conditions a little better than those they had left.
Taliban
This was the ruling party of Afghanistan. It was sympathetic to Al-Qaeda and had provided safe haven for their activities. The US military was successful in removing this group from power, and assisted in the establishment of a coalition government in its place.
Reconstruction
This was the term that described the rebuilding of the nation following the Civil War.
1968 Democratic Convention
This was when Democrats met in Chicago in August to discuss their party's candidate. At the end of the meeting, Humphrey left with the nomination.
"Affirmative Action"
This was where a business hired minorities to show that they were no racist.
Carrie Chapman Catt
This woman became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900. She was an outspoken advocate of women's suffrage. She believed that women could only guarantee protections for themselves and their children through voting. Ultimately, she was successful in helping to earn woman suffrage.
Jane Addams
This woman founded Hull House, a settlement house, in Chicago in 1889. She became active through volunteerism because she could not become involved in the political process.
Mae West
This woman portrayed herself in a series of successful films as an overtly sexual woman manipulating men through her attractiveness.
Margaret Bourke-White
This woman was a photographer, along with Dorothea Bourke-White.
Dorothea Lange
This woman was a photographer, along with Margaret Bourke-White.
Gracie Allen
This woman, along with Jack Benny and George Burns, was a master of elaborately timed repartee.
Susan B. Anthony
This woman, along with fellow activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combining the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
This woman, along with fellow activist Susan B. Anthony, formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890, combining the once rival National Woman Suffrage Association and American Woman Suffrage Association to fight for a woman's right to vote.
Francis Willard
This woman, along with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), gave the temperance movement new life in 1874 by lobbying for laws to prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages.
Andrew Carnegie
This young Scottish immigrant saw a future in the production of steel as he worked his way up in the railroad business in the 1860s. He emerged as one of the nation's wealthiest men through his steel company. Using the Bessemer process, he soon was responsible for supplying over half of the world's steel. Eventually, he retired and sold his company to J.P. Morgan. He lived out the rest of his life as a philanthropist, giving away much of his fortune to establish universities, endow libraries, and infuse culture across the country.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
This young minister from Georgia, along with other lack leaders, organized a bus boycott by the black community until buses were desegregated. It was the negotiations by this man with city managers and downtown business owners that truly desegregated the bus system in Montgomery, Alabama. He then began to challenge more Jim Crow Laws in the South. He followed the tenets of civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance, believing that engaging whites in violence would only feed the stereotype that African Americans were savages.
JFK
This young senator was from a wealthy Bostonian family, was Roman Catholic, and became the country's youngest president. His domestic policy was named the "New Frontier," with promises of equality, employment, and aid to the poor. While on a trip to Texas to gain support for his domestic programs, he was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald as his motorcade made its way through Dallas. Americans sat riveted as they waited for news of their beloved president. It was with great sadness that news anchors announced his passing and the swearing in of Lyndon Baines Johnson.
demonstration of civil disobedience
Thoreau demonstrated this by refusing to pay taxes to a government that waged war against Mexico and subsequently enacted a Fugitive Slave Act
triangular trade route
Three-sided trade route among England, Africa, and the North American colonies; included the slave trade.
Jay's Treaty
Treaty with the British that prevented war, opponents believed Jay made too many concessions towards the British. Often considered the low point of Washington's administration
Berlin Airlift
Truman ordered this when Stalin put a blockade on the Western zones of Germany. Ships delivered food, fuel, and other needed goods. It continued for 10 months before Stalin lifted the blockade.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Turner, a preacher, took his vision as a sign from God that a black liberation movement would succeed. He rallied a gang that proceeded to kill and mutilate the corpses of 60 whites. In return, 200 slaves were executed.
universal automatic computer
UNIVAC developed for the census bureau
Containment
US and allies used this policy to "contain" soviet powers from expanding further.
Hawaii
US attracted to this area because of search for a port along the trade route to Asia
Philippines
US drove Spain out of here during the Spanish American war
Good Neighbor Policy (1934)
US foreign policy in Latin America. US achieved its foreign objectives through economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders
neutrality
US policy that Wilson declared at the beginning of WWI. Called for America to treat all the belligerents fairly and without favoritism.
Ho Chi Min Trail
US tactics focused on destroying this passage, which linked the South Vietnamese Vietcong fighters with the North Vietnamese supply lines.
Henry Kissinger
Under President Nixon's orders, this Secretary of State met secretly with North Vietnamese to negotiate a settlement. President Nixon and this man did make headway in another part of Asia with results that would alter the very fabric of world affairs. Together they crafted "detente", or the relaxing of tensions between the US, the Soviet Union, and China.
william rehnquist
United States jurist who served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court from 1972 until 1986, when he was appointed chief justice (born in 1924)
Lyndon B. Johnson
Vice president to JFK. Became president when JFK was assassinated
my lai
Village where the massacre of 100 civilians took place
John Randolph
Virginian leader of the Quids
"Republican Motherhood"
WHAT: A 20th century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the Revolution. Focused primarily on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to have the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. Meant civic duty. HS: Elevated women to a newly prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience.
Pontiac's Rebellion
WHAT: A response to Britain raising the price of goods sold to Native Americans and ceasing to pay rent on their western forts in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. Ottawa Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts. WHO: Ottawa Pontiac WHEN: 1763 HS: Led to the British government issuing the Proclamation of 1763, which closed off the frontier to colonial expansion calming the fear of Indians. This made colonists angry because they felt as if Britain had let them down.
Western Hemisphere
WHAT: Home to many cultured indigenous people who came over from Russia. Columbus discovered the land in the Western Hemisphere in 1492 and exploration begun. Defend Western Hemisphere. Exploration and "discovery." Our region! HS: Now the Western Hemisphere is home to nearly half of the world's population. The people are very diversified and are from many different cultures dating back to the Native Americans first arrival.
Democratic Ideas
WHAT: Influenced by enlightenment thinkers in Greece, these ideas helped shape America and its constitution. The ideas included: liberty equality, and justice. HS: These values helped to build America for what it stands for and keep the reputation of a free country to all. Difference between republicanism is how do you take these ideas and institutionalize them. Not everyone enjoys. Ideas vs. actual government to promote ideas.
Trans-Appalachian West
WHAT: Land west of the Appalachian Mountain where settlers concentrated. Consisted of Kentucky, Ohio, and Tennessee. HS: Led to the expansion of America and growth of population
Republicanism
WHAT: Modeled after Greek and Roman republics. Meant that a just society was one in which all citizens subordinated their private, selfish interest to the common good. Stability of the society was then dependent on the virtue of its citizens and it was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as a monarchy. Founders try to create a free country from these ideas where everyone has a say. HS: Created a way in which politics were run in America. Some believed in the Republican ideals and others didn't. Later this would lead to the dividing of a nation with political parties. Open doors to democracy
Separation of Powers
WHAT: The division of power among the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government HS: This separated our government into the three branches it is today and set a model for how our country was to be governed.
Freedom of Speech
WHAT: The political right to communicate one's opinions and ideas using one's body and property to anyone who is willing to receive them. This idea was part of the first amendment in the Bill of Rights and part of America's constitution. HS: Granted Americans the right to say as they please with various limitations and not be persecuted for their beliefs and ideas.
Colonial Independence Movement
WHAT: When a colonized area wants independence from colonialism. In this case the thirteen colonies wanted independence from Britain. HS: In history, many colonies have declared their independence and worked to solidify that claim. They united to form a rebellion against Britain. Also, there are many other revolutions in this age. Arguing rights as English to Americans.
Colonization
WHAT: Whenever any one or more persons populate an area. HS: Colonizing has been going on since the first people walked the Earth. More relevant, the British colonized America when they came over. They secured 13 colonies for themselves.
Civil Liberties
WHAT: individual legal and constitutional protection against the government. The American Civil Liberties Union was founded in 1920 to promote the freedom of speech for anti-war protestors. HS: Allowed Americans to be free under the guardianship of the constitution and bill of rights.
Northwest Ordinance
WHEN: 1787 WHAT: This law touched on how a nation should handle its colonies. The solution was that there would be temporary guardianship over the Northwest, then permanent equality. This also deemed slavery forbidden in the Northwest. First, the government would watch over the territory. Then when it had more than sixty thousand inhabitants, Congress could admit it as a state, with all the privileges of the thirteen charter members. HS: This scheme brought happiness to citizens and made it so congress did not have to enact subordination. It avoided a second Revolutionary war and was later used on other frontier areas.
Washington's Farewell Address
WHEN: 1796 WHO: George Washington WHAT: . Washington decided to retire after serving two terms as President. Address printed in Newspapers. Strong advised against permanent alliances like the Franco-American treaty in 1778. Favored temporary alliances that would keep a week country out of war. Reminding citizens to be unified. HS: Washington warned against political parties and promoted neutrality, these would eventually be broken in the future. He set a precedent for keeping a strong national government, promoting patriotism, and keeping morality in the government. We should be isolationist. Arguing against factions
Paxton Boys
WHO/WHAT: A group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764 and protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. HS: Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
Huron Confederation Dispersal
WHO/WHAT: A group of four Indian tribes who first came in contact with the French in the 16th century. Many perished because of disease the French brought over from Europe. Another reason why they dispersed was because the Haudenosaunee burned their villages since the French has sided with them. The Huron people fled across the land. Seven Years' War. Colonists felt they are attacked constantly by American Indians and those allied with the French. WHEN: 16th Century HS: Their dispersion caused the development of many states. They created settlements across the Lake Michigan region soon to be discovered by Americans. Allied with French. Provides justification of the British which leads to debt and war.
Mulatto
WHO/WHAT: A person of mixed white and black ancestry. European and African. HS: Created new cultures and a more diversified society
Patriot
WHO/WHAT: American colonists in the 1770s who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. HS: After winning the war, they helped create the America known today.
Loyalist
WHO/WHAT: American colonists who remained loyal to the British Empire and Monarchy during the Revolutionary War. Often referred to as: Tories, Royalists, or King's Men. Opposed by the Patriots, supporters of the revolution. About 15 to 20 percent were loyal. They were usually older, wealthy people who believed rebellion against the crown was morally wrong. HS: These were people who stayed loyal to Britain because they saw nothing was wrong. Eventually they fled to British Canada and Britain after the revolution.
Mercy Otis Warren
WHO/WHAT: New England woman who wrote many important works questioning the declining republican values in post revolutionary America. These included a history of the revolution, a play, and poems. She was the head of the patriot women during the revolution. HS: One of America's first writers
George Washington Dispersal
WHO: A Virginian who was Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and President of the Constitutional Convention. Later became the First President and is considered to be an American founding father. HS: He was one of the most influential war commanders and served as the first president of the United States. He wanted the United States to never become divided into two different parties.
Hamilton's Financial Plan
WHO: Alexander Hamilton WHAT: Plan to pay of the revolutionary war. The federal government would assume all debts (makes the states feel like they have to repay gov), create a national bank, and impose higher taxes/tariffs. HS: Helped to pay off the revolution efforts. Create stable economy for America. Created tension between states and federal government • Necessary proper clause: fed gov. and do anything to ensure functioning of nation • Jefferson says infringing on rights. If the fed gov does not have power explicitly said in constitution then power goes to state. From beginning there is tension. • After central bank, capitalist manufacturing begins. Set paths to civil war.
National Bank
WHO: Alexander Hamilton WHAT: Document issued by Alexander Hamilton asking Congress to charter the bank of the United States. He wanted this to be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. He argued that the bank would provide financial stability by making loans to merchants, by handling government funds, and by issuing bills of credit. WHERE: America WHEN: 1790s HS: Led to the creation of a National Bank helping the economy and stability of the new nation of America.
British Colonies
WHO: British WHAT: , Britain claimed many lands around the world and created colonies. Some of the most famous colonies were the thirteen colonies in the New World. These thirteen colonies began the United States of America by fighting for their independence against Britain's Monarchial Rule. Britain ruled and continues to rule many parts of the world. The country owns land in all of the seven continents. WHEN: Age of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries HS: The British Colonies in the New World created America after the revolutionary war. If Britain had not colonized in the New World, America would not exist. Influenced life in America
Proclamation of 1763
WHO: British WHAT: After Pontiac's Rebellion, the British sought peace with the Indians by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. WHEN: 1763 WHERE: America HS: The American's saw this ban as an unlawful restriction of their rights and generally ignored it.
Jay's Treaty
WHO: Chief Justice John Jay WHAT: Washington sent John Jay to negotiate peace with the British. The British had been providing guns and ammunition to Indians and seizing American ships in the West Indies. The British also impressed seaman to work on British ships and forced many people into dungeons. Jay won a few concessions including: British promise to leave posts in America and British would pay the damages they inflicted on American ships. However, the British failed to promise the seizure of ships in the future. WHEN: 1794 WHERE: London WHY: To negotiate peace with Britain HS: This treaty angered many Jeffersonians because it looked as if America was surrendering to the British. Also, this gave strength to the Democratic-Republican Party of Thomas Jefferson. This treaty also led to the 1795 Pinckney's Treaty with Spain because the Spanish feared an Anglo-American alliance.
Shay's Rebellion
WHO: Daniel Shay WHAT: A rebellion by debt farmers in western Massachusetts led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shay against Boston creditors. WHEN: Began in 1786 and lasted half a year. WHERE: Massachusetts HS: Threatened the economic interests of the business elite and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.
Seven Years' War
WHO: French and English WHAT: War fought by the French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio Rover Valley. English defeated French in 1763. Often considered to be the First World War because it involved most of the globe. WHEN: 1756-1763 WHERE: America HS: Established England as a number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of colonists toward England for the worse
Letters from a Pennsylvanian
WHO: Lawyer and Legislator John Dickinson. WHAT: A series of essays written by lawyer and legislator John Dickinson published between 1767-1768. Read throughout the 13 colonies and helped unite the colonists against the Townshend Acts. WHEN: 1767-1768 WHERE: America WHY: Dickinson argued that the colonies were sovereign in internal affairs. Also said that taxes rose upon colonists by Parliament for revenue were unconstitutional. HS: These series of essays helped unite the colonists against the Townshend Acts and worked side-by-side with Common Sense in that it promoted revolutionary ideals.
Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy
WHO: Little Turtle, chief of the Miami people WHAT: He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars. He belonged to the Western Confederacy of Indians Great Lakes Region. Their goal was to deal jointly with America. WHEN: 1790s WHERE: America HS: After raids to discourage settlement, the Western confederacy found themselves in a battle with America. Led to Battle of Fallen Timbers, which ended with the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 granting America Ohio lands.
Molasses Act
WHO: Parliament WHAT: this act suppressed North American Trade of molasses and sugar with the French West Indies. WHEN: 1733 WHERE: British colonies/America HS: Americans still worked their way around the act by smuggling resources to the French West Indies. This showed that the American colonist would not adhere to the British laws, later leading to revolution.
Proclamation of Neutrality
WHO: President George Washington WHAT: A formal announcement declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France. WHEN: May 1793 HS: Kept America from weakening their new Nation and small army
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
WHO: Put into practice by Jefferson and James Madison WHEN: 1789 WHAT/WHY: Secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. HS: Brought about the later compact theory, which gave the states more power than the federal government.
Pinckney's Treaty
WHO: Signed by San Lorenzo de El Escorial WHAT: It established intentions of friendship between the US and Spain. Also defined boundaries between US and Spanish colonies and guaranteed American navigation rights on the Mississippi River. WHEN: October 27, 1795 HS: Ended the phase of dispute of West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.
unconstitutional
Washington used his veto only if he was convinced that a bill was ___________
neutrality
Washington's call for this defined American foreign policy from 1800 to the late 1890s, and then again from the end of WWI to 1941
stone v powell
When the court agreed to certain limits on the right of a defendant to appeal a state conviction to the federal judiciary.
government activism
Whigs believed in this, especially in the case of social issues
Black Codes
While Congress was on hiatus, Southern legislatures adopted these codes to restrict the actions, movements, and freedoms of African Americans. Under these codes, African Americans could not own land, tying them to small plots leased from a landowner. This began the system of sharecropping, in which African Americans were bound to the land under the crop-lien system.
watergate cover-up
White House cover-up began immediately. Nixon claimed no one in the White House was part of this. He then ordered Hunt's name to be expunged from the White House directory. He approved $400,000 in "hush money" to keep the arrested quiet. The CIA also halted the FBI's investigation of the Watergate scandal.
"free silver"
William Jennings Bryan based his 1896 presidential campaign off of this
"He kept us out of war"
Wilson's election second election campaign slogan (1916)
New Freedom
Wilson's ideas and policies
preparedness
Wilson's response to the sinking of the Arabic. asked congress to put military into this stage, just in case
William (Bill) Clinton
Winner of the 1992 presidential election, this man worked to reform health care and the welfare system. He was challenged by a disunited government- Congress sat in Republican hands. He and House Speaker Newt Gingrich were headed for a showdown, as the president threatened to veto the Republican budget and force the closure of government offices until a new budget was created. Republicans were ultimately forced to back down, opening the doors for this president to emerge unscathed as he compromised to pass a federal budget.
Robert La Follette
Wisconsin governor that led the way for many progressive state leaders. implemented plans for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation.
United States v. E.C. Knight
With its ruling in this case in 1895, the Supreme Court further weakened the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Court interpreted the commerce clause of the Constitution to exclude manufacturing, thus rendering Congress incapable of regulating that sector of the economy. In essence, the Sherman Antitrust Act had not teeth, and businessmen found ways to skirt its penalties.
Bull Moose ticket
Woodrow Wilson ran for reelection on this
Fourteen Points
Woodrow Wilson's plan for world peace. Called for free trade through lower tariffs/freedom of the seas; a reduction of arms supplies on all sides; the promotion of self-determination; creation of the League of Nations.
Virginia Stamp Act Resolves
Written by Patrick Henry, protesting the tax and asserting the colonists' right to a large measure of self government
the organization man
Written by William Whyte; attacked the way businesses wanted every employee to be just like the others to keep any individual from dominating or being a threat
sam j ervin
a 76-year-old senator from North Carolina who served as the chair of the Watergate Committee; defender of First Amendment rights and the Constitution
Enlightenment
a European intellectual movement that borrowed heavily from ancient philosophy and emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality
John C. Calhoun
a South Carolinian who was Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest"
francis gary powers
a U-2 pilot who's plane was shot down by a Soviet pilot. Sentenced to ten years in prison
silent spring
a book by rachel carson on the dangers of pesticides
tobacco
a cash crop long cultivated by native americans that began to be exported back to England the success of this brightened the prospects for English settlement in Virginia
Sojourner Truth
a charismatic black abolitionist speaker who campaigned for emancipation and women's rights
democratic party
a coalition of state political organizations, newspaper publishers, and other community leaders rallied around Andrew Jackson's campaign and later became known as the present day _____________
stagflation
a combination of rising prices and general economic stagation
Harlem Renaissance
a development of theaters, cultural clubs, and newspapers in the largest black neighborhood of NYC
"A Model of Christian Charity"
a famous sermon delivered by John Winthrop while onboard the Arabella, urging colonists to be a "city upon the hill"
students for a democratic society (SDS)
a gathering of students in michigan, most prominent organization in the new left
political bosses
a group of corrupt men that helped the poor find homes and jobs, apply for citizenship and voting rights. in return, expected community members to vote as they were instruction. occasionally required "donations" to help fund community projects
joint-stock company
a group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king. Jamestown was funded by this
Reservationists
a group of republicans that wanted a treaty with reservations
Korematsu v. United States
a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.
Olive Branch Petition
a last ditch attempt to avoid armed conflict
bicameral legislature
a legislature containing two houses, modeled after the British Parliament
conscription
a military draft. in 1862 the Confederacy imposed this, requiring many small farmers to serve in the army
vice-admirality court
a military-style court in which a defendant is not entitled to a jury - the decisions are up to a single judge
underground railroad
a network of hiding places and "safe" trails for slaves trying to escape slavery
holding company
a new form of business organization that owned enough stock in various companies to have a controlling interest in the production of raw material, means of transport, the factory itself, and the distribution network of that product
flapper
a new image of American women that emerged and became a symbol of the Roaring Twenties
The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
a pamphlet written by James Otis that laid out the colonists' argument against the taxes
Second Great Awakening
a period of religious revival, mainly among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists
feminist
a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes. the campaign for women's suffrage gave birth to this movement.
Social Darwinism
a philosophy based on the work of Charles Darwin, argued that in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the "fittest" to survive
The New Jersey Plan
a plan that called for modifications of the Articles of Confederation, a well as equal representation from each state
Monroe Doctrine
a policy of mutual noninterference. also claimed America's right to intervene anywhere in its own hemisphere if it felt its security was threatened
gemini program
a program of rocket-powered flights undertaken by US between 1961 and 1963 with the goal of putting a man in orbit around the earth
mercury program
a program of space flights undertaken by US in 1965 and 1966
Anne Hutchinson
a prominent proponent of antinomianism. her beliefs challenged Puritan beliefs and authority of the Puritan clergy. was tried for heresy, convicted, and banished
gag rule
a rule instated in Congress that automatically suppressed discussion of slavery/abolition. also prevented Congress from enacting any new legislation pertaining to slavery. lasted 1836 - 1844
army-mccarthy hearings
a series of hearings where Senator McCarthy accused people in the US military of being communists
"Alliance for Progress"
a series of projects for peaceful development and stabilization of the nations in Latin America.
black codes
a series of restrictive laws passed by Southern states in response to Turner's Rebellion that prohibited blacks from congregating and learning how to read
New York
a settlement that was a royal gift to the king's brother James
Booker T. Washington
a southern black born into slavery that promoted economic independence as a mean by which blacks could improve their lot
u-2
a spy plane used by the US. shot down over the USSR
public virtue
a strictly masculine quality Meant, to the revolutionary generation, patriotism and the willingness of a free and independent people to subordinate their interests to the common good and even to die for their country
habeas corpus
a traditional protection against improper imprisonment suspended by Jefferson Davis
Shakers
a utopian group that splintered from the Quakers, believed that they and all other churches had grown too interested in this world and too neglectful of their afterlives. isolated themselves in communes where they shared work and rewards
gambling
a vice battled by temperance societies besides alchohol consumption
Great Awakening
a wave of religious revivalism experienced between the 1730s and 1740s
postmillennialism
a widespread belief amongst 19th century Christians that said that Jesus would return only after a thousand-year old golden age brought about humankind. This brought about a major progressive force in America. John Quincy Adams pushed for the adoption of the metric system
Liberator (1831)
abolitionist newspaper published by William Lloyd garrison
extremists
abolitionists were often considered this prior to the Civil War
Navigation Acts
accepted as a part of mercantilism
Coffin Handbill
accused Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during the Indian War. A pamphlet created by Adam's supporters that had the names of militiamen Jackson supposedly had shot in the war of 1812. The names were actually of deserters who had been executed after being sentenced to death by a court.
clean air act
act in 1970 that promoted clean air
clean water act
act in 1972 that promoted clean water
Act of Toleration
act passed by Maryland's government in 1649 that protected the religious freedom of most Christians
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
act that created the Works Progress Administration
brokers
acted as middlemen, buying and selling raw and finished products trafficking them among manufacturers and retailers
james dean
actor. had no cause
Southern and Eastern Europe
after 1880, the majority of immigrants came from this area
Bering Strait
after the earth warmed, the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska faded and formed this
NASA
agency that controls all civilian things space
EPA
agency that enforces pollution standards
Compromise of 1877
agreed that if Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidential election, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana
Tripartite Pact
alliance between Japan, Italy, and Germany formed in 1940
United Nations
allies agreed to create this to mediate future international disputes
third neutrality act
allowed arm sales
12th Amendment
allowed electors to vote for a party ticket. 1804. solved the problem of a president being saddled with a vice president he did not want.
Thomas Edison inventions
allowed for the extension of the workday, which previously ended at sundown, and the wider availability of electricity.
Labor Disputes Act (1943)
allowed government takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security
telegraph
allowed immediate long-distance communication, helped the increase in travel and shipping
Alien and Sedition Acts
allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for "scandalous and malicious writing" low point of Adams's administration.
War Production Board
allowed the government to oversee the mobilization of industry toward the war effort
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
allowed the president to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals
referendum
allowed the public to vote on new laws
equal rights amendment
amendment that was shot down by rising concerns about disrupting traditional values
easter offensive
american and vietnamese forces mounted this offensive that halted the communist advance.
ABC
american broadcasting company
afl-cio
american federation of labor merges with the congress of industrial organizations under the leadership of george meany
apollo program
american program aimed at landing a man on the moon.
challenger
american shuttle that exploded during launch
3/4
amount of Southerners that did not own slaves
Dominion of New England
an English government attempt to clamp down on illegal trade. had autocratic control
covenant
an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return all Puritans believed they had this, was central to their entire philosophy
Mayflower compact
an agreement signed by the Pilgrims that established a "body politic" and a basic legal system for the colony
Monks Mound
an artificial hill 100 ft high that dominated Cahokia
recession
an economic period of continually decreasing output. caused by 2 things: 1. Roosevelt cut back government programs in an effort to balance the budget 2. the Federal Reserve Board tightened the credit supply in an effort to slow inflation
evangelicalism
an intense period of this was sparked in the South and West from influence from the burned over district
the weathermen
an offshoot of SDS. radicals that were responsible for several cases of arson and bombings
penicillin
an organism discovered by fleming that kills other bacteria.
Mississippian culture
an urban culture known for their immense earthen mounds
little rock central high school
angry white mob tried to bar black students from entering the school
beaver
animal hunted nearly to intinction by fur traders
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
anonymously wrote the Federalist Papers
French Revolution
another cause for debate within the early government. Jefferson wanted to support it and its republican ideals, whereas Hamilton had aristocratic leanings and therefore disliked the revolutionaries that had overthrown the French artistocracy
fur trading
another common commercial enterprise in the frontier besides farming
Hudson River School painters
another important group involved in the American Renaissance, the first distinct school of American art. their goal was to create a specific vision for American art, and they mostly painted landscapes that seemed to portray an awe for the wilderness
camp meetings
another name for revivals
benign neglect
another name for salutary neglect
Waltham system
another name for the Lowell system
Arabic
another passenger ship sunken by Germany. Wilson responded.
"Conscience Whigs"
anti-slavery northern Whig Party members
Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
antitrust law that sought to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.
Twenty-seventh Amendment
any increases in salary will take effect in the next session of Congress
ghettoes
areas in cities with large poor populations
"The South Carolina Exposition and Protest"
argued that states who felt the 50% tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law
strict constitutionalists
argued that the Constitution allowed Congress only the powers specifically granted to it or those necessary and proper to the execution of its enumerated powers. Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
zionism
asian religion
John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Abraham Lincoln
Monroe Doctrine
asserted America's right to assume the role of an international police force and intervene anywhere in the Western Hemisphere where it felt its national security was at stake. US didn't want to be apart of Europe's internal disputes
Declaratory Act
asserted the British government's right to tax and legislate in all cases anywhere in the colonies
East Indies
at first, Columbus thought he was here, giving the native americans the name "indians"
Amos Akerman
attorney general that had been posted to the Carolinas to try to speed trials of Klansmen along "These combinations amount to war"
indentured servitude
attracted many people to the New World. in return for free passage, people were promised seven years' labor, and afterwards they would receive their freedom. many also received a small amount of land, enabling to survive and vote
gold rush
attracted more than 100,000 people to California in 1848
Helen Hunt Jackson
author of A Century of Dishonor
Thomas Paine
author of Common Sense
Ida Tarbell
author of History of Standard Oil
Captain Alfred T. Mahan
author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)
Upton Sinclair
author of The Jungle
James Otis
author of The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
Lincoln Steffen
author of The Shame of the Cities
jd sallinger
author of catcher in the rye. book about insecurity
Thomas Jefferson
author of the Declaration of Independence
Samuel Adams
author of the Massachusetts Circular Letter
suburbs
automobile allowed those who worked in the cities to move farther away from city centers, thus giving birth to this
ICBM
ballistic missiles capable of reaching any point on the globe
wildcat banks
banks that sprung up and issued paper money without hesitation or "hard currency" to back it up after jackson killed the Bank of the United States
engel v. vitale
banned formal prayer in schools, government would not make any religion the 'official' religion.
second neutrality act
banned loans to belligerents
corrupt bargain
bargain between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. Clay backed Adams for presidency, Adams offered Clay the secretary of state position.
Puritainism
based on the idea of wanting to purify the Anglican church of Roman Catholic practices. Persecuted by English monarchs
Embargo Act of 1807
basically shut down America's import and export business, with disastrous economic results. Jefferson's response to the continual British and French harassment on US ships
Little Big Horn
battle that the Native Americans won against Americans
Andrew Johnson
became president after Lincoln's assassination
Squanto
became the interpreter for the Pilgrims, taught them how to plant in their new home
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
began dismantling the spoils system after the assassination of President Garfield by a frustrated job-seeker
market economy
began to developed after it was made possible to mass produce goods and transport them across the country cheaply. people trade their labor or goods for cash, which they use to buy other people's labor or goods
Transcendentalists
believed that humans contained elements of the divine, and thus they had faith in man's, and ultimately society's perfectibility
slaves
believed their chances for freedom were better with the British than with the colonists
Judicial Reorganization bill
bill drafted by Roosevelt that proposed that Roosevelt be allowed to name a new federal judge for every sitting judge who had reached the age of 70 and had not yet retired
"mulattoes"
biracial individuals, some of whom lived lives of relative luxury and refinement in the Deep South, particularly in and around New Orleans
bb king
black musician
rosa parks
black woman that refused to give up her seat to a white rider
Great Compromise
blended the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and the constitution
the feminine mystique
book by betty freidan. gave a voice to the feminism movement that was stirring
the other america
book by michael harrington about the inner cities
A Century of Dishonor
book written by Helen Hunt Jackson that detailed the injustices of the reservation system
equal pay act
brought about by kennedy, barred the pervasive practice of paying women less for the same work.
presidents commission on the status of women
brought national attention to sexism.
anti-British sentiment
brought on by how the English treated their soldiers and also how they behaved. especially strong in New England where much of the fighting in the French and Indian War took place.
internal improvements
building bridges, dredging harbors, digging canals, civilizing the lands that America already had
railroads
built beginning in the 1830s, first typically connecting only 2 cities
progressives
built on populism's achievements and adopting some of its goals mainly urban, northern, middle-class reformers who wanted to increase the role of government in reform while maintaining a capitalist economy
750,000
by 1790, this was the number of blacks enslaved in England's north american colonies
railroad time
by which rail schedules were determined, gave nation 1st standardized method of time telling with the adaption of time zones
land bridge
by which the native americans walked from Siberia to Alaska
The Virginia Plan
called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state based upon the population of the state
radical republicans
called for immediate emancipation of the slaves
reform movements
called for increased government activism against social and economic problems. Jackson fought against these
brown vs board of education
case in supreme court
red scare
caused by the Russian revolution, further split the progressive coalition by dividing the leftists from the moderates
CBS
central broadcasting company
liberty cabbage
changed name of sauerkraut in the spirit of rejecting all things German
Halfway Covenant
changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms
boom and bust cycles
changes in market economy that can halt a period of prosperity and throw the economy into a skid like the panics of 1819 and 1837
david beck
charged with misappropriation of union funds. resigned to be replaced by jimmy hoffa
Chief Justice Roger Taney
chief justice in the dred scott decision, argued that blacks were not citizens and therefore did not have rights
mickey mouse club
children's show started by disney. started mouse craze
Douglas MacArthur
chose to remove WWI veterans from Washington with excessive force. Employed cavalry and tear gas, driving veterans from DC and bring their makeshift homes. killed any chance Hoover had for reelection
George Washington
chosen by the second continental congress as a leader of the army
William H. Crawford
chosen for election of 1824 by Democratic-Republican caucus
states' rights
cited as most southerners' cause for fighting in the civil war
Boston
city in which there was the heaviest amount of remaining soldiers after the Quartering Act was repealed
New York City
city with the biggest opposition to the civil war
propagandists
claimed that labor unions were subversive forces that used violence and political radicalism
morse code
code that people used when sending a telegraph
conquistadors
collected and exported as much of the New World's wealth as they could
"Sons of Liberty"
collective name of protest groups formed throughout the colonies
royal colonies
colonies that was owned by the king
proprietorships
colonies that were owned by one person who usually received the land as a gift from the king
Ben Franklin
colonist that came to typify Enlightenment ideals in America. printer's apprentice that became and wealthy printer
King William's War
colonists's name for the war against French and Native Americans on the Canadian boarder
Pennsylvania
colony founded by William Penn
louis bruce
commissioner of indian affairs in 1969. mohawk-sioux idian
Platt Amendment
committed Cuba to American control. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation without US approval, US had the right to intervene in Cuba's affairs
mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, cotton gin
common machines used by farmers during this time period
corporate consolidation
companies, such as railroad companies, that followed the path that led to greater economies of scale, meaning larger and larger businesses with little to no legal restraint
remington rand company
company that developed UNIVAC
East India Tea Company
company that the British granted a monopoly on the tea trade in the colonies as well as a portion of new duties to be collected on tea sales
leftists
complained that the Agricultural Adjustment Act was immoral, felt government policy towards businesses was too favorable, wanted more punitive measures because many blamed the Great Depression on cooperate greed
monopoly
complete control of an entire industry
Chesapeake
comprised of present day Virginia and Maryland. Collective area of settlements around Jamestown
Alexander Hamilton
concerned that there was no uniform commercial policy and feared for the survival of the public. Convened the Annapolis Convention.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
condemned war as a means of foreign policy
Jefferson Davis
confederate president
miranda v. arizona
confirmed obligation of authorities to read a criminal their rights
"a meeting in Philadelphia"
congress agreed to this after the Annapolis Convention in order to revise the Articles of Confederation
Joseph galloway
conservative delegate sent by Pennsylvania to the First Continental Congress
Progressive Era
considered a turning point in American history because it marks the ever-increasing involvement of the federal government in our daily lives
"The Northwest"
consisted of northern states west of the Appalachians, such as Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
"The Southwest"
consisted of southern states west of the Appalachians, such as Alabama and Mississippi
National Industrial Recovery Act
consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim of eliminating overproduction and stabilizing prices
Thirteenth Amendment
constitutional amendment that abolished slavery
automobile
consumer product that typified the new spirit of the nation
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment. Abolished slavery in the Northwest territories, and also set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood.
Second Continental Congress
convened a few weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord
roth v. united states
court limited local gov't ability to curb pornography
vice-admiralty courts
courts in which a single judge issued a verdict without the deliberation of a jury. Part of the Sugar Act that most angered colonists - felt they were overstepping their authority
westward migration
created a new frontier culture
Crittendon Compromise
created by Southern leaders who wanted to maintain the Union
Federal Trade Commission
created by Woodrow Wilson. a federal agency, established in 1914, that administers antitrust and consumer protection legislation in pursuit of free and fair competition in the marketplace.
Sixteenth Amendment
created federal income tax
national congress of american indians
created in 1944. principle indian organization.
horizontal integration
created monopolies within a particular industry. several smaller companies within the same industry are combined to form one larger company, either by being bought out legally or by being destroyed through ruthless business practices. Example: Standard Oil created by John D. Rockefeller
Continental Congress
created the Articles of Confederation (1777)
Banking Act of 1933
created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to guarantee bank deposits
War Industry Board
created to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural production, sought to guarantee that all of the Allies were well supplied
fidel castro
cuban leader
homestead land
cultivate land, build a home, and live there
allen ginsberg
dark poem "howl" about American society
March 5, 1770
date of the Boston Massacre
December 16, 1773
date of the Boston Tea Party
July 4, 1776
date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence
earth day
day to learn about enviroment
Lincoln-Douglas debates
debates between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln that began in 1858 over the Illinois senate seat
"decade of crisis"
decade previous to the civil war, centered around the issue of slavery following the dred scott decision
Wilmot Proviso
defeated congressional bill that prohibited the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico
John Adams
defended the soldiers of the Boston Massacre in court, helping to establish a tradition of giving a fair trial to all those who are accused
John Quincy Adams
deftly negotiated a number of treaties that fixed US borders and opened new territories
Continental Association
delegates agreed to form this, with town setting up committees of observation to enforce the boycott, in time these committees became their towns' de facto (in fact, or in effect, whether by right or not) government overtime, expanded their powers. collected taxes, disrupted court session, organized militias, and stock piled weapons
First Continental Congress
delegates from all colonies except Georgia, convened in late 1774 so colonists could discuss their grievances
54°40' or fight
demand/slogan directed at James Polk regarding Oregon Country
Stephen Douglas
democrat that contributed to the Compromise of 1850
sulfa drugs
derived from sulfanilamide effectively treated streptococcal blood infections
Spanish Flu
devastating outbreak of 1918 that contributed to the end of progressivism
louis pasteur
developed antibodies and their study. worked with joubert
jules francois joubert
developed antibodies. worked with pasteur
radar, atomic bomb
developed by the US during WWII through government sponsored scientific research directed at improving weaponry
david sarnoff laboratories
developed color tv
Eli Whitney
developed interchangeable parts
albert sabin
developed oral vaccination against polio
edward jenner
developed the smallpox vaccine. first great immunological triumph
janas salk
developed vaccine against polio
almorth wright
developed vaccine against typhoid
william levitt
developer that mass produced houses for under 10,000
Allies' war aims
disarmament, self-determination, freedom of the seas, guarantees of each nation's security. discussed at Atlantic Charter Conference
dien bien phu
disastrous french action in vietnam. french were surrounded
alexander fleming
discovered penicillin
aids
disease that was rampant in the gay community.
saturday night massacre
dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973
17th parallel
divides north and south vietnam
declaration of indian purpose
document written by indians stating that they had the right to chose the life they wanted to live.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws. Declared the Alien and Sedition Acts void.
Patrick Henry
drafted the Virginia Stamp Act Resolves, protesting the tax and asserting the colonists' right to a large measure of self government
popular novels and newspapers
during this period, large segments of the public began to read these
vietnamization
effort to train and equip south vietnam to continue the fight with limited american aid
goals of Knights of Labor
eight hour workday, equal pay/equal work for men and women, child labor laws, safety and sanitary codes, federal income tax, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines
Martin Van Buren
election of 1836. took over presidency just as the country was entering economic crisis (Panic of 1837).
private virtue
emerged as a very important quality for women, who were given the task of inspiring and teaching men to be good citizens through romance and motherhood
McKinley Tariff
enacted in 1890 that raised the level of duties on imported goods by almost 50 percent
Specie Circular
ended the policy of the selling of government land on credit. caused a one shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury, helped trigger the Panic of 1837
Treaty of Ghent
ended the war of 1812
canal era
ended when railroads developed into a more convenient means of transporting goods
King Philip
english nickname for Metacomet
Hollywood
enlisted to create propaganda film to encourage support on the home front and boost morale of troops overseas
Declaration of Independence
enumerated colonies' grievances, articulates the principal of individual liberty and the government's fundamental responsibility to serve the people
the sand county almanac
environmental literature classic that argued that humans had a responsibility to care for the enviroment
Gilded Age
era between Reconstruction and 1900
executive priviledge
established by Washington in the case of the Treaty of San Lorenzo. the right of the president to withhold information when doing so would protect national security
House of Burgesses
established in 1619 in Virginia, in which any property holding, white male could vote. all decisions made by this had to be approved by the Virginia Company
Brook Farm
established in 1841. home to the Transcendentalists, a group of nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers that drew their inspiration from European romanticism. most famous of these experimental communities
Freedman's Bureau
established in 1865 to help newly liberated blacks establish a place in postwar society
governor
every colony had this who was appointed by either the king or the proprietor
Connecticut, Maryland
examples of proprietorships (2)
mass transportation
expansion of railroad lines, streetcars, construction of subways. allowed middle class to live in nicer neighborhoods and commute to work
democrats
expansionist political party, felt it was not the government's place to do anything with newly added land
mass hysteria
experienced in Salem in the summer of 1692, led to the witch trials
Lewis and Clark
explorers sent by Jefferson to investigate the western territories
port huron statement
expressed disillusionment with the society they had inherited and their determination to build new politics
title VII
extended legal protections against discrimination to women.
Tariff of 1832
failed to lower tariff rates to an acceptable level for the South. nullified by South Carolina
Alamo
famous battle fought in 1836 between Texan ranchers and Mexicans A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.
Louis Armstrong
famous jazz musician
Constitutional Convention
famous meeting in which delegates revised the Articles of Confederation. Met during the summer of 1787, included delegates from all states except Rhode Island
Eugene O'Neill
famous playwright of the Roaring Twenties
Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston
famous poets from the Harlem Renaissance
Hull House
famous settlement house that provided services such as English lessons for immigrants, day care for children of working mothers, childcare classes for parents, playgrounds for children.
"Atlanta Exposition"
famous speech in Atlanta in 1895 where Booker T. Washington outlined his view of race relations
Scopes Monkey Trial
famous trial of John Thomas Scopes over teaching the theory of evolution
Lowell system
famous work enticement program. guaranteed employees housing in respectable, chaperoned boarding houses, cash wages, and participation in cultural and social events organized by the mill
landless whites
farmers that either farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers
"silver vs. gold" debate
farmers wanted the liberal use of silver coins as a way to increase available money, banks preferred for the country to use only gold to back its money supply
northern banks
favored by hamilton's financial plan.
warren burger
federal appeals court judge with conservative leanings appointed by nixon
clement haynsworth
federal circuit court judge. took fire from senate liberals, blacks, and labor unions for conservative record on civil rights
john j sirica
federal judge in the Watergate scandal
Panic of 1873
financial crisis that drew the nation's attention away from Reconstruction
john glenn
first american to orbit globe
Fort Sumter
first attack by the confederacy occurred here on December 12, 1861
sandra day o'connor
first female supreme court justice. appointed by reagan
beautification
first lady johnsons pet project to raise awareness for the rampant destruction of nature by industry
free speech movement
first major outburst of what was to be nearly a decade of campus turmoil
George Washington
first president of the US. unanimously chosen by the electoral college. Didn't seek out the presidency; however, accepted the role out of a sense of obligation.
explorer I
first satellite in space from USA
Missouri
first state to come out of the Louisiana Purchase
first trimester
first three months of a pregnancy
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles
five civilized tribes, "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion. lived South in the area east of the Mississippi River.
g harrold carswell
florida federal appeals court judge
joan baez
folk singer, focused on political radicalism. like bob dylan
bob dylan
folk singer. focused on explicit political radicalism. like joan baez
Democratic-Republicans
followers of Jefferson that believed in a weak federal government with greater emphasis on states' rights
appointees
following the civil war, most important political positions were held by these people
Currency Act
forbade the colonists to issue paper money
movies
form of entertainment that grew tremendously popular during the Roaring Twenties
labor unions
formed to try to counter the poor treatment of workers. considered radical organizations by many.
Knights of Labor
founded in 1869, one of the first national labor unions. organized skilled and unskilled workers.
Grange Movement
founded in 1875, group of farmers that rallied around the silver vs. gold debate. started out as a cooperative that allowed farmers to buy machinery and sell crops
gay liberation front
founded in new york in 1969. promoted gay rights
Uriah Stephens
founded the Knights of Labor in 1869
berry gordy
founder of Motown Records
William Penn
founder of Pennsylvania
Jane Addams
founder of the Hull House. Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
Erie Canal (1825)
funded entirely by NY, this linked the Great Lakes region to NY and thus, to European shipping routes
Quebec Act
further upset colonists. 1. Granted greater liberties to Catholics 2. Extended the boundaries of Quebec Territory, thus further impending westward expansion
socialists
gained popularity by calling for the nationalization of businesses (government takeover). extreme leftists
Washington Conference (1921 - 1922)
gathered eight of the world's great powers; resulting in a treaty that set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy towards China
writs of assistance
gave British the power to search any place they suspected of hiding smuggled goods
Amnesty Act of 1872
gave forgiveness to former Confederates and Whites in the South and allowed them to vote again basically pardoned rebels and allowed them to reenter public life
indian civil rights act
gave indians rights that other citizens were given in the bill of rights. recognized the legitimacy of tribal law within reservations.
Federal Reserve System
gave the government greater control over the nation's finances
recall election
gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired
gamal abdel nasser
general in egypt that pushed leader towards friendly relations with commies
Works Progress (Project) Administration
generated more than 8 million jobs, all paid for by the government. employed writers, photographers, and other artists as well as regular public workers
hard currency
gold or silver. preferred by Andrew Jackson
Federal Bureau of Investigation
government agency that was created to prevent radicals from taking over
Palmer Raids
government agents raided union halls, pool halls, social clubs, and residences to arrest 4,000 suspected radicals in early 1920. abandoned all pretext of respecting civil liberties
greenbacks
government issued paper money that was a precursor to modern currency
neutrality acts
government response to Nye Commission
pro-business
government was more for this during the Jazz Era
Samuel J. Tilden
governor of New York that won the popular vote b y a small margin during the election of 1876
legislature
governors of colonies were dependent on this for money
most favored nation trade status
granted to countries that were eligible for the lowest tariff rate set by the united states
Nineteenth Amendment
granted women's suffrage
Ireland, Germany
great migration waves came from these places during the 1840s and 1850s
Babe Ruth
greatest baseball player of the Roaring Twenties
elvis
greatest early rockstar
advertising industry
grew up during the jazz era to hype up all of these new products such as radios and cars
bipartisan electoral commission
group consisting of senators, representatives, and supreme court justices that was meant to resolve the disputed 1876 election
National Woman Suffrage Association
group for women's rights led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded in 1869
Populist Party
group of farmers that called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of US senators, and shorter work days. convention held in 1892
Liberal Republicans
group of moderates that abandoned the coalition that supported Reconstruction during the 1872 election
Powhatan Confederacy
group of native americans that traded with John Smith. after he was injured in a gun powder explosion and went back to England, they stopeed trading with him
copperheads
group of people that accused Lincoln of instigating a national social revolution
"war democrats"
group of people that conceded that the war was necessary to preserve the union
pueblo people
group of people that lived in the desert southwest with multistory stone houses. urban culture
Quids
group of republicans led by John Randolph that criticized Jefferson for violating Republican principles with his purchase of Louisiana territory
Irreconcilables
group of republicans that were totally opposed to the League of Nations
Confederate States of America
group of southern states that had succeeded from the union
Bonus Expeditionary Force
group of tens of thousands of impoverished veterans and their families that came to Washington to lobby for a bill to enact early payment of benefits to WWI veterans
plantation owners
group of the wealthiest people in the South that formed an aristocracy
New Deal coalition
group of union members, urbanites, the underclass, and blacks that swept Roosevelt back into office for his second term
immediatists
group of white abolitionists that wanted emancipation at once
moderates
group of white abolitionists that wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the operation of slave owners
lost genration
group of writers that moved to Europe, where they chronicled their alienation from the modern era
american indian movement
group of young militant indians that drew support from both urban areas and reservations
the beat
group of young poets, writers and artists. critical of american society
American Antislavery Society (1833)
group started by William Lloyd Garrison. Abolitionist group
Norse
group that arrived in Canada almost 500 years before Columbus
Ku Klux Klan
group that attacked blacks, Jews, urbanites, and anyone whose behavior deviated from their narrowly defined code of acceptable Christian behavior
electoral college
group that elected the president and vise president according to the Great Compromise/Constitution
northerners
group that feared that new states in the West would become slave states
"The Female Moral Reform Society"
group that led the battle against prostitution in the cities, focusing not only on eliminating the profession but also on rehabilitating those women involved in it
loyalists
group that remained loyal to the crown. consisted of government officials, devout Anglicans, merchants dependent on trade with England, and many religious and ethnic minorities
women
group that was crucial to boycotting British products - typically in charge of the family budget
khmer rouge
group whose policies led to the death of 1/3 of cambodia's population
congressional caucuses
groups of US congressmen that had chosen their parties' nominees
Committees of Correspondence
groups set up by colonists throughout the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood
Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst
growth of the newspaper industry largely due to these people. Understood the commercial value of bold, screaming headlines and lurid tales of scandal.
family assistance program (fap)
guaranteed annual income for american families.
specie
hard currency, such as gold coins
henry kissinger
harvard grad whom nixon appointed as his special assistant for national security affairs
nativism
hatred of foreigners
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
highest protective tariff in US history that Hoover thought would help American business, but ended up worsening the economy
the counter culture
hippies: long hair, flashy clothes, +sex, +drugs
Sigmund Freud
his ideas brought about the new attitudes of the Roaring Twenties
the Turner, Frontier Thesis
historian Fredrick Turner's ideas: 1. the frontier was significant in shaping democracy. 2. defining american spirit. 3. fostering democracy. 4. providing a safety valve for economic distress in urban, industrial centers
doctrine of nullification
holds that the individual states have the right to disobey federal laws if they find them unconstitutional
dick clark
host of american bandstand
settlement houses
houses that became community centers, provided schooling, childcare, cultural activities
"40 acres and a mule"
idea to give this to freedmen, never really got anywhere
egalitarianism
ideal of the west that opposed the south A belief in the equality of all people
William Jackson
importer that ran a shop called the Brazen Head
Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
imposed marital law on the south 1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions
internment of Japanese Americans
imprisonment of more than 110,000 Asian Americans by the US government
Glorious Revolution
in England, James II was overthrown and replaced with William and Mary. Ended the Dominion of England
XYZ Affair
in which Adams published diplomats' reports in the newspapers about the French officials who demanded a huge bribe before they would allow negotiations to begin. complete turnaround: pro-French people became anti-French
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
in which John Marshall had established that only the Supreme Court had the power of judicial review
Hampton Roads Conference
in which Lincoln offered a five year delay on implementing the 13th amendment as well as $400 million to compensate slave owners. basically an attempt at negotiation.
Freeport Doctrine
in which Stephen Douglas attempted to defend popular sovereignty and inadvertently destroyed his political career
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
in which Thomas Jefferson and James Madison first expressed the doctrine of nullification
farewell address
in which Washington (composed partly by Alexander Hamilton) warned future presidents to "steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world"
Neutrality Proclamation
in which Washington declared the US intention to remain "friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers"
Boston Massacre
in which a mob pelted a group of soldiers with rock filled snowballs and then soldiers fired into the crowd killing 5 people
sharecropping
in which farmers traded a portion of their crop in return for the right to work someone else's land
vertical integration
in which one company buys out all the factors of production, from raw materials to finished product. Example: Andrew Carnegie
germ warfare
in which the British used smallpox-infested blankets to help defeat the Ottawa
Panic of 1819
in which the Era of Good Feelings came to an end, threw America into economic turmoil. cause by a period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation.
Federalist Papers
in which the Federalist position in regards to the Constitution was argued and published in a New York newspaper and later widely circulated. written anonymously by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
in which the Supreme Court ruled against Jackson with regards to the Second Bank of the United States.
Teller Amendment
in which the US claimed it would not annex Cuba after Spain's departure from the island in 1898
Sherman's March
in which the Union army marched from Atlanta to the sea in the fall of 1864 burning everything in their wake as a way to destroy the Confederate morale and Southern resources
King Philip's War
in which the Wampanoags attacked several settlements in retaliation for the intrusion on Wampanoag territory
Slaughter-House cases
in which the court ruled that the 14th amendment applied only to the federal government, not the state government
Battle of Lexington
in which the minutemen of Lexington fought the British. Resulted in 18 minutemen casualties
bicameral legislature
included a lower house (House of Representatives) elected by the people, and the upper house (the Senate) elected by state legislatures
Tariff of Abominations
infamous tariff from Jackson administration in 1828
The North Star
influential newspaper started by Frederick Douglass
Pequots
inhabitants of the Connecticut Valley, resisted the English
impeachment proceedings
initiated against president Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act
ddt
insecticide that helped greatly during ww2
Whiskey Rebellion
instigated by Hamilton's financial program. Started in western Pennsylvania when farmers resisted an excise tax on whiskey. emphasized class tensions between farmers and the elite
Horace Mann
instrumental in publishing for public education and education reform in general. he lengthened the school year, established the first normal school for teacher training, and used the first standardized books in education
Zimmermann Telegram
intercepted telegram that outlined a German plan to keep US out of European war. Stated that if Mexico declared war on US, Germany would help Mexico regain lost lands.
southern christian leadership conference
interracial group led by martin luther king junior
headright system
introduced by the Virginia Company in 1618. granted parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists. became the basis for an emerging aristocracy in colonial Virginia
interchangeable parts
invented by Eli Whitney, allowed for manufacturing to run much smoother, replacing parts much easier
cotton gin
invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, revolutionized Southern agriculture
Proclamation of 1763
issued by the British that forbade settlement west of the rivers running through the Appalachians
nuclear fusion
joining heavier elements with lighter ones resulting in far greater power.
muckrakers
journalists who wrote exposés of corporate greed and misconduct. name coined by Theodore Roosevelt
care and restraint
knowing that whatever he did would set precedents for future presidents, Washington exercised his power with this
silent majority
label nixon gave to middle-class americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s
American Federation of Labor
labor union that concentrated on "bread and butter" issues such as higher wages and shorter workdays. only included skilled workers
Great Migration
large movement of southern blacks to big cities like New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit to seek out wartime manufacturing jobs
Massachusetts Bay
larger colony established in 1629 established by Congregationalists
national organization for women
largest and most affluent feminist group in america
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
law that forbade any combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade. basically tried to get rid of trusts. however, it was vague enough for the (pro business) Supreme Court to interpret it as it saw fit.
personal liberty laws
laws passed by northern states to weaken the fugitive slave act. required a trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them the right to a lawyer.
Dorothea Dix
lead the movement for penitentiaries that sought to rehabilitate criminals
jimmy hoffa
leader of teamsters union. pursued by government officials for almost a decade
Samuel Gompers
leader of the American Federation of Labor
Nathaniel Bacon
leader of the Bacon Rebellion
Joseph Smith
leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (mormons)
J. Edgar Hoover
leader of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Terrence Powderly
leader of the Knights of Labor. Led several unsuccessful strikes that started the decline in popularity of this group.
W.E.B. Du Bois
leader of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Eugene Debs
leader of the Socialist Party of America
Metacomet
leader of the Wampanoags
Henry Cabot Lodge
leader of the reservationists, chairman of the senate foreign relations committee, Wilson's political nemesis/intellectual rival
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun
leaders of the War Hawks
temperance movement
leading social movement of the 19th century prior to the Civil War
daniel ellsberg
leaked the pentagon papers
George Washington
led a colonial contingent that attacked a French outpost and lost badly
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
led by Hugh S. Johnson. Had trouble with the codes that they created.
Brigham Young
led mormons to the Salt Lake Valley
John Winthrop
led the Massachusetts Bay colony, developed along Puritan ideals
george meany
led the afl-cio
Susan B. Anthony
led the fight for women's suffrage
jacobo arbenz guzman
leftist leader of guatemala. CIA was ordered to topple his leadership
9 years
length of the Seven Years' War
commercial banks
lent money to everyone so that the wheels of commerce stayed well greased
Massachusetts Circular Letter
letter sent out by the Massachusetts Assembly written by Samuel Adams in 1768. Asked all other assemblies that they protest in unison
Molasses Act of 1733
little revenue was collected from this because smuggling was so commonplace
Cherokees
lived South in the area east of the Mississippi River. had developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture as a way of life. Had developed their own government and deemed themselves an independent republic within the state of Georgia
Captain John Smith
lived in Jamestown. "He who will not work shall not eat" helped improve Jamestown for a time
packing the courts
loading the courts with judges that favored his policies (Roosevelt)
echo park
located near boarders of Utah, Colorado and Wyoming) where the gov't sought to build a dam to create source of hydroelectric power. American environmentalists led fight to maintain Echo park and won. Helped create widespread environmental consciousness.
clothing manufacturers
located primarily in the northeast, transformed the textiles into finished products
Ohio Valley
location in which settlers discovered was suitable to grain production and dairy farming
Tehran (November 1943)
location of first meeting of Big Three, planned D-Day, to divide defeated Germany
Deep South
location where cotton was grown
Middle Atlantic
location where tobacco was grown
House of Representatives
lower house, elected by the people
fourteenth amendment
made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country
midnight appointments
made by John Adams because he was so upset about the election of 1800. He filled as many government positions with Federalists as he could. Jefferson responded by refusing to accept these appointments and replacing as many Federalist appointees as he could
steam engine
made steam ships possible
middle class
made up of tradesmen, brokers, and other professionals. they worked to reach a point in which the women in their families could devote themselves to homemaking instead of wage earning
immigrants and migrants
made up the majority of city populations
supply exceeding demand
main underlying cause for the Great Depression that led to deflation, unemployment, and business failures
populists
mainly aggrieved farmers who advocated radical reforms
christmas bombing
major bombing campaign near christmas, 1972.
class tensions
major factor that led to widespread desertions from the Confederate Army
immigrants
manufacturers hired many of these people because they were desperate for work
railroad regulations
many states imposed this because railroads were engaging in price gouging
election of 1824
marked a major turning point in presidential elections
stonewall riot
marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. police raided the Stonewall Inn (gay bar) and arrested patrons. Gays taunted the police, then attacked, then lit the place on fire.
disenfranchised
meaning unable to vote
Interregnum
means "between kings" during this time, the Puritans had little motive to move to the New World
League of Nations
mechanism for international cooperation proposed by Wilson. US never actually entered this. Created at Treaty of Versailles
National Labor Relations Board
mediated labor disputes
Atlantic Charter Conference
meeting between Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, where they declared the Allies' war aims
Yalta
meeting in February 1945 of the Allied leaders
Albany Plan of Union
meeting of representatives from 7 colonies. developed by Benjamin Franklin. Provided for an intercolonial government, system for collecting taxes for the colonies' defense.
ngo dinh diem
member of south vietnams roman catholic minority
wounded knee occupation
members of AIM occupied the town for two months demanding the government honor old treaties
Iron Curtain
metaphor coined by Churchill to describe symbolic division of Eastern and Western Europe
sharecropping
method in which landless farmers rented land to farm on
Three-Fifths Compromise
method laid out by the Constitution for counting slaves among the population of Southern states for "proportional" representation in Congress. also established three branches of government with the power of checks and balances on eachother
George Whitefield
methodist preacher that preached a Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality
cesar chavez
mexican worker that became a mexican rights activist, created the united farm workers union
la raza unida
mexican-american political organization.
Roger Williams
minister in the Salem Bay settlement, taught that the church and state should be separate. Became banned, went on to found a colony in modern day Rhode Island
Charles Townshend
minister of the exchequer (treasury)
Irish immigrants
minority group in the union that opposed fighting for freedom of the slaves
david brower
modern day John-Muir; Executive director of the Sierra Club 1952-1962; changed it from being hiking club to advocacy group for saving and preserving land across U.S., founded Friends of the Earth and the Earth Island Institute; Helped the passage of the Wilderness Act in 1964
Absolutists
monarchs that believed the government's power derived from god
April 1865
month/date of the end of the civil war
"Christianize and civilize"
most compelling argument for US annexing Philippines. US had a moral obligation to do this
martin luther king junior
most powerful black voice in the civil rights movement. nonviolent resistance
Theodore Roosevelt
most prominent progressive leader (was a president)
Great Migration
movement of large number of blacks into Northern cities, did not take place until WWI
blackboard jungle
movie about crime and violence in inner city schools
rebel without a cause
movie with james dean
religious convictions
much of the impulse to improve the lives of others came from this during the 19th century
woodstock
music festival where 400,000 hippies gathered to do drugs and have sex with each other
ecobedo v. illinois
must be allowed access to lawyer before being questioned by police
mohammed mossadegh
naionalist prime minister of Iran
Jim Crow laws
name for a group of numerous discriminatory laws passed by towns and cities throughout the South
Grand Alliance
name for tenuous alliance between Soviet Union and the West
pink collar jobs
name given to predominately female professions such as school teaching or office assistant work
squatters
name given to settlers that ignored the requirements to buy land and simply moved onto and appropriated an unoccupied tract as their own
Forty-Niners
name given to settlers that were drawn to California for the Gold Rush in 1849
Peter Stuyvesant
name of Dutch governor that surrendered New Amsterdam to the British
Redeemers
name of Southern Democrats that intended to reverse Republican reconstruction policies as they returned to power
Spanish Armada
name of Spain's navy
"Republic of Texas"
name of Texas during its short independence
minutemen
name of a small colonial militia because they reputedly could be ready to fight on a minute's notice. first troops to meet the British in Lexington on their way to Concord
Narrative on the Life of Frederick Douglass
name of autobiography of Frederick Douglass
Jazz Age
name of the decade of the 1920s
Virginia Company
name of the joint-stock company that founded Jamestown
Cahokia
name of the larges North American city north of Mexico before the arrival of European settlers
First New Deal
name of the major programs implemented during the First Hundred Days
Plymouth
name of the settlement of the separatists
Arabella
name of the ship of the Congregationalists/Massachusetts Bay colonists
Mayflower
name of the ship that the Separatists took to the New World
McGuffey's Reader
name of the standardized text book used by 80% of public schools
Pilgrims
name of the travelers on board the Mayflower
Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry
name of two radical delegates sent by Virginia to the First Continental Congress
Pontiac's Rebellion
name of when war chief rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio Valley and attacked colonial outposts
suez canal crisis
nasser siezed the suez canal from he british to raise funds for a dam
NBC
national broadcasting company
ho chi minh
nationalist leader of vietnam
Iroquois
native group the Franklin tried to negotiate a treaty with at the Albany Plan of Union.
colleges
nearly all of these established during the period of 1600 - 1750 served primarily to train ministers
Franco-American Alliance
negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought the French into the war on the side of the colonists after the battle of Saratoga
ethnic neighborhoods
neighborhoods where groups of immigrants from the same area settled together
George III
new British King during the time of the Seven Years' War
rock and roll
new music genre with the electronic guitars and big drums
republican
new political party formed by former free spoilers, northern democrats, anti-slavery whigs. not abolitionist, but dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories. Also championed issues such as further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, increased protective tariffs
yellow journalism
new style of sensational reporting started by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hurst
redcoats
nickname for British troops
"burned-over district"
nickname for area in western New York in which the Second Great Awakening started. so many people were religious in this area that they had no more people left to convert.
Big Stick Policy
nickname for the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
"doughface"
nickname given to Northerners who supported pro-Southern policies
The Trustbuster
nickname given to roosevelt because of his use of the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies
"the nation's bread basket"
nickname given to the Midwest because of the ease of farming/transportation in that area
Know-Nothings
nickname of American party because they met privately and remained secretive
"president without a party"
nickname of John Tyler
Virgin Queen
nickname of Queen Elizabeth I, origin of the name of the Virginia Company
sick chicken case
nickname of Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States
Tariff of Abominations
nickname of Tariff of 1828
the Prophet
nickname of Tenskwatawa
"over-mountain men"
nickname of fur traders
fool's gold
nickname of iron pyrite that ignorant aristocrats mistook for gold
Hoovervilles
nickname of shantytowns built by the homeless during the Great Depression
bread colonies
nickname of the middle colonies
"the starving time"
nickname of the winter of 1609 - 1610 in Jamestown because 90% of settlers died
alphabet agencies
nickname to Roosevelt's new agencies because so many of them were referred to by their acronyms
fall of saigon
north vietnamese disregard paris accords and attack saigon. americans hastily vacate
le duc tho
north vietnamese foreign secretary. made unofficial peace agreements with kissenger.
northwest territories
northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and up to the Canadian border
Proclamation of 1763
noted as the first step on the road to revolution, the end of salutary neglect. established a pattern of demarcating "Indian Territory"
"city upon a hill"
now famous quote in which John Winthrop urged the colonists to be a model for others to look up to
4,000
number of British soldiers that remained in Boston (16,000 residents)
130,000
number of Englishmen who migrated to the Chesapeake during the 17th century
35 ballots
number of ballots required to choose a president between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr and the election of 1800
100,000
number of copies sold of Common Sense within the first 3 months
55
number of delegates at the Constitutional Convention
22 states
number of states in the Union in 1820
40%
number that British imports dropped by 1770
sectional strife
occurred during the 1840s due to different regions developing in very different directions
"Boss" Tweed
of Tammany Hall in New York City. Most notorious political boss.
Housing Act of 1961
offered $4.9 billion to cities to preserve open spaces, create mass-transit, and for the subsidization of middle-income housing.
Teapot Dome Scandal
oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands
exxon valdez
oil tanker that crashed into a reef of the coast of alaska. dumped oil into the sea
War of 1812
one factor that forced the US to become less dependent on imports
james w mccord
one of the burglars in the watergate scandal was a former CIA employee said he was paid hush money to plea guilty
Quakers
one of the first groups to believe slavery to be morally wrong and argue for its end
Louisiana Purchase
one of the major accomplishments in Jefferson's first term. bought Louisiana territory in 1803 from the french for $15 million
stock market crash of 1929
one of the major contributing factors to the Great Depression
James Madison
one of the major contributors to The Virginia Plan
nullification
one of the major issues of Jackson's presidency
robert stevens
one of the people mccarthy accused of being communst
American manufacturing
one of the positive results of the War of 1812
camp followers
one of the roles of women in the Revolutionary war. Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.
Georgia
only colony that did not send delegates to the First Continental Congress
gangster era
open warfare between competing gangs and between criminals and law enforcement earned the prohibition period this name
Anti-Federalists
opponents of the Constitution, saw it as an all powerful beast. tended to come from the backcountry and were particularly appalled by the absence of a bill of rights
conservatives
opposed the higher tax rates the New Deal brought, disliked the increase in government power over business, complained that relief programs removed incentive for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty
American Suffrage Association
organization that fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions
political machines
organizations of political bosses that rendered services that communities would otherwise have not received.
John Calhoun, Henry Clay
organized a behind the scenes compromise that lowered the Tariff of 1832 and defused tensions
Farmer's Holiday Association
organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices
New Amsterdam
original name of New York
Intolerable Acts
other name for Coercive Acts
Pontiac's Uprising
other name for Pontiac's Rebellion
French and Indian War
other name for Seven Years' War called this because thats who the colonists were fighting
Nationalist Program
other name for the American System
Connecticut Compromise
other name for the Great Compromise
Cato Rebellion
other name for the Stono Uprising
lotteries
outlawed by every state in the Union by 1860 a way of distributing land whereby hopeful claimants entered their names to be drawn from barrels.
Quakers
pacifists that wanted to avoid war
Common Sense
pamphlet published by the English printer Thomas Paine. Advocated colonial independence, argued for the merits of republicanism over monarchy
White League
paramilitary force that focused on murdering republicans organization established to restore political power to the pre-civil war white democrats and did not hesitate to use violence to achieve that end
Indian Removal Act
passed by congress under Jackson in 1830. demanded that the Native Americans resettle in Oklahoma, which had been deemed "Indian Territory"
black codes
passed by southern legislators that limited freedman's rights to assemble and travel, instituting curfews, and requiring blacks to carry special passes
Homestead Act
passed in 1862. offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would homestead it for five years
Lusitania
passenger ship that was sunk by German u-boats in 1915 killing 1,198 passengers including 128 Americans.
peace with honor
peace settlement that allowed the war to end while not damaging the honor of either side
paris accords
peace treaty temporarily ending the vietnam war
"captains of industry"
people who owned and controlled the new manufacturing enterprises (fans called them this)
"robber barons"
people who owned and controlled the new manufacturing enterprises (others called them this)
75%
percent of Englishmen that migrated to the Chesapeake during the 17th century that were indentured servants
less than 1%
percent of Southerners that owned more than 100 slaves
Henry Ford
perfected the assembly line and mass production
pre-columbian era
period before Columbus's arrival
The Great Puritan Migration
period from 1629 - 1642 in which a large number of puritans journeyed to the New World
Era of Good Feelings
period of unity in which the United States had only one political party
First Hundred Days
period right after Roosevelt's election that the government implemented most of the major programs
Lend-Lease Act
permitted the US to "lend" armaments to England
Edwin Stanton
person that Johnson fired, therefore violating the tenure of office act
Preston Brooks
person that savagely beat abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner for a speech in which Sumner attacked the South
"power of the purse"
phrase used to describe the control over government salaries and tax legislation
Ohio Valley
place where English settlers were trying to move into that angered the French
Salt Lake Valley
place where Mormons traveled to so that they would be able to practice their faith
revivals
places where there had only been occasional religious meetings
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
plan that called for the creation of provisional military governments to run the states until the were readmitted to the Union
howl
poem by allen ginsberg
protectionism
policy of keeping tariffs high
People's Party
political group of the populist movement
republicans
political party that advocated high protective tariffs
whigs
political party that formed because Jackson's democratic party could not represent the interests of all its constituencies. a loose coalition that shared one thing in common: opposition to one or more of the democrats' policies
American Party
political party that rallied around the single issue of hatred of foreigners
whig
political party that stood for a policy of internal improvements
republican party
political party that supported business and its opposition to unions
republican
political party that supported high tariffs
democrat
political party that supported low tariffs
democrats
political party that supported lower tariffs
Rosie the Riveter
popular image that symbolized the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs during WWII
New Navy
popularized by Mahan's Book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which called for a strong navy
native americans
populated America before Christopher Columbus's arrival
southeastern quarter
portion of the country where southerners envisioned slavery
welfare capitalism
practices utilized by businessmen to dissuade workers from organizing and demanding more. this included pension plans, opportunities for profit sharing, company parties, and other events to foster a communal spirit at work
ENIAC
preceded the UNIVAC
Ulysses S. Grant
president after Johnson. Civil War hero, but had no political experience
gerald ford
president after nixon, appealed to congress for more money at the very end of the war
Franklin D. Roosevelt
president at the end of the Great Depression (1933). Declared war on the Depression. "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"
nguyen van thieu
president of south vietnam during peace talks. wanted full withdrawal of north vietnamese troops
black codes
prevented black from owning guns, drinking liquor, and assembling in groups of more than 3 besides at a church
$15 million
price of the Louisiana purchase
tobacco
primary crop the George Washington farmed
white farmers and workers
primary opposition to the expansion of slavery came from these people
separation of powers, checks and balances
principles behind that the president has the power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, but these treaties are subject to Senate ratification
New England newspapers
printed pleas to boycott British goods, specifically directed at women
Lecompton Constitution
pro-slavery constitution from Kansas
"Cotton Whigs"
pro-slavery southern Whig Party members
machine tool industry
produced specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation
howard florey
produced stable and potent types of penicillin with chain
ernest chain
produced stable and potent types of penicillin with florey
assembly line production
products are constructed more efficiently by dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one task. promoted by Eli Whitney's inventions
Fredrick Jackson Turner
progressive historian that declared the American frontier gone after the result of the 1890 census
first neutrality act (1935)
prohibited the sale of arms to either belligerent in a war
Dust Bowl
prolonged drought that afflicted the Great Plains area of the Midwest
Harriet Tubman
prominent black abolitionist who escaped slavery and then returned to the south repeatedly to help more than 300 slaves escape via the underground railroad
William Lloyd Garrison
prominent immediatist that began publishing a popular abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator
Andrew Carnegie
promoted Social Darwinism. argued against government regulation, but supported all types of government assistance to business (grants, tariffs, etc.). Argued that the concentration of wealth among the few was natural and efficient for capitalism.
national indian youth council
promoted the idea of intertribal unity and nationalism
Margaret Sanger
promoted the use of contraceptives. founded what became known as Planned Parenthood
National Bank
proposed by Hamilton to help regulate and strengthen the economy. Both houses of Congress agreed to it, but Washington considered a veto
border ruffians
proslavery Missourians that relocated in Kansas as a way to influence popular sovereignty
Andrew Butler
proslavery senator
kent state
protests that turned violent. members of the national guard opened fire on students, killing four and wounding nine
Tennessee Valley Authority
provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region, and under government control expanded its operations greatly, which led to the economic recovery of the region
Civilian Conservation Corps
provided grants to the states to mange their own Public Works Administration-esque projects
GI Bill
provided housing, education, and job-training subsidies to veterans
Farm Credit Act
provided loans to farmers in danger of foreclosure
Agricultural Adjustment Act
provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one half
Social Security Administration
provided retirement benefits for many workers
Wade Davis Bill
provided that former Confederate states be ruled by a military governor and required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the US. Congress plan for state re-admittance
Dr benjamin spock
published a baby and child care book. advised women to stay at home
John Dickinson
pushed for reconciliation with Britain using the Olive Branch Petition
Emergency Banking Relief Bill
put poorly managed banks under the control of the Treasury Department and granted government licenses to those that were solvent
Compromise of 1850
put together by Stephen Douglas and Henry Clay. Collection of bills that: 1. Admitted California as a free state, however included the fugitive slave law 2. Created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, but left slavery up to popular sovereignty 3. Abolished slave trade, not actual slavery, in Washington DC
John Brown
radical abolitionist that led a raid on a proslavery camp in Kansas
International Workers of the World
radical labor union that was branded as an enemy of the state
Congressional Reconstruction
radicals' plan for reconstruction: 1. Stated that if you are born in the US, you were a citizen of the US and that you are a citizen of the state in which you reside (14th amendment) 2. Prohibited states from depriving any citizen of "life, liberty, or property without due process of law" 3. Prevented states from denying "equal protection of the law" 4. Gave states a choice to give freedmen the right to vote 5. Barred prominent Confederates from holding political office 6. Excused the Confederacy's war debt
adlai stevenson
ran against eisenhower in 1956
sam phillips
record promoter. promoted black people music
motown records
recording label that specialized on black funk stars
hiring women and children
reduced labor costs for manufacturers
penitentiaries, asylums, orphanages
reform societies helped bring about these three things by popularizing the intone that society is responsible for the welfare of its least fortunate
lon nol
regime in cambodia. fell to the khmer rouge.
south
region dense with democrats
New England
region dense with whigs
New England
region of the colonies that was centered on trade
north
region that became industrialized. technological advances in communications, transportation, industry, and banking helped in become the nation's commercial center.
West
region that came to symbolize freedom and equality to many Americans
west
region that economic interests were varied but largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation
south
region that remained almost entirely agrarian. chief crops were tobacco and cotton.
midwest
region that was America's chief source of grain
Free Soil Party
regional, single-issue political party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso
Securities and Exchange Commission
regulated the stock market
yeomen
remaining landholders that had few slaves or none at all, working their small tracts of land with their families. non plantation owners that were mostly Scottish and Irish
Macon's Bill No. 2
reopened trade with both France and England under Madison. He promised that if either country renounced its interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one.
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809
reopened trade with most nations, but still officially banned trade with the two most significant partners: French and British
21st amendment
repealed prohibition in 1933
Jacksonian democracy
replaced Jeffersonian republicanism. Benefited from universal white manhood suffrage, characterized by a strong presidency.
William Pit
replaced Lord Rockingham
Lord Rockingham
replaced Prime Minster Grenville, opposed the Stamp Act
Farmers' Alliances
replaced the Grangers. Soon grew into the People's Party. Group of farmers
Nye Commission
report in 1936 that revealed unwholesome activities by American arms manufacturers; many had lobbied intensely for entry into WWI, bribed foreign officials
Harry Truman
represented the US at Potsdam
loyalty oath
required for all southern citizens before receiving amnesty for the rebellion
Navigation Acts
required the colonists to buy goods only from England, to sell certain of their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty on those imports. sought to establish wide-ranging English control over colonial commerce
US sold arms to Chinese, called for an embargo on arms sales to Japan
response to when Japan went to war against China (1937)
goals of James Polk
restore the practice of keeping government funds in the treasury, reduce tariffs
Civil Rights Act of 1875
reversed in 1883, allowed legal (de jure) segregation
mechanization
revolutionized farming during the period, as many machines came into common use during this time
Slave Power
rich Southerners that were allegedly pulling strings during the Mexican American War
gideon v. wainwright
right to an attorney regardless of ability to pay
National Road
road created under the Madison administration that went from Maryland to Ohio
National Road
road from Maryland to West Virginia and ultimately central Ohio that made east-west travel easier
Oliver Cromwell
ruled as Lord Protector of England (1649 - 1660), during which time Puritan immigration came to a near halt
Wabash decision
ruled that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce
the shah of iran
ruler of iran after mohammed mossadegh
brown II
rules to implement brown v. board of education
John Adams
said the quote "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people... This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."
Jacksonian Democrats
saw themselves of champions of liberty, but did not always act like it
ruth bader ginsberg
second female supreme court justice. appointed by clinton
John Adams
second president. Federalist. argumentative and elitist. hands-off administrator
Second New Deal
second round of legislation by Roosevelt
marielietos
second wave of cuban immigrants, far poorer than the first wave. named for the port they left cuba from
Thomas Jefferson
secretary of state during the Washington administration. wrote the Declaration of Independence. favored a weaker federal government and a stronger state government
William H. Seward
secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson, set precedent for increased American participation in the Western Hemisphere. Engineered purchase of Alaska, invoked Monroe Doctrine to force France out of Mexico.
Alexander Hamilton
secretary of the treasury during the Washington administration. favored a strong central government and weaker state government.
Ku Klux Klan
secretive white group that focused on murdering freedmen (1870s group)
george mcgovern
senator from south dakota, ran for president in democratic party
joseph mccarthy
senator that accused many people of being traitors. started the "red scare"
gaylord nelson
senator that proposed earth day
James Monroe
sent by Jefferson to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans
Thomas Pinckney
sent to Spain by Washington to negotiate the use of the Mississippi River, duty free access to world markets, and the removal of any remaining Spanish forts on American soil
black churches
served as a means by which the black community could bond and gain further autonomy
Fair Labor Standards Act
set a minimum wage and established the 40 hour work week for a lot of professions
Public Works Administration
set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities
Morrill Land Grant Act
set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges
Emergency Quota Act of 1924
set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from southern and eastern Europe. These limits were set to reduce "foreign influence" on the US
Boards of Trade
set up by the British to better regulate colonial commerce. reviewed colonial legislation, revoking laws that conflicted with British law, and administered government appointments.
Interstate Commerce Act
set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair and unethical practices
geneva accords
settled the french end of the vietnam war as well as the korean conflict
Jamestown
settlement founded by the English in 1607
New Jersey
settlement that Charles II have to a few of his friends, who in turn sold it off to investors, many of whom were quakers
steamships
ships that traveled faster than sailing vessels. became important freight carriers and replaced sailing ships
Brazen Head
shop run by William Jackson
american bandstand
show that helped to promote rock and roll
joseph lister
showed how antiseptics prevented infection during surgery
soap operas
shows that were nicknamed this because they were often sponsored by makers of laundry soaps
democrats
sided with Wilson and were willing to accept America's entrance into the League of Nations
Panama
sight of canal that was built in order to shorten the sea trip from the east coast to California. During Roosevelt's time.
Antiedam
sight of the Union victory that gave Lincoln the push for emancipation
Seneca Falls (1848)
sight of the first women's rights convention
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940
signed by FDR, created the first peacetime draft in US history
Treaty of Paris
signed in 1783, granted the US independence and generous territorial rights
Oregon Treaty
signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowed the US to peacefully acquire present day Oregon, Washington, parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana
Sutter's Mill
site where gold was found in the new territory acquired by the Mexican Cession
Yorktown
site where the British surrendered in October 1781
working class
social class in which men often worked in factories or at low paying crafts and women often worked at home, taking in sewing
Schenck
socialist. argued that the draft was a violation of the 13th amendment, which banned not slavery but "involuntary servitude"
retailers
sold the clothing and other manufactured products in their stores
National Woman Suffrage Association, American Bar Association, National Municipal League
some of the many groups that rallied citizens around a cause or profession
massive resistance
southern resistance to integration
nikita khrushchev
soviet premier and communist party chief
sputnik
soviet satellite launched in 1957
montgomery bus boycott
sparked by rosa parks. people on the side of blacks refused to ride the mongomery busses
Henry Clay
speaker of the house 1824, supported John Quincy Adams
deficit spending
spending more money than the government took in
Sir Walter Raleigh
sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island in 1587 (present day North Carolina)
Socialists
starting in 1894 gained more popularity. believed in a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
subsistence poverty
state in which the slaves lived
Emancipation Proclamation
stated that on January 1, 1863 that the government would liberate all slaves residing in states still in rebellion
Tenure of Office Act
stated that the president had to secure the consent of the Senate before removing his appointees once they'd been approved by that body
michael collins
stayed in the ship on first apollo mission
Oregon Country
stretched from the Mexican territory of Alta California to the Russian territory of Alaska
pentagon papers
study of the war by johnson, stated that the govt had led in reporting the war progress.
teamsters union
subject of scandal and congressional investigation.
tenements
substandard, multi-family living dwelling at the heart of an urban area. usually inhabited by immigrants.
Hamilton's financial plan
successful handling of the national debt accrued during the war. Called for the federal government to assume the states' debts, which further increased the federal government's power over them, and to repay those debts by giving debt holders land on the western frontier
juvenile delinquency
sudden habit of youth to be rebelious
propaganda
suggested that the soldiers in the Boston Massacre had shot into a crowd of innocent bystanders
Salem Witch Trials
summer of 1692. outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. 103 "witches" were jailed or executed
Second Hundred Days
summer of 1935 is often referred to as this because Roosevelt passed a large amount of important legislation during this time. during this time, congress passed legislation that broadened the powers of the National Labor Relations Board, democratized unions, and pushed businesses with anti-union policies
states rights
supported by Andrew Jackson and his supporters
McCulloch v. Maryland
supreme court case in which John Marshall ruled that the states could not tax the National Bank, thus establishing the precedence of national law over state law
Dred Scott v. Sanford
supreme court case in which Scott, a former slave whose master had taken him to territories where slavery was illegal, declared himself a free man and sued for his freedom. Lost the case at the supreme court level.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
supreme court case in which the Cherokees fought against the Indian Removal Act. (1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
supreme court case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.
United States v. Reese
supreme court case in which the court cleared the way for "grandfather clauses," poll taxes, literacy tests, property requirements, and other restrictions on voting
Schechter Poultry Corp v. United States
supreme court case that invalidated sections of the National Industrial Recovery Act on the grounds that the codes created by the agency were unconstitutional
milliken v bradley
supreme court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, undid swan v charlotte
United States v. Cruikshank
supreme court case that strengthened the decision of the Slaughter-House cases Supreme Court ruling of 1876 that overturned the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre, ruling that the Enforcement Act applied only to violations of black rights by states, not individuals
United States v. Butler
supreme court case where the Agricultural Adjustment Act was struck down
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
supreme court justice that ruled that one's freedom of speech and other civil liberties not absolute and could be curtailed
paul muller
swiss scientist that discovered ddt
crop lien system
system of sharecropping that was meant to keep the poor in constant debt. famers had to borrow money to buy seeds and tools, promising a portion of their crop as collateral. huge interest rates pretty much guaranteed that they would never get out of debt.
spoils system
system pioneered by Andrew Jackson that meant every time a president took office, thousands of government jobs opened up, and it was the president's responsibility to fill them
protective tariffs
tariffs imposed on the colonies by the British. placed on colonial goods that might compete with English goods
"work ethic"
taught to criminals when they were rehabilitated
progressive income taxes
taxes that charge higher percentages for people with higher incomes. partially helped to redistribute the nation's wealth
John Thomas Scopes
teacher that taught the theory of evolution in Tennessee, where it was illegal
mass production
technological advances in the late 1800s allowed more opportunity for this, caused economy to grow at a tremendous rate
hubble space telescope
telescope launched into orbit in 1990
brinkmanship
term coined by dulles. push USSR to brink of war to gain concessions
scalawags
term for Southerners that cooperated with Reconstruction
freedmen
term for newly liberated slaves
come out
term used to describe one who is open about their sexuality.
"getting a new start in life"
term used to describe the possibilities for advancement that were offered in the West
"sweeten the pot"
term used to describe the way that textile manufacturers enticed laborers (mostly women from nearby farms) into working
cash and carry
term used to summarize third neutrality act. Allies were required to pay cash for their weapons and come to the US to pick up their purchases and carry them away on their own ships
colonies
territories settled and controlled by a foreign power
popular sovereignty
territories would themselves decide, by vote, whether to be a free state or slave state
Oregon territory
territory settled by western settlers
watergate break in
the 1972 illegal entry into the democratic national committee offices by participants in president richard nixon's reelection campaign
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
the 3 middle colonies
military posts
the British refused to abandon these after the war, claiming they remained to protect the loyalists' rights
lower South
the Carolinas, concentrated on cash crops such as tobacco and rice
mormons
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day saints. Accepted polygamy
cabinet
the Constitution does not specifically grant the president the duty or power to do make this. However, Washington and every president since then has had one. The president's chief group of advisors
Hartford Convention
the Federalist party died out after this
"wars for empire"
the French and Indian War was actually one of these between the British and French
Mohawks
the Sons of Liberty were poorly disguised as this during the Boston Tea Party
roe vs wade
the U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right ro privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion. Up until the third trimester the state allows abortion.
nixon doctrine
the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid
Miami Confederacy
the US's main Native American opponent in the northwest territories claimed by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
250,000
the approximate number of free blacks that lived in South during the 1800s - 1860s
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
the assertion that Latin American domestic instability constituted a threat to American security and therefore US troops could intervene
antinomianism
the belief that faith in God's grace, as opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds earned one a place among the "elect"
Washington D.C.
the capital was moved to a Southern location as a concession for Hamilton's financial plan in order to prove that he wasn't favoring the North
Spain
the colonial power in America, founded a number of coastal towns in Central and South America and in the West Indies
Chesapeake
the colonies of Maryland and Virginia were here. Combined features of the middle colonies and the lower South.
non-consumption and non-importation
the colonists' only weapon - to boycott British goods
Continental Army
the continental congress prepared for war by establishing this
free blacks
the descendants of slaves freed by their owners or feed for having fought in the Revolutionary War
Hamilton and Jefferson
the differences between these two people has been cited as the origin of America's two party system
mercantilism
the economic theory that believed that economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade and the control of specie
universal white manhood suffrage
the extension of voting rights to all white males, even those who did not own property
Articles of Confederation (1777)
the first national constitution sent to the colonies for ratification
Sugar Act of 1764
the first of a number of new regulations and taxes on the colonists. Establish a number of new duties and which also contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers
levittown
the first town that william levitt built. first example of a modern suburb
ghettoization
the increased number of free blacks in the colonies after the war was accompanied by a growth of racist publications and legislation that led to the early _______ for free blacks and other minorities
power loom
the invention of this meant that textile manufacturers could produce both thread and finished fabric in their own factories
electric motor
the invention of this was largely responsible for the economic boom of the early 1920s. became essential to home and work environments.
Dutch republic
the largest commercial power during the 17th century
Age of Invention
the last quarter of the 19th century is often called this because so many technological advances were made
economies of scale
the more raw product bought, the cheaper the suppliers' asking price. the closer capacity for new, faster machines, the less cost of labor and electricity per product. the lower the costs, the cheaper they could sell their products. the cheaper the products, the more they sold.
on the road
the most popular documentary of he beat generation
middle passage
the name of the shipping route that brought the slaves to the americas
the baby boom
the nations population grew 20% from 1950 to 1960
cult of domesticity
the notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children
Battle of New Orleans
the only clear cut US victory of the war, led by Andrew Jackson
Pennsylvania
the only colony with a unicameral legislature
Rhode Island
the only state that did not participate in the Constitutional Convention
North Carolina
the part of Carolina that was settled by Virginians
South Carolina
the part of Carolina that was settled by descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados
Southern paternalism
the perception of blacks as childlike and unable to take care of themselves. basically, southerners convinced themselves that the slave system benefited all of its participants, including slaves
war profiteering
the practice of overcharging the government for services and products during a time of war
reconstruction
the process of readmitting Southern states, rebuilding the South, and integrating newly freed blacks into society
Article X
the section of the League of Nations calling for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression. Many Americans opposed this.
Calvinists
the settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were strict __________
Mother Ann Lee
the shakers followed this person
slave labor
the south became increasingly dependent on this throughout the time period of 1800 - 1860
commoners
the support of this group of people made rallies against the British much larger and intimidating
judicial review
the supreme court had the power to review the constitutionality of Congressional acts
economic sectionalism
the tariff exposed this source of tension in the new US. It was a major conflict that eventually led the new nation to civil war and continues to play a part in politics to this day
executive, legislative, and judicial
the three branches of government set up by the Three-Fifths Compromise
ranching and mining
the two major growing industries on the western frontier
gradual abolition
the type of abolition argued for by most antislavery whites besides the Quakers
levy taxes
the war time government was unable to do this, and therefore unable to finance the war
printing money
the war time government's solution to financing the war that led to heavy inflation
cattle ranchers and miners
the western frontier was also home to these two occupation (besides farming and fur trade)
virtual representation
theory that stated that members of Parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them
distribution of wealth
there was a great disparity in this in both North and South. An elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort
women and blacks
these two groups were considered to be second-class citizens and non citizens
tariff
this became an issue after the Revolutionary War because the British pursued punitive trade policies against the colonies, denying them access to West Indian markets and dumping goods on American markets. This would have been able to protect America from the economic damages the British were imposing; however, the federal government had no power over this until 1816
transportation industry
this grew as a result of the need to ship products such as textiles across the country
Pequot War
this group resisted the English's interest/arrival in the Connecticut Valley. Attacked a settlement and killed nine colonists. this resulted in the colonists going to their village and killing 400 people
Open Door Policy
this policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. reaffirmed at the Washington Conference (1921 - 1922)
assembly line production
this required workers to perform a single task over and over, often for 12 - 14 hours a day
industrialization
this resulted in bigger cities with large migrant and immigrant neighborhoods
celibacy
this was practiced by the shakers, and because of this their numbers decreased
massive retalliation
this was used to threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any communist states that tried to gain territory.
federalists
those favoring a strong federal government
Separatists
thought that the Church of England was so incapable of being reformed that they had to abandon it. At first went to the Netherlands but eventually headed to the New World in 1620
tobacco, rice, and indigo
three major land-intensive crops farmed in the Carolinas
1900 - 1920
time period of Progressivism
1865-1877
time period of reconstruction
women's civil role
to be the teachers and producers of virtuous male citizens
fulgenico batista
toppled previous leaders. leader of cuba. island controlled almost entirely by american corporations
spoils system
trading jobs for political favors became known as this
strategic arms limitation treaty (salt 1)
treaty between the US and the Soviet to stabilize the nuclear arms competition between the two countries. Talks began in 1969 and agreements were signed on May 26, 1972
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
treaty in which the US acquired Florida from the Spanish
temperance societies
tried to encourage people to sign the pledge not to drink and some of which sought outside prohibition of liquor, formed and remained powerful until the adoption of the 18th amendment. usually led by women
Sacco and Vanzetti
two Italian anarchists that were charged with murder
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
two cities where the US dropped the atomic bomb in Japan
Susquehannock, Pamunkeys
two native groups attacked during the Bacon Rebellion
Fisk University, Howard University
two of the first schools established by the Freedman's Bureau
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
two women that held the first women's right convention in 1848 at Seneca Falls in upstate New York
federalist
type of congressman that John Quincy Adams had been
Special Field Order No. 15
under General Sherman. Land seized form the confederates was to be redistributed among the new freedman
united farm workers
union created by cesar chavez for mexican farm workers
trade unions
unions made up exclusively of workers within a single trade. American Federation of Labor made up of theses.
Senate
upper house, elected by state legislatures
ms.
used to show the irrelevance of a woman's marital status in the workplace
vaudeville
variety acts
John Tyler
vice president of William Henry Harrison, former Democrat
Tuskegee Institute
vocational and industrial training school for blacks founded by Booker T. Washington
ballot initiative
voters could propose new laws through this
John Quincy Adams's proposals
wanted to initiate improvements through the federal government. proposals to impose new protective tariffs, build interstate highways, and establish federal schools and research centers
Mexican American War
war declared in 1846 over border attack 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.
Committee on Public Information
wartime propaganda tool used by the government to created a frenzied atmosphere. used lectures, movie theaters, newspapers, and magazines to portray Germans as cold blooded, baby killing, power hungry Huns.
augusto pinochet
was a General who moved to overthrow the government of Chile
The New England Confedederation
was designed to bolster colonial defense offered advice to the northeastern colonies when disputes arose among them. also provided colonists from different settlements the opportunity to meet and discuss mutual problems.
John Jay
was sent to England by Washington to negotiate a treaty concerning the evacuation of the British from the Northwest Territory and to discuss British violations of free trade
buddy holly
weezer song
altamont
west coast woodstock. Not a peaceable gathering. four deaths, security was the local hells angels chapter
assimilation
what Jefferson, among others, suggested as the solution to the "Indian Problem"
"The Atlanta Compromise"
what W.E.B. Du Bois referred to the Atlanta Exposition as
Indiana and Illinois
what two states did Chief Tecumseh not want Americans to settle?
imperialism
when America took control of another country, more controversial
impressment
when British began stopping at American ships and forcing American sailors into the British navy
Boxer Rebellion
when Chinese nationalists rose up against US entering markets because of the Open Door Policy
"down river"
where slaves feared being sent, because slaves were treated the worst in the Deep South
Concord
where the British dispatched troops to confiscate weapons. it was here that a much larger contingent of minutemen awaited
Henry Clay
whig leader
gauge
width of a railroad track - differed from railroad to railroad, made connecting them difficult
plurality
winning more votes than any other candidate, but not the majority. happened to Andrew Jackson in 1824
Nineteenth Amendment
women's right to vote was granted (1920)
James Polk
won presidential election of 1844
Thomas Jefferson
won the election of 1804
"Join or Die"
words written in this famous political cartoon of a snake broken into pieces
white citizens councils
worked to obstruct desegregation
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway
world-class authors of the Roaring Twenties
aldo leopold
writer and naturalist. sought to apply new scientific findings to his interactions with the world
betty freidan
writer for womens magazines. wrote "the feminine mystique"
Missouri Compromise
written by Henry Clay. 1. Admitted Missouri as a slave state 2. Carved a piece out of Massachusetts - Maine - and admitted Maine as a free state 3. drew a line along the 36°30' parallel across Louisiana territory and 4. Established the southern border of Missouri as the northernmost point at which slavery would then be allowed in the western territory
david reisman
wrote "the lonely crowd" sociologist argued that this conformity was changing people "inner directed"
rachel carson
wrote "the silent spring" a book on the dangers of pesticides
william whyte
wrote The Organization Man; most sweeping indictment of suburbia; based on suburb study; change from old Protestant ethic to stifling conformity
Abigail Adams
wrote a famous letter to her husband pleading the case for women's rights in the new government
saul bellow
wrote books on how hard it was for jewish men to find fulfillment in america
bill haley
wrote rock around the clock
jack kerouac
wrote the most popular documentary of the beat generation
1492
year in which Columbus arrived in America
1756
year in which England officially declared war on France
1808
year in which african slaves were banned, thus making it essential to keep one's slave alive and reproducing
1820
year in which nearly all of this eastern territory had attained statehood, and the frontier region consisted of much of the Louisiana Purchase
1619
year in which slavery was introduced into the English colonies
1791
year in which the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution
1789
year in which the Constitution went into effect
1588
year in which the English navy defeated the Armada, thus making French and English colonization of North America much easier
1766
year in which the Stamp Act was repealed
1754
year in which the colonists still considered themselves English subjects
1808
year that American participation in the Atlantic slave trade ended
1931
year that Japan invaded Manchuria
Sherman Antitrust Act
Roosevelt used this against monopolies
court-packing scheme
Roosevelt's attempt to load the courts with justices who supported his policies. Wanted to increase supreme court justices from 9 to 15
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's policies
fireside chats
Roosevelt's radio chats in which he reassured the public that the banks were once again secure. More than 60 million Americans listened
New Deal
Roosevelt's reforms
united states v richard nixon
Ruled that the President must relinquish the tapes to Special prosecutor Jaworski. Days later, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend three articles of impeachment.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) II
SALT I was set to expire in 1977, so Carter and the Soviets were set to sign a renewal treaty. This treaty was negotiated and sat ready for ratification when a world crisis got in the way. The USSR invaded the nation of Afghanistan in December 1979 in a move to play a greater role in the Middle East. Americans were now certain that the Soviets had intentions to take control of the precious oil transportation region of the Persian Gulf. The US immediately ceased supplying the USSR with grain shipments and withdrew this treaty from the table.
J. William Fulbright
Senator of Arkansas. Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. This man publicly turned against the war in 1966.
Stono Uprising
September 1739. One of the most successful slave rebellions.
Fundamental Orders
Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.
Lost Colony
Sir Walter Raleigh's colony became known as this because it only lasted from 1587 - 1590
Eugene Debs
Socialist leader. One of the founders of the International Workers of the World
salvador allende
Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack
War Hawks
Southerners and Westerners saw war with the British as an opportunity to grab new territories in the west and southwest. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
leonid brezhnev
Soviet statesman who became president of the Soviet Union (1906-1982)
Treaty of Paris
Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US
ecomienda system
Spain's system in which the crown granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; the colonist was obligated to protect the natives and convert them to Catholicism, and in exchange, the colonist was entitled to those natives' labor
"Green Berets"
Special Forces- soldiers trained specifically to fight guerrilla conflicts and other limited wars.
free and unfettered elections
Stalin promised to hold these after the war
bufferzone
Stalin wanted to create this between the Soviet Union and Western Europe; wanted to surround himself with friendly nations
Lincoln Steffens
Starting his career in magazines, this man moved into writing books with his The Shame of Cities (1904), which chronicled the corruption and greed of big city political machines.
Fourteenth Amendment
Stated that if you are born in the US, you were a citizen of the US and that you are a citizen of the state in which you reside. Protects individuals from the sate government.
Proposition 209
Supported by an African American member of the University of California Board of Regents, War Connerly, this proposition ended affirmative action laws in California. After the passage of the proposition, government contracts and college admissions boards could no longer use gender or race as a factor in awarding jobs or acceptance. As a result, minority enrollment in the UC system plummeted, with classrooms not reflecting the state's ethnic diversity. Several other states followed suit, enacting laws abolishing affirmative action.
Shelley v. Kraemer
Supreme Court case that made the court rule that courts could not be used to enforce private "covenants" meant to bar blacks from residential neighborhoods.
bakke v board of regents of california
Supreme Court decision that upheld the legality of affirmative action
Fourteenth Amendment
Supreme Court ruling. Stated that blacks were not protected from discrimination by privately owned businesses and that blacks would have to seek equal protection from the states, not from the federal government.
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme court case in 1803. William Marbury, one of Adams's last minute appointees, sued Secretary of State James madison for refusing to certify his appointment to the federal bench. Established judicial review.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme court decision that ruled that "separate but equal" was legal
lewis powell
Supreme court justice, realized conservatives has to work with each other rather than against each other. Talking about how we can deploy language to match people's views and mobilize a population. Wrote the Powell memo about building a movement between all types of conservatism
Farmer's Alliance
Taking the cue from the earlier Grange movement, farmers joined forces in several states across the country to form this political party. It gained membership, successfully seated senators and governors in several Midwestern states, and eventually morphed into the Populist (People's) Party.
watergate tapes
Tapes which proved Nixon was involved in the Watergate scandal. Although he withheld them at first, the Supreme Court made Nixon turn over these recordings of the plans for the cover-up of the scandal.
Patriot Act
The Bush administration enacted this act, which broadly expanded the government's ability to monitor the activities of Americans and conduct investigations of people suspected of terrorism.
Freedom Summer
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) declared this era in 1961. CORE members boarded integrated buses in the north bound for the Deep South to show support for the desegregation of public transit. As the buses reached Alabama, mobs firebombed and severely beat riders. State troopers and local police stood by and watched. Attorney General Robert Kennedy at first asked the riders to stop, but more and more boarded buses and traveled south. He then sent federal marshals to protect the bus riders, signaling a victory for CORE.
Dixiecrats
The State's Rights Party. Formed by southern conservatives.
Theodore Roosevelt
The assassination of President McKinley amid his second term brought this spirited, progressive vice president into office. This man soon became known as the Progressive's president as he worked on issues ranging from labor disputes to land conservation. He is also often called the first "modern President" in that he actively set an agenda for Congress and expected that they listen to his suggestions. His willingness to step in on the side of the workingman garnered him enough support to get him reelected on his own right in the election of 1904.
The "New Frontier"
The domestic reforms of JFK
evangelism
The enthusiastic preaching or proclamation of the Christian gospel
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
The federal government enacted this act, which stripped tribes of their official recognition and land rights and would grant individual Indian families with land and citizenship in 25 years if they "behaved."
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)
The government would tell individual farmers how much they should produce and would pay them subsidies for leaving some of their land idle, through this organization.
Hydrogen Bomb
The most powerful nuclear weapon at the time.
AIDS
The outbreak of this disease in the 1980s descended upon urban areas and soon spread worldwide. In 2006, the known cases of this disease in the US reached 1 million, with the number doubling throughout the world.
executive privilege
The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
"Pacification"
The purpose of this was to push the Viet Cong from particular regions and "pacify" those regions by winning the "hearts and minds" of the people.
Promontory Point
The rail lines of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific met in May 1869 at this location in Utah, just above the Great Salt Lake.
English Civil Wars
The religious wars in England in the mid 1600's which led to a Puritan England, won by the Puritans under Oliver Cromwell
Tenth Amendment
The states retain all power not granted to the national government
Force Acts
These acts of 1870 and 1871 authorized the use of federal troops to quell violence and enforce the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. While it was moderately successful in calming the Ku Klux Klan's activities, the group continued to exist.
Insular Cases
These cases, which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled upon in 1901, showed that the Constitution and its protections did not follow the flag. In other words, a citizen in a U.S.-conquered territory did not necessarily have the protection of the Constitution. It was up to Congress to decide the rights of the peoples in the newly conquered territories.
Jim Crow laws
These laws, which segregated public facilities such as drinking fountains and hotel rooms, were immediately adopted by cities across the South.
Marx Brothers
These men produced films designed to divert audiences from their troubles and, often, indulge their fantasies about quick and easy wealth.
initiative, referendum, and recall
These things were meant to increase the power of the voter in state and local politics. The first allowed voters to propose a law without the legislature; the second was the way in which voter-proposed laws were placed on the ballot; and the last allowed voters to remove an elected official from office through the ballot box.
"Okies"
These were people from Oklahoma who were forced to move to places like California to escape the Dust Bowl.
National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)
These were the South Vietnamese fighters.
Vietminh
These were the followers of Ho Chi Minh
Selective Services Act
This 1917 act, which President Wilson helped pass because of the difficult task of raising an army for the war, authorized the conscription of American males into military service. Within months of its passage, the army had enough men to relieve the allied forces overseas.
The Smith Act
This 1940 act was designed to arrest people who were advocates of overthrowing the gov. , even if they had no intention of ever doing so.
National Security Act
This 1947 act created the Department of Defense (formally the Department of War), the National Security Council, and the CIA.
National Highway Act
This 1956 act created the nation's interstate freeway system. It looked as if it was intended solely to improve the county's infrastructure, but the 42,000 miles of road were also meant to provide for the quick evacuation of large urban centers, the emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles.
The Feminine Mystique
This 1963 book by Betty Friedan encouraged women to leave the myth of homemaking behind and pursue fulfillment outside of the home. She called into question the notion that women were meant to remain at home to care for a husband and children and instead spoke of opportunities for women to become successful in the business world.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
This 1964 resolution greatly increased the power of the executive branch to engage in war. It came about as a result of LBJ's announcement that a North Vietnamese gun boat had carried out an unprovoked attack on 2 US destroyers off the coast of North Vietnam. The president used the incident to immediately ask Congress for an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam without an actual war declaration. Johnson used the resolution to widen the war further after he won reelection in 1964
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
This 1964 resolution greatly increased the power of the executive branch to engage in war. It came about as a result of LBJ's announcement that a North Vietnamese gun boat had carried out an unprovoked attack on 2 US destroyers off the coast of North Vietnam. The president used the incident to immediately ask Congress for an increase in his authority to wage war in Vietnam without an actual war declaration. Johnson used the resolution to widen the war further after he won reelection in 1964.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
This Austro-Hungarian man was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. His assassination meant that President Wilson, who had military and political alliances all over Europe, made joining the war inevitable for the United States.
Warren Court
This Court was one of the most liberal in history. In Brown v. Board of Education, its ruling overturned the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court decision read that "separate facilities were inherently unequal" and had no place in public education. The Court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed." Due to another of this Court, the Little Rock School Board finally integrated the public schools. The Court also ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.
W.E.B. Du Bois
This Harvard-educated man disagreed vehemently with Booker T. Washington. This man believed that African Americans should demand nothing less than social and political equality with whites; only then would blacks gain economic success. In 1905, he held a meeting in Niagara Falls to discuss possible forms of protest and to formulate a plan of action. This group, called the Niagara Movement, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908.
Saddam Hussein
This Iraqi leader had been a problem for the US since he invaded Kuwait back in 1991. More recently, he refused to cooperate full with UN weapons inspections, so President George W. Bush, along with British Prime Minister Tony Blair, convinced Congress and most of the US that Iraq posed a serious threat to the US and the world if left in power. The official invasion of Iraq was not sanctioned by the UN and was condemned by many of the US's allies around the world. This man was caught and eventually executed.
Carrie A. Nation
This Kentucky-born woman, who suffered from two failed marriages, one due to the death of an alcoholic, traveled across the United States, smashing bars with her trademark hatchet. She believed she was doing the work of God. She was arrested over 30 times and lost her second husband because of her zeal to stop the evils of alcohol. This woman also crusaded against the evils of smoking tobacco, fought for women's suffrage, and railed against the restrictive women's fashions of the day.
Challenger
This NASA space shuttle exploded upon takeoff in February 1986. All 7 astronauts aboard, including the first teacher in space, Christa McAuliffe, were killed.
Jacob Coxey
This Populist had an "army" of the jobless and the homeless that proposed federally funded public works projects to employ those who needed work. The government did not listen, but rather arrested the "army" for trespassing. This man's radical ideas would soon become the cornerstone of a future president who looked to emerge from an even greater depression.
Richard M. Nixon
This Republican candidate of the 1960 election was a former vice president, "Commie Fighter," and foreign diplomat. He believed his campaign would be an easy one, as the Democrats chose John F. Kennedy as their candidate. Kennedy edged this man by the slimmest margin ever in an American presidential election. Despite cries of election fraud and ballot tampering from the Republicans, JFK was declared the next president.
Sputnik
This Russian space satellite was launched in 1957. When this happened, Americans were convinced that they had better get moving if they were to keep up with the Russian space programs.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
This WWII hero took the reigns of the presidency in 1952, with the anticommunist crusading Richard M. Nixon as his vice president. His presidency was marked by its foreign policy. The U.S. would actively support nations who sought liberation from communism through his idea of "brinksmanship"- the US would push the aggressor nation to the brink of nuclear war, forcing them to back down in the face of American superiority.
"underemployed"
This accounted for up to 1/3 of the workforce in 1932. This meant that the workers were experiencing major reductions in wages, hours, or both.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This act made literacy tests illegal and more or less nationalized the voter registration system in states where African Americans were denied voting rights.
Chinese Exclusion Act
This act of 1882 restricted Asian immigration to the United States. It was a reaction to the large numbers of Chinese and Japanese immigrants that landed in Los Angeles and San Francisco.
Hepburn Act
This act of 1906 allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the price level of shipping rates railroad lines could charge, ending the long-haul/ short-haul price gouging that had been the bane of farmers.
Mann-Elkins Act
This act of 1910 placed the regulation of communication directly under the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
Espionage Act
This act of 1917 was aimed mostly at Germans and antiwar protesters. It looked to curb the right to free speech. Socialists such as Eugene V. Debs were targeted and arrested. The Supreme Court upheld this act by stating that Congress could limit the right of free speech if it represented a "clear and present danger" that would bring about "evils" that the government was seeking to stop.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act outlawed segregation of public accommodations, established the Equal Opportunity Commission to enforce the law, made the federal government responsible for finding instances of discrimination, and made illegal discrimination based on race, religion, ethnic origin, or gender. Unfortunately, the act did not effectively address many problems associated with voting rights.
Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1881
This act reformed the corrupt patronage system of obtaining civil service jobs. No longer could political cronyism secure government positions- all potential civil service employees had to take an exam to prove their worthiness.
The Immigration Act of 1965
This act repealed the discriminatory practices of the Quota Acts of the 1920s by allowing first-come, first-serve entrance into the US. This monumental law helped change the face of America by allowing millions of immigrants from Latin America and Asia to live in the US over the course of the next 4 decades.
Civil Rights Act of 1960
This act was aimed at extending the life of the Civil Rights Commission and giving the U.S. attorney general the authority to inspect local and state voting records for federal elections. After an intense fight in Congress, the final bill was just as weak as its predecessor in dealing with voting rights for African Americans.
Interstate Commerce Act
This act was passed by Congress in 1887 and created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which regulated and investigated railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking.
Sherman Antitrust Act
This act was passed by Congress in 1890 in an attempt to break up the massive monopolies that were crowding the American economy. The act forbade the creation of trusts that were designed to restrain trade. However, the act failed to specify the difference between trusts that were designed to restrain trade. However, the act failed to specify the difference between trusts that were beneficial to customers and those that were harmful. More importantly, the act failed to include any real method of enforcement.
federal highway act of 1956
This act, an accomplishment of the Eisenhower administration, authorized $25 billion for a ten- year project that built over 40,000 miles of interstate highways. This was the largest public works project in American history.
Federal Reserve Act
This act, passed by Congress in 1913, created the Federal Reserve System.
War Powers Act
This act, passed by Congress in 1973, repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This act severely limited the president's ability to wage war without the consent of the legislative branch.
Clayton Antitrust Act
This act, passed with President Wilson's support in 1913, finally gave some teeth to the weak and ineffective Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. This act strengthened provisions for breaking up trusts and protected labor unions from prosecution under the Sherman Act.
Elkins Act
This act, which was passed by Congress in 1903, gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) more power to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates and kickbacks to favored customers.
grandfather clause
This allowed a man to vote only if his grandfather had voted in an election before 1865- that is, before Reconstruction.
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
This allowed the government to pay farmers to make less crops to "conserve soil," prevent erosion, and accomplish other secondary goals.
24th Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution abolished another barrier to voting rights by outlawing the poll tax
Sixteenth Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1913, authorized the federal government to collect income tax.
Seventeenth Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1913, meant that voters, not the state legislature, elected U.S. senators.
Nineteenth Amendment
This amendment to the Constitution, which granted women the right to vote, was signed into law in 1920. Carrie Chapman Catt skillfully had used the American mobilization for entrance into the Great War as her rallying cry. She had claimed that armed with the vote, American women would also support their president and country as they entered the worldwide crisis. Her message, delivered on the eve of the congressional vote on women's suffrage, hit home. President Wilson gave his public support for their amendment.
Fourteenth Amendment
This amendment was proposed by Congress in 1866 and was finally ratified in 1868. It protected the rights of all U.S. citizens and required states to adhere to the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. Furthermore, Radical Republicans added some punches aimed directly at the former Confederacy. The amendment included provisions that disallowed former Confederate officers from holding state or federal office and would decrease the proportional representation of any state that denied suffrage to any able citizen.
Platt Amendment
This amendment, issued in 1902, would have had to be written into the new Cuban constitution in order for them to gain freedom. The provisions of this amendment were that Cuba had to have all treaties approved by the United States before signing, that the United States had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs both politically and militarily, and that the United States would be given access to naval bases on the island. In essence, the Cubans had not gained their independence at all.
Fifteenth Amendment
This amendment, which was ratified in 1870, barred any state from abridging a citizen's right to cote on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude.
William Jennings Bryan
This anti-imperialist formed an organization to publicly oppose U.S. expansion. He is also famous for making the "Cross of Gold" speech.
Article X
This article of the League of Nations Charter called for members to stand at the ready if another member nation's sovereignty was being threatened. It was this article, along with the other mistakes Wilson made in the eyes of the Republicans, that would derail ratification of the Versailles Treaty in the United States.
Civil Rights Bill of 1957
This bill hoped to ensure that African Americans would be able to vote by supporting new division within the federal Justice Department to monitor civil rights abuses. By the time the bill was enacted as law, it had been watered down so as to not have much of an impact at all.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
This bill was designed to destroy the Black Codes by giving African Americans full citizenship. As expected, President Johnson vetoed the bill, which Congress simply overturned.
Wade-Davis Bill
This bill, passed in 1864 by both houses, required that 50 percent of Southern state voters take the oath of loyalty and allowed only those citizens who had not been active members or supporters of the confederacy to approve of the new state constitutions. Exercising his executive power, President Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill by refusing to sign it until after Congress had gone on recess.
War Industries Board
This board, headed by Bernard Baruch, sought to control production, wages, and prices of manufactured goods while the U.S. was mobilizing for war.
The Jungle
This book, written by Upton Sinclair, was considered by President Roosevelt as a prime example of muckraking. The book, which was written to expose the filthy conditions in which several meatpacking plants were churning out their products, had the nation in a virtual panic.
Our Country
This book, written in 1885 by the Reverend Josiah Strong, echoed the sentiments of many Americans. In this book, he derided cities as dens of Hell and immigrants as the reason for the downturn of urban America. The tide could be stemmed, however- by the turn of the century, one out of every three New Yorkers was foreign-born.
Committee on Public Information
This committee, headed by George Creel, was given the task of informing Americans of the Great War through a massive propaganda machine. Posters, speeches, and "liberty leagues" throughout the country encouraged Americans to buy war bonds and support the war effort.
Mao Tse-Tung
This communist leader engaged in a war with Nationalists under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi). Many Chinese citizens began to turn to this leader and the communists as they became more and more disgusted by the corruption, inflation, and inequality they experienced under Chiang. China finally fell to the communists by 1949, and in 1950 Joseph Stalin and this leader signed a pact that linked the two large nations into one communist bloc.
Pullman Palace Car Company
This company, which manufactured sleeping cars, constructed a "model town" for employees in response to the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When a wage cut was announced and their union leader was fired, its workers went on strike. Other rail workers showed support by refusing to load, link, or carry any train with this company's car attached. As a result, rail owners began linking U.S. mail cars to this company's cars. President Cleveland encouraged the filing of an injunction to demand the workers stop striking. The union refused and was eventually jailed.
The Compromise of 1877
This compromise provided that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president only if he agreed to remove the federal troops stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The end of martial law in the South signaled the end of Reconstruction in the United States
massive retaliation
This concept meant that the US would unleash its arsenal of nuclear weapons on any nation that threatened it.
Woodstock
This counterculture festival occurred in 1969 on a farm in New York State. Hippies gathered at the concert for a 3 day party that involved sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin wowed the crowd that lived together in the dirt and mud of the farm. Young people found a connection with the work of folk singers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, whose protest songs galvanized the counterculture.
Brown v. Board of Education
This court case involved an elementary school student who had to leave her home over an hour early to travel across town to attend the all-black school. The NAACP encouraged the student's family to file suit on the grounds that her right to equal protection had been violated. Lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed all citizens equal protection, which meant equal opportunity. The Warren Court agreed, and its ruling overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court soon ordered the desegregation of all public school facilities with "all deliberate speed".
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)
This created an array of new educational, employment, and housing and health-care programs.
9/11
This day began as a normal workday in New York City. At 8:46 A.M. Eastern Time, American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north tower of the World Trade Center. Approximately 15 minutes later, United Flight 175 crashed into the south tower. Two planes remained unaccounted for until American Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon and United Flight 93 crashed into a wooded area of Pennsylvania. The towers soon collapsed, killing occupants and rescue workers. In the end, some 3,000 lives were lost, and the city of New York faced over $80 billion in damages.
Sussex Ultimatum
This decree occurred following a German attack on a French passenger liner in March 1916 that killed four Americans. President Wilson issued this statement, where he warned the Germans to stop submarine warfare, or the United States would break all diplomatic relations with Germany. This decree clearly signaled America's willingness to go to war.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development
This department was founded in 1966 to provide low-cost housing and federal funding to rid cities of urban blight.
laissez-faire
This doctrine, articulated by economist Adam Smith in his treatise The Wealth of Nations, stated that American lawmakers believed that natural market forces, not governments, should regulate the marketplace.
stagflation
This economic phenomenon occurs when high inflation is coupled with high unemployment.
Farmer's Holiday Association
This endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmer's strike. This began in August in western Iowa.
Great Migration
This event occurred in the period between 1910 and 1930. During this time, millions of African Americans moved to northern cities in search of jobs and a better life. Just as the cities lured European immigrants during the 1880s, the promise of factory work and less discrimination brought blacks to urban centers. Unfortunately, the stories filtering to the South were fairy tales. Blacks experienced horrible living conditions, low-paying jobs, and racial unrest with both whites and other ethnic groups in the city's largest ghetto neighborhoods.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
This extended aid to both private and parochial schools and based the aid on the economic conditions of the students, not the needs of the schools themselves.
Medicaid
This extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
This factory was housed in the top floors of the Asch building in New York City, where women, some as young as 15 years old, were crammed in to work. Windows, doors, and fire exits were completely blocked by people, machines, and trash cans, One night in 1911, just before closing, a fire broke out on the ninth floor. With no way to escape, many of the young women died in the building while others jumped from windows to the pavement below. After the flames were finally tamed, the fire had taken 146 of 500 employees' lives.
Panic of 1893
This financial crisis was the result of overspeculation by investors that artificially inflated the price of stocks. These stocks then took a tumble and did not recover for almost four years.
Square Deal
This four part plan by Theodore Roosevelt involved busting up harmful trusts, increasing government regulation of big business, giving labor a fair chance, and promoting conservation of the natural environment. This last part provided for the protection of millions of acres of land for natural reserves and the creation of the National Conservation Commission.
redeemers
This group caused a resurgence of Democratic power in the state legislatures of the Deep South. They hoped to revitalize the South through industry and rid state legislatures of corrupt Republicans. They succeeded in convincing voters that they were right for the job by wresting away the remaining Republican seats in all Southern state houses. Their campaigns focused on issues important to Southern whites: low taxes, small government, and white power.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
This group helped a group of interracial students begin Freedom Rides in 1961.
"Bonus Army"
This group of World War I veterans marched on Washington in 1932 to demand early release of bonuses by Congress. They were eventually forced to leave by soldiers using tear gas and tanks.
beatniks
This group of nonconformists rocked New York City's Greenwich Village with poetry and wild culture. Led by people such as writer Jack Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg, they encouraged individuality in an age of conformity. Freely using mind-altering drugs and rebelling against society, they studied art, poetry, and philosophy. Poetry readings often included "free verse," where participants spoke their minds at an open microphone. The terms "groovy" and "far out," along with snapping instead of clapping, became synonymous with this group's movement.
American Communist Party
This group was always under the close and rigid supervision of the Soviet Union. Most members obediently followed the "party line" (although Communists acted independently in many areas for which there was no party line). The subordination of the party leadership to the Soviet Union was most clearly demonstrated in 1939, when Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany.
League of Nations
This group was called for in President Wilson's Fourteen Points. Although he was determined to see this group formed, the other European leaders were interested in exacting revenge and gaining reparations from Germany. This proved to make Wilson's job difficult- he had to compromise in order to see his ideas become a reality. One of the first was that conquered territories would not become the property of the conquering nation, but would rather be under trusteeship of this group.
Committee to Reelect President (CREEP)
This group was connected to the break-in of the Democratic Party National Headquarters in the Watergate Hotel in Washington in 1972. They were attempting to bug the headquarters.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
This group was created due to an act passed by Congress in 1887. The purpose of the group was to regulate and investigate railroad companies that participated in interstate rail trafficking. However, the group lacked enforcement powers and remained essentially a "paper tiger." Farmers did not gain much from the formation of the group, as most of the cases were lost. Nonetheless, farmers kept up the fight up through the end of the nineteenth century as currency issues and railroad trusts made tough times even tougher.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
This group was formed by the Niagara Movement and other concerned African Americans and whites on February 12, 1908. Originally called the National Negro Committee, founding members W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Wells-Barnett, Henry Moscowitz, Mary White Ovington, Oswald Garrison Villiard, and William English Walling answered what they deemed the "Call" to end all racial discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement. This group became one of the largest and most active civil rights groups in the country.
Kerner Commission
This group, appointed by President Johnson, concluded in 1968 that it was frustration over extreme poverty and lack of opportunity that sparked the riots that occurred during the "Long Hot summers" from 1964 to 1968 in cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago and Atlanta. The group's report stated that there were two Americas-one white and one black.
The Anti-Saloon League
This group, established in 1893, gained more success in the temperance movement as states across the country agreed to shutter bars.
The Warren Commission
This group, headed by the chief justice, concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone gunman who killed the president.
Nationalists (Kuomintang)
This group, under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), received financial aid from the US to keep the country from falling prey to the Japanese. Once support was removed post-war, this group and the communists, under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung, reengaged in a war that had been brewing since before WWII. More money was sent, but much of it never made it into their hands. China finally fell to the communists by 1949; Chiang and this group fled to the nearby island of Formosa, now Taiwan.
Niagara Movement
This group, which was established in 1905 following a meeting led by W.E.B. Du Bois in Niagara Falls, joined forces with other concerned African Americans and whites to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on February 12, 1908.
red phone
This hotline was initially installed during the Cuban Missile Crisis so that world leaders could have immediate contact in the instance of an emergency.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
This increased protection on seventy-five farm products.
jingoism
This is a term given to extreme nationalism that encourages a very aggressive foreign policy stance.
interlocking directorates
This is a term to describe the regional monopolies created by J.P. Morgan.
The Wisconsin Experiment
This is a term used to describe a situation that occurred in Wisconsin. Wisconsin was the first state in the Union to direct primaries in which state voters nominated their own slate of candidates, as opposed to the prior selection of the party ticket by the state legislature. This set the pace for other states to adopt reform laws with regard to taxes, representation, and commerce regulation.
Hull House
This is the most famous of all of the settlement houses. The goal of its founder, Jane Addams, was to invite immigrants and the poor to live among college-educated people to teach them how to manage city life. Settlement house guests were taught English, hygiene, and cooking. Addams and others also pioneered some of the first instruction in child care. Many other settlement houses modeled themselves after this particular house as the nineteenth century came to a close. Moreover, settlement houses soon became a meeting place for women activists.
Exodusters
This is the name for freed slaves who went in search of a new life or to find family members and friends. Spirited on by a former slave named Ben Singleton, as many as 25,000 former slaves uprooted their families and moved toward Kansas between 1878 and 1880. The name came about because they believed that somewhere in the West lay their promised land.
Vietcong
This is the name for the South Vietnamese fighters.
Turner's Frontier Thesis
This is the name given to Frederick Jackson Turner's speech "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," delivered at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. It argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier. But as the Civil War ended and Manifest Destiny was complete, there was no longer any part of the continent that Americans had not touched. This was a dangerous time for Americans in Turner's eyes; he felt the frontier encouraged democracy.
Little Rock Nine
This is the name given to the black students who were denied entrance into an all-white school in Arkansas in 1957. The were ultimately allowed entrance to the campus by a Federal Court ruling, but violent protests immediately broke out in the city. President Eisenhower ordered federal troops into the city to restore order and escort the students to their classes.
Mugwumps
This is the name given to the group that neither supported or opposed the Republican Party of this era.
white flight
This is the name given to the trend of American cities being drained of upper- and middle- class white families. In their place, poor and minority families and singles moved in. Once-booming downtown areas in cities such as Chicago and Detroit became rife with crime and poverty. Businesses often moved their headquarters out of the city and into the suburbs where workers lived, leaving empty buildings behind.
Stalwarts
This is the name given to those who had a special relationship with the Republican Party of this era. Their opposition was referred to as Halfbreeds.
Halfbreeds
This is the name given to those, unlike the Stalwarts, who were opposed to the Republican Party of this era.
closed shops
This is the term for businesses where all employees had no choice but to be a member of the union.
yellow journalism
This is the term given to a kind of writing that radically alters the truth of stories in an effort to sell more papers. The origin of the term was a popular color comic strip called "Yellow Kid" that ran exclusively in Hearst's paper, which often resorted to this kind of writing.
scabs
This is the term given to cheap replacement laborers when laborers are out on strike. Factory owners would often hire private police forces that would inflict violence on strikers as they attempted to protest these replacement workers.
Big Four
This is the term given to the men who met in Versailles on January 18, 1919, at the peace conference that ended World War I. These men were Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain.
satellite nations
This is the term given to the smaller nations which, from 1946 to 1948, were taken under the wing of the communist leaders installed by Moscow and the Soviets.
Gold Bugs
This is the term given to those who supported using gold, not silver, to back the value of the dollar. Grover Cleveland was one of these people.
muckrakers
This is the term, originally used by Theodore Roosevelt, for authors and journalists who wrote articles, essays, and books aimed at exposing scandal, corruption, and injustice. Despite the negative name, these writers were successful in gaining an audience and stirring up concerns among their readers. Magazines such as McClure's and Collier's were the first weapons of these writers.
Da Nang
This is where American forces landed in March 1965 in South Vietnam. This group of troops brought the troop strength up to 100,000.
Formosa
This is where Chiang Kai-Shek fled to when his nationalistic government collapsed in China.
38th Parallel
This location in Korea was the line crossed when the North Korean Army invaded the South in 1950. The North Koreans cut their way easily to the heart of the South. However, General MacArthur, an American, was able to push the North Koreans back across this line with a surprise landing of UN forces at Inchon, near the border of the two Koreas.
Immigration Act of 1965
This maintained a strict limit onthe number of immigrants admitted to the country each year. It eliminated the "national origins" system. It restricted immigration from some parts of Latin America.
John Ford
This man adapted The Grapes of Wrath in 1940.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
This man amassed a fortune in the steamboat business before venturing into rail. He led the modernization of older rails by placing his fortune into the conversion of eastern lines to common gauge steel rails, and consolidated many smaller rail lines under one name- the New York Central Railroad. By connecting and consolidating the smaller lines, he created linkages of major cities in the East and Midwest.
James Earl Ray
This man assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. He was captured 2 months later in London with no apparent motive.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
This man became president in 1932.
Herbert Hoover
This man became president in March 1929. The shantytowns that were established on the outskirts of cities during the Great Depression became known as "Hoovervilles".
Walt Disney
This man began to produce feature-length animated films,starting in 1937 with Snow White, after producing cartoon shorts for theaters in the late 1920s.
Ayatollah Khomeini
This man came to power when the Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979. He suddenly cut off the flow of petroleum to OPEC, causing a gas shortage.
Martin Dies
This man chaired the Congressional committees that investigate communist influence wherever they could find (or imagine) it. He did this with Hamilton Fish.
Hamilton Fish
This man chaired the Congressional committees that investigated communist influence wherever they could find (or imagine) it.
Frederick Law Olmstead
This man focused on bringing nature to the city by designing vast parks that were densely planted and meticulously planned. His Central Park in New York City set the standard for future urban beautification projects, with his use of winding trails, arched bridges, and open spaces that were nestled among the hustle bustle of city life.
Francisco Franco
This man fought against the existing republican government in the Spanish Civil War. He received support from Hitler and Mussolini and was thus allied with fascism.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
This man helped launch a series of nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama. He was a preacher before this.
Norman Thomas
This man led the Socialist Party of America
John L. Lewis
This man led the United Mine Workers on a strike in April 1946.
Stokely Carmichael
This man led the once nonviolent SNCC in 1966. Under his leadership, the group rejected integration and began touting "Black Power." He left SNCC for the Oakland California-based Black Panthers, who openly carried weapons and clashed with police on a regular basis.
"Boss" Tweed
This man led the political machine known as Tammany Hall in New York City. He and his fellow Irishmen gave aid to small businessmen, immigrants, and the poor in exchange for votes.
John Dos Passos
This man made the U.S.A trilogy (1930-1936), which attacked what he considered the materialistic madness of American culture.
King Vidor
This man made the movie Our Daily Bread in 1932 which explored social questions.
Robert McNamara
This man originally helped the government fund the war but mysteriously left the government in 1968. Was Secretary of Defense
Booker T. Washington
This man rose to prominence during the late 1890s and argued that African Americans needed the skills necessary to work within the white world. In essence, he claimed that blacks needed to make themselves successful economically before they could hope to become equal to whites.
John D. Rockefeller
This man turned a small petroleum company into a monopoly by his business strategy of horizontal integration. His style was to control one aspect of the production process; in this case the refining stage. His Standard Oil Company eventually controlled 95 percent of refineries by the process of consolidation. He asked stockholders in competing companies to enter a trust in which they would sell him their shares of stock in exchange for trust certificates. The Board of Trustees would then control the business transactions of the now consolidated companies, driving other competitors out of business.
Clark Clifford
This man was McNamara's successor as Secretary of Defense. He became a quiet but powerful voice.
Medgar Evers
This man was a NAACP official who was murdered the night that the black students were enrolled in University of Alabama.
Malcolm X
This man was a disciple of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam. He openly criticized Dr. King and his followers as "Uncle Toms" who had sold themselves out to whites. While not advocating the use of violence, he did encourage followers to respond to violence perpetrated against them with violence in self-defense. This man took his requite Hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca and returned a changed man in 1964. Preaching love and understanding, he left the Nation of Islam and was assassinated by members of the Nation as he spoke to a congregation in February 1965.
Pare Lorentz
This man was a filmmaker who made two powerful documentaries- The Plow that Broke the Plains (1936) and The River (1937)- that combined a celebration of New Deal programs with a harsh critique of the exploitation of people and the environment that industrial capitalism had produced. He did this with funding from New Deal agencies.
Richard Wright
This man was a major African American writer who wrote the powerful novel Native Son (1940) about the desperate plight of residents of black urban ghettoes.
James Agee
This man was a novelist who, along with photographer Walker Evans, created the book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. This man had traveled to rural Alabama in the mid-1930s on an assignment from Fortune magazine to produce an article about sharecropping and rural poverty.
Ben Shahn
This man was a photographer
Walker Evans
This man was a photographer who, along with novelist James Agee, created Let US Now Praise Famous Men.
Thomas Nast
This man was a political cartoonist for Harper's Weekly and became "Boss" Tweed's archenemy as he began drawing scathing commentaries regarding the machine's corruption and greed.
John L. Lewis
This man was a powerful (and strongly anticommunist) labor leader.
Chiang Kai-shek
This man was a rising power in China and he opposed Mao Zedong. Truman supported this man in hopes of having him as an ally.
Robert Weaver
This man was a senator and the first African American to serve in the cabinet (Department of Housing and Urban Development).
Sirhan Sirhan
This man was a young Palestinian who shot Robert Kennedy in the head after he won the California primaries. He killed him because of some pro-Israeli remarks that Kennedy made.
H.L. Mitchell
This man was a young socialist who organized the Southern Tenant Farmer's Union.
George F. Kennan
This man was an American diplomat who, after the war, warned the US that the only way to deal with Russia was to contain the soviet power from expanding further.