APUSH Final Semester 1

"Every on aquainted wirh southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and propsperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies-or the aged one who has looked on and watched the from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith...said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense-he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know tht many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defence, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled." By the eve of the Civil War, sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt above most clearly formed the basis for a. the southern defense of slavery as a positive good b. southern arguments in favor of state's rights c. abolitionists campaginst to end slavery in the United States d. the Southern political theory of nullification

a

Which of the following statements describes the historical signficance of the April 1776 Battle of Lexington and Concord? a. The bloodshed that took place made further compromise impossible b. Hundreds of British soldiers were killed in each battle c. Colonial militias were caught off guard by the suprise British attack d. The British captured rebel weapons and several prominent Patriot leaders

a

Which of the following turning points set the stage for the controversy of British government and United States government? a. Britian's victory over France in North America b. the spread of French revolutionary ideas througout Europe c. the signing of the Declaration of Independence d. the American Revolutionary War

a

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806? a. to link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states b. to connect the manufacturing cities in the South c. to connect midwestern settlers' communities with each other d. to provide a route for settlement of territory on the West coast

a

Why was the popular pamphlet entilted Common Sense significant? a. it called for republicanism and convinced many colonists of the need to fight for American independence b. the pamphlet was ghostwritten by Benjamin Franklin, who refused to attach his name to the work because of its radical mesage c. Author Thomas Paine begged the Patriots to use "common sense" and restore harmony with Britian before the colonies were "laid in blood and ashes" d. It urged ordinary Americans to revolt, not only against the kind and Parliament, but also against wealthy merchants and planters

a

Why were the land ordinances of the 1780s considered a great accomplishment of the Confederation Congress? a. the ordinances provided for orderly settlement and created a fair process for those areas to eventually become fully equal states b. the laws funded the building of roads and canals to encourage white settlement throughout the old Northwest c. they prevented the formation of larger western states that might one day dominate smaller eastern states d. ordiances limited foreign immigration to the West, ensuring that those areas retained a traditional American culture

a

"[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that...from te difficulty, id not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism...[1] ....[The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections...2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers...4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm...9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of offuce in the same hands for life... 14, There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the....Alantic ocean ...and it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceesings of a set of gentlemen,, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the soverignty and independence of the individual governments." The argument expressed in the passage above most clearly warn against the perceived dangers of a. democracy b. republicanism c. strong centeral government d. limited government

c

"These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise excised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security... In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For where does that right stop?... To use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' ... We are therefore- I speak it with grief-I speak with indignation-we are slaves." Which gorup would most likely have supported the sentiments expressed in the passage above? a. Loyalists in the 1770s and 1780s b. Backcountry rebels in the 1780s and 1790s c. Whigs in the 1830s and 1840s d. Republicans in the 1850s and 1860s

b

"This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and fulfilled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and help up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper... But as it is, we have the wolf by the wars, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other." The concerns expressed in the letter above can best be understood in the context of a. federal efforts to control American Indian populations b. competing ideas about geographical boundaries c. concerns over the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens d. debates over the extension of slavery into the western territories

b

"[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that...from te difficulty, id not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism...[1] ....[The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections...2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers...4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm...9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of offuce in the same hands for life... 14, There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the....Alantic ocean ...and it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceesings of a set of gentlemen,, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the soverignty and independence of the individual governments." The excerpt above was most clearly written in response to a. compromises at the Consitutional convention over representation b. debates over the ratification of the United States Constitution c. concern that hereditary privilege would replace individual talent d. fears of the impact of revolutionary ideas from France, Haiti, and Latin America

b

"[W]e view with great concern, both nationally and individually, certain late attempts, on the part of various descriptions manufactures, to induce your honorable body to increase the duties upon imports, already so high as to amount, upon many articles, nearly to a prohibition. This increased cost upon some of these may truly be designated a tax upon knowledge, if not a bounty to ignorance... That, although these attempts are sustained under the plausible pretext of 'promoting national industry,' they are calculated... to produce a tax highly impolitic in its nature, partial in its operation, and oppressive in its effects: a tax, in fact to be levied principally on the great body of agriculturists, who constitute a large majority of the whole American people, and who are the chief consumers against both exorbitant profits and extravagant prices by leaving competition as free and open as possible." The sentiments expressed in the petition above can best be understood in the context of a. the rise of voluntary organizations promoting secular reforms b. debates over the federal government's role in the economy c. Supreme Court decisions asserting federal power over state laws d. resistance to initivates for democracy and inclusion

b

At the same time that Parliament imposed the Stamp Act, it also passed the Quartering Act, which required a. Americans to vacate their houses or take in British troops on the demand of any commander b. colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops sent to America to protect them c. that treasonous Americans be hanged and "quartered";that is, cut into four pieces by the hangman d. that collectors of the Stamp Tac received a commission of one-quarter of the revenue they took in

b

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s? a. by 1840, farmers could to ship ten times as much flour as they could in 1835 b. the canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time c. Newpapers, mail, and business commnications traveled five times faster than the decade earlier d. canals and steamboats had little efffect on the nation's economic development

b

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which were set forth in 1798, supported which of the following positions? a. repealing the neautraity laws of the 1790s b. states' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws c. the defeat of Hamilton's debt payment program d. the right of seccession for states dissatisfied with the Union

b

The national system of roads and canals most closely linked which regions' economies together? a. the north and the south b. the east and the midwest c. the midwest and the south d. the north, midwest, and the south equally

b

To persuade Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York to ratify the Constitution, leading Federalists promised that a. George Washington would become the first president b. a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution c. New York City would be the national capital d. New York and Virginia would regain their former western claims

b

What did Shay's Revellion, which took place in Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787, demonstrate to American political leaders? a. The institution of slavery posed a threat to the American republic b. a stronger national government was needed to solve the nation's monetary problems c. patriots in massachusetts had always been more radical than those in the other states d. unless they gained the right to vote, propertyless men would destroy the American republic

b

Which of the following describes the Missouri Compromise, enacted in 1820? a. the legislation encouraged many southern plantation owners to emanncipate their slaves b. this piece of legislation set a precdent for future states' admission to the Union c. it offered compensation to any Missouri slave owner who freed his slaves voluntarily d. its quick adoption indicated American's desire to prevent national divisions over the issue of slavery

b

Which of the following events took place during the Second Continental Congress in 1775? a. Delegates elected Sam Adams as president b. George Washington become head of the Continental army c. the body rejected John Adams's proposal for reconciliation d. southerners agreed to emancipate all slaves who helped fight the British

b

Which of the following factors was among those that motivated many merchants, artisans, and journeymen to protest against the Stamp Act? a. Widespread wage cuts and price increases b. fear that their personal liberty would be undermined c. their desire to create an American democracy d. Religious fevor stimulated by the Great Awakening

b

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United Statesin the nineteenth century? a. an improved network of national roads b. railroads c. steamboats d. Pony Express

b

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system? a. the plan created the world's first comprehensive textile factory b. its creators recruited farm girls and woen to work in factories c. waltham factory owners recieved one of 1,000 patents offered for new inventions d. despite their efforts, the waltham factory owners could not compete with their English rivals

b

Which of the following statements describes the Stamp Act Congress, which was held in New York in 1765? a. The Congress was a failure becuase the nine colonies represented could not agree on a unified policy b. The delegates protested loss of American liberties and challenged the act's consitutionally c. congressional delegates formulated a set of resolves that threatened rebellion against Britain d. The group issued a statement that accepted the consitutionally of the Sugar Act, but not the Stamp Act

b

Which of the following states were eventually created out of the Northwest Territory? a. Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina b. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana c. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware d. Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee

b

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s? a. the cotton gin b. steel plow c. corn feeding for livestock d. steamboat

b

Which of these statemen played a citical role in creating and passing the 1820 Missouri Compromise? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Henry Clay c. James Tallmadge d. Thomas W. Cobb

b

Which os the following best describes "republican motherhood"? a. it glorified ferminity and the woman's role in the house b. it encouraged women to instill virtue and civil values into their sons c. it promoted the notion of seperate spheres for men and women d. it led large numbers of middle class women to demand greater equality

b

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved? a. women workers b. irish immigrants c. german immigrants d. free blacks

b

Why was the Battle of Saratoga historically significant? a. It lulled the British into a false sense of security b. the victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans c. the British captured more than 5,000 American troops d. the loss showed the need for better training for the Patriot troops

b

Women's status during the late 1700s changed as they a. began to earn the right to vote in some places b. gained new standing in American political culture c. developed cultures reflecting their intrests and experiences d. became involved in various reform efforts outside the home

b

"Every on aquainted wirh southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and propsperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies-or the aged one who has looked on and watched the from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith...said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense-he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know tht many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defence, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled." The author's sentiments in the excerpt above can be best understood as a. suportive of the continuation of the interntional slave trade b. opposition to the continued restrictions against citizenship for slaves c. an expression of southern pride in the institution of slavery d. an argument for the gradual emancipation of slaves

c

"If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might expect it woud be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necearrily from its nature. It is the fovernment of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts...Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word 'bank' or 'incorporation', we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies... a government, entrusted with such unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconsitutional and void." Which of the following did NOT result from the Supreme Court ruling above or similar rulings by the Supreme Court in thr early 1800s? a. the recognition of federal power over state laws b. the promotion of regional interests over national concerns c. the assertion of the primacy of the judicary d. the Court determining the meaning of the Consitution

c

"Many years after his first election to the presidency, Thomas Jefferson commented that ' the revolution of 1800' was as 'real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form'... For him the election of 1800 was a turning point because it marked a turning back to the true republican spirit of 1776...Within the Jeffersonian framework of assumptions and beliefs, three essential conditions were necessary to create and sustain such a republican political economy; a national government free from any taint of corruption, an unobstructed access to an ample supplu of open land, and a relatively liberal international commercial order that would offer adepquate foreign markets for America's flourishing agricultural surplus." Which of the following antebellum-era historical developments most conflicted witht the goals of Jeffersonian Republicans as outlined inthe excerpt above? a. the nation's transformation toward a more partcipatory democracy b. the emergence of a new national culture c. the acceleration of a ntional and international economy d. the growth of northern industry and regional economic specialization

c

"These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise excised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security... In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For where does that right stop?... To use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' ... We are therefore- I speak it with grief-I speak with indignation-we are slaves." Which of the following historical development most directly precipitated the conditions leading to the argument in the passage above? a. the growth of the Alantic economy during the 18th century b. the spread of French revolutionary ideas throughout Europe c. the large British debt incurred from the Seven Years' War d. the indifference of the British government to colonial governance

c

"[I promise]... to demonstrate in the coure of...my Appeal... that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery,(or,more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition...I advance it therefore to you...as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other colored people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world." Duirng the antebellum era, which of the following groups shared the most similar experiences to that described in the excerpt above? a. European migrants b. White women c. American Indians d. Abolitionists

c

"I come to present the strong claim of suffering humanity. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane and iodiotic men and women; of beings sunk to a condition from which the most unconcerned would start with real horror; of beings wretched in our Prisons, and more wrenched in our Alms-Houses... I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of the Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!.. The crying evil and abuse of institutions, is not confined to our almshouses. The warden of a populous prison near this metropolis, populous, not with criminals only, but with the insane in almost every stage of insanity...has declared that:"the prison has often more resembled the infernal regions that any place on earth!... Gentlemen, I commit to you this sacred cause. Your action upon this subject will afffect the present and future condition of hundreds and of thousands. In this legislation, as in all things, may you exercise that "wisdom which is the breath of the power of God." Which of the following antebellum-era historical developments was least likely to have spurred efforts such as those described in the excerpt above? a. the influence of the second great awakening b. the spread of liberal social ideas from Europe c. romantic beliefs in huan perfectibility d. the progress toward a unified new national culture

d

The American independence movement was least fueled by a. the impact of revivals and evangelical ideas b. enlightenment political thought c. colonial economic concerns d. the fear of attack from other European powers

d

The Consitution, as completed on September 17, 1787, gave the national government which of the following? a. powers equal to those that were granted to the states b. a weak chief executive with carefully limited powers c. fewer powers than those reserved to the states d. broad powers over taxation, military defense, and commerce

d

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering projet in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons? a. the federal government provided financial backing for the project b. it followed the same mountain passes as the National Road c. the canal charged only minor fees for its toll bridges, making its use profitable d. it increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its costs

d

To win votes for his financial plan, Hamilton made which of the following concessions? a. Raising the price of western lands sold by the government to settlers b. agreeing to support Jefferson in the 1796 presidental election c. supporting a high tariff on foreign cotton d. proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South

d

What was the immediate cause of the illegal duel in which Vice President Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804? a. Hamilton's affair wth Burr's wife b. Hamilton's decision to support Jefferson and oppose Burr in the 1800 election c. Burr's accusation that Hamilton was leading a Federalist secession plot d. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

d

Which Patriot leader persuaded Bostonians to create the first committee of correspondence? a. John Adams b. Benjamin Franklin c. George Washington d. Samuel Adams

d

Which of the following best explains why many state governments in the North continued to restrict African American citizenship during the antebellum era? a. most northerners believed that the federal government should defend the institution of slavery b. the North was economically dependent on Southern cotton c. it was a backlash against the widespread discussion of various emancipation plans d. anti-black sentiments persisted in popular politics and culture

d

Which of the following statements describes the Boston Massacre, wich took place on March 5, 1770? a. American rioters ransaked the five stores selling British goods and hung their owners in public b. British troops hung five protesters found guilty of treason against parliament and the king c. British troops burned the Massachusetts colonial assemnly building and killed two memebers d. Five Bostonians were shot and killed by British troops who were later exonerated of the crime

d

Which of the following statesments describes the Federalists' response to the War of 1812? a. Almost all Federalists supported the war out of patriotism and a desire to acquire eastern Canada from Britain b. Most Federalists relunctly supported the war because public opinion favored it and they wanted to win in the upcomign midterm elections c. Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, welcomed the high tariff brought by the war becuase it would be help New England industries d. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars

d

Which of the following was NOT true about the 1820 Missuori Compromise? a. it allowed Miane to enter the Union as a free state and Missouri to enter as a slave state b. it barred slavery north of the 36°, 30' line in future states from the Louisiana Purchase territory. c. It successfully kept the issue of slavery from becoming a national debate until just a few years before the Civil War d. It temporarily settlled the issue of slavery but was eventually weakened and ultimately overturned

d

Why did it take the Continential Congress several years to ratify the Articles of Confederation? a. fighting the war was a higher priority than creating a new national government b. many patriots feared that any national government, no matter how weak, would eventualy abus its power c. there was disagreement over how many votes each state should have in the new Congres d. disputes over western land claims led some states to block ratification

d

In the 1760s and early 1770s, lawyers and other educated Americans used common-law arguments mainly to a. justify violent resistance to the Stamp Act b. call for the other throw of King George III c. justify smuggling in violation of the Navigation Acts d. assert the colonists' rights and liberties as Englishmen

d

In 1801, Jefferson responded to the Barbary States; threats against American shipping by a. refusing tribute payments, retailiating against American shipping by working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments b. announcing that it was too expensive to maintain the navy that the Federalistis had built to deal with this threat and that it would be cheaper to pay a higher tribute c. ordering a naval bombardment and the landing of U.S. Marines, who destroyed the Barbary States' capacity to harass American shipping d. "showing the flag" through a token bombardment of the Barbary States but, in the end, continuing to pay the same tribute

a

In the decade before the American Revolution, the colonists' achieved the greatest effect by using which of the following means of protest? a. boycotts b. strikes c. petitions d. riots

a

Jefferson's administration demonstrated its disagreement with Hamilton's philosophy by a. ending the excise tax b. reducing the protective tariff c. abolishing the national bank d. implementing the Embargo Act

a

The Great Compromise led to which of the following outcomes? a. A bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate b. The seperation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches c. A division of powers between the states and the national government d. Interstate and foreign trade controlled by the national government

a

The XYZ Affair, Sedition Act, and Convention of 1800 a. reinforced American isolationsim and non-involvement in European affairs b. convinced Jeffersonians that the Federalists were eager for war with France c. led to debates over how to interpret the Consitution and balance power among the three branches of the federal government d. demonstrated the challenges America faced as result of the French Revolution and the spread of its ideals

a

The opening of canals and new roads in the United States had the LEAST impact on which of the following a. European immigration to the United States b. Westward migration of American citizens c. the market revolution d. regional economic specialization

a

The proposed 1819 Tallmadge Amendment articulated which of the following plans? a. the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri b. the right of each new state in the Union to decide on its own slavery laws c. a prohibition on the entry of new slave states into the Union d. Louisiana Territory slaves' recolonization in Africa

a

The sentiments that best reflect which of the following antebellum era historical developments? a. the acquisition of new western territories b. the impact of liberal social ideas from abroad c. the struggle to create an independence global presence d. the U.S. intrest in increasing foreign trade

a

The sentiments that were most similar to national attitudes during which conflict? a. The Revolutionary War b. the Mexican-American War c. the Spanish American War d. World War I

a

The transformation that ccured as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following? a. the Market Revolution b. Consumer Revolution c. Technological Revolution d. Economic Revolution

a

Which American principles played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Indistrial Revolution? a. American ingenuity b. seperation of church and state c. republican motherhood d. democracy

a

In which area did the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans most agree? a. foreign policy b. consitutional interpreation c. econmics d. indian policy

d

Which of the following Supreme Court cases is correctly identified? a. Marbury v. Madison- established the principle of judical review b. McCulloch v. Maryland- upheld the sancitity of private contracts c. Worecester v. Georgia- ruled that states cannot tax the federal government d. Dartmouth v. Woodward- established tribal autonomy on Indian lands

a

"I come to present the strong claim of suffering humanity. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane and iodiotic men and women; of beings sunk to a condition from which the most unconcerned would start with real horror; of beings wretched in our Prisons, and more wrenched in our Alms-Houses... I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of the Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!.. The crying evil and abuse of institutions, is not confined to our almshouses. The warden of a populous prison near this metropolis, populous, not with criminals only, but with the insane in almost every stage of insanity...has declared that:"the prison has often more resembled the infernal regions that any place on earth!... Gentlemen, I commit to you this sacred cause. Your action upon this subject will afffect the present and future condition of hundreds and of thousands. In this legislation, as in all things, may you exercise that "wisdom which is the breath of the power of God." The efforts described in the excerpt above can best be understood in the context of a. attempts to match democratic political ideals with social realities b. the development of distinctive cultures by various groups of people c. governmental and private efforts to promote the American System d. racist and nativist theories used to justify violence and segregation

a

"It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great opprressions that we groaned under...making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law;... although some could not advise to [recommend] the enterprise, yet [all] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition...may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation...Our great remoteness from England denies us the opprotunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, not have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation...We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England... and we are not without hopes but that we shall receieve from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, which such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an ecouragement to Their Majesties' subjects here." The excerpt above is best understood in the context of the a. efforts by England to integrate the colonies into an imperial structure b. emergence of a transatlantic print culture c. spread of European Enlightenment ideas d. development of a close-knit homogenous society in the New England colonies

a

"We therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembles, do declare and ordain... That the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and importsts on the importation of foreign commodities...and, more especially...[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]...are unauthorized by the Consititution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens...And we, the People of South Carolina...Do further Declare that we will not submit to the application of force, on the part of the Federal Government, to reduce this State to obedience; but that we will consider the passage, by Congress, of any act... to coerce the State... to be null and void, inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union..." The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above most closely parallel those expressed in the political debates a. during the first national administrations in the 1790s b. between imperialists and anti-imperialists in the early 1900s c. over the cultural conflicts of the 1920s d. surrounding World War I and World War II

a

"[I promise]... to demonstrate in the coure of...my Appeal... that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery,(or,more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition...I advance it therefore to you...as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other colored people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world." The arguments in the excerpt above are best understood in the context of a. the emergence of African American abolitionist movements b. sectional tensions over the instiuition of slavery c. continued restrictions on African American citizenship in Northern states d. the growth of the internal slave trade in the United States

a

"[W]e view with great concern, both nationally and individually, certain late attempts, on the part of various descriptions manufactures, to induce your honorable body to increase the duties upon imports, already so high as to amount, upon many articles, nearly to a prohibition. This increased cost upon some of these may truly be designated a tax upon knowledge, if not a bounty to ignorance... That, although these attempts are sustained under the plausible pretext of 'promoting national industry,' they are calculated... to produce a tax highly impolitic in its nature, partial in its operation, and oppressive in its effects: a tax, in fact to be levied principally on the great body of agriculturists, who constitute a large majority of the whole American people, and who are the chief consumers against both exorbitant profits and extravagant prices by leaving competition as free and open as possible." Which of the following developments LEAST contributed to the grievances articulated in the petition above? a. Increased agricultural production resulting from technological inventions b. the acceleration of a national and international market economy c. diverging economic systems within the United States d. regional intrests trumping national economic concerns

a

Alexander Hamilton's 1789 financial plan for the United States included which of the following items? a. the federal government's assumption of state war debts b. the elimination of the U.S. national debt c. a progressive system of personal income taxes d. the eradication of paper currency

a

How did Britian's skyrocketing national debt affect its government in England and America in the 1760s? a. The need for higher taxes spurred Britain to increase the size and power of its bureaucracy in England and America b. Britian's debt crisis lef the Parliament to suspend the colonies' royal governships and decrease its subsidies to the monarchy c. America's cooperation with the new tax code allowed Britain to transfer government officals from the colonies back to London d. in response to the fiscal crisis, Parliament reduced the size of its domestic and colonial tax bureaucracies, but it increased their power dramatically

a

In which of the following areas did regional intrests and perspectives habe the LEAST impact on national policy? a. tariffs b. internal improvements c. national bank d. american indian policy

d

"Every on aquainted wirh southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and propsperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies-or the aged one who has looked on and watched the from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith...said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense-he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know tht many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defence, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled." The excerpt above was most likely a response to which of the following? a. the outlwaing of the international slave trade b. the abolitionists criticism of the treatment of slaves in the South c. the creation of free African American communities d. the formation of a termporary national truce over the issue of slavery

b

"If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might expect it woud be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necearrily from its nature. It is the fovernment of all; its powers are delegated by all; it represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts...Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word 'bank' or 'incorporation', we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies... a government, entrusted with such unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconsitutional and void." The ideas expressed in the excerpt above can best be understood in the context of debates over a. the authority of different branches of the federal government b. the scope of the federal government's role in the economy c. the relationship between the federal government and state government d. how to match democratic political ideals to political institutions

b

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commerical relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop... The Unity of Government which consitutes you one people... is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence... your tranquility at home; your peace abroad... I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations... the Spirit of Party... is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in the of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominon of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge... is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." Which of the following most directly prompted the arguments in the speech above? a. the French withdrawn from North America and renewed attacks b. disafreements over the French Revolution and foreign policy c. internal unrest and backcountry rebellions against federal taxation d. debates over calls to abolish slavery and expand decomocracy

b

"These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise excised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security... In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For where does that right stop?... To use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' ... We are therefore- I speak it with grief-I speak with indignation-we are slaves." The passage above was written in response to a. calls for a stronger centeral government b. British efforts to tax the colonies c. debates over the issue of slavery d. the perceived corruption of the British government

b

Why were Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut among the first to ratify the United States Consitution? a. They hoped to gain protection through an association with larger states b. these states were eager to see the document's Bill of Rights take effect c. these states wanted a strong government to counter the power of the larger states d. they understood the document's provision for income taxes

c

The 1774 Coerive Acts applied to which of the follwing colonies? a. All thirteen b. Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylania, and Virginia c. Virginia, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island d. Massachusetts only

d

"[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that...from te difficulty, id not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism...[1] ....[The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections...2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers...4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm...9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of offuce in the same hands for life... 14, There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the....Alantic ocean ...and it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceesings of a set of gentlemen,, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the soverignty and independence of the individual governments." The excerpt above most clearly reflects the a. limitations of the Articles of Confederation b. growth of a more participatory democracy c. fears many people had of centeralized federal power d. challenge posed by democracy to traditional imperial systems

c

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufactures increasily used which of the following to run machinery? a. water wheels b. windmills c. steam engines d. hand power

c

How did British politicans respond to the American's cry of "no taxation without representation"? a. Parliament pursued stricter enforcement of the Stamp Act b. They passed the Revenue Act to replace the Stamp Act c. Politicans argued that the colonists already had virtual representation d. They suggested that Americans had representation through their own colonial legislatures

c

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. by giving tax breaks to large businesses b. by building canals c. by passing protective tariffs d. by prohibiting labor unions

c

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison maintained that the consitutional government would accomplish which of the following ends? a. eliminate the need for political parties b. protect the rights of individual states against abuses by the centeral government c. prevent any one faction from being dominant d. bring focus and order to American foregin policy

c

The Democratic-Repblicans favored a. protective tariffs b. closer relations with England c. state's rights d. a national bank

c

The expansion of the U.S. transportation network by 1837, benfitted MOST from which of the following technological advances? a. Interchangable parts b. textile machinery c. steam engine d. telegraph

c

The three-fifths compromise dealt with which of the following issues? a. Interstate trade b. Presidential terms c. Slavery d. voting qualifications

c

Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the following ideas? a. Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industiral Revolution b. exapansion of the institution of slavery to the West c. western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families d. a rejection of scientfic farming in favor if agricultural tranditionalism

c

Which of the following Enlightenment thinkers is correctly matched? a. John Loke- natural rights b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau-seperation of powers c. Baron de Montesquieu- free trade d. Adam Smith- social contract

c

Which of the following battles marked the end of the American Revolution in 1781? a. Saratoga b. New York c. Yorktown d. Quebec

c

Which of the following correctly characterizes the War of 1812? a. the United States was able to reassert soverignty over its existing western lands and remove Britain's military presence b. Broad popular support for the war effort tempirarily eased sectional divisions over slavery and economic policy c. the United States won a decisive victory against the British and gained valuable new land on the frontier as a result d. Federalists support for the war reinvigorated the party and allowed it to thrive for another 20 years

c

Which of the following factors made the critical contribution to the Federalists Party's downfall? a. their failure to pay off the national debt b. washington's principle of neutrality c. the adoption of many of their polices by Republicans d. the establishment of a national bank

c

Which of the following served as a catalyst for the 1794 domestic insurgency known as the Whiskey Rebellion? a. Farm forclosures b. High intrest rates c. An excise tax d. The Panic of 1793

c

Which of the following spurred the Panich of 1819 in the United States? a. Significance inflation of agriculture prices b. excessibe government spending on canal-building c. reckless practices pursued by shady state-charted banks d. overly restrictive lending policies of the Second Bank of the United States

c

Which of the following was the purpose of the Tea Act imposed by Parliament on the colonies in May 1773? a. It was intended to break the American boycott of tea imports from England b. Parliament passed the Tea Act to raise more revenue from the sale of tea in order to cover military costs in North America c. The British needed to bail out the financially strapped British East India Company d. Parliament meant to punish the Americans for importing tea from Holland

c

Why did Thomas Jefferson dispatch the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804? a. Jefferson hoped to establish an effective American claim to the Louisiana region b. the president needed ot lay the groundwork foe establishing Indian schools in the region c. he wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Lousiana Territory d. he asked them to identify areas into which the Ohio and New York Indian tribes could be relocated

c

Why was the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 significant? a. the battle revealed that most American soldiers did not accept the peace treaty b. it showed that American guerilla fighters could still defeat the British troops c. it restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero d. the battle persuaded British diplomats finally to sign the peace treaty

c

George Grenville conceived the Sugar Act of 1764 to replace which of the following acts? a. The Currency Act of 1864 b. The Proclamation Act of 1763 c. The Excise Act of 1756 d. The Molasses Act of 1733

d

"It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great opprressions that we groaned under...making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law;... although some could not advise to [recommend] the enterprise, yet [all] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition...may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation...Our great remoteness from England denies us the opprotunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, not have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation...We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England... and we are not without hopes but that we shall receieve from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, which such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an ecouragement to Their Majesties' subjects here." Which of the following was most likely a signifcant cause of the sentiments depicted in the excerpt above? a. a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority b. the colonial development of commerical ties and legal structures c. the dimishing regional distinctiveness of the colonies over time d. colonies that were accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

d

"Many years after his first election to the presidency, Thomas Jefferson commented that ' the revolution of 1800' was as 'real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form'... For him the election of 1800 was a turning point because it marked a turning back to the true republican spirit of 1776...Within the Jeffersonian framework of assumptions and beliefs, three essential conditions were necessary to create and sustain such a republican political economy; a national government free from any taint of corruption, an unobstructed access to an ample supplu of open land, and a relatively liberal international commercial order that would offer adepquate foreign markets for America's flourishing agricultural surplus." Which of the following best exemplified the Jeffersonian embrace of the ideals described in the excerpt above? a. the National Bank b. the Louisiana Purchase c. the Missouri Compromise d. the American system

d

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commerical relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop... The Unity of Government which consitutes you one people... is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence... your tranquility at home; your peace abroad... I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations... the Spirit of Party... is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in the of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominon of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge... is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." The speech above best reflects which of the following continuties in United States history? a. debates over the relationship between the executive and legislative branches b. debates over the relationship between the federal and state government c. debates over how to properly interpret the Constitution d. debates over the proper role of political parties

d

"This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and fulfilled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and help up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper... But as it is, we have the wolf by the wars, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other." The letter above was most likely written in response to a. the purchase of the Louisianna Territory from France b. passage of the Missouri Compromise c. efforts to promote the American system d. governmental attempts to force the removal of American Indians

d

"We therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina in Convention assembles, do declare and ordain... That the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and importsts on the importation of foreign commodities...and, more especially...[the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832]...are unauthorized by the Consititution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof, and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens...And we, the People of South Carolina...Do further Declare that we will not submit to the application of force, on the part of the Federal Government, to reduce this State to obedience; but that we will consider the passage, by Congress, of any act... to coerce the State... to be null and void, inconsistent with the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union..." The exerpt above bst exemplifies which of the following historical developments or processess in the first half of American history? a. the support or resistance of various American groups or individuals to the expansion of territory b. the reemergence of a two-party political system as various consituencies and intrest groups calesced and defined their agendas c. the assertion of Southern regional pride in slavery and the insistence of many white in the South that the federal government defend slavery d. resistance from the state governments in the North and the South at different times to federal attempts to assert authority over them

d

"[I promise]... to demonstrate in the coure of...my Appeal... that we Coloured People of these United States, are, the most wretched, degraded and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began, down to the present day, and that the white Christians of America, who hold us in slavery,(or,more properly speaking, pretenders to Christianity,) treat us more cruel and barbarous than any Heathen nation did any people whom it had subjected, or reduced to the same condition...I advance it therefore to you...as an unshaken and forever immoveable fact, that your full glory and happiness, as well as all other colored people under Heaven, shall never be fully consummated, but with the entire emancipation of your enslaved brethren all over the world." Which of the following resulted from the sentiment expressed in the excerpt above? a. growing national support among Whigs and Democrats for abolition b. increasing numbers of Northerners insisting that the federal government should defend slavery c. decreased demand from Northern factories for Southern cotton cultivated by slaves d. increasingly bitter national debates over the institution of slavery

d