apush midterm review

A Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights.

"Forces committed to restoring White supremacy launched a ruthless, bloody campaign of terror and intimidation against freedpeople and their White allies in the South. As young southern units of the Republican Party broke under those blows and the Republicans of the North retreated and grew more conservative, Reconstruction collapsed. With it went many . . . gains. A resurgent southern elite once again set about imposing White supremacy and tyrannical labor discipline while stripping freedpeople of many of their civic and political rights." Bruce Levine, historian, The Fall of the House of Dixie, 2013 "For many poor Whites throughout the South, Jim Crow laws alone could not ease their most persistent fear. In regions like northern Louisiana, with little but pine trees rising from its barren soil, White men found themselves competing with [formerly enslaved people], and during the dozen years of Reconstruction they had not known which race would prevail. "Such men had dropped away from the Ku Klux Klan after President Grant's crackdown, but their simmering resentments had grown. With control of the South passing again to the Democrats, powerless Whites were joining plantation owners to ensure that Black workers remained without their basic rights." A. J. Langguth, historian, After Lincoln, 2014 Which of the following claims is supported by the arguments made by both Levine and Langguth? A Local political tactics served to deny African Americans their rights. B White southerners accepted racial and political equality. C Republicans permanently changed the balance of political power in the South. D African Americans gained property rights while becoming self-sufficient.

D The growth of the abolition movement in the United States

"I know not how to thank you for the deep and lively interest you have been pleased to take in the cause of . . . the emancipation of a people, who, for two long centuries, have endured, with the utmost patience, a bondage, one hour of which . . . is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose. "It is such indications on the part of the press—which, happily, are multiplying throughout all the land—that kindle up within me an ardent hope that the curse of slavery will not much longer be permitted to make its iron foot-prints in the lacerated [deeply cut] hearts of my . . . brethren. . . . I am called, by way of reproach, a runaway slave. As if it were a crime—an unpardonable crime—for a man to take his inalienable rights! "But why [you,] a New-York editor, born and reared in the State of Maine, far removed from the contaminated . . . atmosphere of slavery, should pursue such a course [supporting abolition], is not so apparent. I will not, however, stop here to ascertain the cause, but deal with fact. . . . "The object . . . is simply to give such an exposition of the degrading influence of slavery upon the master and his [supporters] as well as upon the slave—to excite such an intelligent interest on the subject of American slavery—as may react upon that country, and tend to shame her out of her adhesion to a system which all must confess to disagree with justice. . . . "I am earnestly and anxiously laboring to wipe off this foul blot from the . . . American people, that they may accomplish in behalf of human freedom that which their exalted position among the nations of the earth amply fits them to do." Frederick Douglass to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, 1846 The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A The development of new transportation technologies B The emergence of nativist political parties C The relocation of Native Americans from the South D The growth of the abolition movement in the United States

B It generated debates over citizenship.

"It was not automatically apparent how any of the filibustering targets of the post-1848 period could 'fit' into an American republic, or even into an American empire. . . . While it seemed only logical to some to simply take all of Mexico as booty [spoils] of the war, cut Mexico up, and turn it into new territories and states, most Americans rejected this idea. They did so because central Mexico was densely populated. . . . Many Americans feared the result of the integration of Mexico's people into the United States. Critics also doubted whether Americans could be happy in the alien landscape of central and southern Mexico." Amy Greenberg, historian, Manifest Manhood and the Antebellum American Empire, 2005 "American settlers had eclipsed the Mexicans in Texas and, with ample aid from southern Whites, had rebelled and won their independence. . . . A small band of Americans, many of them merchants, lived in Mexican California when war broke out in 1846. This dispersion of hardy migrants inspired observers to insist that pioneers and not politicians won the West. . . . "Pioneers played a role in expansion, but the historical record points to politicians and propagandists as the primary agents of empire. Racial, economic, social, and political factors coalesced [combined] to make territorial and commercial expansion enticing to American leaders. . . . "Denying any parallels between earlier empires and their own, expansionists insisted that democracy and dominion were complementary, not contradictory. Since leaders intended to transform [territorial] cessions into states and their inhabitants (at least Whites) into citizens, they scoffed at misgivings about governing a vast domain." Thomas Hietala, historian, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire, 2003 Which of the following arguments about the Mexican-American War do the excerpts best support? A It resulted in the first efforts at western expansion. B It generated debates over citizenship. C It ended sectional tensions between the North and South. D It contributed to the elimination of the domestic slave trade.

D Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War

"Mr. President, it was solemnly asserted on this floor, some time ago, that all parties in the non-slaveholding States had come to a fixed and solemn determination upon two propositions. One was that there should be no further admission of any States into this Union which permitted, by their constitutions, the existence of slavery; and the other was that slavery shall not hereafter exist in any of the territories of the United States, the effect of which would be to give to the non-slaveholding States the monopoly of the public domain. . . . The subject has been agitated in the other House [of Congress], and they have sent up a bill 'prohibiting the extension of slavery . . . to any territory which may be acquired by the United States hereafter.' At the same time, two resolutions which have been moved to extend the compromise line from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, during the present session, have been rejected by a decided majority. "Sir, there is no mistaking the signs of the times; and it is high time that the Southern States—the slaveholding States—should inquire what is now their relative strength in this Union, and what it will be if this determination is carried into effect hereafter." John C. Calhoun, senator, speech in the United States Senate, 1847 The excerpt best provides evidence about which of the following historical situations in the late 1840s? A Increased conflict between urban immigrants and nativists B Compromises between the Supreme Court and national leaders C The expanding influence of the Northern abolitionist movement D Growing sectional tensions caused by the Mexican-American War

B The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War

"No roads marked the way to the traveler in California then: but, guided by the sun and well-known mountain peaks, we proceeded on our journey. . . . Some forty or fifty men were at work with the cradle machines, and were averaging about eight ounces [of gold] per day to the man. But a few moments passed before I was knee deep in water, with my wash-basin full of dirt, plunging it about endeavoring to separate the dirt from the gold. After washing some fifty pans of dirt, I found I had realized about four bits' worth of gold. Reader, do you know how [one] feels when the gold fever heat has suddenly fallen to about zero? I do. . . . The Indians who were working for Capts. Sutter and Weber gave them leading information, so that they were enabled to know the direction in which new discoveries were to be made. . . . "The morals of the miners of '48 should here be noticed. No person worked on Sunday at digging for gold. . . . We had ministers of the gospel amongst us, but they never preached. Religion had been forgotten, even by its ministers, and instead of their pointing out the narrow way which leads to eternal happiness . . . they might have been seen, with pick-axe and pan, traveling untrodden [untraveled] ways in search of . . . treasure . . . or drinking good health and prosperity with friends." James H. Carson, describing life in the early California gold fields, 1848 Which of the following developments most directly led to the activities described in the excerpt? A prohibition on the northern extent of slavery in territories west of the Mississippi River B The acquisition of significant territory following the Mexican-American War C The vetoing of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States D The completion of the first transcontinental railroad to the Pacific Ocean

D Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army

"There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would say: You desire peace; and you blame me that we do not have it. But how can we attain it? . . . "But to be plain, you are dissatisfied with me about the Negro. . . . You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the Constitution invests its commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it, helps us, or hurts the enemy? . . . "You say you will not fight to free Negroes. Some of them seem willing to fight for you. . . . I issued the proclamation on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. . . . Why should they do anything for us, if we will do nothing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they must be prompted by the strongest motive—even the promise of freedom. And the promise being made, must be kept." President Abraham Lincoln, letter to James Conkling explaining why he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 The phrase in the excerpt "Some of them seem willing to fight for you" could most likely be interpreted as having which of the following purposes? A Authorizing the policy of total war by Union generals in fighting in the South B Addressing the difficulties of feeding runaway enslaved people at military encampments C Acknowledging the shuffling of commanding officers in the Union army D Highlighting the enlistment of formerly enslaved people into the Union army

B citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession

"What fault has there been on the part of the General Government of the United States? Why break up this Union? Will any gentleman be so kind as to particularize a single instance worthy of debate, in which the Federal Government has been derelict [negligent] in the discharge of its duty, or has failed to accomplish the purposes of its organization? . . . "I am not here . . . to defend the election of Abraham Lincoln. I believe that his election was virtually a fraud upon the people of the United States . . . nominated, as he was, by a sectional party, and upon a sectional platform, with no representation in the body which nominated him from the South; but he was nominated and elected according to the forms of law. . . . "Let us look . . . at the evils that must result from secession. The first, in my opinion, would be that our country would not only be divided into a Northern Confederacy and into Southern Confederacy, but, soon or later it would be divided into sundry [several] petty Confederacies. We would have a Central Confederacy, a Confederacy of the States of the Mississippi Valley, a Pacific Confederacy, a Western Confederacy, an Eastern Confederacy, a Northern and a Southern Confederacy. ". . . It is easy perhaps to break down this Government; but, sir, when we break it down it will not be so easy a matter to build it up. . . . Gentlemen cry out against the tyranny of their own government, and yet denounce [those opposed to secession] because we hesitate to allow ourselves to be thrust into the embraces of such a military dictatorship." Waitman T. Willey, addressing the Virginia State Secession Convention, March 4, 1861 The excerpt best serves as evidence that, in 1861, A citizens in the Northern states did not want Abraham Lincoln as president B citizens in the Southern states were deeply divided over secession C citizens in the Northern states were prepared to accommodate slavery D citizens in the Northern states would not accept a Confederate government

Which of the following describes a context that most influenced the implementation of the government policy discussed in the excerpt? A. Many Americans desired the United States to expand its western land claims. B. Many Americans asserted the separation of public and private spheres. C. Some Americans were influenced by European literary and cultural models. D. Some Americans began to oppose the spread of slavery.

A Many Americans desired the United States to expand its western land claims.

Which of the following does the author use as evidence to support her argument that slaveholders were "keen to master their slaves' senses of pleasure"? A. Slaveholders held parties to encourage the loyalty of the enslaved. B. Slaveholders regularly listened to and sang slave spirituals. C. Enslaved African Americans held their own illicit parties. D. Enslaved African Americans regularly broke curfews and violated pass laws.

A Slaveholders held parties to encourage the loyalty of the enslaved.

The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men in the early nineteenth century most directly resulted in which of the following? A. The growth of new political parties B. The abolition of slavery in the northern states C. The signing of peace treaties with Native Americans D. The employment of women in textile manufacturing

A The growth of new political parties

The expansion of suffrage to most adult White men by the 1820s and 1830s most directly contributed to the A. emergence of political rallies and events to encourage people to vote for particular parties B. increase in the autonomy of state legislatures C. expansion of labor union activism that demanded better conditions for workers D. establishment of representative democracy through the United States Constitution

A emergence of political rallies and events to encourage people to vote for particular parties

The expansion of participatory democracy in the Jacksonian era most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening by A. giving rise to individualistic beliefs B. transforming gender roles in the family C. increasing membership in the national political parties D. generating opposition to the abolitionist movement

A giving rise to individualistic beliefs

At the time the petition was produced, Congress most likely interpreted the petition's purpose as A. requesting federal funding for transportation construction projects B. rallying support to end commercial relations with Great Britain C. encouraging White settlers to use canals to migrate to new states D. promoting the development of agriculture at the expense of industry

A requesting federal funding for transportation construction projects

The reaction to the situation described in the third paragraph represented a continuity with which of the following earlier colonial developments?

A strict racial system was established that separated enslaved people from European colonists.

Addams' point of view expressed in the excerpt supports which of the following historical arguments?

Activists believed that political machines hindered immigrant adoption of American political norms.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the advanced development of both pre-Columbian American societies described in the excerpt?

Adaptation to and use of the natural environment for their own benefit

The Arabic word sawahili means "a language of the coast." Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa?

As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.

Which of the following can be concluded about the United States based on the author's descriptions in the excerpt? A. Regional political interests dominated political debates. B. A common national culture was developing. C. Educational reforms contributed to increased literacy. D. New transportation routes made shipping books easier.

B A common national culture was developing.

In the first half of the 1800s, which of the following resulted from the debates about the cotton economy described in the excerpt? A. Northerners began to frame antislavery arguments in ecological terms. B. A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged. C. Large numbers of immigrants moved to Southern cities to pursue economic opportunities. D. The federal government built an extensive network of roads, canals, and railroads to support cotton agriculture.

B A distinct Southern economic and cultural identity emerged.

Changes in ideas about men's and women's gender roles in the family, resulting from the market revolution, most directly contributed to which of the following shifts in American social practices during the same period? A. The rise of widespread support for women's right to vote in national elections B. A new emphasis on the separation between the public and private spheres C. Calls for mothers to guide their children's education in republican values and citizenship D. The growth of a political culture blending European and uniquely American elements

B A new emphasis on the separation between the public and private spheres

Innovations in shipping and the growth of commercial networks were most directly related to which of the following other developments of the first half of the nineteenth century? A. A decrease in the availability of jobs for recent immigrants B. An increase in the number of Americans moving west of the Appalachian Mountains C. The spread of industrialization to most cities in the South D. An increase in the production in the home of goods used by families

B An increase in the number of Americans moving west of the Appalachian Mountains

Which of the following could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the third paragraph of the excerpt that enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities? A. Slaveholders allowed some enslaved African Americans to work unsupervised. B. Enslaved African Americans routinely caused tools to break or worked more slowly as means of resistance. C. Abolitionists criticized slaveholders for separating enslaved children from their parents. D. Enslaved African Americans assigned to plantation homes had easier working conditions than those who worked in the fields.

B Enslaved African Americans routinely caused tools to break or worked more slowly as means of resistance.

Which of the following best describes Jefferson's point of view about government as expressed in the excerpt? A. The federal government should financially support internal improvements. B. Government should limit interference in the lives of its citizens. C. Governments should provide economic assistance to all citizens. D. State governments should have more authority than the federal government.

B Government should limit interference in the lives of its citizens.

Which of the following best describes the context from which the ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged? A. Popular opinion supported intervention in Europe against France. B. Political leaders sought to encourage domestic economic development. C. Voters pressured state governments to drop property restrictions on voting. D. Religious revivals encouraged the widespread development of reform movements.

B Political leaders sought to encourage domestic economic development.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best refute Jackson's claim about his predecessors' policies toward American Indians, as described in the first paragraph of the excerpt? A. President James Madison used the federal army to defeat an American Indian confederacy in the Northwest Territory. B. President George Washington enforced treaties guaranteeing American Indians in New York rights to their land. C. President James Monroe forced American Indians in Florida to move to a reservation after the First Seminole War. D. President Thomas Jefferson suggested purchasing territory from indebted American Indian groups.

B President George Washington enforced treaties guaranteeing American Indians in New York rights to their land.

The claims in the excerpt were most likely interpreted as opposing which of the following existing federal government policies at the time? A. Financing a national banking system B. Promoting economic development through foreign trade C. Acquiring western Native American land D. Levying tariffs on imported manufactured goods

B Promoting economic development through foreign trade

Which of the following best explains how the purpose of the speech in the excerpt was interpreted by federal officials? A. Red Jacket wanted to increase Iroquois commerce with the United States. B. Red Jacket sought to protect Iroquois independence from the United States. C. Red Jacket desired to abandon traditional Iroquois religious practices for Christianity. D. Red Jacket wished to help United States migrants form new settlements on Iroquois land.

B Red Jacket sought to protect Iroquois independence from the United States.

Which of the following resulted from the mass production of cotton described in the excerpt? A. Southern planters eventually sought to diversify the crops they grew. B. Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains. C. A cotton gin was developed that processed raw cotton more quickly. D. Southerners supported protective tariffs to stimulate the United States economy.

B Some southerners relocated their plantations to the west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Which of the following was most likely a main purpose of Jefferson's inaugural address? A. To advocate and explain the constitutionality of certain laws B. To summarize his beliefs about the ideal political system C. To warn European countries against renewing conflicts with the United States D. To justify the cost of the Louisiana Purchase

B To summarize his beliefs about the ideal political system

A piece of evidence used by Howe in the second paragraph of the excerpt to support his argument about the goals of prison reform was that prison reformers A. saw prisons primarily as a form of punishment B. intended to use prisons to rehabilitate criminals C. sought to expand prisons to force debt repayments D. thought prisons were only to hold people before trial

B intended to use prisons to rehabilitate criminals

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the arguments made by Chief Joseph and Commissioner Parker in the excerpts?

Both asserted that the federal government had legal authority over American Indians.

A The continued alteration of Native American culture and society

Both authors would most likely suggest that the historical situation described in the excerpts contributed to which of the following? A The continued alteration of Native American culture and society B The failure of Reconstruction policies to enforce constitutional amendments C The debate over the rights of states to nullify federal laws D The controversy over the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford

Which of the following is a similarity between Bodnar's and Ewen's arguments in the excerpts about immigrant families in the late 1800s?

Both maintain that immigrant families provided members with economic support.

Which of the following can most accurately be concluded about the broader economic conditions of the period described in the excerpt?

Businesses made use of new management structures to increase the production of goods.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would help modify an argument in the excerpt about President Jackson's intentions toward American Indians? A. Some representatives of Jackson profited by purchasing land from American Indians who were forcibly relocated. B. Some of Jackson's agents encouraged American Indians from Ohio and Florida to leave their homelands as well. C. Jackson had led United States armies that conquered American Indian peoples in the Southeast and forced land cessions. D. Jackson believed that relocating American Indians was the only action that would enable them to preserve their way of life.

C Jackson had led United States armies that conquered American Indian peoples in the Southeast and forced land cessions.

Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify the argument in the excerpt that many enslaved people engaged in oppositional activities? A. When possible, enslaved African Americans sought to escape to the North. B. Some enslaved African Americans learned to read in spite of laws banning it. C. Large-scale rebellions by enslaved African Americans in the first half of the 1800s were largely unsuccessful. D. Many enslaved African Americans maintained family units, even with spouses and children on other plantations.

C Large-scale rebellions by enslaved African Americans in the first half of the 1800s were largely unsuccessful.

Which of the following most directly led to the expansion of participatory democracy in the first half of the nineteenth century? A. Development of a canal system connecting different parts of the country B. Encouragement of citizens to settle the western territories C. Reduction of property ownership requirements for voting D. Threats by South Carolina to nullify federal laws it deemed unconstitutional

C Reduction of property ownership requirements for voting

Which of the following best describes a historian's likely interpretation of the situation in which the excerpt was produced in the early 1800s? A. Political leaders agreed on policies for developing the economy. B. Most Americans sought to turn away from European influences. C. Some Americans promoted international strength through a unified national economy. D. Business leaders argued that the Constitution limited federal spending.

C Some Americans promoted international strength through a unified national economy.

Which of the following best describes a context in the first half of the 1800s that influenced the development of slavery as described in the excerpt? A. The United States expanded its participation in the international slave trade. B. Northern business leaders sought enslaved people as laborers for transportation projects. C. Southern planters used enslaved people to produce cotton for international markets. D. Protestant religious revivalists encouraged the growth of antislavery movements.

C Southern planters used enslaved people to produce cotton for international markets.

Which of the following best describes the political situation in which Jefferson gave the address in the excerpt? A. Federalists sought compromise with Democratic-Republican politicians. B. The Federalist Party remained more powerful than the Democratic-Republicans. C. The Democratic-Republican Party had won the presidency for the first time. D. Democratic-Republicans had gained increased support from wealthy merchants.

C The Democratic-Republican Party had won the presidency for the first time.

The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments? A. The termination of cultural connections with Great Britain B. The popularization of the belief in human perfectibility C. The creation of a unique American culture D. The foundation of a trans-Atlantic print culture

C The creation of a unique American culture

The petition could best be used as evidence by historians studying which of the following? A. The effects of new transportation links on industry in the Northeast B. The lives of immigrant laborers constructing new infrastructure C. The ideas that led some Americans to advocate for improved transportation D. The reasons that regional interests opposed internal improvements

C The ideas that led some Americans to advocate for improved transportation

Which of the following best explains a major reason for the emergence of the Second Great Awakening in the United States? A. The expansion of participatory democracy fostered popular engagement in religion as well. B. The arrival of large numbers of immigrants from Europe brought new religious ideas to the United States. C. The rise of individualistic and evangelical spiritual beliefs inspired religious conversion. D. The proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the Western Hemisphere created a sense of spiritual independence.

C The rise of individualistic and evangelical spiritual beliefs inspired religious conversion.

Which of the following describes a difference between the arguments made by Chief Joseph and Commissioner Parker in the excerpts?

Chief Joseph believed that Native American tribes had a right to sovereignty, while Commissioner Parker believed that Native American tribes were not sovereign nations.

Using information from the image, which of the following can be described as identifiable signs and symbols of a Chinese cultural landscape in San Francisco?

Chinese-language signs and Chinese lamps

Which of the following most directly contributed to the development described in the excerpt? A. The introduction of enslaved Africans in the 1600s into what is now the United States B. The election of Andrew Jackson to the presidency and his decision to enforce tariff collections C. A series of slave insurrections and rebellions in the first half of the 1800s D. A belief by southern businessmen that the southern economy should focus on the export of select agricultural products

D A belief by southern businessmen that the southern economy should focus on the export of select agricultural products

Which of the following claims is supported by the author's main argument in the excerpt? A. White settler demand for land was the principal cause of Indian removal policies. B. Partnerships between White settlers and American Indians prevented most removals. C. Andrew Jackson planned Indian removal to punish American Indians after conflicts. D. Andrew Jackson can be blamed for the unintended effects of Indian removal.

D Andrew Jackson can be blamed for the unintended effects of Indian removal.

The Second Great Awakening was most directly related to which of the following other historical developments of the early nineteenth century? A. Innovations in manufacturing technology and agricultural equipment B. Opposing political views on the powers of the federal government C. Celebrations of American patriotism and national culture D. Challenges to Enlightenment views of rationalism

D Challenges to Enlightenment views of rationalism

Which of the following can be concluded about the relationship between the United States and Europe based on the situation described in the excerpt? A. American writing was considered more refined than European writing. B. European artists traveled to the United States for inspiration. C. Most American literature was written for European consumption. D. European styles continued to influence American society.

D European styles continued to influence American society.

The growth of manufacturing in the United States from 1800 to 1850 was most directly connected to which of the following broader historical processes? A. Abolitionists advancing moral arguments to bring an end to slavery B. Political parties debating about the need for a national bank C. Supreme Court decisions confirming the primacy of federal laws over state laws D. Large numbers of international migrants moving to northern cities

D Large numbers of international migrants moving to northern cities

Which of the following is a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his claim in the third paragraph of the excerpt about religious organizations in the early nineteenth century? A. Religious voluntary associations were limited to focusing on local efforts. B. Many religious reformers also worked for large nationwide corporations. C. The Second Bank of the United States was one of many national federal organizations. D. Members of the Evangelical United Front employed more people than the Post Office did

D Members of the Evangelical United Front employed more people than the Post Office did.

Which of the following describes a piece of evidence used by Howe to support his overall argument about the motivations of religious reformers? A. They believed that they should focus their efforts only on the United States. B. They sought to compete with other churches for religious converts. C. They viewed reform mainly as a means of social control. D. They desired to teach people personal autonomy.

D They desired to teach people personal autonomy.

The excerpt could best be used by historians studying the A. origins of the Second Great Awakening B. effects of the market revolution on family roles C. colonization of eastern North America by English settlers D. resistance against the expansion of United States influence

D resistance against the expansion of United States influence

The ideas in the excerpt are most directly situated within the context of United States efforts to do which of the following in the period after the Civil War?

Establish a colonial presence overseas

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia's population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?

Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa.

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government?

Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves

Which of the following developments in the 1500s is best illustrated by the excerpt?

Europeans sought new sources of wealth in the Americas.

Which of the following developments in the late 1400s and early 1500s is depicted in the excerpt?

Europeans undertook voyages across the Atlantic to the Americas in search of new sources of wealth.

C Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt.

Evidence in the excerpt most strongly suggests which of the following? A Southern opinions regarding slavery were changing. B Southern businesses rejected paying federal taxes. C Southern voters viewed the presidential election with contempt. D Southern politicians were anxious to form alliances with European countries.

Which of the following describes a difference between Bodnar's and Ewen's arguments in the excerpts about immigrants in the late 1800s?

Ewen asserts that some immigrants sought personal fulfilment, whereas Bodnar asserts that most immigrants focused on supporting their families over individualism.

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths?

Expansion diffusion

The transportation development described in the excerpt had which of the following effects on agriculture in the United States?

Farmers developed cooperative organizations to limit the power of rail companies.

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern?

France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.

Which of the following developments best explains a cause of the historical process described in the excerpt?

Government subsidies facilitated the construction of transportation and communication networks.

C most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate

Greenberg's argument most differs from Hietala's in that Greenberg claims that A race was a defining factor in the tensions leading up to the Mexican-American War B pioneers, not politicians, were a major factor in building the American empire C most Americans believed that Mexicans in the new territories could not assimilate D the granting of citizenship to people in the territories was welcomed by many Americans after the war

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example?

Hierarchical and contagious

D Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South

Ideas in the excerpt would most likely have influenced which of the following? A Arguments supporting defining slavery on the grounds of states' rights B Claims that the United States should occupy all Mexican territory C Attempts to convince plantation owners to stop farming cash crops D Efforts at assisting enslaved people in escaping from the South

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the characteristics of immigration described in the poem and earlier immigration to the United States?

Immigrants compromised between the cultures they brought and the cultures they found in the United States.

Which of the following explains a connection between the ability of Americans to gain access to natural resources in the early 1800s and in the late 1800s?

In both periods, the expansion of power over western North America gave the United States control over more natural resources.

Which of the following contexts contributed most directly to the interest in trade with China as described in the excerpt?

Increased demand for resources and markets for goods

Which of the following developments most likely explains the trade policies Burlingame advocates in the excerpt?

Increasing support for laissez-faire economic policies

Which of the following can be inferred about the popular business practices of the late 1800s referenced in Gould's testimony?

Industry leaders increased profits and concentrated wealth through corporate consolidation into trusts and holding companies.

Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide?

Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.

In the excerpt, Crosby makes which of the following claims about the transmission of Old World diseases to the Americas?

It was an unintended consequence of contact between the New World and the Old World.

The opinion in the excerpt can best be used to support which of the following arguments about the Fourteenth Amendment?

It was necessary to protect the civil rights of African Americans.

Which of the following was the most important reason that Native American relations with English settlers differed from Native American relations with other groups of European settlers in the 1600s?

Larger numbers of English colonists settled on land taken from Native Americans.

C Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies

Levine's argument about Reconstruction in the excerpt differs from that of Langguth in that Levine argues A African Americans were held in a perpetual state of slavery B White Southerners willingly worked alongside the emancipated population C Northern Republicans gradually withdrew their support for Reconstruction policies D White plantation owners conceded to Republican policies in the South

C Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause.

Lincoln's rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following arguments? A Allowing slavery to exist was still a political option. B Maintaining the blockade of Southern states was difficult. C Changing the purpose of the war would strengthen the Union cause. D Achieving the Confederacy's unconditional surrender was the Union's main objective.

The role of new technology in economic change in the late 1800s was most similar to the role of technology in which of the following earlier situations?

Manufacturing spread in the early 1800s, allowing more efficient production.

Gould's testimony best serves as evidence for which of the following situations during the late 1800s?

Many businesses owners argued that pro-growth government policies best facilitated economic growth.

Which of the following groups would most likely oppose the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

Members of allied American Indian groups

Which of the following elements of the cultural landscape are shown in the images?

Moorish Islamic art, architecture, and script

Hakluyt's call for the English to learn about Native American "language, manners, and customs" best represents which of the following developments in the 1500s?

Native Americans and Europeans partnered for trade.

Which of the following describes Crosby's overall argument in the excerpt about the reason for the change in Native American populations after 1492 ?

Native Americans had no immunity to new diseases introduced by Europeans.

Which of the following best describes evidence used by Crosby to support his argument about the change in Native American populations after 1492 ?

Native Americans who were taken to Europe as slaves experienced high mortality rates.

Which of the following explains a similarity among reactions to the characteristics of immigration in the late 1800s described in the poem and reactions to earlier immigration to the United States?

Nativists advocated that the government should reduce the power of immigrant voters in elections.

The development of the railroads as described in the excerpt had which of the following effects on westward expansion in the late 1800s?

New commercial centers and communities emerged along rail lines.

Which of the following explains a continuity in the effect of technological innovation on the production of goods in the late 1800s?

New industrial machines increased the number of goods that factories could make.

The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following historical situations in urban areas in the late 1800s?

New public spaces were designed to enhance urban environments.

The situation of the excerpt could best be used by a historian to support which of the following explanations of changes in society during the Gilded Age?

New scientific theories of race emerged to justify segregation.

English colonists in North America in the 1600s and 1700s most typically sought which of the following?

Opportunities to improve their living conditions

A The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people

People who shared the views expressed in the image most likely supported which of the following? A The extension of political opportunities to formerly enslaved people B The rejection of suffrage rights for women C The expansion of the power of Southern Democrats D The enforcement of temperance laws in the North

Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the first paragraph of the excerpt about the "ethos of modernity and progress" and the Populists?

Populist speakers often used religious examples and metaphors to make moral arguments for their policies.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would refute Postel's claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt that the "corporate vision clashed with the Populist vision" for the United States economy in the late 1800s?

Populists sought new markets for United States agricultural goods overseas.

"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as [a traveling] preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all [members of different religious groups] that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a matter of speculation to me . . . to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers, and how much they admired and respected him. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street. "And it being found inconvenient to assemble in the open air, subject to its [harsh conditions], the building of a house to meet in was no sooner proposed . . . and the work [of erecting the building] was carried on with such spirit as to be finished in a much shorter time than could have been expected. Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia." Benjamin Franklin, from his autobiography, describing events in 1739 Which of the following developments most directly contributed to the events described in the excerpt?

Protestant evangelism came to the colonies from Great Britain and Europe.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision in Philadelphia referenced in the excerpt to build a specific meeting house for the new preachers?

Religious pluralism was more accepted in the middle colonies and particularly in the colony of Pennsylvania than elsewhere.

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food?

Relocation diffusion

B The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform

Rhetoric in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the following? A The creation of societies to send formerly enslaved people to Africa B The immediate end to the practice of slavery through legal reform C The expansion of slavery in new territories through popular sovereignty D The encouragement of enslaved people to take up arms and revolt

"In Carolina, the instances of Negroes murdering . . . their own masters or overseers are not rare . . . . [Runaways] escape by water, past Frederica [in Georgia] to St. Augustine [in Florida], where they receive freedom, be it war or peace [with Spain]. Many just run into the woods, get along miserably, [or] are secretly looked after by other Negroes. . . . "Those Negroes who have served the [colony of Georgia] well are bought and freed by the government, receive their own land, and enjoy the English rights. If a private party wants to release a Negro he must have the consent of the governor or get him out of the colony. For the free Negroes abuse their freedom, and it is feared they seduce others [to freedom]. . . . ". . . Mixings or marriages [between Black and White colonists] are not allowed by the laws; but . . . I have learned of 2 white women, one French and one German, who have secretly been with Negroes and have borne black children. . . . And all too common [are] white men . . . [who with Negro women] father half-black children. [The children] are perpetual slaves just like their mothers." Johann Martin Bolzius, German minister, report to a correspondent in Europe on life in Georgia and the Carolinas, 1751 Which of the following represented a change in the labor force of the southern British colonies by the 1700s as depicted in the excerpt?

Slavery became more widespread than indentured servitude.

Addams' point of view in the excerpt can be used to support which of the following arguments about social reformers during the Gilded Age?

Social reformers explored connections between different social problems.

Based on the images shown, which of the following best explains the process of diffusion in relation to the religious history of Spain?

Southern Spain was once under Muslim control, as indicated by the Islamic architecture of the palace in the images.

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion?

Space-time compression

How were European economic systems in the American colonies in the 1500s and 1600s different from existing economic systems in Europe?

Spanish colonists used enslaved Africans to work on plantations.

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term?

Syncretism

The photograph was taken in Singapore. Which of the following statements best describes how the buildings shown in the photograph represent the culture of Singapore?

The Buddhist temple represents the value of traditional religion in the culture of modern Singapore.

C Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights

The Fourteenth Amendment emerged from which of the following contexts? A Abolitionists' fears that African Americans would be barred from voting B Expectations that formerly enslaved people would run for political office C Republican concerns that African Americans would be denied citizenship rights D Former Confederate leaders' support for multiple new amendments to the Constitution

In which of the following ways did the Spanish impose racial hierarchies in the regions of the Americas that they controlled during the 1500s and 1600s?

The Spanish created a caste system that incorporated people of European, Native American, and African descent.

Which of the following best describes an argument made by de Gante in the letter?

The Spanish should require less tribute after conquest to avoid Native American depopulation.

"The next matter I shall recommend to you is the providing more effectively for the security of your frontiers against [American] Indians, who notwithstanding the many parties of Rangers [militia, or local men who volunteered for colonial defense] have . . . killed and carried off at least twenty of our outward inhabitants and Indian allies; I have attempted by several ways to oppose those [invasions] but after some trouble and expense have only experienced that our people are not ready for warlike undertakings. . . . The [condition of our Indian allies has] of late approved themselves to be ready and faithfully allied, and I am persuaded that setting them along our frontiers without all our inhabitants . . . would be a better and cheaper safeguard to the country than the old method of Rangers." Virginia Governor Alexander Spotswood, addressing the members of the House of Burgesses, 1713 Which of the following best describes a purpose of the excerpt?

The Virginia governor is seeking support from the colonial legislature for his plan to address conflict between settlers and American Indians in frontier areas.

Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to support Addams' argument in the excerpt about politics in the late 1800s?

The allegiance of immigrant voters led to the creation of urban political machines.

C The ending of Reconstruction

The artist who created the image would have most likely opposed which of the following developments? A The creation of the Republican Party B The construction of canals and railroads C The ending of Reconstruction D The passage of laws promoting economic development in the West

Which of the following best explains a key reason for rapid economic development during the Gilded Age?

The consolidation of large industries facilitated mass production.

The change in White and Black populations in the various regions shown in the table most strongly suggests the influence of which of the following?

The demand in Europe for commodities such as tobacco and sugar

Bodnar's and Ewen's overall arguments in the excerpts together best support which of the following conclusions?

The economic needs and social ambitions of young immigrants could be in conflict.

In the third paragraph of the excerpt, which of the following pieces of evidence does de Gante use to support his argument about the emperor of Spain's obligations to Native Americans?

The emperor has benefited from the riches acquired in the Americas.

What was a major difference between the Spanish encomienda system and the Spanish caste system in the Americas?

The encomienda system was based on using Native Americans for forced labor, while the caste system was based on a diverse and racially mixed population.

B The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward

The excerpt best reflects the development of which of the following? A The emergence of an abolitionist movement in the western territories B The widely held belief that the United States had a right to expand westward C The increasing importance of cotton exports to the United States economy D The debates about Native Americans and Mexican nationals dispossessed of land in California

C How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy

The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following? A What prevented European powers from supporting the South B What motivated African Americans during the war C How Lincoln used executive powers to initiate wartime policy D How Confederate strategy prevented a rapid Union victory

The efforts of Spanish colonists to convert Native Americans to Christianity were most directly influenced by which of the following simultaneous developments?

The extraction of gold and other wealth from the land in the Americas

Which of the following best explains the use of two languages in this United States highway sign?

The highway sign is a representation of the state's multilingual ethnic cultural heritage.

The image shows the Old City of Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the spatial pattern in the cultural landscape?

The image indicates that Muslim and Jewish citizens live in close proximity to each other.

When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome?

The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

Which of the following contexts best explains the increase in violent conflicts in the western United States in the late 1800s?

The increase in migration by White settlers

D The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies

The industrial resources of the North during the Civil War most likely accounted for which of the following? A The Southern reliance on cotton production and export, along with the system of enslaved labor B The Confederate strategy that focused on the western theater of operations during the war C The willingness of African Americans to fight for the Union cause in the conflict D The disadvantage of the Confederacy in access to arms, munitions, and other supplies

Which of the following best describes an overall argument of the excerpt?

The makeup of emigrant populations led to greater reconstruction of English family life in New England than it did in the Chesapeake.

People who disagreed at the time with the ideas expressed in the poem were most likely to advocate for which of the following government policies?

The passage of legislation to ban immigration from eastern Asia

B The expansion of slavery

The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was intended to resolve debates about which of the following issues in the 1850s? A The increase in immigration B The expansion of slavery C The fate of the Second Party system D The growth of low-wage factory labor

The second paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims about the populations of men and women in the colonies?

The populations of men and women in New England were roughly equal from the time of its founding.

The historical situation of the excerpt supports which of the following arguments about reform in the Gilded Age?

The position of women as prominent leaders in reform movements increased their public role in society.

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region?

The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

The trend from 1660 to 1710 depicted in the table most strongly indicates which of the following?

The rise of the trans-Atlantic trade of enslaved Africans

"The New England settlers more closely resembled the non-migrating English population than they did other English colonists in the New World. . . . While the composition of the emigrant populations in the Chesapeake and the Caribbean hindered the successful transfer of familiar patterns of social relationships, the character of the New England colonial population ensured it. The prospect of colonizing distant lands stirred the imaginations of young people all over England but most of these young adults made their way to the tobacco and sugar plantations of the South. Nearly half of a sample of Virginia residents in 1625 were between the ages of twenty and twenty-nine, and groups of emigrants to the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century consistently included a majority of people in their twenties. In contrast, only a quarter of the New England settlers belonged to this age group. "Similarly, the sex ratio of the New England emigrant group resembled that of England's population. If women were . . . scarce in the Chesapeake . . . they were comparatively abundant in the northern colonies. In the second decade of Virginia's settlement, there were four or five men for each woman; by the end of the century, there were still about three men for every two women. Among the emigrants [in New England], however, nearly half were women and girls. Such a high proportion of females in the population assured the young men of New England greater success than their southern counterparts in finding spouses." Virginia DeJohn Anderson, historian, "Migrants and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of New England, 1630-1640," published in 1985 The first paragraph of the excerpt makes which of the following claims?

The settlers of New England varied in age more than emigrants to the Chesapeake did.

A The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making

The speech given by Calhoun relates to which of the following? A The effect of regional attitudes on federal policy making B The ways in which immigration changed American culture C The efforts by national leaders to expand the Pacific trade D The widespread support for the immediate end of slavery

Which of the following statements identifies a cultural trait evident in the photograph?

The temple reflects typical Buddhist architecture.

Farmers generally responded to industrialization in the late nineteenth century in which of the following ways?

They backed political movements calling for limits on corporate power and government ownership of transportation

The excerpt best serves as evidence of which of the following developments for many individuals who amassed great wealth during the period?

They came to believe that they had a moral obligation to help improve society to address the needs of the working and middle classes.

Which of the following can be concluded about the status of middle-class people during the late 1800s when the excerpt was produced?

They experienced a growth of access to leisure time

Which of the following best characterizes the Mississippian societies described in the excerpt?

They had mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages.

The historical situation of the court ruling described in the excerpt could best be used to support which of the following claims about African Americans during the late 1800s?

They organized reform movements in order to fight for political equality.

C The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship.

Thomas Nast, "Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner," 1869, drawn in support of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Courtesy of the Library of Congress Which of the following developments most likely influenced the argument expressed in the image? A The Mexican-American War resulted in the expansion of United States territories. B The continued westward movement of settlers increased agricultural production. C The conclusion of the Civil War stirred debates over citizenship. D The invention of new sailing technologies made international trade easier.

The image shown was taken in Ketchikan, Alaska. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated by the image?

Through the process of diffusion, ethnic cuisines may change the cultural landscape in locations far from their hearths.

Which of the following contributed most significantly to the population trend in pre-Columbian Mexico described in the excerpt?

Trade and settlement resulting from maize cultivation.

B With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies.

Which of the following arguments about Reconstruction policies would both authors most likely disagree with? A White Southerners across all economic classes rejected Reconstruction policies. B With Republicans in retreat, Southern Democrats grew more supportive of Reconstruction policies. C Reconstruction policies failed to prevent the spread of violence against formerly enslaved people. D Unfair labor conditions in the South persisted despite Reconstruction policies.

B Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States.

Which of the following can be concluded based on the situation in which Calhoun gave this speech? A The United States attempted to establish trade with western American Indian nations. B Americans debated how to integrate conquered territories into the United States. C Americans wanted to access natural resources in the western North America. D The United States sought to gain markets for its manufactured goods in East Asia.

A Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln.

Which of the following conclusions can best be reached based on the sentiments expressed in the excerpt? A Sectional tensions erupted because most Southerners did not support Abraham Lincoln. B Sectional divisions were showing signs of diminishing. C The Compromise of 1850 prevented the outbreak of long-term conflict. D The election of 1860 was a success for the idea that territories should vote whether or not to have slavery.

D The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship

Which of the following developments most directly related to the increased sectional strife immediately prior to the election of 1860? A The addition of territory to the United States through the annexation of California B The rise of nativist political groups in Northern urban areas C The differing viewpoints over the use of the tariff to protect domestic industry D The legal ruling that denied African Americans rights of citizenship

C People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region.

Which of the following developments resulted most directly from the gold rush described in the excerpt? A An anti-Catholic movement arose in western mining communities. B Plantation agriculture spread from the South to the Pacific coast. C People from America, Europe, and Asia migrated to the region. D The West Coast became a major industrial center for the United States.

A The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions

Which of the following developments was most directly connected to the collapse of the Whig Party in United States politics during the 1850s? A The escalation of tensions between proslavery and antislavery factions B Abraham Lincoln's debates with Stephen Douglas over popular sovereignty C The rejection of Manifest Destiny by a growing percentage of American people D Disagreement over the constitutionality of federal internal improvements funding

C Southern Democrats

Which of the following groups would most likely have supported secession from the United States after the 1860 presidential election? A Northern abolitionists B Members of the Free Soil Party C Southern Democrats D Northern Democrats

The event shown in the image is best explained as Cinco De Mayo

a combination of traditional, indigenous, and European beliefs in Mexico

The costumes of the people in the procession are the result of synthesis between religion and ethnicity that

creates new cultural forms and contributes to a sense of place

One piece of evidence that de Gante used in the excerpt to support his overall argument about the treatment of the people of Mexico is that Native Americans

did not have enough supplies to support their families

The map shown was published in the United States in the early twentieth century. The title of the map is an example of

ethnocentrism

The point of view expressed by the Virginia governor in the excerpt is that he

feels a responsibility to protect White frontier settlers from violent encounters with American Indians

The experience of enslaved people in the southern British colonies as described in the excerpt was similar to the experience of enslaved people in the northern British colonies because

many enslaved people in both regions developed strategies to resist slavery

The White and Black populations in New England shown in the table most directly suggest the

minimal use of enslaved labor in New England compared to other regions

The events of the First Great Awakening illustrated by the excerpt led to

new denominations attracting followers who were drawn to the dynamic sermons of the new preachers

Unlike Commissioner Parker, Chief Joseph supports the claim that American Indians

sought to preserve their culture

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as

stimulus diffusion