APUSH Multiple Choice Section
Kellogg-Briand Pact
"Toothless international agreement of 1928 that pledged nations to outlaw war." Agreement also known as the Pact of Paris; Coolidge's Secretary of state and the French foreign minister signed it in 1928. It was a pledge to forswear war as an instrument of national policy. It was ultimately ratified by sixty-two nations.
Gilded Age Business Cycles
"business cycles," pronounced periodic swings in output, employment, and prices. Laypeople would term these swings "boom-and-bust" cycles, and the Gilded Age economy seemed to be pockmarked with them, especially the busts that ranged in duration from many months to several years and in severity from mild to deep. Notable among them were the depression following the panic of 1873, the panic of 1884, and the depression after the panic of 1893. To some contemporary critics of the new industrial society, these periodic spasms of mass unemployment, bankruptcies, and social insecurity were evils endemic to industrial capitalism.
How did the Constitution strengthen the federal government? COME BACK
strengthened by listing all their natural rights and making an equal government.
Pilgrims/Puritans Halfway Covenant
1662 Half Way covenant- Partial membership rights places on the baptized who had yet experienced full conversion You had to convince a congregation that you truly had been converted. Result of waning piety and lack of full religious conversions and overzealous preachers Church membership crucial to right to vote
Articles of Confederation flaws & government
1777- Congress adopts the Articles of Confederation. Articles represented a national, though weak, government for the US Formed an alliance of independent state to fight the war Articles created an "alliance of independent states" 13/13 needed to raise taxes, no power to regulate commerce 9/13 to pass laws 13/13 to amend No National army, no national courts, no President of the US Nation's credit rating was dropping Problems on the frontier
Shay's Rebellion
1786 - Farmers in western Massachusetts face economic hardship from high taxes Daniel Shays leads rebellion of 1500 farmers armed with clubs and muskets Symbolized the discontent that many Americans felt in the 1780's Calls come for a stronger national government through the fear of anarchy
Significance of election of 1800
1799-GW dies at his home in Mount Vernon Political parties chose the candidates Federalists-John Adams and Charles Pinckney Republicans-Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Hamilton meddles in Presidential election, trying to get Charles Pinckney into Presidency Heated and polarized election Jefferson's religious beliefs attacked
Andrew Jackson on Bank of US
1816-2nd Bank of the US chartered Panic of 1819 -many blamed the bank Jackson saw the bank the tool of elitists and a threat to democracy Nicholas Biddle-Bank President tried to extend credit, stabilize currency, and lead the nation to prosperity
Canal Building & Effects American System
1816-Former Mayor Dewitt Clinton runs for governor of NY-promises to build a canal across rural NY using state funds "Clinton's big ditch" Manmade waterway 363 miles between Albany and Buffalo Huge economic impact on New York State Cemented the role of New York City as key city of trade, commerce, and finance
John Brown Harper's Ferry & Reaction in north and south
1859-John Brown and his army of 16 white and 5 black men raid federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry Tried to start a slave uprising, were surrounded by federal troops under Robert E Lee and killed or captured John Brown sentenced to death and hanged, hero and a martyr in the North South saw him as a traitor and a fanatic, Southerners armed themselves and joined militias
Muckrakers
1887-Joseph Pulitzer- New York Evening World 1897-William Randolph Hearst- New York Morning Journal Investigative reporting to expose misconduct or scandal goal of MUCKRAKING journalists 1903 McClure's -articles by Ida Tarbell exposed John D Rockefller and the Standard oil Company 1906 The Jungle published by Upton Sinclair exposed the meat packing plants and unsanitary conditions
Sherman Anti-trust act
1890, forbade only unreasonable combinations or contracts in restraint of trade; had little immediate impact on the regulation of large corporations; during the last decade of the nineteenth century, the primary use of the act was to curb labor unions.
Wagner Act
1935, also known as the National Labor Relations Act; often called the Magna Carta of labor because it ensured workers' right to organize and bargain collectively; led to a dramatic increase in labor union membership.
1950s suburbs
1940's-rise of Levittown on Long Island- largest private housing project
Truman Cold War
1945-1991 continuing state of political conflict , military tension and economic competition existing after WWII between the USSR and the Western World including U.S.
Taft Hartley Act
1947, the primary purpose was to curb the power of labor unions; supporters believed: 1) unions were abusing their power; 2) widespread strikes would endanger the nation's vital defense industries; 3) some labor unions had been infiltrated by Communists; 4) employers were being coerced into hiring union workers; opposed by organized labor.
Truman Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
1950s baby boom
A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.
Growth of political parties b/c of Hamilton
A conflict took shape in the 1790s between America's first political parties. Indeed, the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Republicans (also called Democratic-Republicans), led by Thomas Jefferson, were the first political parties in the Western world.
Titans of Industry & business combos & horizontal & vertical integration
A few Americans became extremely wealthy during this time. These Americans include: Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Henry Ford, John Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Jay Cooke. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. A company may do this via internal expansion, acquisition or merger. The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service. the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.
1920s literature sinclair lewis
A heavy-drinking journalist who wrote Main Street and Babbitt, belittled small-town America was the chief chronicler of Midwestern life. He was a master of satire.
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Truman Fair Deal
An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.
Hamilton on tariffs
Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury under President George Washington, believed that all Revolutionary War debt should be paid in full to establish U.S. financial credibility.
1930s Isolationism European debt issue
American involvement with Europe had brought war in 1917 and unpaid debt throughout the 1920s. Having grown weary with the course of world events, citizens were convinced the most important issues to be tackled were domestic. Foreign policy leaders of the 1930s once again led the country down its well-traveled path of isolationism.
Post WWI attitude of Americans
Americans in the 1920s were anxious to put World War I and European affairs behind them. The government leaned toward a foreign policy of isolationism while the public embraced a spirit of nativism, or "Americanism." Though many Americans still struggled with poverty in the 1920s, the middle and upper classes enjoyed increased affluence. Businesses stood ready to feed a growing wave of buying power with new, modern products. Women, who'd won the right to vote, felt a heightened sense of independence. Young Americans sought to break with staid 19th-century traditions, marching to a new beat called "jazz."
Jacksons Reaction to Abominations/Nullification Crisis
And although Jackson was sympathetic to Southerners who complained that protective tariffs damaged their interests, he refused to countenance threats of nullification. Jackson supported states' rights but viewed nullification as a prelude to secession, and he vehemently opposed any measure that could potentially break up the Union.
Mellon economic policies
Andrew Mellon's plan had four main points: Cut the top income tax rate from 77 to 24 percent - predicting that large fortunes would be put back into the economy. Cut taxes on low incomes from 4 to 1/2 percent - tax policy "must lessen, so far as possible, the burden of taxation on those least able to bear it."
British Violations of Treaty of Paris
Britain violated the Treaty of Paris of 1783 by still holding forts north of the Ohio River. They did this because so they could maintain their access to fur in these territories
Hoover attitude toward welfare and handouts
But Hoover was stubborn in his refusal to give "handouts," as he saw direct government aid. He called for a spirit of volunteerism among America's businesses, asking them to keep workers employed, and he exhorted the American people to tighten their belts and make do in the spirit of "rugged individualism." While Hoover's philosophy and his appeal to the country were very much in keeping with his character, it was not enough to keep the economy from plummeting further into economic chaos.
Calhoun abominations/nullification crisis
Calhoun resigns as a result of this
California Comp of 1850
California was admitted as a free state with its current boundaries. 16th free state
Great Awakening effects on established churches
Churches split into New Light (pro-Awakening) and Old Light (ant i-awakening) People saw their faith in more emotional and ethical terms Cut across divides of class and race and gender Importance of personal conversion and individual experience
Post Civil War southern society sharecropping
Common form of farming for freed slaves in the South; received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who decided what and how much should be planted; landlord usually took half of the harvest.
Lewis labor unions
Congress of Industrial Workers led by John L. Lewis; organized unskilled and semiskilled factory workers in basic manufacturing industries such as steel and automobiles.
Hartford Convention
Convention to discuss grievances and possibly secession New England anger at embargo and war Attended by states of Mass, RI, and Conn., NH, and Vermont Hartford Resolutions called for the following... End to 3/5ths compromise 2/3rds vote to declare war or have embargo Term limits for Presidents Prohibit an election of 2 successive Presidents from same state Really discredited the Federalist Party
Manifest Destiny
Core American belief that it was the essential part of the divine providence and the destiny of white Americans to expand across the continent God had appointed White Americans to spread democracy and Protestant Christianity to North America
Eli Whitney cotton gin impact and interchangeable parts
Could 50 lbs of cotton fiber of the seeds Slave could only pick by hand 1 lb a day Eli Whitney also patented the idea of interchangeable parts Gin transformed the nation US now has huge export crop Plantations grew in the south and factory towns boomed in the north
What were Hamilton's economic policies regarding funding & assumption
Debt assumption: the federal government would assume all the debts of the states and promise to pay it all off No discrimination on Bonds: Government would honor all debt obligations Establish a national bank to collect taxes WHY?? Establish the nation's credit
Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott slave sues for his freedom after living for years in free territory SCOTUS rules... 1. Dred Scott is not a citizen of the US, he is property 2. Congress has not right to ban slavery in the territories "A Black man has no rights a white man is bound to respect" Importance: Americans, both north and South, concluded slavery had to be banned everywhere or nowhere." Lincoln-Douglas have 7 debates on the issue in 1858 Senatorial Elections
Immigrants labor unions
Economic arguments aimed at restrictive immigration policies posited that an increase in the supply of labor tilted the balance toward employers, who could use cheaper immigrant labor as strikebreakers, limiting the effectiveness of labor unions to bargain, thereby reducing the wages and working conditions of American
Hamilton on Bank of US
Establish a national bank to collect taxes Bank of the United States modeled on the Bank of England A central bank could make loans to provide credit-stimulate commerce and trade Jefferson and Madison critics-would centralize power in Northern cities Key question? Did Congress have the authority to establish a national bank when the C. did not explicitly authorize such action? Washington signed the bank bill in February 1791 A federal mint to create uniform currency
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Scopes trial and cultural conflict
Fundamentalists versus Modernists battle Fundamentalists struggle to reserve traditional values and literal interpretation of bible John T Scopes- Tennessee teacher charged with violating Tennessee state law prohibiting teaching of evolution Trial became a national spectacle; major newspapers covered the story Clarence Darrow: famous lawyer defended Scopes William Jennings Bryan: prosecutor Scopes guilty, but fundamentalists lost in PO
Progressivism Reforms
Extraordinary changes brought about by immigration, urbanization, and rapid industrialization Proposed new ways to order economic and political life Led by intellectuals, upper class reformers, newspapers reporters, writers, and college professors Political leaders included Teddy Roosevelt and Robert Lafollette
Fugitive Slave Act
Federal law that made it a crime to help runaway slave in north Federal commissioners made double the money to rule a person was a slave 1000 crime and year in jail to help runaway Uncle Tom's Cabin-Harriet Beecher Stowe Pictured the evils of slave catchers and influenced moderate Northerners to oppose slavery
Transcendentalism
Founded by Unitarian minster Ralph Waldo Emerson New approach to religious life 1836-The Transcendental Club met at the home of George Ripley. movement for religious renewal, literary innovation, and social transformation. Its ideas were grounded in the claim that divine truth could be known intuitively.
What was the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward political parties?
Founding Fathers did not anticipate or desire the existence of political parties, viewing them as "factions" dangerous to the public interest Founders' republican ideology called for subordination of narrow interests to the general welfare of the community Under republican ideology, politics was supposed to be rational and collaborative, not competitive But the first American political parties began to form while George Washington was still president
Revolutionary War- importance of French aid
France played a key role in the American Revolutionary War (American War of Independence; 1775-1783). ... The French objective in assisting the Americans was to weaken Britain and to seek revenge for the defeat in the Seven Years' War. In 1777, America captured the British invasion army at Saratoga.
1920s literature lost generation
Gertrude Stein Ernest Hemingway- Farewell to Arms T.S. Eliot- The Wasteland Sinclair Lewis- Main Street and Babbitt F. Scott Fitzgerald- This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby Post WW1 generation that criticized the shallow and decadent nature of American culture.
Labor Unions
Goals: Increase wages and 8-hour work day, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives. Believed in equal rights for women and African Americans. Lost support in 1873 depression and unsuccessful strikes of 1877
Andrew Jackson on Indian Policy
Government seized their homes and placed members in detention camps 1838-39-12,000 Cherokee men, women, and children forced march to Oklahoma territory Disease and exposure killed thousands About 46000 Indians forcibly removed, only few small communities east of the Miss River
Bacon's Rebellion
Governor William Berkeley of Virginia Tensions arose between settlers and Indians living on the frontier of western Virginia Bacon organized his own militia of hundreds of runaway servants and some slaves to attack Indians Summer of 1676 - Bacon marches on Jamestown and burns the city Crown sends 1000 troops to disperse rebellion Major turning point in history of slavery and Indian relations
Irish Immigration & know-nothing (nativist) party
Great Potato Famine in the 1840's Plant fungus devastated potato crop Landless peasants paid high rent to absentee British landlords 2 million people left Ireland Irish catholic and poor came to America English born Protestants saw the irish as members of a superstitious religion and inferior race Irish lived in NY, Boston, and Chicago and did heavy labor and worked in factories Irish Laborers worked on eastern half of RR The Know-Nothing Party, also known as the American Party, was a prominent United States political party during the late 1840s and the early 1850s. The American Party originated in 1849. Its members strongly opposed immigrants and followers of the Catholic Church.
Andrew Jackson on expansion of suffrage COME BACK
He had owned slaves and was ruthless toward the Native Americans. Jackson was a symbol of the "common man", and since male suffrage was extended, poorer citizens felt better represented.
Emerson, Cooper & other early 19th century authors
Transcendentalist movement
Dred Scott Constitutionailty of Missouri Compromise & Reaction in North
Importance: Americans, both north and South, concluded slavery had to be banned everywhere or nowhere."
French and Indian War effects Proclamation Line/Proclamation of 1763; What is it? Consequences?
In October 1763, George III issued a proclamation that there should be no British settlement west of the crest of the Appalachian Mountains and that Indian rights to western lands would be protected forever. The line infuriated the British colonists. Slowed but did not stop settlements
Post civil war southern society black codes
In 1866, Andrew Johnson's government passed laws to keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
Purpose of Compromise of 1820/MO Compromise and terms & how it changed the map
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. ... In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It also passed an amendment that drew an imaginary line across the former Louisiana Territory, establishing a boundary between free and slave regions that remained the law of the land Authored by Henry Clay of Kentucky-"the great compromiser" North and south had 11 states each in the Senate Compromised the addition of Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state No slavery north of 36'30 North latitude Opposition in North, but support in south
Gospel of Wealth
In the Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie describes the wealthy as being especially skilled, intelligent, and prepared with the tools needed to responsibly and efficiently distribute money. This idea implies that poverty is a kind of character flaw of those Americans who are less hardworking.
Civil War Strengths and Weaknesses of North and South
Initial support waned as casualties mounted Confederate government raised taxes, issued bonds, and printed money Inflation ran rampant on most goods ¾ men served in military, ¼ died Food shortages led to bread riots Refugees, inflation and starvation as war dragged on south More stable financial system, bonds issued to pay for war Congress creates the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and begins a federal income tax Congress issues "greenbacks"-bank notes backed by full faith and credit of US as legal tender Opposition to war due to military disasters and EP New York Draft Riots-105 blacks killed as mobs attacked draft offices and black neighborhoods north
Monroe Doctrine reasons/philosophy/development
Issue: European Powers Pressing claims in the western Hemisphere Russian bear moving south to Oregon Territory Independent nations forming in the Americas US makes a bold statement to the world JQA knew that British would have to enforce it anyway Became a bedrock of American Foreign Policy 1. US would not allow European intervention in New World, no new colonies 2. US declared "non involvement" in European affairs
Andrew Jackson on Pet Banks
Jackson orders the Treasury secretary to remove federal deposits from the bank and place them in 23 state banks-"pet banks" Ultimately, federal funds shrank to zero Senate censures the president 2nd US bank becomes privatized and bankrupt Inflation caused by easy loans and lack of stable currency caused the Panic of 1837 State banks issued all currency until the civil war
What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights & the timing?
James Madison leader in the HOR 1st 10 amendments to the Constitution Added in 1791 after 3/4ths of the states had approved them Meant that the new government would operate with clear limits
Marbury v Madison
John Adams had appointed Federalists Judges in the last minute-"Midnight judges" William Marbury was appointed at the last minute, but SOS James Madison refused to deliver his commission, Marbury sued Issued was decided by Chief Justice John Marshall-a Federalist judge and cousin of Thomas Jefferson Marshall said that the Court did not have the authority under the Judiciary Act of 1801 to order the commission delivered because the constitution did not give the Judiciary the authority 1. Marbury did not get job 2. Jefferson won the case and could not appeal 3. Court had the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional Power of judicial review established
WW2 japanese internment camps
Koramatsu v United States Executive order 9066-110,000 Japanese Americans herded into detainment camps-upheld by SCOTUS
Laissez Faire economics
Laissez faire is the belief that economies and businesses function best when there is no interference by the government. It comes from the French, meaning to leave alone or to allow to do. It is one of the guiding principles of capitalism and a free market economy.
AFL labor union
Led by Samuel Gompers; an alliance of skilled workers in craft unions; concentrated on brea-and-butter issues such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions.
Hamilton vs Jefferson on Bank of US/ reaction
Madison and Jefferson opposed assumption Saw it as a power play at the expense of the states Virginia had paid their debts Unfair to Rev War vets and small farmers House rejected Hamilton's plan 4 times
Southern and Eastern European Immigrants 1880s
Many immigrants stayed in the port cities where they had landed. Others went on to other cities and regions, including New York and Massachusetts. Also, Tens of thousands of Eastern European immigrants, most of them Polish, arrived in the Connecticut River Valley beginning in the 1880s. Lured by rich soil and the promise of jobs in cities like Holyoke and Springfield, these immigrants improved the agricultural and industrial economies.
Mercantilism/Salutary Neglect
Mercantilism - the colonies be used only to produce raw materials that would enrich the Mother country and be a consumer of manufactured goods, wealth came from controlling things Salutary neglect is an American history term that refers to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.
Growth of the cities- machine politics, sanitation, stratification of classes
New York Factory Investigating Commission Investigated conditions in the garment industries Frances Perkins and Robert Wagner pushed 36 measures through the NY state legislature Sprinklers in high rise buildings, fire drills, unlocked exits, reorganization of state Department of Labor 1933-1945 US Secretary of Labor-1st Woman to serve in Cabinet Senator Robert Wagner of NY-sponsors pro-labor legislation
Ford/Model T/assembly line
On this day in 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes. Ford's Model T, introduced in 1908, was simple, sturdy and relatively inexpensive-but not inexpensive enough for Ford, who was determined to build "motor car[s] for the great multitude." ("When I'm through," he said, "about everybody will have one.") In order to lower the price of his cars, Ford figured, he would just have to find a way to build them more efficiently.
Yellow Journalism & Philippines in SAW
One of the causes of the Spanish-American War (1898) - this was when newspaper publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer sensationalized news events (like the sinking of the Maine) to anger American public towards Spain. Taken over by the US, the US could not give them back to Spain and didn't feel right just taking them like an imperialistic nation. In the end, McKinley decided to keep the Philippines because of popular opinion and business interests
Plessy v Ferguson--Brown v Board of EDU
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896) was a landmark constitutional law case of the US Supreme Court. It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".[1] The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.[2] After the Supreme Court ruling, the New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), which had brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience to challenge Louisiana's segregation law, stated, "We, as freemen, still believe that we were right and our cause is sacred."
Popular Sovereignty
Popular sovereignty or the sovereignty of the people's rule, is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
Why did Jefferson want the Louisiana Purchase
President Thomas Jefferson had many reasons for wanting to acquire the Louisiana Territory. The reasons included future protection, expansion, prosperity and the mystery of unknown lands. President Jefferson had a personal library filled with the world's largest selection of books on the Louisiana Territory. These books included stories of wooly mammoths and erupting volcanoes; this is where his wonder for western lands began. President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Corps of Discovery Expedition (1804-06), led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to explore the territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, among other objectives. In 1801, Spain signed a secret treaty with France to return Louisiana Territory to France.
FDR lend-lease
Proposed in late 1940 and passed in March 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was the principal means for providing U.S. military aid to foreign nations during World War II. It authorized the president to transfer arms or any other defense materials for which Congress appropriated money to "the government of any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States." By allowing the transfer of supplies without compensation to Britain, China, the Soviet Union and other countries, the act permitted the United States to support its war interests without being overextended in battle.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided that the acreage of the old northwest be sold to pay off national debt Divided area into townships 6 miles square in a grid system One section sold for a public school Surveyed land in a orderly way
Pilgrims/Puritans City on a Hill
Puritans - began to consider New England for colonization Formed Massachusetts Bay Colony First colonists arrived in 1630, building in what they called Salem. John Winthrop - Puritan leader-"For we must Consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us;"
Election of 1876
Race for the presidency between Republican Rutherford B Hayes and Democrat Samuel J Tilden. The decision of the winner came down to congress but no one knew which house should vote because the Senate was Republican and the House of Reps was Democratic. Congress created a Special Electoral Commission consisting of 5 senators, 5 House Reps, and 5 justices from the Supreme court. Votes went 8-7 in favor of Hayes.
Good Neighbor Policy
Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy. In 1933, the U.S. abandoned an aggressive and militaristic foreign policy approach to Latin America. ... President Roosevelt had two main reasons for pursuing the Good Neighbor Policy. The first reason was motivated by economics.
FDR court packing
Roosevelt's proposal in 1937 to "reform" the Supreme Court by appointing an additional justice for every justice over age of 70; following the Court's actions in striking down major New Deal laws, FDR came to believe that some justices were out of touch with the nation's needs. Congress believed Roosevelt's proposal endangered the Court's independence and said no.
Land Ordinance of 1787
Set up stages of relationship between territories to federal government Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wis 60000 inhabitants territory could petition to become a state and write a constitution Forbade slavery in old NW Mandated Religious freedom and support of public schools
Why farmers were discontented with populism
Since the Southern Alliance did not admit African Americans, these farmers formed their own organization (Colored Farmers' Alliance). These groups used a variety of inventive measures to increase the price of crops. The price of cotton, for example, had declined below the cost of production. Cooperative trade agreements were made with merchants for lower prices for equipment and higher prices for produce. In some states, the alliance built its own mills for crops. Speakers and lobbyists were hired to publicize the farmers' plight. The Colored Farmers' Alliance created aid programs for needy farmers.
1930s Isolationism causes & consequences
Some reasons for American isolationism is because that it had problems of its own, such as the depression and its effects, and also the affairs of the other nations were becoming more and more troublesome. There were many dictators rising to power in Europe, including Joseph Stalin or Russia, Benito Mussolini of Italy and also Adolf Hitler of Germany. The latter two set up fascist governments and quickly built a nation that depended heavily on nationalism and militarism. These were all huge problems that if America tried to deal with would only distract them from its domestic problems.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act & use against unions populism
Sought to promote economic competition 2. Outlawed contracts and combinations in restraint of trade of commerce 3. No distinction between good and bad trusts 4. Proved ineffective and hard to enforce by government at first 5. Was used to curb labor unions
Cause of Civil War?
Southerners saw the 1860 election as a referendum on their way of life Dec 1860-SC convention voted 169-0 to dissolve the union Jan 1861-Miss, Florida, Ala, Georgia, and LA as well as Texas all vote to leave the Union March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated as 16th President of the US "Secession is illegal" "No interest in ending slavery where it already existed"
Abominations/Nullification Crisis effects on later secession
Stirred the first rumblings that would lead to the Civil War
Who supported the ratification of the Constitution and who opposed?
Supported by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison Wrote the Federalists Papers Constitution was needed to avoid anarchy, and would promote law and order, and national commerce Anti Feds Strong national government would trample on the power of the states and the rights of the people Lacked a Bill of Rights to protect the people The new government would be dominated by the elite
What is Tariff of Abominations/Nullification crisis
Tax on imports that raised the price of everything the planters needed Protected the products of mid-Atlantic states Jan1830-Big debate in Congress Mass Senator Daniel Webster-"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable" Nov 1832-SC state convention nullifies the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 Threatened secession if the federal government tried to make them back down John C Calhoun resigns as President Nov 1832-SC raises a state militia of 25,000
Alien and Sedition Act & Kentucky and Virginia resolves
The Alien and Sedition Acts were four bills passed by the Federalist-dominated 5th United States Congress and signed into law by President John Adams in 1798.[1] They made it harder for an immigrant to become a citizen (Naturalization Act), allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous (Alien Friends Act of 1798)[2] or who were from a hostile nation (Alien Enemy Act of 1798),[3] and criminalized making false statements that were critical of the federal government (Sedition Act of 1798).[4] The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
CIO labor union
The American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) works every day to improve the lives of people who work. We help people who want to join together in unions so they can bargain collectively with their employers for better working conditions and the best way to get a good job done.
American System/Clay-Whig policies
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture".[attribution needed][1] Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System".
Civil War Foreign Policy of Britain and France
The British cabinet made the major decisions for war and peace and played a cautious hand, realizing the risk of a war with the United States. Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy, while public opinion tended to favor the United States. Throughout the war, large scale trade with the United States continued in both directions. The Americans shipped grain to Britain while Britain sent manufactured items and munitions. Immigration continued into the United States as well. British trade with the Confederacy fell off 95 percent, with only a trickle of cotton going to Britain and some munitions slipping in by small blockade runners, most of them owned and operated by British interests. The Second French Empire under Napoleon III remained officially neutral throughout the War and never recognized the Confederate States of America. It did recognize Confederate belligerency. [46] However, the textile industry needed cotton, and Napoleon III had imperial ambitions in Mexico which could be greatly aided by the Confederacy. The United States had warned that recognition meant war. France was reluctant to act alone without British collaboration, and the British rejected intervention. Emperor Napoleon III realized that a war with the U.S. without allies "would spell disaster" for France.[47] Napoleon III and his Minister of Foreign Affairs Edouard Thouvenel adopted a cautious attitude and maintained diplomatically correct relations with Washington. Half the French press favored the Union, while the "imperial" press was more sympathetic to the Confederacy. Public opinion generally ignored the war, showing much interest in Mexico.[48]
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848).
What were major amendments to the Constitution? COME BACK
The Constitution made federal law over state law. In Article I of the Constitution, Congress can regulate interstate commerce. ... In the Constitution, the government had the power to levy taxes. There also were financial problems with the Articles of Confederation.
Dawes Act
The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),[1][2] adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891, in 1898 by the Curtis Act, and again in 1906 by the Burke Act.
Declaration of Independence Contents & Purpose?
The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence.
What is the Great Awakening and when was it?
The First Great Awakening, a series of religious revivals that swept all of the North American colonies in the 1730s 17th and 18th Century Enlightenment-intellectual movement that looked more to science and human reason than to faith to understand the world
Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis
The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process
Kansas-Nebraska Act Popular Sovereignty
The Kansas-Nebrask Act was an 1854 bill that mandated "popular sovereignty"-allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders. Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas-Abraham Lincoln's opponent in the influential Lincoln-Douglas debates-the bill overturned the Missouri Compromise's use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory. The conflicts that arose between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the aftermath of the act's passage led to the period of violence known as Bleeding Kansas, and helped paved the way for the American Civil War (1861-65).
Pilgrims/Puritans Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Congregationalists who called themselves "Saints", and adventurers and tradesmen, most of whom were referred to by the Separatists as "Strangers".
Neutrality Acts
The Neutrality Acts were laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies.
Populism policies
The Populists (or People's Party) burst onto the political stage in the election of 1892. They supported increasing the power of the working class and the farmers against the interests of the wealthy, who were more politically powerful- even before 19892, money was the lifeblood of politics.
Washington's Neutrality proclamation
The Proclamation of Neutrality was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.
Pilgrims/Puritans Work Ethic
The Puritan work ethic is more commonly called the Protestant work ethic (the two terms are used interchangeably). It is a theological and sociological concept emphasizing diligence and hard work within the life of the Christian
Roosevelt Corollary Monroe Doctrine
The Roosevelt Corollary was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The corollary states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.
Jamestown Reason for Establishment
The Virginia Company of England made a daring proposition: sail to the new, mysterious land, which they called Virginia in honor of Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen, and begin a settlement. They established Jamestown, Virginia, on May 14, 1607, the first permanent British settlement in North America. 1607 - Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America One ruler, Powhatan, controlled virtually all of the Indians nearby. Jamestown built on a swamp - mosquitoes and malaria
Naval Building limitations
The Washington Naval Conference, 1921-1922. Between 1921 and 1922, the world's largest naval powers gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia.
Mexico & Election of 1844 and Whig Policy
The Whig Party was formally organized in 1834, bringing together a loose coalition of groups united in their opposition to what party members viewed as the executive tyranny of "King Andrew" Jackson. They borrowed the name Whig from the British party opposed to royal prerogatives. The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. Moses and Stephen Austin colonizes part of Texas Received empresario rights in Texas Mexico hoped they would be loyal citizens 1830-20,000 Americans and 2000 slaves Protestants who governed themselves and lived by own rules 1830-Mexico closes border to further immigration 1833-American colonists organize an army under Sam Houston Austin arrested in Mexico City
French and Indian War effects End of Salutary Neglect
The benevolent period of Salutary Neglect all changed after the French and Indian War (aka Seven Years War 1755-1763) Although the French and Indian War was a victory for the British they were left with a massive war debt. To pay the war debt the British ended their policy of Salutary Neglect in the colonies.
Cult of Domesticity
The culture of domesticity (often shortened to "cult of domesticity") or cult of true womanhood is a term used by some historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the nineteenth century in the United States and Great Britain.
Jamestown Headright System
The headright system was originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.Jan 12, 2015
Causes of War of 1812
The immediate causes of the War of 1812 were a series of economic sanctions taken by the British and French against the US as part of the Napoleonic Wars and American outrage at the British practice of impressment, especially after the Chesapeake incident of 1807. War renews in Europe-France v England 1805-Battle of Trafalgar-"Brittania rules the waves" Battle of Austerlitz-Napolean defeats Austria and Russia Battle between a "tiger and a shark" 1. British policy of impressments on the high seas-between 1803-1812 3000-6000 Americans forced into British naval service 2. June 1807-Chesapeake Crisis-British warship opened fire on the USS Chesapeake after refused a search-3 killed
FDR differences w/ Hoover
The major difference was that Roosevelt felt that government spending to help people who were in economic trouble was much more acceptable than Hoover thought it was.
Transcontinental RR
The physical labor of laying the track was done mostly by Chinese laborers on the Central Pacific and the Irish on the Union Pacific. The Transcontinental Railroad was the Union Pacific rail line from California and the Central Pacific line connected with Chicago and other eastern cities. It was the first rail line to allow train travel all across the United States. Trains needed to follow a schedule to prevent collisions and depart/arrive on time which required a standardized time. This is why we have time zones that still regulate daily life today. The Transcontinental Railroad allowed people to travel across the United States in ten days instead of six to eight weeks. It also allowed the cost of moving food and other goods to drop dramatically. The Transcontinental Railroad caused Native Americans to be pushed out of the lands that they had established. Racial tensions also increased after the Railroad was built because the Chinese people on the West Coast who built the railroad had a hard time finding work which caused Americans to fear the Chinese workers taking their jobs.
Lincoln/Republican policy on slavery in 1860 and secession
The southern states did not want Abraham Lincoln to win the election of 1860. Lincoln was a Republican. And the Republican Party opposed slavery. Lincoln never said he wanted to end slavery in the South. He did not believe anyone had the right to do so. Yet he did not want to see slavery spread to other parts of the United States.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
US paid Mexico 15 million Mexico cedes land from Texas all the way to California to US US assumes the claims of its citizens against Mexico Senate confirms treaty 38-14 Denounced by Conscience Whigs because of slavery US lost 13000 lives Territory increased by 1/3rd Aroused the slavery issue with new territories 1846 Wilmot Proviso- Congressman David Wilmot of Penn Slavery should never exist in territories seized from Mexico Twice passed house, but never senate
WW2 Draft & difference from WWI draft COME BACK
WW1 saw great difficulty in getting the draft procedure working correctly. This was greatly due to the fact that the US did not participate for very long in WW1, and time to perfect the system was not allotted. There was also a problem with recording exactly who was required to sign up, as it was much easier then to dodge the draft than it was during WW2.
Spanish American War
War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Emancipation Proclamation terms and purpose
War started to preserve the union, not free the slaves. Lincoln-"My paramount object in the struggle is to save the union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery"-could not offend PO and border states Slaves were seen as "contraband" Lincoln pursued the possibility of colonization Union officers started recruiting black troops 1862-Battle of Antietam gave North a major victory Lincoln convinced War powers gave him power as Commander in chief to seize war property Did not apply to the states under Union control Only freed the slaves under Confederate control Made abolishing slavery a goal of the war and called for recruitment of black soldiers Peace Democrats in North opposed
William Lloyd Garrison COME BACK
William Lloyd Garrison (December 10, 1805 - May 24, 1879) was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, which he founded with Isaac Knapp in 1831 and published in Massachusetts until slavery was abolished by Constitutional amendment after the American Civil War. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. In the 1870s, Garrison became a prominent voice for the woman suffrage movement.
Jamestown Tobacco
Winter of 1609-1610 "starving time" - over 80% of 500 settlers died 1613 - tobacco imported to Jamestown Developed a pleasant smoking strain Tobacco would become the feature cash crop of Virginia Changed relations with Indians
WW2 women in the workforce
Women and the War Rosie the Riveter-6 million women in work force Most women still at home as mothers After war 2/3rds went back home to start families
Pilgrims/Puritans Religious Tolerance
a minority group that attempted to "purify" the church. They were met with hostility and persecution in England, and emigrated to North America. However, once they established their new colony, they did not support religious tolerance of others.
Great depression causes
a. immigration restrictions and lack of skilled workers b. high taxes and overspending on social welfare programs c. United States war debts and the declining value of the dollar d. overproduction and the excessive use of credit e. government intervention of business and excessive taxes d
Truman Berlin Airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Cuban Missile Crisis
an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.
League of Nations Terms & reason senate defeated
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations Defeating the League of Nations. Unfortunately for Wilson, he was met with stiff opposition. The Republican leader of the Senate, Henry Cabot Lodge, was very suspicious of Wilson and his treaty. Article X of the League of Nations required the United States to respect the territorial integrity of member states.
Deism
belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.
Frederick Douglas compared to Dubois
former slave who became a well-know speaker, writer and reformer fought for African American rights. Opponent of Booker T Washington, he helped to found Niagara Movement which later led to the establishment of the NAACP.
Gompers Labor unions
is responsible for the formation of one of the first labor unions. The American Federation of Labor worked on getting people better hours and better wages. The formation of this triggered the formation of various others that would come later.
Why populism failed
odd mix of people, all wanted different things, no organised or continuous theme, ideas not ideologically coherent Lack of organisation of populists compared to political strength of the Republican Party
Republican Reconstruction Terms
period beginning in 1867, when the Republicans, who had control in both houses of Congress, took charge of Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans passed four Reconstruction Acts in 1868: (1) ratify the Fourteenth Amendment; (2) write new state constitutions that guarantee freedmen the right to vote; (3) form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans.
Populism and southern racism
race divided the populists, especially in the South. The Agrarian Midwest and Southern plans conflicted with the Eastern and North Eastern region of the country, where different populists wanted different changes. One sides proposals only favored a select region of the country, whilst the others would remain unaffected or effected in an adverse way.
McCarthyism
the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence.
Social Darwinism
the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.
Lowell System
was a paternalistic textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits in ways different from other methods
FDR 100 days legislation
•Steady stream of legislation passed by Congress and signed by FDR to provide relief and put Americans back to work •March 9-Emergency Banking Relief Act-declared week long bank holiday, then reopened the banks deemed safe to reopen •Glass-Steagall Act-Created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) to insure bank deposits
