APUSH | Chapter 16 America's Gilded Age (1870-1890)

In 1883, railroad companies divided the nation into what?

4 time zones

What was The Grange?

A group of members that called on the state governments to establish fair freight rates and warehouse charges and regulated some railroad practices

Henry George offered what as a solution for the problem of inequality in America?

A single tax

What factors contributed to the explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age?

Abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods, and the availability of capital investments

The economic development of the American West was based on what industries?

Agriculture, lumber, and mining

How can we describe the second industrial revolution?

An expansion of industries

Which event marked the end of the Indian wars?

Battle of Wounded Knee.

The massive hunting of what animal hurt the Plains Indians?

Buffalo

What did hunters shoot while riding the railroads across the West?

Buffalo

What was the Social Gospel?

Called for an equalization of wealth and power and did not support aid to the poor

Why were Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller important?

Carnegie headed the most technically advanced steel companies in the world, Rockefeller had major success in the oil industry

All of the following individuals wrote about the subject of America's poor EXCEPT:

Charles Darwin.

What did Crédit Mobiler and the Whiskey Ring symbolize about the Grant Administration?

Corruption among the officials in charge of the Grant Administration

After the Civil War, what became a symbol of life of freedom in the open range?

Cowboys

After the Civil War, which of the following became a symbol of a life of freedom on the open range?

Cowboys.

What was the Civil Service Act of 1883?

Created a merit system for federal employees

Republican economic policies strongly favored what industries?

Eastern industrialists and bankers, and worked to the disadvantage of farmers

What were industries that made the second industrial revolution possible in the U.S.?

Factory production, mining, and railroad construction

According to Social Darwinism, government should seek to help the poor, and build an activist state to regulate the nation's corporations.

False

American presidents during the Gilded Age exerted strong, effective, executive leadership.

False

At the Battle of Little Big Horn, General George Armstrong Custer 's troops were victorious.

False

During the two decades following the Civil War which were known as the golden age of the cattle kingdom, cowboys were highly paid.

False

Ida Tarbell authored the famous novel House of Mirth , which depicted the downfall of a young woman trying to "marry up" in society.

False

The Democrats were the party of big government; the Republicans were the party of laissez-faire.

False

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which banned combinations and practices that restrain free trade, proved an immediate success, both for its clarity of language and ease of enforcement.

False

The Social Gospel movement concentrated on attacking individual sins such as drinking and Sabbath-breaking and saw nothing immoral about the pursuit of riches.

False

The West was a remarkably homogeneous region —only in the twentieth century would it become ethnically diverse.

False

The new Indian tribes that migrated to the Great Plains were greeted with open arms and friendly words by the Indians already living there.

False

With the mechanization of manufacture, skilled workers virtually disappeared from industrial America.

False

Yale professor William Graham Sumner believed that America could achieve its ideals only with fair, progressive, taxation.

False

Over 150 utopian and cataclysmic novels were published during the last quarter of the nineteenth century because?

Fear of class warfare

A significant economic impact of the 2nd industrial revolution was?

Frequent and prolonged economic depressions

What did economist and social historian Thorstein Veblen mean by "conspicuous consumption"?

How the upper-class focused on spending money not on needed or desired goods, but simply to demonstrate the possession of wealth

What was the importance of the court case Elk v. Wilkins?

It agreed with lowering court rulings that the 14th and 15th amendments did not apply to Indians

What did William G. Summer believe social classes owed each other?

Nothing

The Indian victory at Little Bighorn had what effect?

Only delayed the expansion of white settlement in the West

Thomas Edison invented what things that helped the 2nd industrial revolution?

Phonograph, light bulb, motion picture, and a system for generating and distributing electric power

Describe pools, trusts, and mergers. What did manufacturers use them for

Pools: divided up markets between competing firms and fixed prices. Trusts: legal devices whereby the affairs of several rivaling companies were managed by a single director. Mergers: small companies combined to form a large one. Merchants used these to control their economy

Which of the following statements best summarizes the reasons for the tripling of railroad track miles in the United States between 1860 and 1890?

Private investment and massive grants of land and money by federal, state, and local governments spurred the building.

Which mode of transportation is usually associated with the second industrial revolution?

Railroads

What was the aim of the Dawes Act of 1887?

Sought to break up the tribial system

The Greenback-Labor Party ran on what platform?

That the federal government stop taking "greenback" money out of circulation and condemned the use of the militia and police against strikes. It controlled the government in industrial and mining communities

During the 2nd industrial revolution, how did the courts tend to rule on economic issues?

That the state regulation of business, especially laws restricting maximum hours of work, was an insult to free labor

What is the theory of Social Darwism?

That the theory of evolution applied to humans, thus explaining why some were rich and some were poor

The direction of the "Christian lobby" in the Gilded Age:

The "Christian lobby" sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society

Which of the following properly assesses the direction of the "Christian lobby" in the Gilded Age?

The "Christian lobby" sought more to legislate individual morality rather than to improve society.

The Plains Indians included which tribes?

The Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux

Who was Chief Joseph?

The Nez Percé leader, who condemned the policy of confining Indians to reservations and asked for him and his tribe be freed

Who insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization if wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood?

The Social Gospel

What was the impact of the 2nd industrial revolution on the trans-Mississippi West?

The agricultural empire grew

Who was William M. Tweed?

The boss of New York's Tweed Ring, which helped support New Yorkers

In his speech "A Second Declaration of Independence," labor leader Ira Steward argued that the most pressing problem facing the nation was?

The growing gap between the rich and the poor

What was the white reaction to the Ghost Dance?

The religious revitalization campaign was believed to be an uprising, so whites opened fire, killing 150-200 Indians

What was the aim of Carlisle, a boarding school for Indians?

To "civilize" Indians

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 for what purpose?

To ensure that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable" and they didn't underprice/overprice certain shippers over others

"Vertical integration" is defined as one company controlling every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution.

True

A significant amount of Mexican-era landholdings were made available for sale because United States courts only recognized land titles to individual plots of land.

True

By the 1880s, the labor situation was such that Texas cowboys even went on strike for higher pay.

True

By the early 1890s, a pension system for Union soldiers, their widows and children, consumed more than 40 percent of the federal budget.

True

During the second industrial revolution, wage labor became America's leading source of livelihood.

True

Following the Civil War, generals like Philip H. Sheridan set out to destroy the foundations of the Indian economy.

True

In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant announced a new "peace policy" in the West.

True

In the late 1800s, California tried to attract immigrants by advertising its pleasant climate and the availability of land, although large-scale corporate farms were coming to dominate the state's agriculture.

True

Inspired in part by President Garfield's assassination by a disappointed office seeker, the Civil Service Act of 1883 created a merit system for federal employees.

True

Neither of the two main political parties embraced any serious federal program to cushion citizens from poverty or unemployment.

True

On 29 December 1890, soldiers killed between 150 and 200 Indians, most women and children, near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota.

True

The Civil Service Act of 1883 marked the first step in establishing a professional civil service and removing officeholding from the hands of political machines.

True

The Electricity Building at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 astonished visitors and illustrated how electricity was changing the visual landscape.

True

The Haymarket Affair resulted in the hanging of four convicted anarchists.

True

The Knights of Labor regarded inequalities of wealth and power as a growing threat to American democracy.

True

The extermination of the North American bison (buffalo) drastically undermined the livelihood of the Plains Indians.

True

The most famous Indian victory in American history took place in June 1876 when General George A. Custer and his 250 men perished.

True

The term "Lochnerism" derived from the 1905 Supreme Court decision Lochner v. New York , in which the Court voided the state's law establishing a 10-hour day maximum for bakers.

True

Wage reductions were commonplace during economic downturns.

True

Between 1897 and 1904, a wave of financial mergers led to the creation of what corporations?

U.S. Steel, Standard Oil, and International Harvester

The first billion-dollar enterprise corporation was:

U.S. Steel.

Who insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood?

Walter Rauschenbusch

The single most important natural resource of the American West was?

Water

Which statement about labor and the law is FALSE?

Workers generally welcomed the Court's decisions on industry.

What effect did the 2nd industrial revolution have on workers?

Workers' economic independence became reliant on technical skill

For workers, the second industrial revolution meant all of the following EXCEPT:

a decrease in child labor

All of the following statements describe facets of the experiences of Native Americans of the West, EXCEPT:

a. Native Americans generally believed that the U.S. government had dealt fairly with them.

John D. Rockefeller was known for all of the following, EXCEPT:

a. Rockefeller welcomed competition in not only the oil industry, but in all heavy industries.

All of the following can be said about the years between 1870-1920, EXCEPT:

a. Small, family-run businesses and farms became predominant.

One of the main battles between Buffalo Soldiers and Native Americans took place near the El Paso area during the Victorio War at a site adjacent to

a. White Sands, NM.

Generally speaking, laborers in the latter 19th century can be described by all of the following statements, EXCEPT:

a. Women were among the best-paid workers in the job market at that time.

In order to achieve the successful settlement of the American West,

a. the federal government would have to find ways to divest the countless Native American tribes who lived there of their lands

In describing the development of cattle ranching in the West, which of the following statements is NOT true?

b. Cattle ranching faced numerous problems from both man and nature.

All of the following characterized US politics in the late 19th century, EXCEPT:

b. Politicians worked rigorously to correct economic and social problems facing Americans.

All of the following factors contributed to the growth of American industry, EXCEPT:

b. The overproduction of farm commodities

The Gospel of Wealth

b. acknowledged that the rich were "trustees" of wealth and that they should use their resources for the betterment of society.

Social Darwinists

b. believed that natural laws also applied to society.

The theory of Social Darwinism

b. claimed that wealth should not necessarily be the basis for a person to have great power and influence.

In the late 1800s,

b. middle class suburbs were developing at the same time that slums were expanding.

One of the greatest changes that took place between 1870‑1900 was

b. urbanization.

Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller:

built up giant corporations that dominated their respective markets.

All of the following statements can be said of Andrew Carnegie, EXCEPT:

c. Andrew Carnegie provided funding for El Paso's first official library.

Concerning the period of the Indian Wars, all of the following are true, EXCEPT:

c. The federal government finally fulfilled one of its promises when it allowed Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to return to their homeland in 1879.

Government policy toward Native Americans in the 1880s can be described in part by all of the following statements, EXCEPT:

c. The federal government hoped to reinforce Indian culture by ordering the education of Indian children in white schools.

In the late 1800s, the railroad industry developed in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

c. The railroad industry avoided becoming associated with the nation's newest business combination, the corporation, since the railroad barons all had enough money to finance their economic endeavors on their own.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term Buffalo Soldiers was used to identify members of the

c. all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry units who served in the American West and during the Indian Wars.

Immediately following the Civil War, federal laws provided for

c. fairer treatment under the law for blacks but not for Indians.

It was the railroad companies, and not the federal government, that first instituted

c. interstate trade.

City governments after 1870 were characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

c. party bosses who generally were associated with an increase in the immigrant population.

The "liberty of contract" concept

c. ultimately hindered the economic progress of laborers.

After Andrew Carnegie attained great wealth through the steel industry, he became a philanthropist, which means that he

c. used his fortune to establish social and educational institutions.

In the late nineteenth century, social thinkers such as Edward Bellamy, Henry George, and Laurence Gronlund offered numerous plans for change, primarily because they were alarmed by a fear of:

class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital.

The Civil Service Act of 1883:

created a merit system for government workers.

The federal government did instate a few regulations in the late 1800s that attempted to correct political and economic ills, including the

d. all of these (a. Civil Service Act, which professionalized government employment. b. Interstate Commerce Commission, to prevent unfair railroad charges. c. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which outlawed business combinations "in restraint of trade.")

Which of the following innovations improved farming in the West?

d. all of these (a. Improved farm machinery b. Large-scale irrigation projects c. Chemical fertilizers)

Some opinions that circulated in the late 1800s concerning U.S. society and economy included

d. all of these (a. Laurence Gronlund's introduction of socialist ideas to the American public. b. Henry George's proposal of a "single tax" which would destroy monopolies and distribute wealth more equally. c. Edward Bellamy's version of "nationalism" that incorporated the idea of governmental guarantees for the equitable distribution of the country's wealth, which he anticipated would have developed by the year 2000.) (p. 628)

Inventions and innovations of the late 19th century which transformed American life included

d. all of these (a. advancements in communications through the intercontinental telegraph and the telephone, as well as the increased use of electricity to light homes and power industries. b. the establishment of trusts and monopolies to coordinate business activities. c. the development of brand names, chain stores, and mail order companies that helped integrate the national market and provide standardization and convenience for consumers)

Developments during the Gilded Age at the state and local level included

d. all of these (a. blatant neglect of public health and educational concerns by state governments. b. deliberate administrative delay in construction of utilities and other public service projects. c. some small achievements by political parties, farmers' groups and labor unions.)

The country's economic growth in the late 1800s

d. all of these (a. produced higher wages for workers. b. generated some unstable circumstances that caused economic depression. c. brought about more dangerous working conditions. )

Henry O. Flipper is known for being

d. all of these (a. the first black officer in the U.S. army who served in the 1870s and early 1880s. b. unjustly given a dishonorable discharge from the army based on trumped-up charges. c. a surveyor, cartographer, engineer, writer, and translator, among other occupations, who was a frequent visitor to and sometimes resident of early El Paso.)

The Interstate Commerce Commission was established in 1887 to:

ensure that railroads charged farmers and merchants reasonable and fair rates.

The Grange was an organization that:

established cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output.

Why is the Great Strike of 1877 important?

evidence of worker solidarity and the close ties between the Republican Party and the new class of industrialists

In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis:

focused on the wretched conditions of New York City slums.

One significant economic impact of the second industrial revolution was:

frequent and prolonged economic depressions.

The Plains Indians:

included the Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Kiowa, and Sioux.

Thomas Edison:

invented, among other things, a system for generating and distributing electricity.

One of the reasons that the Great Strike of 1877 was important is that:

it underscored the tensions produced by the rapid industrialization of the time.

After the Haymarket Strike of 1886,

law enforcement groups recognized the need for increasing the protection of strikers. (p. 633)

The American working class:

lived in desperate conditions.

All of the following factors contributed to explosive economic growth during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

low tariffs.

The economic development of the American West was based on:

lumber, mining industries, tourism, and farming.

Republican economic policies strongly favored:

northern industrialists.

Henry George rejected the traditional equation of liberty with:

ownership of land.

William M. Tweed was a(n):

political boss who, although corrupt, provided important services to New Yorkers.

The rapid industrialization of the late 1800s

produced controversy concerning its benefits for U.S. society.

During the second industrial revolution, the courts:

tended to favor the interests of industry over those of labor.

The second industrial revolution was marked by:

the acceleration of factory production and increased activity in the mining and railroad industries.

In "A Second Declaration of Independence," labor leader Ira Steward argued that the most pressing problem facing the nation was:

the growing gap between the rich and poor.

In 1883, __________ divided the nation into the four time zones still used today.

the major railroad companies

Bonanza farms:

typically had thousands of acres of land or more.

The Supreme Court in "Lochner v. New York"

voided a state law establishing that bakers could work a maximum of sixty hours per week

Chief Joseph:

wanted freedom for his people, the Nez Percé.

The Greenback-Labor Party:

wanted the federal government to stop taking money out of circulation.

The Knights of Labor:

was an inclusive organization that advocated for a vast array of reforms.

In the nineteenth century, pools, trusts, and mergers were:

ways that manufacturers sought to control the marketplace.

Elections during the Gilded Age:

were closely contested affairs

Crédit Mobiler and the Whiskey Ring:

were indicative of the corruption in the Grant administration

By 1890, the majority of Americans:

worked for wages.