APUSH Period 4 (1800-1848) Review Sheet
How did African Americans protect their dignity and family structures?
Creating and joining political movements designed to protect them.
Potential Short Answer Questions/Essay Topics Include:
• Causes and Impacts of the Market Revolution • Development of the 2nd Party System • Causes and Impacts of the Second Great Awakening • Reasons for the growth of slavery and its effects
How did the following Supreme Court cases help establish the supremacy of federal over state laws? • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824)
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): It delt with the second BUS (Maryland didn't like it) so the Supreme Court sues Maryland, showing the federal government is supreme over interstate trade. • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Can a state control interstate trade? Marshall said no; only congress has control over interstate trade.
"The committee [of the South Carolina Legislature] have bestowed on the subjects referred to them the deliberate attention which their importance demands; and the result, on full investigation, is a unanimous opinion that the act of Congress of the last session, with the whole system of legislation imposing on duties on imports, not for revenue, but the protection of one branch of industry at the expense of others, is unconstitutional, unequal, and oppressive, and calculated to corrupt the public virtue and destroy the liberty of the county; which propositions they propose to consider in the order stated, and then to conclude their report with the consideration of the important question of the remedy." -- South Carolina Exposition and Protest, 1828 1. What issue does the South Carolina legislature have with Congress? 2. What regions(s) of the country would agree with the message? 3. What regions(s) of the country would disagree with the message? 4. Does this document support the American System? How do you know? 5. What is the Historical Circumstance of this document? 6. Who is the Intended Audience of this document? 7. What is the Point of View of the document? 8. What is the Purpose of this document?
1. Congress putting out the Tariff of Abominations 2. The Northeast 3. The South and Midwest 4. No because when you oppose the tariff, it results in the entire system being opposed 5. The Nullification Crisis 6. The Federal government. John C. Calhoun and his followers. 7 and 8. To protect South Carolina from the Tariff of Abominations and the economic failure it wold bring.
"[T]his momentous question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it, at once as the [death] knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and help up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper." --Source: Thomas Jefferson to John Randolph, April 22, 1820 1. What is the Historical Context of this document? 2. What is the Purpose of this document?
1. Debates over expansion of slavery into LA Purchase. Passage of the Missouri Compromise-3 parts. 2. To spread awareness of the dangers of dividing the country further along slave/free lines.
"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness..... The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpation on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world... • He has not ever permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. • He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. • Having deprived her of this first right as a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. • He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead. • He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns. • He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education-all colleges being closed against her." - Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 1. What document was the Declaration of Sentiments inspired by? How do you know? Why might the authors chosen to have done this? 2. What is the Historical Circumstance of this document? 3. Who is the Intended Audience of this document? 4. What is the Point of View of the document? 5. What is the Purpose of this document?
1. Declaration of Independence - "We hold these truths.... life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 2. Second Great Awakening was in full effect-inspired and strengthened reform movements-abolitionism, women's rights 3. American women and government officials 4. Positive towards increased women's participation in politics and rights. Women have been oppressed too long. 5. Achieve rights for women that men have. Draw on ideas of the Declaration of Independence and apply them to women as well
"I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the other to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;--but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest--I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead." - William Lloyd Garrison, "To the Public," from the Inaugural Editorial in the January 1, 1831, issue of The Liberator 1. How does Garrison justify his approach towards slavery? 2. Would the following support or oppose Garrison's message? Why? • American Colonization Society • Southern Plantation Owners • Those that supported the Women's Rights Movement 3. What were arguments used by the South to counter Garrison's message?
1. He views it as an important matter, similar to an emergency. He compares it to a house fire and it is not the time nor place to use moderation. 2. • American Colonization Society: Oppose. They favored gradual emancipation and sending former slaves to Africa. • Southern Plantation Owners: Oppose. He favored the immediate and UNCOMPENSATED end to slavery. Slave owners would not be paid when their slaves became emancipated. • Those that supported the Women's Rights Movement: Most likely favor. The Abolitionist and Women's Right Movement were closely linked. 3. The South initially viewed slavery as a "Necessary Evil". By the 1830s, prominent southerners like John C. Calhoun began to justify slavery as a "positive good".
[Picture on Definition side] -- "King Andrew I" 1. What is the point of view of the cartoon? (Positive? Negative? How do you know?) 2. What political party would support the image above? 3. What political party would oppose the image above? 4. Would the following people/groups agree or disagree with the depiction of Andrew Jackson in the image? Why? • Native Americans such as the Cherokees • Individuals that opposed the BUS • John C. Calhoun and his supporters
1. It depicts a negative image of Andre Jackson as a King because he is standing on the constitution. 2. The Whigs 3. The Democrats 4. • Native Americans such as the Cherokees: Agree because they think Jackson has too much power as he is forcing them to move. • Individuals that opposed the BUS: Disagree because Jackson vetoed the BUS • John C. Calhoun and his supporters: Agree because Calhoun and his supporters didn't like federal power.
[picture on Definition side] 1. What is the Historical Circumstance of this document? 2. Who is the Intended Audience of this document? 3. What is the Point of View of the document? 4. What is the Purpose of this document?
1. Latin American Revolutions of early 19th Century. Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Touissant Louverture 2. most likely American public 3. Positive towards America-"protector" of Latin America 4. To illustrate the message of the Monroe Doctrine
Why were these years chosen for this period?
1800 marked the election of Thomas Jefferson, which some historians have called The Revolution of 1800. 1848 is the year the Seneca Falls Convention occurred and was also the year the Mexican-American War ended.
Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820)
3 parts: Maine was a free state, Missouri was a slave state, everything above 2630 latitude line would be free, everything below would be slave. This applied to ONLY the Louisiana Purchase. Later overturned by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (possible synthesis point).
What were reasons for the growth of the Second Party System? (Democrats and Whigs).
Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay were strong politicians, and needed a lot of supporters to achieve their goals.
Complete the chart below based on the Democrats and Whigs. D: W: Role and Power of Federal Government: Anti Pro View of the National Bank (2nd BUS): Anti Pro View of Tariffs: Anti Pro View of Federally funded Internal Improvements: Anti Pro
D: W: Role and Power of Federal Government:Anti Pro View of the National Bank (2nd BUS): Anti Pro View of Tariffs: Anti Pro View of Federally funded Internal Improvements:................ Anti Pro
What is nativism? What are examples of this during Antebellum America?
Fear, distrust, and hatred of foreigners. People would post help wanted signs that said "No Irish need apply."
What two groups immigrated in large numbers to America in the 1830s and 1840s? Where did they tend to settle?
Germans and Irish. They tended to settle in large cities in the Northeast, like Boston and New York.
How did the Market Revolution change the production of goods?
Goods were increasingly made outside the home. Women and men began working in factories.
Identify and describe three different abolitionists.
Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which showed the evils of slavery. Grimke Sisters: Advocated abolitionism and women's rights. Harriet Tubman: Former slave who helped slaves escape via the Underground Railroad.
American System
Henry Clay's plan to unify the American economy. Focused on a 2nd BUS, Internal Improvements, and Tariffs. The north and midwest benefited more than the south.
Identify and briefly explain three impacts of the Second Great Awakening?
Inspired perfectionism, reform movements grew; abolitionism, women played a more significant role
Where did immigrants settle?
Irish settled in northern cities, Germans settled on the frontier - worked as farmers (CINCINNATI!)
What was the message of the Monroe Doctrine?
It warned European nations that the US would not allow interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
What were the three parts of the Missouri Compromise? Why was it important for both the North and South to have the balance of states equal at 12?
Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state and slavery disallowed in future territories north except within Missouri itself.
Impact of the Second Great Awakening
Moral and social reforms (think abolitionism, women's rights, temperance, etc.)
What happened to the amount of Americans able to vote under Andrew Jackson's Presidency? What groups were still not able to vote?
More people (white males) could vote. Blacks and women could still not vote.
Identify and explain two examples of slave rebellions between 1800 and 1848.
Nat Turner's Rebellion: In Virginia he and his followers killed every white person they encountered for 12 hours. Fort Blount: 500 fugitive slaves and Florida Indians battled U.S. Army troops at Apalachicola Bay in Florida.
Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe's message to Europe to NOT colonize any new land in Latin America. The US would stay out of European affairs.
Whigs and Democrats Disagreed over
Role and powers of the federal government, National Bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements (Think Henry Clay's American System)
Identify and briefly explain two new technological innovations ruing the Market Revolution.
Steamboat: Allowed boats to travel against the current. Cotton Gin: Drastically increased cotton production because it separated the cotton from the seeds.
How were tensions?
Tensions were high because of things like the Nullification Crisis.
New innovations during the Market Revolution
Textile machinery (spinning jenny), steam engines, interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney), telegraph, and agricultural inventions (cotton gin - Whitney again)
How were Native Americans impacted as a result of westward expansion? (Provide SPECIFIC historical details)
The Native Americans were forced to move based on the Indian Removal Act and didn't want to, resulting in things like the Trail of Tears.
What was the significance of Marbury v. Madison?
The case established the principle of judicial review, and the supreme court got the ability to declare laws unconstitutional.
What was the goal of Henry Clay's American System? Was it successful?
The goal of the American System was to make the United States economically independent. Yes it was successful.
What was the goal of the Seneca Falls Convention? Did they achieve this goal?
The goal was to give women rights and show the unfair treatment. Yes they achieved this goal, as this convention sparked the women's rights movement which soon gained national attention.
Impact of the Supreme Court decisions of the early 1800s
The primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution (think judicial review) and giving federal laws power over state governments (think Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland)
Seneca Falls Convention
Women's Rights convention that sought greater equality (attended by men too such as Frederick Douglass)
