APUSH Period 7

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

"Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless.

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Progressive Movement

(1901 -1917Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

Five-Power Naval Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act (1935)

(National Labor Relations Act) gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

Federal Trade Commission

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Pro business policies

- low taxes so people would spend their money -gov. interference was kept low to allow private enterprises to flourish

Demand for Workers

- opportunity to find jobs in growing, industrialized U.S. - lower the wages - low-skill jobs - opportunity of this pull factor

Hitler violates Treaty of Versailles

-1935 Hitler began to defy treaty -he announced Germany would build a new air force and begin military draft that would expand its army (actions in direct violation of treaty)

Why does US care about Cuba?

1) Sugar Plantations 2) Sympathy 3) Yellow Journalism

Four Power Treaty

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

McKinley Assassination

1901; anarchist assassinates McKinley in Buffalo NY in 1901

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Nine-Power Treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism

Bonus Army

1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.

Resettlement Administration

1935, helped resettle destitute farmers on better land and unemployed workers in planned communities after the dust bowl

Nye Commission

1936, led by Senator Gerald Nye, revealed corruption of American arms manufacturers, some of whom had been supplying Fascist governments with weapons, others calling for entry to WWI

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Rust Belt

A region of the United States centered around the Great Lakes and upper Midwest. The term references the post-World War II economic decline of the country's former industrial heartland.

Non-Aggression Pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Emergency Quota Act (Immigration Act)

A 1921 law that set a strict limit on individuals from each nation of origin based on the 1910 census. In practice, this biased immigration in favor of northern and western Europeans. Repealed by the Immigration Act of 1965. See: nativists.

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Boston Police Strike

3/4 of Boston's fifteen thousand policemen went on strike and for a few days the streets belonged to rioters; Governor Calvin Coolidge called out the Mass. National Guard which restored order and broke the strike

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Insular Cases

A 1901 court decision which ruled that a citizen in a conquered territory did not necessarily have the protection of the Constitution. It was up to Congress to decide the rights of the peoples in the newly conquered territories. See: Spanish-American War.

Platt Amendment

A 1903 policy issued by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War. Cuba had to have all treaties approved by the United States; the United States had the right to interfere in Cuban affairs both politically and militarily; and the United States would be given access to naval bases on the island.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Niagara Movement:

A 1905 meeting at Niagara Falls organized by W. E. B. Du Bois. It discussed possible forms of protest and formulated a plan of action to advance the cause of African American equality. It is a direct precursor to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

Hepburn Act

A 1906 law that allowed the ICC to regulate what rates railroad lines could charge, ending the long-haul/short-haul price gouging that had been the bane of farmers. See: Square Deal.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 piece of progressive legislation. It ensured the safety and accurate labelling of food and drug products. Inspired in part by Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle, a story illustrating the poor conditions at a Chicago meatpacking plant.

Underwood Tariff Bill

A 1913 reform that significantly reduced tariff rates and protected consumers by keeping the price of manufactured goods low. To offset the loss of federal revenues from the lower tariff, President Wilson used the power of the Sixteenth Amendment to have Congress enact a graduated income tax.

Clayton Antitrust Act

A 1914 law which strengthened provisions for breaking up trusts and protected labor unions from prosecution under the Sherman Antitrust Act. Labor leader Samuel Gompers hailed the bill as labor's "Magna Carta." See: interlocking directorates.

Espionage Act

A 1917 law aimed at German-Americans and antiwar activists. It prohibited interfering with military recruitment and any support of enemy nations in wartime. Although parts have been repealed over time, the Espionage Act remains in effect, and has been used to prosecute people even in the 2010s. Used against many dissidents, from Eugene V. Debs to Daniel Ellsberg.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Washington Naval Conference

A 1921-1922 arms control conference that reflected the antiwar mood of the 1920s. It attempted to limit battleships. Belgium, Britain, China, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States all attended. The Soviet Union was not invited due to its ongoing ostracization from the international system during this period. Unintentionally contributed to the development and popularization of the aircraft carrier, the key naval weapon of World War II.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A 1928 pact which sought to foster world peace by making offensive wars illegal throughout the world. Unfortunately, the pact did not have any teeth: it did not prohibit defensive warfare or provide for punishment of countries that disobeyed the pact.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation:

A 1932 response to the Great Depression, created by Congress during the Hoover administration. The corporation was eventually given authority to issue loans to assist railroads, banks, and municipalities to prevent them from collapsing. However, the RFC benefited only the wealthy instead of those truly in need.

Indian Reorganization Act

A 1934 law that replaced the Dawes Act of 1887, returning lands to the tribes and giving support to Americans Indians to reestablish self-governance.

Taft-Hartley Act

A 1947 amendment to the National Labor Relations Act that garnered the support of big business. While vetoed by Truman, it was enacted by a congressional override. The act outlawed "closed-shop" workplaces, limited boycotts, and allowed the president to obtain an 80-day injunction against any strike deemed a danger to national health or safety. Under it, organized labor lost much of the ground it had gained during the New Deal.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Yalta Conference

A February 1945 meeting of the Big Three. It finalized their plans for postwar Europe, with the division of Germany into four occupied military zones and Stalin agreeing to allow free elections in Eastern Europe. Stalin also agreed to enter the war against Japan within three months of Germany's surrender. Yalta also yielded the skeleton framework for the United Nations. See: Atlantic Charter, Berlin Airlift, Berlin Wall, Cold War.

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

A National organization that worked to prohibit the sale of alcohol. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

Public Works Administration

A New Deal program established during the FDR's first hundred days. The PWA employed thousands of Americans to rebuild the country's infrastructure.

General Weyler "The Butcher"

A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Rugged individualism

A belief articulated by Herbert Hoover, which stated that anyone could become successful in life through hard work. Influenced his response to the Great Depression. See: Horatio Alger.

John Scopes

A biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, arrested and brought to trial in 1925 for teaching the theory of evolution. While he was found guilty and fined $100, his conviction was overturned on a legal technicality. See: ACLU, Clarence Darrow.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

D-Day

A common name for the Normandy landings, although it technically only refers to the initial landing operation on June 6, 1944. The Western Allies invaded along five beachheads, gaining a foothold in Nazi-occupied France. 2,499 Americans died out of 4,414 total Allied fatalities. Often dramatized in movies and video games.

open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

National Conservation Commission

A conservation committee established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908. See: Square Deal, Turner's "Frontier Thesis."

Zimmerman Telegram

A diplomatic letter from German Foreign Secretary Zimmermann to the Mexican president, promising him that if his country assisted Germany in a possible war against the United States, Mexico would be given back the territory lost in the Mexican-American War. A contributing factor to U.S. entry into World War I.

Panic of 1907

A financial crisis triggered by a stock manipulation scheme involving the copper market, causing a panic and run on the banks. An economic depression was averted by the intervention of banker J. P. Morgan, who essentially bailed out the American banking system. Led to the creation of the Federal Reserve System.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A five-star general, Ike acted as Supreme Commander of the Western Allies in Europe. He oversaw the invasion of North Africa and the Normandy landings. Anticipating the rise of Holocaust denialism, he took steps to see Nazi death camps were extensively photographed and recorded on film. This evidence was soon used at the Nuremberg trials. Later served as the 34th President (1953-1961).

Good Neighbor Policy

A foreign policy initiative by FDR. Centered on Latin America, it saw the withdrawal of American forces from Nicaragua and the establishment of normalized relations between the United States and the nations of Latin America. Its non-interference, non-interventionist doctrine lasted until the start of the Cold War. See: Roosevelt Corollary.

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

American Federation of Labor

A group composed mainly of skilled workers who did not agree that unions should protect all workers. Members of the AFL who wished to extend union membership broke away to form the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

Reservationists

A group led Republican senator Henry Cabot Lodge that agreed to ratify the League of Nations treaty only if reservations, such as the ability to leave the League and international acceptance of the Monroe Doctrine, were added to the League's covenant. See: irreconcilables.

Irreconcilables

A group led by Senators Hiram Johnson and William Borah who refused to ratify the League of Nations treaty under any circumstances. See: reservationists.

Navajo code talkers

A group of American Indian volunteers during World War II. They translated U.S. documents and order into their native language so that enemy forces could not decipher their content.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans, who marched on Washington in 1932 to demand the early release of bonuses Congress had promised to pay in 1945. The Bonus Bill, however, was not passed by Congress. Soldiers used tear gas and tanks on the unarmed protesters. The U.S. Army also burned the encampment, driving away the veterans.

American Liberty League

A group of anti-FDR Democrats who opposed the New Deal on grounds that it was socialist. They promoted the concerns of big business and advocated for small government. Tried unsuccessfully to unseat FDR during the 1936 election.

Brain Trust

A group of economists, professors, and politicians that advised FDR on matters of economic and political policy. Comparable to Andrew Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet.

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

A group of interventionists who believed in engaging with, rather than withdrawing from, international developments. Interventionists became increasingly vocal in 1940 as war escalated in Europe.

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

National Woman's Party (Alice Paul)

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to convince the govt to give them the right to vote. Led by Alice Paul.

Big Three

A label for the leaders of the "Grand Alliance," the three major Allied powers in World War II: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin. See: Yalta Conference.

Pearl Harbor

A lagoon harbor located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Home to a major U.S. Navy base. On December 7, 1941 it was the target of an infamous surprise attack by Japan. 2,403 Americans were killed and several U.S. Navy ships were destroyed. Inflamed a previously lukewarm American public opinion about involvement in World War II.

Sedition Act (1918)

A law passed during World War I that limited the right to free speech. Antiwar activists and socialists, such as Eugene V. Debs, were targeted, arrested, and jailed.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A law passed during the Second New Deal. It established a federal minimum wage and set the maximum hours for workers employed by interstate businesses. It also ensured an end to child labor.

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed in 1907 to ensure that meat sold in the U.S. is properly preserved, chemically unadulterated, and generally unspoiled. See: Square Deal.

Mann-Elkins Act

A law passed in 1910 that placed the regulation of communications directly under the ICC. See: William Howard Taft.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Dawes Plan

A loan program crafted by Charles Dawes that enabled Germany to pay its war reparations, thus lessening the financial crisis in Europe. It was successful until the program ended with the U.S. stock market crash in 1929.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Ohio Gang/Poker Cabinet

A nickname for President Warren Harding's cabinet, as it was mostly made up of old friends from the president's home state who were knowledgeable in the areas in which they served. Had a well-earned reputation for corruption.

Muckrakers

A nickname for investigative journalists who seek to spur reform and expose corruption. Originated during the Progressive Era. The term comes from Theodore Roosevelt, who said: ". . . the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck."

installment plan

A payment plan that allows customers to make payments at set intervals over a period of time until the total debt is paid

Big stick diplomacy

A pejorative label for Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy, especially in Panama, that referenced his repeated threats to use military force while negotiating peacefully.

Great Migration:

A period beginning around 1910 which saw millions of African Americans move from the South to northern cities. This was to take advantage of economic opportunities in the North, often to escape from the exploitation system of sharecropping.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

recovery

A period of renewed economic growth followed by a recession or depression.

Rosie the Riveter

A piece of American propaganda during World War II that exalted women's war work See: Office of War Information.

William Randolph Hearst

A pioneer of yellow journalism in the 1880s and rival to Joseph Pulitzer. Owned a media empire. He was associated with the progressive movement. Today, he is best remembered for helping kick off the Spanish-American War with his news coverage, as well as for the thinly veiled portrayal of his biography in the 1941 classic Citizen Kane.

Joseph Pulitzer

A pioneer of yellow journalism in the 1880s and rival to William Randolph Hearst. He was associated with the Democratic Party in New York. Today best remembered for establishing the Pulitzer Prize, an award for achievements in journalism.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Open Door Policy

A policy articulated by Secretary of State John Hay, who served in both the McKinley and Roosevelt administrations. It declared that China would be open and free to trade equally with any nation. The policy was wildly popular in the United States, as it kept Chinese markets open to American business while outwardly avoided the taint of imperialism. Unsurprisingly, it was denounced and resisted in China due to it being a thinly veiled justification for violating their sovereignty. Contributed to the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

New Nationalism

A policy proposal by Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912. In contrast to Wilson's New Freedom agenda, it proposed a smaller federal government with less big business influence. It also sought to support entrepreneurs and small businesses.

New Freedom

A policy proposal by Woodrow Wilson in the election of 1912. In contrast to Roosevelt's New Nationalism agenda, it proposed that the government take a larger role in regulating business. It also sought to grant women voting rights and to support various federal assistance programs.

League of Nations

A precursor to the United Nations, proposed by Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points. Article X of the League's charter called for members to stand at the ready if another member nation's sovereignty was being threatened. This killed the charter's chances of ratification in the U.S., as it seemed to promise future wars. See: reservationists, irreconcilables.

direct primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Recall

A procedure for submitting to popular vote the removal of officials from office before the end of their term.

Direct primaries

A process by which state voters nominate their own slate of candidates as opposed to selection of the party ticket by the state legislature. While standard in the present day it was first adopted by Wisconsin in 1906. See: Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette.

Second New Deal

A program of the First New Deal, the TVA worked to electrify the impoverished Tennessee Valley with hydroelectric power.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A program of the First New Deal, the TVA worked to electrify the impoverished Tennessee Valley with hydroelectric power.

Works Progress Administration

A program of the Second New Deal, the WPA encouraged more public works projects and the employment of nontraditional workers—artists, writers, and young people—to build bridges, refurbish parks, write plays, and paint murals.

Square Deal

A progressive policy platform advocated by President Theodore Roosevelt. It involved breaking up trusts, increasing government regulation of business, pro-labor laws, and promoting environmental conservation. The New Deal took its name from it. See: Hepburn Act, Meat Inspection Act, National Conservation Commission, Northern Securities Company.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Recession of 1937

A second period of economic decline during the Great Depression that resulted because FDR had largely stopped spending money and attempted to create a balanced budget, which lessened the effects of the New Deal on the people by laying off many more workers and giving less and less to the people.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of California race riots in summer 1943. Sailors roamed the streets of Los Angeles and Long Beach attacking young "zooters": Mexican-American teens who wore long coats, flashy colors, and long hairstyles. Due to rationing of fabric to support the war effort, the teens were considered unpatriotic for such extravagance. A special commission appointed by Governor Earl Warren found that the riots were not caused by the sailors and the police.

New Deal

A series of domestic policy initiatives and social welfare programs proposed by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It sought to alleviate the suffering of the Great Depression with massive government spending, thus avoiding a potential communist or fascist revolution. See: Great Society, Keynesian theory, Reagan Revolution, Second New Deal, Square Deal.

Internment camps

A series of government-run camps on the West Coast where 100,000 Japanese-Americans were imprisoned during World War II. See: Executive Order 9066.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Dust Bowl

A severe drought that hit the Great Plains in the 1930s, killing most of its crops. The topsoil turned to a fine, powdery dust that blew away with the hot winds. Many of these farmers and their families flocked to California and earned the pejorative nickname "Okies," as many came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas.

Bull Moose Party

A short-lived third party formed by Theodore Roosevelt to support his 1912 run for President. Officially named the Progressive Party, its common name stems from a quote by Roosevelt that he was still "fit as a bull moose" following an assassination attempt. See: New Nationalism.

Fourteen Points speech

A speech given by President Wilson in 1918. It outlined his vision for the war aims and peace terms of the United States in World War I.

National Woman's Party

A splinter group of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Alice Paul. Founded in 1916, disbanded in 1997. It focused on the ratification of a constitutional amendment securing women's suffrage nationwide. Later sought to secure equal rights for women, such as with the Equal Pay Act of 1963.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

U-boat

A term for German submarines, from unterseeboot ("underwater boat"). Upon their introduction, they were seen as a ghastly weapon that violated the gentlemanly rules of warfare. The sinking of several ocean liners, such as the Lusitania, led to the deaths of American citizens and the entry of the United States into World War I. See: Zimmermann Telegram.

Harlem Renaissance

A term for a cultural flowering in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem during the 1920s. Harlem became the center of African American culture during this period. It helped to change the perception of African Americans.

Yellow journalism

A term for journalism that produced juicy stories, both real and wildly sensationalized, designed to drive newspaper readership, sometimes at the expense of the truth. See: Joseph Pulitzer, muckrakers, Spanish-American War, William Randolph Hearst

Flappers

A type of middle and upper-class woman in the 1920s. So named because they were not unlike baby birds flapping their wings and leaving the nest. Flappers cut their hair into short bobs, wore short skirts, rolled down their stockings to reveal their knees, drank alcohol, and danced the Charleston. While few in number, their behavior was very public and raised concerns among traditionalists.

Rough Riders

A volunteer force of college students, cowboys, and adventurers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. They famously battled for control of San Juan Hill in Cuba with the heavy assistance of the Fourteenth Regiment Colored.

Spanish-American War

A war between the United States and Spain (April 21, 1898-August 13, 1898). Ostensibly triggered by the alleged sinking of the Maine by Spanish forces, it involved the United States aiding independence efforts in Cuba to protect financial investments there, as well as to safeguard the Gulf Coast from a free Cuba potentially leasing its ports to foreign powers. The United States took control of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and several other islands. Also led to the Philippine-American War and subsequent Moro Rebellion (1899-1913). See: Fidel Castro, Platt Amendment, Rough Riders, Treaty of Paris (1898), yellow journalism.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

A women's suffrage organization founded in 1890. See: Carrie Chapman Catt, National Woman's Party, Susan B. Anthony.

Steel Strike of 1919

A work stoppage that began when some 365,000 steelworkers in Pennsylvania walked off the job to demand recognition of their union, higher wages, and shorter hours.

Allies Focus on

AFrica into Italy

Teller Amendment

Added to the war declaration on Spain, it assured Cuba and the world that the United States intended to grant Cuba its independence once the war ended. This turned out not to be the case. See: Platt Amendment, Spanish-American War.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Tuskegee Airmen

African American squadron that escorted bombers in the air war over Europe during World War II

African American Voting Patterns

African Americans have consistently supported Democratic presidential candidates since the New Deal. African Americans tend to support the more liberal candidates within the Democratic Party. Studies reveal that, when the effects of race and education are eliminated, African Americans have higher voting rates than do whites

Double Victory Campaign

African Americans wanted victory over dictators African Americans wanted victory over racism at home A. Philip Randolph

Bank Holiday

All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

US Industrialization

Allowed us to win WW2

National Labor Relations Act

Also called the Wagner Act, it strengthened the language of the NIRA. It still stands as the foundation of U.S. labor law, and created the National Labor Relations Board.

Benito Mussolini

Also known as "Il Duce." Following October 1922's March on Rome, he became Prime Minister of Italy. Formulated the core concepts of fascism, which were embraced leaders like Adolf Hitler. Aimed to create a new Italian Empire, although his reach usually far exceeded the grasp of his abilities. Killed in April 1945 and famously hung on a meat hook.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

John Hay

American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China

Alice Paul

American suffragist and women's rights activist. In 1920, she founded the National Woman's Party, a splinter group of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which she led for the next fifty years. Argued for the inclusion of women as a protected category in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. See: Equal Rights Amendment.

Nisei

American-born children of Japanese immigrants; second generation Japanese Americans.

Booker T. Washington

An African American activist who argued that his people needed the skills necessary to work within the white world. In essence, he argued that blacks needed to make themselves economically successful before they could become equal to whites. This view came to be known as accommodation. Contrast with: W. E. B. Du Bois.

W. E. B. Du Bois

An African American intellectual who believed that his people should demand nothing less than social and political equality with whites; only then would blacks gain economic success. Contrast with: Booker T. Washington. See: Niagara Movement.

Birth of a Nation, 1915

An American silent film directed by D. W. Griffith. The film was a commercial success, but was highly controversial owing to its portrayal of African-American men as unintelligent and sexually aggressive towards white women, and the portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan as a heroic force. It is is also credited as one of the events that inspired the formation of the "second era" Ku Klux Klan. Despite the film's controversial content, Griffith's innovative film techniques make it one of the most important and influential films in the commercial film industry.

Atlantic Charter

An Anglo-American policy statement issued in August 1941. Negotiated by Roosevelt and Churchill, it declared that free trade and the self-determination of peoples would be the cornerstones of the post-WWII international system. However, the idea of self-determination was not applied evenly to the British Empire, especially India. See: International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank.

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

War Industries Board

An agency established by the federal government during World War I. It sought to control production, wages, and the prices of goods.

Roosevelt Corollary

An amendment to the Monroe Doctrine issued by Theodore Roosevelt. It stated that the United States would come to the aid of any Latin American nation experiencing financial trouble. In essence, the United States gained total control of Latin America through the corollary. See: Good Neighbor Policy.

Welfare Capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

Keynesian theory

An economic policy that states that governments should spend that which it does not have—in other words, resort to deficit spending. By the government increasing spending, it would "prime the pump" by spurring an increase in demand that would eventually increase the need for employees. See: Great Depression, New Deal.

Jazz Age/Roaring Twenties

An era from 1920 to 1929 that experienced a cultural explosion similar to that of the antebellum period. Jazz music became the music of choice for young people and urbanites. As leisure time increased, radio and movies became popular. The "Lost Generation" was made up of authors and poets, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, reacted to the impact of technology and business by creating realist or early surrealist works that portrayed America without the glitter of consumerism.

Progressive Era

An era of social and political reform that began with the swearing in of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and lasted until the beginning of U.S. involvement in World War I in 1917. Antitrust legislation and labor reform were key aspects of this era, along with support for women's suffrage, direct election of U.S. senators, and prohibition of alcohol. See: Frederick W. Taylor, Gilded Age, political machines, Social Gospel, Square Deal.

Northern Securities Company

An example of progressivism during Theodore Roosevelt's presidency. The railroad monopoly fought the president by taking its case all the way to the Supreme Court. The court, however, upheld the president's position. Roosevelt's victory gave him a reputation as a champion "trust buster." See: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Square Deal.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

An ill-considered 1930 response to the Great Depression. It raised the tariff on imported goods from 30 to 50 percent, sparking a global trade war that worsened the economic crisis. Over a thousand economists signed a petition opposing its passage.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

An infamous sweatshop fire in New York City on March 25, 1911. 146 out of 500 women and girls, some as young as 15, either died in the blaze or from jumping from the top floors in a desperate bid to escape. While the factor owners were acquitted of any wrongdoing, despite knowing the exits and fire escapes were locked, it led to massive reforms in factory conditions.

Social Gospel

An influential Protestant social justice movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It stated that Christians had an obligation to improve the lives of those less fortunate, especially the poor. Its leaders encouraged many middle-class Protestants to join reform efforts, such as those calling for laws banning child labor and making school compulsory for children. Essentially, it was the religious wing of the Progressive movement.

United Nations

An intergovernmental organization chartered in October 1945 to mediate disputes between nations. Its headquarters is located in New York City. All recognized nations are granted seats in the General Assembly. However, veto power is reserved to the five permanent members of the Security Council, who represent the victorious world powers of World War II: Nationalist China (now held by the People's Republic of China), France, the Soviet Union (now held by Russia), the United Kingdom, and the United States. See: Atlantic Charter, Big Three, Eleanor Roosevelt, League of Nations, Yalta Conference.

Executive Order 9066

An order issued by President Roosevelt in 1942 in reaction to the paranoia that American citizens of Japanese ancestry might turn against their adopted country to aid Japan in an invasion of the West Coast. The Supreme Court upheld the decision to intern these citizens in the case Korematsu v. United States (1944), stating that in times of war, the curbing of civil rights was justified and that the court could not second-guess military decisions.

League of Women Voters

An organization founded by Carrie Chapman Catt after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It exists to assist female voters.

US acquisitions: Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam

As a result o the treaty o Paris

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Japan surrenders

August 14, 1945

Frederick W. Taylor

Author of the 1911 book The Principles of Scientific Management, an influential book on scientific management (Taylorism). His ideas were adapted by Henry Ford.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

Newlands Reclamation Act

Authorized the use of federal money to develop the west, it helped to protect national resources.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Became leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900. An outspoken advocate of women's suffrage, she believed that women could only guarantee protections for themselves and their children through voting.

Second New Deal, 1935

Began in 1935 after the midterm congressional elections in 1934 which further expanded Democratic majorities in Congress thus giving FDR a mandate to go further with the New Deal. Created Works Progress Administration which put over 3 million people to work paid by the government among many other programs. Most important legacies: Social Security & Wagner Act

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

lightening war

Blitzkrieg

US Food Administration

Board to increase food production; wanted to help and provide as much as possible to Allies; hold down price inflation

August 6, 1945

Bombing of Hiroshima

Mother Jones

Born Mary Harris Jones. A female labor activist who traveled the country, even after she lost her ability to write and walk unassisted. Coordinated major strikes. Co-founded the Industrial Workers of the World. Died in 1930 at age 93.

Winston Churchill

British politician and writer. Served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice (1950-1945, 1951-1955). Best remembered in the West for his early opposition to Adolf Hitler and the policy of appeasement, as well as for his leadership of the British Empire during World War II. See: Iron Curtain.

Annexation of Hawaii

By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.

Silent Cal

Calvin Coolidge's nickname

Alfred Mahan

Captain of the U.S. Navy who was for imperialism. He thought that a bigger navy was needed to protect American ships.

China was

Carved up

Operation Barbarossa

Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

Selective Service Act

Commonly referred to simply as "The Draft." It provided for all American males between the ages of 21 to 35 to register for compulsory military service. This was the first time a peacetime military draft had been initiated, signaling that the president's stance was shifting from isolationism to interventionism.

Foraker Act of 1900

Congress gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.

1935 Neutrality Act

Congress voted to stop the President from selling weapons, making loans or giving any other support to a nation at war

Federal Reserve System

Created in 1913, it consists of 12 regional banks that are publicly controlled by the Federal Reserve Board but privately owned by member banks. The system serves as the "lender of last resort" for all private banks, holds and sells the nation's bonds, and issues Federal Reserve Notes—otherwise known as dollar bills—for consumers to purchase goods and services. See: Second Bank of the United States.

Federal Trade Commission

Created in 1914, the FTC is a regulatory agency that monitors interstate business activities and forces companies who break laws to comply with government's "cease and desist" orders.

Challenges to the New Deal

Created many jobs but not significant enough to pull out of depression and some programs were unconstitutional; debt, and different opinions

Cuba (Spanish-American War)

Cuba wanted independence from Spain. The US got involved by protecting Cuba and therefore getting into a war with Spain in order to expand the US.

Allied Convoy System

DATE: July 1941 FDR decided US ships would escort lend-lease supplies across the Atlantic ocean -Roosevelt orders a "shoot on sight" policy -See a German U-boat shoot it immediately *"undeclared war" against Germany November 1941: Merchant ships could be legally armed

September 1, 1939

Date WWII began with German invasion of Poland

Unions in the 1920s

Declined due to the Red Scare

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Section 7A of the NRA

Developed by Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, section 7a allowed the workers to organize and enabled them to bargain collectively. In addition, Wagner helped organized labor by not allowing employers from discriminating against union members.

Peace Time Draft

Draft before involvement, put into place by FDR

Mexican American Reperations

Due to Mexican Americans made to leave the U.S.

Law Corruption in 1920s

Due to paying in prohibition cases

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Start of Great Depression

Economic Collapse all over ; Unemployment ; poverty

Motives for Imperialism

Economic, Nationalism, Geopolitical, Exploration, & Ideology of Empire

Back to Africa Movement

Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Rev. Josiah Strong

Enivisioned a "final competition of races," in which the Anglo-Saxons would emerge victorious.

Neutrality Act of 1939

European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash-and-carry basis"; improved American moral and economic position

Mass Consumption Economy

Everyone bought everything. Tons of new goods were created (automobile). Advertising drew in more consumers. Many people also began buying on credit, creating debt that paved the way for economic disasters.

Massive Mobilization

Expanded government role

McKinley favored

Expansion

Manchuria Incident (1931)

Explosion destroyed a section of Japanese railroad track near the city. Japanese army blamed it on the Chinese, used it as a pretext to occupy all of Manchuria. This violated the 9-power treaty, the Kellog-Brian Pact, and Japan's pledge as a member of the LON. China asked the LON and U.S. for help, neither would.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Okies during The Great Depression

Farmers from Oklahoma who went to California during the dust bowl

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady of the United States (1933-1945). United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly (1945-1952). First chair of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights (1946-1952) and oversaw the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Wife of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. A vocal supporter of civil rights. Died 1962.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Final Solution

Formally, the Final Solution to the Jewish Question. The Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jewish people, which resulted in the Holocaust.

National Consumers League

Formed in 1899, this organization was concerned with improving the working and living conditions of women in the workplace.

American Civil Liberties Union

Founded in 1920, the ACLU is an organization dedicated to the absolutist protection of Constitutional liberties, especially those of the First Amendment. In the 1920s, they appointed Clarence Darrow as defense in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Adolf Hitler

Führer of Germany (1934-1945). Leader of the Nazi Party. A decorated World War I veteran, he became dictator of Germany and started both European fronts of World War II. A driving force behind the Holocaust, he used Jewish people as a scapegoat for Germany's loss in World War I. His hatred for Bolsheviks and Slavic people led him to formulate a plan to colonize Eastern Europe, enslaving or genociding the people already living there. Hitler committed suicide near the end of the Battle of Berlin, to avoid capture by vengeful Soviet troops.

Hitler

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

Women in WW2 also

Got lower wages stll

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette

Governor and later U.S. Senator of Wisconsin. A notable Republican from his party's progressive wing, he forced the introduction of direct primaries in his state, campaigned for child labor laws, a minimum wage, and women's suffrage. He opposed U.S. entry into World War I. Ran for president as the Progressive Party candidate in 1924, but won only his home state and roughly 17 percent of the national vote.

Celebrities of the 1920s

Grew due to radio and movies

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Tariff War

Harding signed a bill raising protective tariff rates. The tax on imported goods made it easier for American producers to sell goods at home. However, European nations also hiked tariffs in retaliation; making American goods harder to sell overseas. The Tariff war weakened the world economy.

Henry Ford

He applied Taylor's principles of scientific management to make factory production faster and more efficient, specifically with his automobile factory assembly lines. This led to the creation and production of the Ford Model T, the first affordable car.

Alfred Smith

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke

Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the spark that ignited World War I.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Office of Research and Development

Helped scientist and universities develop rockets, sonar, and radar

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Fredrick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis

Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

Farmers in the 1920s

In the 1920's, farmers had an increase in bills and debt due to falling crop prices and over production. Many farmers lost their livelihood and had to close their farms.

"Good Trusts" and "Bad Trusts"

If a trust controlled an entire industry but provided good service at reasonable rates, it was a "good" trust to be left alone. Only the "bad" trusts that inflated rates and exploited consumers would come under attack according to Theodore Roosevelt.

Progressive African Americans

Ignored mainly ; Advocated for themselves

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Gentlemen's Agreement

In 1907 Theodore Roosevelt arranged with Japan that Japan would voluntarily restrict the emmigration of its nationals to the U.S.

Alphabet Agencies

In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). The agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup".FIB,CIA,EPA,etc.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Executive Order 8802

In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

Tampico Incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Why Progressivism?

Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration changed America

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

Japanese Internment

Japanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities destroyed in 1945 by atomic bombs. Hiroshima was struck on August 6 by the "Little Boy" bomb dropped by the Enola Gay, killing 80,000 instantly and 135,000 in the long-term total. Nagasaki was struck on August 9 by the "Fat Man" bomb dropped by the Bockscar, killing another 80,000 in total.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Japan invades China

July 1937

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Clarance Darrow

Lawyer who argued that criminal behavior could be caused by a person's environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Joseph Stalin

Longtime dictator of the Soviet Union. After Lenin's 1924 death, Stalin consolidated power and eliminated rivals, ruling with an iron fist until his own death on March 5, 1953. Favored centralization and collectivization. Purged millions through man-made famine, imprisonment in gulags, and executions. He and Hitler struck a surprise non-aggression pact and divided Poland. See: Big Three.

Huey P. "Kingfish" Long

Louisiana Senator and demagogue. He advocated for a "Robin Hood" plan to take from the rich and give to the poor called Share Our Wealth. His plan would impose heavy taxes on inheritance and estates to fund a minimum salary of $2,000 a year for every American. Long argued that the New Deal was not enough to aid the country's most needy citizens. Assassinated in September 1935.

Causes of WWI

MAIN: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Who was in the Progressive Movement?

Middle Class men and women ; diverse group : church leaders ; politicians ; union leaders ; women ; AA

Hawaii 1820

Missionaries came to the island

Cars in 1920's

More affordable, made travel easier.Millions made helping out steel rubber and gas industries

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Seward's Folly

Nickname for the 1867 purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire for a $7.2 million. So named because Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered the deal for what was then popularly seen as a worthless icebox. Later, gold and oil were discovered in great quantities in Alaska, making the deal a steal. Russia sold Alaska to the United States to keep it out of the hands of its geopolitical rival, Britain, which seemed poised to eventually seize the land.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

St. Valentine's Day Massacre

On febuary 14, 1929 Capone's men dressed as plice officers raided a rival gang. They killed seven suspects execution style with their hands against the wall. Capone's men shot them with over 150 bullets.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.

National Child Labor Committee (1904)

One of the main issues addressed by the Progressive Movement was labor conditions, especially for children. Muckracking journalism and action from social and labor activists led to the formation of the National Labor Committee in 1904. As part of their charge, the committee investigated labor conditions around the nation. Photos of the investigation by the famed photographer Lewis W. Hine are in the collection of the Library of Congress. The first real effective child labor legislation was passed more than thirty years later during the New Deal.

Formal Recognition of Soviet Union

Opened in Roosevelt's time

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Darwin's Theory

Organisms born with the best adaptations survive and pass on their traits to offspring. Organisms without these adaptations die and do not reproduce. Over time, the population changes as more organisms inherit the adaptation.

American First Committee

Organization created by isolationists who argued that the United States should keep out of Europe's business.

Neutrality Acts

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Latin American Countries

Owed money to English countries

Wisconsin Idea

Package of reform ideas advocated by LaFollette that included Initiative, Recall, Referendum

National Industrial Recovery Act

Part of the First New Deal, the NIRA was the most proactive legislation to date (circa 1933) in protecting the rights of workers and organized labor. Its board set maximum work hours, minimum wages, and price floors. It was also responsible for setting production quotas and inventories to prevent overproduction or price gouging. Later ruled unconstitutional in 1935. Importantly for organized labor, the NIRA guaranteed labor the right to organize and collectively bargain. In re Debs, See: National Labor Relations Act.

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

Elkins Act

Passed in 1903, it allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to prohibit rail companies from giving rebates and kickbacks to favored customers. See: Square Deal.

Federal Reserve Act

Passed in 1913 in reaction to the Panic of 1907. It created the Federal Reserve System.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Social Security Act

Passed in 1935, the SSA guaranteed income for retirees, the disabled, and the unemployed. Unfortunately, the law was biased—it did not apply to millions of agricultural and service workers, such as domestics, nannies, and janitors, who were largely African American. A major U.S. social safety net program.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Passed on March 3, 1933, it reopened solvent banks after the nationwide Bank Holiday. Announced by FDR in the first of his fireside chats.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

July 1945

Potsdam Conference

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States during most of the Depression and most of World War II.

Election of 1912

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

Seventeenth Amendment

Progressive Era reform that required the direct election of U.S. senators by the people of their home state. Passed in 1913. Beside the pro-democratic arguments for its passage, state legislatures favored the amendment due to the protracted gridlock that selecting and confirming U.S. senators was increasingly causing them.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Red Scare

Ran from 1917 through the 1920s. A period of social anxiety and paranoia concerned with communist and anarchist infiltration throughout society. Driven by events such as the nationalism of World War I, labor unrest, nativism, and most especially the 1917 Russian Revolution that established the world's first communist state in the Soviet Union. Led to a series of mass arrests and deportations in 1919-1920 known as the Palmer Raids.

Sixteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1913, it authorized the federal government to collect an income tax. See: Populist Party.

Nineteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote.

25% unemployment

Reached by 1933 and gradually lowered by New Deal programs

Harding Scandals

Refers to controversy in Harding's presidency; cabinet filled with friends and associates; leased oil reserves for money -> secretary convicted of bribery and jailed

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

3 R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Embargo against Japan

Responding to Japanese occupation of key airfields in Indochina (July 24) following an agreement between Japan and Vichy France, the U.S. froze Japanese assets on July 26, 1941, and on August 1 established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan.

labor saving devices

Revolutionized womens lifestyles in the 20's. (Washing Machines, Vaccumes, Sewing Machines and dishwashers)

Destroyers for Bases

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Speakeasies

Secret clubs that served alcohol. Visitors needed to know the password and whisper it, or "speak easy," to gain entrance. Had the side effect of normalizing women drinking in public establishments, which had been rare prior to Prohibition and seen as immoral.

Lend-Lease Bill

Sent a limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression, on the pretext that they would return them (useless, as they would most likely get destroyed).

National Quota Act of 1924

Set quota at 2% of the immigrants in the U.S in 1890

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

V-E Day

Shorthand for "Victory in Europe Day." Took place on Tuesday, May 8, 1945.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

Settlement House Movement

Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together. Settlement houses were located in poorer neighborhoods and staffed by middle class workers who hoped to share their knowledge and alleviate poverty

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Federal Emergency Relief Act

The Act was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins, a New York social worker who was one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential advisers *, law provided money for food and other necessities for the unemployed *Affected the people in trying to aid people feeling the effects of the depression, still in effect today

Battle of the Bulge

The last major German offensive on the Western Front. It took place in December 1944, and aimed to encircle the Allied armies, hold them hostage to force a peace treaty, and thus allow Germany to focus its full attention on the Soviets. Despite suffering heavy losses, the Allies were able to recover and continue their push toward Germany.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Pancho Villa

This military leader dominated Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution between 1910 and 1915. His supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains. Allied with Zapata. He was eventually defeated though before the revolution ended in 1920.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Sqaure Deal

This term was used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration

December 8, 1941

US declares war on Japan

April 6, 1917

US enters WWI

Schenck v. US (1919)

Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute; free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation

America in Hawaii

Wanted sugar and pineapples

Pacific War

War against Japan in WWII, characterized by island hopping and intense naval battles

Presidents of the 1920's

Warren Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Republican beliefs- smaller government, lower taxes, few regulations, pro-business

Fireside chats

Weekly radio addresses intended to inform and reassure the American public. Started by FDR in 1933, and maintained by all presidents since then. George W. Bush adapted the practice to podcasting. Barack Obama adapted it to streaming-video, a practice continued by Donald Trump.

U.S. expansion...

Went westward

Great Arsenal of Democracy

What the US tried to be in WWII by being the supplier of the Allies without actually declaring war

August 9, 1945 Nagasaki

When was "fat man" dropped? Where?

Washington Naval Arms Conference

called by Harding in 1921 when naval race between US, Britain, and Japan was a danger, they pledged to reduce battleships but failed to prevent war, US and Japan recognized each others territory in the Pacific

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Harry S. Truman

World War I veteran who led an artillery regiment. Missouri Senator (1935-1945) elected with aid of the Pendergast machine. He later gained a reputation for investigating military waste. Vice President from January 20, 1945 to April 12, 1945. Ascended to the presidency upon FDR's death. He ordered the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan and oversaw the final phases of both the Western and Pacific Fronts. See: Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

De Lome Letter

Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lôme, it was stolen from the mail and delivered to Hearst. He had called McKinley weak and bitter. It was played up by the yellow journalists.

GI Bill

a 1944 law which provided funding for a college education, as well as low-interest home and small business loans. For 15 million soldiers returning from war, the GI Bill provided the opportunity to secure a career and purchase a home. Facilitated the postwar "baby boom."

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

In April 1898, Congress declared war on who?

Spain

American Nuetrality

Some people in America Like the Central Powers and Some people In America like the Allied Powers

"Dry"

Supported Prohibition

Eighteenth Amendment

The "noble experiment" in banning alcohol in the United States. This period was known as Prohibition. In practice, narrow exemptions were made for medical necessity or for religious rites that required sacramental wine. Took effect in 1920. Repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in December 1933. See: speakeasies.

Politics of the 1920s

The 1920's were not good for progressives. The overriding theme of the 1920's was limited government. Native-born Protestants rallied against big city values and advocated immigration restriction. A series of Republican presidents placed responsibility for the nation's well-being into the hands of business and made American business needs a top priority.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

The CIO organized laborers in America's heavy industrial sector such as steel, automobiles, and mines. By 1938, the CIO was completely independent of the AFL, which it had split from. Led by John L. Lewis of the United Mine Workers.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1908. It seeks to end all racial discrimination, segregation, and disenfranchisement. See: Niagara Movement.

Office of War Information

The OWI was organized during World War II to produce radio shows and news reels to keep Americans apprised of events overseas. It aimed to keep American morale high and to increase support for the war.

2nd Great Migration

The Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970

August 8, 1945

The Soviet Union declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

lead the Manhattan Project: the World War II effort to develop the first nuclear bomb. He was remembered as the "Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies.

Triple Wall of Privilege

The banks, trusts, and tariffs that Wilson pledged to topple were collectively known as this

Great Crash of 1929

The crash was derived from poor economic policies, income that was poorly distributed and factories that were generating too many goods and services then could be purchased. Hoover tried to ease the crash but for most American's it wasn't fast enough or aggressive enough.

Clarence Darrow

The defense attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial, in which he represented teacher John Scopes. See: ACLU.

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Movies in the 1920s

The film audience grew from 40 million in 1922 to over 100 million by 1930. The advent of sound to motion pictures or "talkies" created nationwide interest. Concern over moral standards and a scandal involving the comedian Fatty Arbuckle led studio owners to create the Hays Office to enforce strict censorship on anything in films likely to offend audiences or politicians.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Great Depression

The name for a global economic depression that took place from 1929 and lasted until the outbreak of World War II. The massive social and political disruption it caused due to the loss of wealth and a spike in unemployment contributed to instability throughout the world, and led to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. See: Black Tuesday, Hawley-Smoot Tariff, Keynesian theory, New Deal, Second New Deal.

Black Tuesday

The name for the worst stock market crash in U.S. history, which occurred on October 29, 1929. A common starting point for the Great Depression.

Radio in the 1920s

The new technology of the 1920s. KDKA in Pittsburgh, the first commercial radio station in America, started broadcasting in 1920 and the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) was formed in 1927. - Over 12 million families owned sets by 1929. Because it was less centralized than the film industry, there was less control over content.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Treaty of Paris of 1898

The peace treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. It turned Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico over to the United States. The treaty also signaled the end of Spain as a world power and the beginning of the United States as a rising one.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, but not ratified by the United States, which secured a separate peace in 1921. The treaty's terms were extremely harsh but, as time went on, laxly enforced, resulting in the worst of both worlds. They contributed to Germany's postwar economic turmoil while allowing for the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. See: Dawes Plan, Fourteen Points.

Roosevelt third term

The subsequent passing of the 22nd Amendment of the United States Constitution in 1947 renders this election the only occasion in American history in which a candidate was elected to an unprecedented third term as president

Insular Cases (1901)

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Calvin Coolidge

Thirtieth President. Served 1923-1929. Assumed the presidency following Warren G. Harding's death. Elected in 1924. Nicknamed "Silent Cal" for his tight-lipped nature. He was a small-government conservative and supported laissez-faire economics. Unsuccessfully called on Congress to make lynching a federal crime.

Herbert Hoover

Thirty-first President. Served 1929-1933. A Quaker and humanitarian, he famously led famine relief efforts in Europe after World War I, as well as oversaw the response to the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927. However, his response (or lack thereof) to the Great Depression destroyed his popularity. Homeless encampments were dubbed Hoovervilles as a mocking honor. Signed the Smoot-Hawley Act into law and supported Prohibition.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Thirty-second President. Served 1933-1945. Elected to four terms, and the only president to do so. FDR oversaw the response to the Great Depression in the New Deal, led the U.S. through most of World War II, approved the Manhattan Project, and laid the groundwork for the postwar international system. Paralyzed after a 1921 bout with polio, FDR carefully hid his disability with the help of the press. Died in office; succeeded by Harry Truman. See: Atlantic Charter, Big Three, Eleanor Roosevelt, Executive Order 9066, United Nations.

Hepburn Act (1906)

This Act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserve to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Quota Act of 1921

This act sets a cap of 3% of each nationality (based on the 1910 census) already in the U.S. to be allowed to immigrate to the U.S., it discriminates against certain nationalities such as Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews.

Hideki Tojo

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Woodrow Wilson

Twenty-eighth President. Served 1913-1921, although a series of near-fatal strokes in late 1919 incapacitated him for the rest of his life, and the remainder of his presidency was essentially run by his wife Edith. The first Southern president since before the Civil War. When healthy, Wilson supported a number of progressive reforms, such as the Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. Implemented segregation throughout the executive branch offices, including the Navy, which had never been segregated. Internationally, he is famous for the Fourteen Points as well as his brainchild, the League of Nations. Died in 1924.

William McKinley

Twenty-fifth President. Served 1897-1901. A proponent of the gold standard and a moderate between business and labor interests, McKinley was assassinated six months into his second term by an anarchist. McKinley oversaw U.S. involvement in the Spanish-American War, as well as the subsequent extension of American control over Cuba and the Philippines. See: Grover Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, Treaty of Paris (1898)

Warren G. Harding

Twenty-ninth President. Served from 1921 until August 2, 1923. Initially popular, various scandals (such as Teapot Dome) uncovered after his death destroyed Harding's reputation. Oversaw the Washington Naval Conference. See: Calvin Coolidge, Ohio Gang.

William Howard Taft

Twenty-seventh President. Served 1909-1913. Tenth Chief Justice (1921-1930). While a trust-busting Republican in Theodore Roosevelt's mold, he also had some sympathies with the party's conservative wing. Split the vote with Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party in the 1912 election, allowing Woodrow Wilson to win the White House. Later appointed to the Supreme Court, becoming the only person to have led both the executive and judicial branches.

Theodore Roosevelt

Twenty-sixth President. Served 1901-1909. A reformist New York governor, Roosevelt was kicked upstairs by party bosses to the vice presidency, which was seen as an unimportant office. After McKinley was assassinated, Roosevelt became president at 42, the youngest ever. He pursued a progressive domestic agenda called the Square Deal. In terms of foreign policy, he forced through construction of the Panama Canal. He brokered an end to the Russo-Japanese War, which secured him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize. He unsuccessfully attempted to run for a third, non-consecutive term in 1912. See: Bull Moose Party, Rough Riders.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Atlantic Conference 1941

U.S. and Britain decide to stop territorial changes contrary to wish of inhabitants, and permanent system for general security (LoN).

Race Riots of 1919

U.S. soldiers were upset after coming back from WWI that African Americans had started replacing their jobs and started violent riots.

United Auto Workers

Under the protections provided by the Fair Labor Standards Act, the UAW organized a sit-down strike of assembly line employees at General Motors in 1936 and 1937. When the government refused to intervene between labor and management, the companies reluctantly went to the bargaining table and formally recognized the UAW as an official party with which to negotiate worker contracts.

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Women in WWII (Ex: WAAC)

Women served many roles, such as in the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. In the WAAC, women served as nurses and radio operators.

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

Anti-Imperialist League

a group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire

Overproduction

a situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand ; caused GD

Australian or secret ballot

a state reform the required voters to vote without anyone knowing how they voted

"Wet"

against prohibition

relief

aid for the needy; welfare

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

an agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in erosion-control and flood-control projects.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

an organization founded in 1920 to defend Americans' rights and freedoms as given in the Constitution

Fredrick Taylor: Scientific Management

analyzed and planned workflows to improve efficiency, labor process broken into max number of discrete stadard tasks, jobs composed of one of more tasks (AKA assemble line)

Philippine-American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Atlanta Exposition

conducted by Booker T. Washington where in a famous speech he conceded the need for Af. Am economic equality and let the other social and political equality wait and reveal itself in the future.

3 C's

corporations, consumers, conservation

creditor nation

country which is owed more money by other countries than it owes other countries

Jospeh Stalin

dictator of the USSR, established communist goverment throughout the Russian empire

Workers Wages

did not increase to keep up with quick production

KKK in the 1920s

dramatic expansion due to nativism and The Birth of a Nation; favored White supremacy and restrictions on immigration; hostile towards immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans

Neutrality Act Amending

due to Hitler taking over Europe

Japanese assets in US frozen, blocking all shipments including oil

due to Japan occupying Vietnam

Negotiations with Japan

due to assets

Total War Effort

economy was dedicated to winning the war,every citizen was expected to do what ever they could to help the military

National Labor Relations Board

enforces procedures whereby employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining

FDR foreign policy

favored isolationism during WWII, but had to intervene once Pearl Harbor was bombed

Mussolini

founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people.

Trust Busting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

government agency created during WWI to encourage Americans to support the war

War Production Board (WPB)

government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials

Lassiez Faire

idea that government should stay out of business and economic affairs as much as possible

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

US as a World Power

late 1800s-1900s

Women in WW1

many women were given jobs in factories to produce weapons for the first time because men were away fighting

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

buying on margin

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

100 days

period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Child Labor Act

prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years old

Rise of organized crime

prohibition led to a rise in crime, because people made a fortune off of selling the bootleg whiskey, illegal alcohol, and rise in mafia

"Speak softly and carry a big stick"

refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for aggressive foreign policy. "big stick" = the US Navy

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Credit

the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

Hawaii Revolution

they overthrow the queen, they want to annex Hawaii to the US

reform

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality

Post war migration

to the sun belt

1887 Pearl Harbor

treaty established the naval area at pearl harbor

End of the Great Depression

war production (weapons, etc.) for WWII significantly lowers unemployment