APUSH Period 7 Ch 20-25

George Dewey

A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414)

steel and steam navy

By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)

Mexican civil war

President Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. He refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

expansionist politicians

Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)

spreading religion and science

Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411)

expeditionary force

The name given to the group sent to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423)

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414)

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417)

Henry Cabot Lodge

A Republican senator, he was in favor building U.S. power through global expansion. He introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. (p. 411)

William Gorgas

Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415)

French in Mexico

In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)

TR supports Panama revolt

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)

In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)

Robert La Follett

In 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)

Anti-Imperialist League

Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415)

urban middle class

Most Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)

role of American money

President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420)

William Howard Taft

The 27th President of the United States, from 1909 to 1913. He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the military. His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American business abroad was known as dollar diplomacy. (p. 420)

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. This Democrats is known for his leadership during World War I, creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification). He won the Nobel Peace Prize. (p. 421)

Queen Liliuokalani

The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414)

business and imperialists competitors

The United States was not alone in pursuing imperialism, which meant acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan tried to influence or possess weaker countries around the world. (p. 410)

Santo Domingo

The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418)

Pancho Villa

This Mexican leader led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. (p. 423)

building the Panama Canal

This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418)

U.S. joined international force

To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)

Platt Amendment

A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416)

Valeriano Weyler

A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413)

Australian ballot

A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)

scientific management

A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)

direct primary

A nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416)

Teller Amendment

A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414)

Insular cases

A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416)

Theodore Dreiser

An American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)

Frederick W. Taylor

An engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)

jingoism

An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412)

Venezuela boundary dispute

An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412)

Standard Oil Company

An oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)

invade the Philippines

Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)

international Darwinism

Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, expansionist wanted the U.S. to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. (p. 410)

Nobel Peace Prize

For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420)

professional associations

Groups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)

Theodore Roosevelt

He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417)

Alfred Thayer Mahan

He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411)

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)

Lincoln Steffans

He wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)

Alaska Purchase

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410)

James Blaine

In 1889, as secretary of state he arranged the first Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. Various nations in the Western Hemisphere met to discuss trade and other issues. (p. 412)

Pan-American Conference (1889)

In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)

Jacob Riis

In 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)

Hawaii

In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415)

Cleveland blocks annexation

In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)

Henry Demarest Lloyd

In 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)

Cleveland and Olney

In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

Cuban revolt

In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413)

John Hay

In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416)

Second Hay Note

In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)

Russo-Japanese War

In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419)

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419)

Algeciras Conference

In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled. (p. 420)

Hague Conference

In 1907, the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague discussed rules for limiting warfare. (p. 420)

gentlemen's agreement

In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420)

Root-Takahira Agreement

In 1908, this executive agreement between the United States and Japan pledged mutual respect for each nation's possessions in the Pacific region and support for the Open Door policy in China. (p. 419)

railroads in China

In 1911, President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement to invest in railroads in China along with Germany and France. (p. 420)

Manchurian problem

In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420)

intervention in Nicaragua

In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. (p. 420)

Lodge Corollary

In 1912, the Senate passed this resolution as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420)

William Jennings Bryan

In 1913, he was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. He tried to demonstrate that the U.S. respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. (p. 421)

General Huerta

In 1913, this Mexican revolutionary seized power in Mexico by killing the democratically elected president. (p. 423)

Seventeenth Amendment

In 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)

Jones Act

In 1916, this act granted the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipinos, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. (p. 422)

Puerto Rico citizenship

In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)

Tampico incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended. (p. 423)

segregation in San Francisco schools

In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)

Pragmatism

In the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)

William James

In the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)

yellow journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413)

white, old stock Protestants

Native-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)

nationalist media

Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411)

Guam and Philippines

On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415)

sinking of the Maine

On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)

anti-imperialism

President Woodrow Wilson differed from his Republican presidential predecessors. He believed that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas. (p. 421)

military intervention

President Woodrow Wilson used military action to influence Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. (p. 423)

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409)

Great White Fleet

Sixteen United States battleships, painted white, were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 419 )

De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413)

male and female

The Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)

ABC powers

The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. (p. 423)

John J. Pershing

The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423)

a splendid little war

The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414)

spheres of influence

The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417)

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418)

big-stick policy

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417)

Monroe Doctrine

This doctrine stated that European powers could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere. In 1895 and 1896, the U.S. applied this doctrine to push Great Britain to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)

Josiah Strong

This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411)

George Goethals

United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418)

Conciliation treaties

Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422)