APUSH Quarter 3 Exam

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"Today three-fourths of its [New York's] people live in tenements .. . . "If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the 'other half,' and the evil they breed , are but as a just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth . . .. In the tenements all the influences make for evil; because they are the hotbeds of the epidemics that carry death to rich and poor alike ; the nurseries of pauperism and crime that fill our jails and police courts; that throw off a scum of forty thousand human wrecks to the island asylums and workhouses year by year; that turned out in the last eight years around half million beggars to prey upon our charities ; that maintain a standing army of ten thousand tramps with all that that implies; because above all, they touch the family life with deadly moral contagion .... " -Jacob A. Riis, journalist , How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Which phrase best summarizes what Riis considers the cause of the problems he sees?

"In the tenements all the influences make for evil"

"l. All persons born or naturalized in the United States ... are citizens. .. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens . . . nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process; nor deny ... equal protection of the laws. "2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ... counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election ... thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants . . being twenty-one years of age, and citizens ... or in any way abridged, except for ... crime, ... the basis of representation therein shall be reduced .... "3. No person shall ... hold any office ... who, having previously taken an oath . . . shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same ... But Congress may by a vote o two-thirds of each House, remove such disability ." - 14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States, July 9, 1868 For future Supreme Courts , one of the key points of the 14th Amendment would be which of the following?

"nor deny ... equal protection of the laws"

John Ross was

"son, grandson, and great-grandson of white traders" the son, grandson, and great-grandson of white traders

Chapter 31 How much time did the Cherokees have to leave following the signing of the Removal Treaty?

2 Years

Chapter 30 Who was John Howard Payne?

A Cherokee writer who was with Ross when he was taken prisoner

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting - sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 The Jungle most directly contributed to which of the following ?

A federal inspection system to ensure minimum standards for processed meats and food

Which best describes the Union army (Forward)

A group of men with many different accents, languages, and religions

Which of the following was not one of the examples of moments economic, social and religious change highlighted in Gary B. Nash's "The Transformation of European Society"?

A growing fear of immigrants from Slavic and Eastern Europe, which would drive "economic ruin" into a growing and promising economy.

The Spy If the spy was right about the North, Longstreet saw an opportunity. What was it?

A move south between Hooker and Washington that would cut the Union off from Lincoln

"It being desirable for the peace, concord , and harmony of the Union of these states to settle and adjust amicably all existing questions of controversy between them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a fair, equitable, and just basis .... "We are told now ... that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction .. . If the Union is to be dissolved for any existing causes, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted or not allowed to be introduced into the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned . . . to their masters .... "I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights." -Henry Clay, Resolution on the Compromise of 1850, 1850 Which of the following parts of the Compromise of 1850 was the most appealing to the North?

Admitting California as a free state

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State. . . . They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh ... The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones." -Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889 Henry Grady's comments best express the viewpoint of which group of people?

Advocates of a New South

"Illumined by the stem-lantern of history, the New Deal can be seen to have left in place a set of institutional arrangement that constituted a more coherent pattern than is dreamt of in many philosophies. That pattern can be summarized in a single word: security-security for vulnerable individuals, to be sure, as Roosevelt famously urged in his campaign for the Social Security Act of 1935, but security for capitalists and consumers, for workers and builders as well. Job-security, life-cycle security, financial security, market security-however it might be defined, achieving security was the leitmotif of virtually everything the New Deal attempted." -David M. Kennedy, historian, Freedom From Fear, 1999 Which of the following groups would most likely oppose the philosophy of the New Deal as explained in this excerpt?

Advocates of unregulated markets and balanced budgets

When Ross emerged as a leading defender of Indian rights, his white critics made an allegation that

All of the Above

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.' "The school of laissez-faire , of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners." -Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 Which of the following was most closely allied to the sentiments in this excerpt?

American Federation of Labor

"To understand political power ... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of pe1fect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possess ions . .. within the bounds of the law of nature , without asking leave , or depending upon the will of any other man .... "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community ... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society .. .. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite ... . And this is that ... which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world." -John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690 Locke's writings had the most direct influence on the

American Revolution

(From 2. The Men) Robert E. Lee's physical traits and his way of dress resulted in him often being confused with...

An elderly major of dignity

(Chapter 4) Who of the following was not a Confederate officer?

Arthur Fremantle

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights ; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has put into their -power for mutual and self-defense .... "To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal. . . . But let us remember . .. government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law ... . Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous." -Jonathan Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers," 1750 Mathew would probably apply his warning, "not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness" to

Bacon's Rebellion

"I attended a funeral once in Pickens County in my State. . . . They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburgh ... The South didn't furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones." -Henry Grady, Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, 1889 Which of the following best demonstrates Henry Grady 's vision for the South?

Birmingham, Alabama, became one of the nation's leading steel producers

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment . . . In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress .... "If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope . .. But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country." -Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883 Which of the following would in part cause Douglass's view that for African Americans, "citizenship is but a sham"?

Black Codes

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment . . . In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress .... "If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope . .. But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country." -Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883 Which of the following developed during Reconstruction to provide direct support and support self-determination for those freed from slavery?

Black churches

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. After Native American losses in the Pequot War (1637), Indians accommodated themselves to the spread of European settlement.

Britain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. John Eliot established "Praying Towns" for Native Americans who were expected to follow European dress, change their names, cut their hair, and end the observance of many of their customs.

Britain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Natives in the region settled by this country provided no reliable labor supply, had no valuable commodities to trade, and once the settlers began growing their own crops, were totally "disposable."

Britain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Only a few clerics from this nation undertook missionary activities among the Native Americans, choosing instead to shun and isolate the Indians while figuring out ways to take their land.

Britain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Settlers from this country survived the 1622 Powhatan uprising and put down a 1644 attack by Opechancanough resulting in his death.

Britain

Chapter 3 The first Union general to reach Gettysburg was

Buford

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests ... She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money ." -George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 The Union was most disturbed because they believed that Britain was supporting the Confederates by doing which of the following?

Building warships

How does Chamberlain convince the men from the 2nd Maine to join the fight?

By asking them to fight for freedom

"Competition therefore is the law of nature. Nature is entirely neutral; she submits to him who most energetically and resolutely assails her. She grants her rewards to the fittest; therefore, without regard to other considerations of any kind .... Such is the system of nature. If we do not like it and if we try to amend it, there is one way in which we can do it. We take from the better and give to the worse .... Let it be understood that we cannot go outside this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equality, survival of the unfittest. The former carries society forward and favors all its best members; the latter carries society downward and favors all its worst members." -William Graham Sumner, social scientist, The Challenge of Facts, 1882 The ideas expressed in this excerpt most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

Charles Darwin's "On the Origins of Species"

Chapter 28 What was the "extraordinary price" Ross was willing to pay in order to win over Jackson?

Cherokees would become prospective citizens of the United States

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted .... That whatsoever person or persons within this Province .. . shall henceforth blaspheme God, that is, curse Him or shall deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity ... or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead ... shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands .. .. And whereas ... that no person or persons whatsoever within this province , or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his or her consent." - The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 Which of the following best summarizes the attitude toward religious beliefs expressed in this document?

Christians should be able to practice their faith without fear of persecution

"I think all men recognize that in time of war the citizen must surrender some rights for the common good which he is entitled to enjoy in time of peace. But sir, the right to control their own government, according to constitutional forms, is not one of the rights that the citizens of this country are called upon to surrender in time of war .... "Mr. President, our Government, above all others, is founded on the right of the people freely to discuss all matters pertaining to their Government, in war not less than in peace .... How can the popular will express itself between elections except by meetings, by speeches, by publications, by petitions, and by addresses to the representatives of the people? "Any man who seeks to set a limit upon these rights, whether in war or peace, aims a blow at the most vital part of our Government." - Robert M. Lafollette, Congressional Record, October 6, 1917 What does the author imply by the phrase, "not one of the rights that the citizens of this country are called upon to surrender in time of war"?

Citizens do not lose their freedom of speech during war

"Though we have had war, reconstruction, and abolition as a nation, we still linger in the shadow and blight of an extinct institution. Though the colored man is no longer subject to be bought and sold, he is still surrounded by an adverse sentiment . . . In his downward course he meets no resistance, but his course upward is resented and resisted at every step of his progress .... "If liberty, with us, is yet but a name, our citizenship is but a sham, and our suffrage thus far only a cruel mockery, we may yet congratulate ourselves upon the fact that the laws and institutions of the country are sound, just, and liberal. There is hope . .. But until this nation shall make its practice accord with its Constitution and its righteous laws, it will not do to reproach the colored people of this country." -Frederick Douglass, Speech, September 24, 1883 Which best provides an example of how the "Constitution and its righteous laws," according to Douglass, provide hope for the "colored people of this country"?

Civil Rights Act of 1866

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.' "The school of laissez-faire , of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners." -Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 This excerpt was written to most directly support which of the following?

Collective bargaining

"Competition therefore is the law of nature. Nature is entirely neutral; she submits to him who most energetically and resolutely assails her. She grants her rewards to the fittest; therefore, without regard to other considerations of any kind .... Such is the system of nature. If we do not like it and if we try to amend it, there is one way in which we can do it. We take from the better and give to the worse .... Let it be understood that we cannot go outside this alternative: liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest; not-liberty, equality, survival of the unfittest. The former carries society forward and favors all its best members; the latter carries society downward and favors all its worst members." -William Graham Sumner, social scientist, The Challenge of Facts, 1882 Which of the following developments would be most consistent with the beliefs expressed in the excerpt?

Consolidation of wealth by an elite

"Rationing is a vital part of your country's war effort. Any attempt to violate the rules is an effort to deny someone his share and will create hardship and help the enemy. This book is our Government's assurance of your right to buy your fair share of certain goods made scare by war. Price ceilings have also been established for your protection. Dealers must post these prices conspicuously. Don't pay more. Give your whole support to rationing and thereby conserve our vital goods. Be guided by the rule: "If you don't need it, DON'T BUY IT." "IMPORTANT: When you used your ration, salvage the TIN CANS and WASTE FATS. They are needed to make munitions for our fighting men. Cooperate with your local Salvage Committee." - War Ration Books 3 and 4, Office of Price Administration, 1943 Which of the following was the primary economic purpose for the rationing program found in the above document?

Control inflation caused by shortages of consumer goods

"My Dear Nephew, "Never allow yourself to lose sight of that fact that politics, and not poker, is our great American game. If this could be beaten into the heads of some presumably well-meaning but glaringly unpractical people, we should hear less idiotic talk about reform in connection with politics. Nobody ever dreams of organizing a reform movement in poker.... "Mr. Lincoln, a very estimable and justly popular, but in some respects an impracticable man, formulated widely different error regard to politics. He held that ours is a government of the people, by the people, for the people. I maintain, on the contrary, that it is government of politicians, by politicians, for politicians. If your political career is to be a success, you must understand and respect this distinction with a difference." -William McElroy, journalist, "An Old War Horse to a Young Politician," published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly, 1880 Which of the following would the author, as a critic of the politics of the era, most likely oppose?

Court decisions allowing unlimited campaign contributions by wealthy donors

"... The first count in the declaration ... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State} ... The court ... holds as law that said act ... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The court further holds as matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states,'... " WABASH, ST. L. &. P. RY. CO. v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed. 244) Decided: October 25, 1886 The reasoning expressed in the Court's decision most directly reflects which of the following continuities in United States history?

Debates over the role of government in regulating the economy

It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right if Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own Consent, given personally, or by their representatives... that it is the indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns...to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament...for the restriction of American Commerce. -Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765 Which of the following was a direct British response to the colonial views expressed by the Stamp Act Congress?

Declaratory Act stating the right to tax

"A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinleys, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock ." -David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919- 1941, 1965 Which of the following groups from the 1920s most likely would have supported the perspective of this excerpt?

Democrats and Republicans who supported Progressive reforms

It is inseparably essential to the freedom of a People, and the undoubted Right if Englishmen, that no taxes be imposed on them, but with their own Consent, given personally, or by their representatives... that it is the indispensable duty of these colonies, to the best of sovereigns...to procure the repeal of the act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, of all clauses of any other acts of Parliament...for the restriction of American Commerce. -Resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress, 1765 For the first time, the Stamp Act placed on the colonies a tax that was ______

Direct

"l. All persons born or naturalized in the United States ... are citizens. .. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens . . . nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process; nor deny ... equal protection of the laws. "2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ... counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election ... thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants . . being twenty-one years of age, and citizens ... or in any way abridged, except for ... crime, ... the basis of representation therein shall be reduced .... "3. No person shall ... hold any office ... who, having previously taken an oath . . . shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same ... But Congress may by a vote o two-thirds of each House, remove such disability ." - 14th Amendment, Constitution of the United States, July 9, 1868 In proclaiming that all persons born in the United States were citizens, the 14th Amendment directly repudiated which of the following?

Dred Scott Decision

Chapter 27 In 1832 what happened to the Phoenix?

Elias Boudinot stopped writing for it for he felt like a failure

"Apart from his navigational skills, what most set Columbus apart from other Europeans of his day were not the things that he believed, but the intensity with which he believed in them and the determination with which he acted upon those beliefs .... "Columbus was, in most respects, merely an especially active and dramatic embodiment of the European-and especially the Mediterranean-mind and soul of his time: a religious fanatic obsessed with the conversion, conquest, or liquidation of all non-Christians; a latter-day Crusader in search of personal wealth and fame, who expected the enormous and mysterious world he had found to be filled with monstrous races inhabiting wild forests, and with golden people living in Eden." - David E. Stannard, historian, American Holocaust : Columbus and the Conquest of the New World, 1992 Which of the following European nations would be the least likely to share the characteristics Stannard uses in describing Columbus?

England

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle .... "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principall wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bedding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." - John Pory, Secretary ofVirginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 The primary market for the Virginia tobacco crop during this period was

England

"Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty- to eighty-league journey. They would go then, falling into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating 'Hungry, hungry."' -Bartolome de Las Casas, priest and social reformer, In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550 Which of the following factors that affected Native Americans is directly implied but not stated in this excerpt?

European diseases were killing millions of Native Americans

"I stand before you tonight under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime , but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any state to deny . ... Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being persons, then , women are citizens; and no state has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several states is today null and void, precisely as is every one against Negroes." -Susan B. Anthony , "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?" 1873 Anthony targeted the states as the parts of government discriminating against women primarily for which of the following reasons?

Except for the 14th and 15th amendments, the United States Constitution left the power to the states to determine who could vote

"The province of Quivira is 950 leagues from Mexico. Where I reached it, it is in the fortieth degree [ of latitude]. ... I have treated the natives of this province, and all the others whom I found wherever I went, as well as was possible, agreeably to what Your Majesty had commanded, and they have received no harm in any way from me or from those who went in my company. I remained twenty- five days in this province of Quivira, so as to see and explore the country and also to find out whether there was anything beyond which could be of service to Your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not any gold nor any other metal in all that country." - Francisco Coronado, Spanish conquistador, Travels in Quivira, C. 1542 Based on Coronado's observations, which of the following best describes Spanish efforts in Mexico in the mid-16th century?

Exploring lands new to them

"The farmers are being pauperized by the poverty of industrial populations and the industrial populations are being pauperized by the poverty of the farmers. Neither has the money to buy the product of the other, hence we have overproduction and under consumption at the same time and in the same country. "I have not come here to stir you in a recital of the necessity for relief for our suffering fellow citizens. However, unless something is done for them and done soon, you will have a revolution on hand .... "There is a feeling among the masses that something is radically wrong .... they say that this government is a conspiracy against the common people to enrich the already rich." -Oscar Ameringer, editor of the Oklahoma Daily Leader, testimony to the House Committee on Labor, February, 1932 Which of the following most directly supports the author's analysis?

Farm income fell from $11.4 billion in 1929 to $6.3 billion in 1932

A statement by the National Alliance. 1. We demand the abolition of national banks. 2. We demand that the government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several states, which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to exceed two per cent per annum, on non-perishable farm products, and also upon real estate .... 3. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 5. We condemn the silver bill recently passed by Congress, and demand in lieu there of the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 9. We further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the necessities of life, that the poor of our land must have. 10. We further demand a just and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes. 13. We demand that the Congress of the United States submit an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people of each state. - Ocala Platform, December 1890 The Ocala Platform proved an important link between which of the following groups?

Farmer organizations and the Populist movement

"Illumined by the stem-lantern of history, the New Deal can be seen to have left in place a set of institutional arrangement that constituted a more coherent pattern than is dreamt of in many philosophies. That pattern can be summarized in a single word: security-security for vulnerable individuals, to be sure, as Roosevelt famously urged in his campaign for the Social Security Act of 1935, but security for capitalists and consumers, for workers and builders as well. Job-security, life-cycle security, financial security, market security-however it might be defined, achieving security was the leitmotif of virtually everything the New Deal attempted." -David M. Kennedy, historian, Freedom From Fear, 1999 Which of the following New Deal policies most clearly addressed "job security" for workers?

Federal programs to collect funds for retirement, unemployment, and injuries on the job

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Fur trappers from this country recruited Native Americans into the business. These Indians were soon decimated by the white man's diseases and ruined by alcohol. The wholesale slaughtering of beaver also went against the culture and beliefs of the Native Americans and showed how Europeans destroyed the traditional Indian way of life.

France

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Jesuit missionaries (called Black Robes by the Indians) tried to encourage Indians to adopt European agricultural methods and convert to Roman Catholicism.

France

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Missionaries from this country understood that Christian beliefs could be compatible with Native American culture and customs.

France

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Most of the settlers were men who did not settle in one place, some of whom married Indian women.

France

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. This country's missions in North America were probably the most successful, especially since its colonists did not alienate future converts by encroaching on their lands or forcing them into labor.

France

Who was the Newly appointed head General of the Army of the Potomac at the time of the book?

George Meade

"On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our intention to keep neutral the United States of America. "If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: that we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left for your settlement." -Arthur Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister, January 19, 1917 Which of the following does this excerpt support as the primary cause of the U.S. declaration of war in April 1917?

Germany's violations of U.S. neutral rights

The Spy What was Longstreet's reaction to the spy knowing the location of the Union army?

He kept a straight face but he had not known previously

Chapter 30 Why did Major Ridge sign the Treaty of Echota and not hesitate to move West?

He knew he would be able to find new land in the West and would be able to bring his slaves with him

"To understand political power ... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of pe1fect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possess ions . .. within the bounds of the law of nature , without asking leave , or depending upon the will of any other man .... "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community ... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society .. .. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite ... . And this is that ... which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world." -John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690 How is the topic of Locke 's writing similar to most writing in the colonies in the 18th century?

He wrote about politics , and most writing was about politics or religion

"I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller's colossal combination," said Mr. [George) Rice, "and my story is not essentially different from the rest .... I established what w:as known as the Ohio Oil Works .... I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do-from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. "I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Stap.dard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors." -George Rice, "How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller," New York World, October 16, 1898 Defenders of corporate actions, such as the ones described in the passage above, would find support in

Herbert Spencer and the ideas of social Darwinism.

With the history of powerful and unaccountable executive power in mind, George Mason argued,"Shall any man be above Justice? Shall the man who has practiced corruption & by that means procured his appointment in the first instance, be allowed to escape punishment?" What check on power was Mason arguing for?

Impeachment

The final Marshall ruling on the Cherokee Natiion v. United States was

In favor of the Cherokees to keep their land

How were canals built?

In sections, with oversight by independent contractors

"... The first count in the declaration ... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State} ... The court ... holds as law that said act ... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The court further holds as matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states,'... " WABASH, ST. L. &. P. RY. CO. v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed. 244) Decided: October 25, 1886 Which action most directly resulted from the decision in the Supreme Court case?

Increased demand for federal legislation

"... The first count in the declaration ... {charges} that the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company had, in violation of a statute of the state of Illinois, been guilty of an unjust discrimination in its rates or charges of toll and compensation for the transportation of freight {from Illinois to New York State} ... The court ... holds as law that said act ... cannot apply to transportation service rendered partly without the state... and cannot operate beyond the limits of the state of Illinois. The court further holds as matter of law that the transportation in question falls within the proper description of 'commerce among the states,'... " WABASH, ST. L. &. P. RY. CO. v. STATE OF ILLINOIS 118 U.S. 557 (7 S.Ct. 4, 30 L.Ed. 244) Decided: October 25, 1886 Which change in American society most directly led to the situation described in the Supreme Court case?

Increases in immigration and industrialization

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle .... "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principall wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bedding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." - John Pory, Secretary ofVirginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 Which of the following groups made up most of the servants referred to in the passage?

Indentured servants from Europe

The Jefferson admnistration's treaties with the Cherokees in 1805 and 1806 reflected Jefferson's goal that

Indians should trade land for American goods

"Rationing is a vital part of your country's war effort. Any attempt to violate the rules is an effort to deny someone his share and will create hardship and help the enemy. This book is our Government's assurance of your right to buy your fair share of certain goods made scare by war. Price ceilings have also been established for your protection. Dealers must post these prices conspicuously. Don't pay more. Give your whole support to rationing and thereby conserve our vital goods. Be guided by the rule: "If you don't need it, DON'T BUY IT." "IMPORTANT: When you used your ration, salvage the TIN CANS and WASTE FATS. They are needed to make munitions for our fighting men. Cooperate with your local Salvage Committee." - War Ration Books 3 and 4, Office of Price Administration, 1943 Which of the following best explains the campaign behind the above government documents?

Industrial production was essential to successful modem warfare and it required an effort by the entire nation

How was the Declaratory Act a cause of the Boston Tea Party?

It provoked the Sons of Liberty to contest Parliament's ability to tax the colonies.

"Apart from his navigational skills, what most set Columbus apart from other Europeans of his day were not the things that he believed, but the intensity with which he believed in them and the determination with which he acted upon those beliefs .... "Columbus was, in most respects, merely an especially active and dramatic embodiment of the European-and especially the Mediterranean-mind and soul of his time: a religious fanatic obsessed with the conversion, conquest, or liquidation of all non-Christians; a latter-day Crusader in search of personal wealth and fame, who expected the enormous and mysterious world he had found to be filled with monstrous races inhabiting wild forests, and with golden people living in Eden." - David E. Stannard, historian, American Holocaust : Columbus and the Conquest of the New World, 1992 Which of the following is a reason historians are most likely to criticize the view of Columbus expressed in this excerpt?

It uses highly charged language

Steve Inskeep, named his book "Jacksonland" because

Jackson strove to make the map of the Deep South his own

The Homestead Act of 1862 gave an area of Western public land (usually 160 acres) to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years. This Act was a fulfillment of

Jeffersonian Model/Vision

The XYZ Affair occured during the presidency of

John Adams

Chapter 30 All of the following signed the Treaty of New Echota Except:

John Howard Payne

Epilogue Which influential Cherokee was NOT murdered in their home?

John Ross

The Haymarket Affair represented a major setback for the

Knights of Labor

Laissez-faire

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting - sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 Which of the following most effectively addressed the concerns that Upton Sinclair and others had for industrial workers?

Legislation passed during the Wilson presidency to legalize the organization of labor unions

Which two generals at Gettysburg were good friends from before the war?

Lew Armistead and Winfield Scott Hancock

The problem of birth control has arisen directly from the efforts of the feminine spirit to free itself from bondage . ... The basic freedom of the world is woman's freedom. A free race cannot be born of slave mothers. A woman enchained cannot choose but give a measure of that bondage to her sons and daughters. No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother. -Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race, 1920 Which of the following developments in the 1920s would most directly support the author's sentiments in the excerpt?

Liberalized divorce laws

From the forward: Who was Robert E. Lee's second in command?

Longstreet

Chapter 1 Why didn't Longstreet agree with Lee and Davis's invasion plan?

Longstreet didn't believe in offensive warfare when the enemy was more powerful

"I have made known my decision upon the Mexican Treaty .... I would submit it [to] the Senate for ratification ... "The treaty conformed on the main questions of limits and boundary to the instructions given ... though, if the treaty was now to be made, I should demand more territory ... . "I look, too, to the consequences of its rejection. A [Whig] majority of one branch of Congress [the House] is opposed to my administration .... And if I were now to reject a treaty made upon my own terms ... the probability is that Congress would not grant either men or money to prosecute the war .... I might at last be compelled to withdraw them [the army], and thus lose the two provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, which were ceded to the United States by this treaty." -President James K. Polk, Diary, 21st February, 1848 President Polk was motivated to reject the treaty with Mexico because of which of the following?

Many Southerners wanted the United States to get larger gains in territory

"To oppose those hordes of northern tribes, singly and alone, would prove certain destruction. We can make no progress in that way. We unite ourselves into one common band of brothers. We must have but one voice. Many voices makes confusion. We must have one fire, one pipe and one war club. This will give us strength. If our warriors are united they can defeat the enemy and drive them from our land; If we do this, we are safe .... "And you of the different nations of the south, and you of the west, may place yourselves under our protection, and we will protect you. We earnestly desire the alliance and friendship of you all .... " -Chief Elias Johnson, Legends, Traditions, and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians, 1881 Which of these was a common reaction by Indians to Europeans and represented a rejection of Chief Johnson's suggestions?

Migrating westward

"And upon full and careful consideration . .. Dred Scott was not a citizen of Missouri within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States and not entitled as such to sue in its courts .... "Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void .... "That it is now firmly settled by the decisions of the highest court in the state that Scott and his family, upon their return, were not free, but were, by the laws of Missouri, the property of the defendant; and that the Circuit Court of the United States has no jurisdiction when by the laws of the state, the plaintiff was a slave and not a citizen." -Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford , 1857 Which of the following acts of Congress was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott decision?

Missouri Compromise of 1820

"We apprehend that as freeman and English subjects, we have an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty;s other subjects who reside in the interior counties..., and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages on our murdered brethren and relatives...by this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from this fatal source have arisen many of our calamities...We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed." -The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants," 1764 Which of the following leaders from an earlier period represented a group in a similar situation as cited in this example?

Nathaniel Bacon

"And upon full and careful consideration . .. Dred Scott was not a citizen of Missouri within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States and not entitled as such to sue in its courts .... "Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void .... "That it is now firmly settled by the decisions of the highest court in the state that Scott and his family, upon their return, were not free, but were, by the laws of Missouri, the property of the defendant; and that the Circuit Court of the United States has no jurisdiction when by the laws of the state, the plaintiff was a slave and not a citizen." -Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford , 1857 Which of the following political groups had its efforts to find a compromise over slavery effectively ended by Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case?

Northern Democrats

Chapter 29 What was Wiley Thompson's chief motive for imprisoning Osceola?

Ocseola was a Seminole leader preaching against removal

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests ... She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money ." -George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 Which of the following describes a reason not mentioned by Strong in this excerpt that ultimately stopped Britain from recognizing the Confederacy?

Opposition from the British working class

Chapter 29 Who was the major leader for the Seminoles?

Osceola

Epilogue Who is the mascot of Florida State University based on?

Osceola

Passing a new Fugitive Slave Law

"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the resolute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." - The New York Times, April 30, 1941 Which of the following would the author( s) of this excerpt most likely support?

Passing the Lend Lease Act to provide arms on credit to Great Britain

Gen. ----------- was dead last in his class at West Point

Pickett

"Today three-fourths of its [New York's] people live in tenements .. . . "If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the 'other half,' and the evil they breed , are but as a just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth . . .. In the tenements all the influences make for evil; because they are the hotbeds of the epidemics that carry death to rich and poor alike ; the nurseries of pauperism and crime that fill our jails and police courts; that throw off a scum of forty thousand human wrecks to the island asylums and workhouses year by year; that turned out in the last eight years around half million beggars to prey upon our charities ; that maintain a standing army of ten thousand tramps with all that that implies; because above all, they touch the family life with deadly moral contagion .... " -Jacob A. Riis, journalist , How the Other Half Lives, 1890 During the late 19th century, which of the following groups most benefited from the poverty described by Riis?

Political machines

"Worst of any, however, were the fertilizer men, and those who served in the cooking rooms. These people could not be shown to the visitor- for the odor of a fertilizer man would scare any ordinary visitor at a hundred yards, and as for other men, who worked in tank rooms full of steam, their peculiar trouble was that they fell into the vats; and when they were fished out, there was never enough of them left to be worth exhibiting - sometimes they would be overlooked for days, till all but the bones of them has gone out to the world as Durham's Pure Leaf Lard!" - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 The above excerpt is most closely associated with which sector of the Progressive movement?

Politicians who supported state regulatory commissions to curtail abuses in business

"A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinleys, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock ." -David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919- 1941, 1965 Which of the following groups of politicians from between 1865 and 1900 most closely resemble the corrupt politicians during the Harding administration?

Politicians who took shares of railroad stock in return for government subsidies

"My Dear Nephew, "Never allow yourself to lose sight of that fact that politics, and not poker, is our great American game. If this could be beaten into the heads of some presumably well-meaning but glaringly unpractical people, we should hear less idiotic talk about reform in connection with politics. Nobody ever dreams of organizing a reform movement in poker.... "Mr. Lincoln, a very estimable and justly popular, but in some respects an impracticable man, formulated widely different error regard to politics. He held that ours is a government of the people, by the people, for the people. I maintain, on the contrary, that it is government of politicians, by politicians, for politicians. If your political career is to be a success, you must understand and respect this distinction with a difference." -William McElroy, journalist, "An Old War Horse to a Young Politician," published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly, 1880 McElroy's letter uses humor to make a point. Which of the following statements reflects McElroy's true criticism?

Politics was primarily about holding office for personal gain

"Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, 'THE WHOLE OR NONE'[?] ... It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended .... I maintain "1. That this question ... is .... one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment. "2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected. "3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to . . .. " -Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 Winthrop suggests that Polk's slogan of "Fifty -four Forty or Fight!" was based mainly on which of the following attitudes?

Polk hoped to get political benefit

In Utopia to Mill Town where did most of the factory girls come from?

Poor farms

Colonel George Mason of Virginia said the power of the people to ratify a new national constitution was the most important of all the resolutions to come before this Convention. The State Legislatures have no power to ratify, only the people have, Colonel Mason insisted. Based on the above excerpt, what concept does George Mason feel is the most important for the new government?

Popular Sovereignty

"Mr. President ... I proposed on Tuesday last that the Senate should proceed to the consideration of the bill to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas . . . Now I ask the friends and the opponents of this measure to look at it as it is. Is not the question involved the simple one, whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery, subject only to the limitations of the Constitution? ... "If the principle is right, let it be avowed and maintained. If it is wrong, let it be repudiated. Let all this quibbling about the Missouri Compromise, about the territory acquired from France, about the act of 1820, be cast behind you; for the simple question is-Will you allow the people to legislate for themselves upon the subject of slavery? Why should you not?" -Stephen A. Douglas, Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 An increase in which of the following was the key part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to attract Southern support?

Popular sovereignty

"Mr. President ... I proposed on Tuesday last that the Senate should proceed to the consideration of the bill to organize the territories of Nebraska and Kansas . . . Now I ask the friends and the opponents of this measure to look at it as it is. Is not the question involved the simple one, whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery, subject only to the limitations of the Constitution? ... "If the principle is right, let it be avowed and maintained. If it is wrong, let it be repudiated. Let all this quibbling about the Missouri Compromise, about the territory acquired from France, about the act of 1820, be cast behind you; for the simple question is-Will you allow the people to legislate for themselves upon the subject of slavery? Why should you not?" -Stephen A. Douglas, Defense of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 Which of the following ideas is Douglas appealing to when he says, "whether the people of the territories shall be allowed to do as they please upon the question of slavery"?

Popular sovereignty

The problem of birth control has arisen directly from the efforts of the feminine spirit to free itself from bondage . ... The basic freedom of the world is woman's freedom. A free race cannot be born of slave mothers. A woman enchained cannot choose but give a measure of that bondage to her sons and daughters. No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother. -Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race, 1920 Which of the following most influenced thinking about sexual behavior during the 1920s?

Popularization of Sigmund Freud

President James Garfield was assassinated

"We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness .... "We earnestly condemn the policy of the present national administration in the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands .... We denounce the slaughter of the Filipinos as a needless horror. We protest against the extension of American sovereignty by Spanish methods. We demand the immediate cessation of the war against liberty, begun by Spain and continued by us. We urge that Congress be promptly convened to announce to the Filipinos our purpose to concede to them the independence for which they have so long fought and which of right is theirs." -Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, October 17, 1899 Which of the following represents a policy that the authors of the excerpt would most likely support?

President Wilson's signing of the Jones Act in 1916

"We apprehend that as freeman and English subjects, we have an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty;s other subjects who reside in the interior counties..., and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages on our murdered brethren and relatives...by this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from this fatal source have arisen many of our calamities...We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed." -The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants," 1764 The concern expressed in this excerpt helps explain why the British passed the __________.

Proclamation of 1763

"To be sure, much of progressivism was exclusionary. Yet we can now recognize not a singular political persuasion, but rather a truly plural set of progressivisms, with workers, African Americans, women, and even Native Americans-along with a diverse and contentious set of middling folk-taking up the language and ideas of what was once conceived of as an almost entirely white, male, middle-class movement. As for the dreams of democracy from the period: despite the frequent blindness of those who embodied them, they remain bold, diverse, and daring. It is for this reason that democratic political theorists ... have looked so longingly at the active citizenship of the Progressive Era, seeking ways to rekindle the democratic impulses of a century ago." -Robert D. Johnston, historian, "The Possibilities of Politics," 2011 Which of the following would most directly support the argument that Progressives were "exclusionary"?

Progressives did little to end the segregation of African Americans

"To be sure, much of progressivism was exclusionary. Yet we can now recognize not a singular political persuasion, but rather a truly plural set of progressivisms, with workers, African Americans, women, and even Native Americans-along with a diverse and contentious set of middling folk-taking up the language and ideas of what was once conceived of as an almost entirely white, male, middle-class movement. As for the dreams of democracy from the period: despite the frequent blindness of those who embodied them, they remain bold, diverse, and daring. It is for this reason that democratic political theorists ... have looked so longingly at the active citizenship of the Progressive Era, seeking ways to rekindle the democratic impulses of a century ago." -Robert D. Johnston, historian, "The Possibilities of Politics," 2011 Which of the following interpretations of progressivism would most likely support this excerpt?

Progressives were a diverse group who supported various reforms

"Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty- to eighty-league journey. They would go then, falling into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating 'Hungry, hungry."' -Bartolome de Las Casas, priest and social reformer, In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550 Which of the following best explains the underlying cause of the Spanish actions described by Las Casas?

Racism

"Illumined by the stem-lantern of history, the New Deal can be seen to have left in place a set of institutional arrangement that constituted a more coherent pattern than is dreamt of in many philosophies. That pattern can be summarized in a single word: security-security for vulnerable individuals, to be sure, as Roosevelt famously urged in his campaign for the Social Security Act of 1935, but security for capitalists and consumers, for workers and builders as well. Job-security, life-cycle security, financial security, market security-however it might be defined, achieving security was the leitmotif of virtually everything the New Deal attempted." -David M. Kennedy, historian, Freedom From Fear, 1999 Which of the following New Deal policies most directly addressed "security for capitalists"?

Regulations to curtail fraud in investment banking and the stock markets

Chapter 30 The Treaty of New Echota encompassed everything EXCEPT

Required dual citizenship for Cherokees (Cherokee and US Citizenship)

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an inform ation for printing and publishing a false , scandalous, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province ... is greatly and unjustly scanda lized as a person that has no regard to law nor justice .... Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger 's attorney] has confessed the printing and publishing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so .. . I hope it is not our bare printing and publi shing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselve s must be libelous , that is false ... or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander , lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Which group would most strongly support Zenger's position on the press?

Residents of the cities

"Be it therefore ordered and enacted .... That whatsoever person or persons within this Province .. . shall henceforth blaspheme God, that is, curse Him or shall deny our Savior Jesus Christ to be the Son of God, or shall deny the Holy Trinity ... or the Godhead of any of the said Three persons of the Trinity or the Unity of the Godhead ... shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of all his or her lands .. .. And whereas ... that no person or persons whatsoever within this province , or the islands, ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any way troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in free exercise thereof within this province or the islands thereunto belonging nor any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other Religion against his or her consent." - The Maryland Act of Toleration, 1649 Which of the following religious groups were the authors of the Maryland Act of Toleration trying to protect?

Roman Catholics

"We apprehend that as freeman and English subjects, we have an indisputable title to the same privileges and immunities with His Majesty;s other subjects who reside in the interior counties..., and therefore ought not to be excluded from an equal share with them in the very important privilege of legislation... We cannot but observe with sorrow and indignation that some persons in this province are at pains to extenuate the barbarous cruelties practiced by these savages on our murdered brethren and relatives...by this means the Indians have been taught to despise us as a weak and disunited people, and from this fatal source have arisen many of our calamities...We humbly pray therefore that this grievance may be redressed." -The Paxton Boys, to the Pennsylvania Assembly, " A Remonstrance of Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants," 1764 The protests by the Paxton Boys occurred during a period when many colonists were objecting to British policies that were a result of the

Seven Years' War

Chamberlain What authority were officers given if their men refused to do their duty?

Shoot them

"To understand political power ... we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that it is a state of pe1fect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possess ions . .. within the bounds of the law of nature , without asking leave , or depending upon the will of any other man .... "Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community must be understood to give up all the power necessary to the ends for which they unite into society, to the majority of the community ... And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society .. .. And thus that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite ... . And this is that ... which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world." -John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, 1690 Which of the following groups in the colonie s in the late 17th century would be most critical of Locke's ideas?

Slave owners

"Today three-fourths of its [New York's] people live in tenements .. . . "If it shall appear that the sufferings and the sins of the 'other half,' and the evil they breed , are but as a just punishment upon the community that gave it no other choice, it will be because that is the truth . . .. In the tenements all the influences make for evil; because they are the hotbeds of the epidemics that carry death to rich and poor alike ; the nurseries of pauperism and crime that fill our jails and police courts; that throw off a scum of forty thousand human wrecks to the island asylums and workhouses year by year; that turned out in the last eight years around half million beggars to prey upon our charities ; that maintain a standing army of ten thousand tramps with all that that implies; because above all, they touch the family life with deadly moral contagion .... " -Jacob A. Riis, journalist , How the Other Half Lives, 1890 Which group would be most likely to oppose government intervention to improve the tenements?

Social scientists who used the scientific method to research poverty and urban problems

"Though Franklin himself never tried to discourage me and was undisturbed by anything I wanted to say or do, other people were frequently less happy about my actions. I knew, for instance , that many of my racial beliefs and activities in the field of social work caused .. . grave concern. They were afraid that I would hurt my husband politically and socially, and I imagine they thought I was doing many things without Franklin's knowledge and agreement. On occasion they blew up to him and to other people. I knew it at the time, but there was no use in my trying to explain, because our basic values were very different. " - Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 1949 The excerpt suggests that Eleanor Roosevelt knew that her positions could most harm her husband's standing with which of the following groups?

Southern Democrats

"It being desirable for the peace, concord , and harmony of the Union of these states to settle and adjust amicably all existing questions of controversy between them arising out of the institution of slavery upon a fair, equitable, and just basis .... "We are told now ... that the Union is threatened with subversion and destruction .. . If the Union is to be dissolved for any existing causes, it will be dissolved because slavery is interdicted or not allowed to be introduced into the ceded territories, because slavery is threatened to be abolished in the District of Columbia, and because fugitive slaves are not returned . . . to their masters .... "I am for staying within the Union and fighting for my rights." -Henry Clay, Resolution on the Compromise of 1850, 1850 To which politicians is Clay directing the last line of the excerpt?

Southerners who were threatening to secede

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Conquerors destroyed the temples of Tenochtitlan to make way for Christian cathedrals, built on the site of the ruined Indian capital. The native population, their numbers decreased by disease, shrank from 20 to 2 million in less than a century.

Spain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Franciscan missionaries worked to convert Native Americans and by 1600 had established a chain of missions across northern Florida.

Spain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Many of this nation's conquistadors married native women and quickly had them baptized into the Catholic faith. Their offspring became known as "mestizos."

Spain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. The Roman Catholic mission became the central institution in colonial New Mexico until missionaries' efforts to suppress native religious customs provoked Popé's Rebellion in 1680 in which Pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed priests and settlers.

Spain

Categorize by country the following description of actions that impacted Native Americans in North America from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. This nation's New World leaders implemented the encomienda system, a system of forced labor or slavery that allowed the government to commend, or give, Indians to colonists in return for a promise to Christianize them.

Spain

Why did Robert E. Lee. distrust spies? (Chapter 1)

Spies have no honor

(Chapter 4, Longstreet) What was a common misconception about the civil war stated in the book?

That the Confederates went to war for slavery

"I think all men recognize that in time of war the citizen must surrender some rights for the common good which he is entitled to enjoy in time of peace. But sir, the right to control their own government, according to constitutional forms, is not one of the rights that the citizens of this country are called upon to surrender in time of war .... "Mr. President, our Government, above all others, is founded on the right of the people freely to discuss all matters pertaining to their Government, in war not less than in peace .... How can the popular will express itself between elections except by meetings, by speeches, by publications, by petitions, and by addresses to the representatives of the people? "Any man who seeks to set a limit upon these rights, whether in war or peace, aims a blow at the most vital part of our Government." - Robert M. Lafollette, Congressional Record, October 6, 1917 Which of the following conflicts raised the most similar concerns about the violation of civil rights as did World War I?

The American Civil War

"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the resolute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." - The New York Times, April 30, 1941 Which of the following caused the greatest shift in American opinion about World War II?

The British victory over the German and Italian armies in North Africa

"I think all men recognize that in time of war the citizen must surrender some rights for the common good which he is entitled to enjoy in time of peace. But sir, the right to control their own government, according to constitutional forms, is not one of the rights that the citizens of this country are called upon to surrender in time of war .... "Mr. President, our Government, above all others, is founded on the right of the people freely to discuss all matters pertaining to their Government, in war not less than in peace .... How can the popular will express itself between elections except by meetings, by speeches, by publications, by petitions, and by addresses to the representatives of the people? "Any man who seeks to set a limit upon these rights, whether in war or peace, aims a blow at the most vital part of our Government." - Robert M. Lafollette, Congressional Record, October 6, 1917 Which of the following during World War I proved the most direct threat to the perspective on civil rights in this excerpt?

The Espionage and Sedition Acts

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights ; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has put into their -power for mutual and self-defense .... "To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal. . . . But let us remember . .. government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law ... . Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous." -Jonathan Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers," 1750 Which of the following possible influences on Mayhew is most clearly reflected in this statement?

The Great Awakening

Prior to the French and Indian war the Native Americans were able to play the French and British Empires off of each other. In particular this allowed for the Iroquois Confederation to be neutral and reap the benefits of trading with both Empires. How did this change after the French and Indian War?

The Iroquois allied themselves with the British, but no longer received favorable trade deals and diplomatic gifts.

Initially, Jefferson was looking to secure __________ from France.

The Port of New Orleans and it's environs

"I stand before you tonight under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime , but, instead, simply exercised my citizen's rights, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any state to deny . ... Are women persons? And I hardly believe any of our opponents will have the hardihood to say they are not. Being persons, then , women are citizens; and no state has a right to make any law, or to enforce any old law, that shall abridge their privileges or immunities. Hence, every discrimination against women in the constitutions and laws of the several states is today null and void, precisely as is every one against Negroes." -Susan B. Anthony , "Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote?" 1873 Susan B. Anthony's arguments for women's suffrage can best be understood in the context of

The Reconstruction amendments

"Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of international police power ... "We would interfere with them only in the last resort, and then only if it became evident that their inability or unwillingness to do justice at home and abroad had violated the rights of the United States or has invited foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations ." - Theodore Roosevelt, Speech to Congress, Dec. 6, 1904 Which of the following was the most direct result of the policy stated in this excerpt?

The United States intervened in many American countries in the early 20th century

"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the resolute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." - The New York Times, April 30, 1941 Which of the following statements best characterizes American opinion about involvement in World War II at the time this excerpt was published?

The United States should increase defense spending, but providing direct aid to Britain is controversial.

Chapter 29 The Second Seminole War was "horrifying" and had "no glory in it". What other US war did Inskeep (the author) compare it to?

The Vietnam War

"Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, 'THE WHOLE OR NONE'[?] ... It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended .... I maintain "1. That this question ... is .... one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment. "2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected. "3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to . . .. " -Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 Which of the following served as a major cause of the war with Mexico?

The annexation of Texas

Chapter 26 What was Jackson's main reason for attacking the National Bank?

The bank only served wealth and well-connected businessmen

Benjamin proposed the Albany Plan in 1754 to form a Union among the 13 colonies. Select the BEST response for why the Albany Plan did not pass.

The colonial assemblies were unwilling to forfeit any of their sovereignty.

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an inform ation for printing and publishing a false , scandalou s, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province ... is greatly and unjustly scanda lized as a person that has no regard to law nor ju stice .... Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger 's attorney] has confessed the printing and publishing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so .. . I hope it is not our bare printing and publi shing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselve s must be libelous , that is false ... or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander , lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Which of the following was a long-term effect of the jury's decision in the Zenger case?

The colonial press became more willing to criticize the British

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.' "The school of laissez-faire , of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners." -Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

The concentration of corporate wealth and power

"To be sure, much of progressivism was exclusionary. Yet we can now recognize not a singular political persuasion, but rather a truly plural set of progressivisms, with workers, African Americans, women, and even Native Americans-along with a diverse and contentious set of middling folk-taking up the language and ideas of what was once conceived of as an almost entirely white, male, middle-class movement. As for the dreams of democracy from the period: despite the frequent blindness of those who embodied them, they remain bold, diverse, and daring. It is for this reason that democratic political theorists ... have looked so longingly at the active citizenship of the Progressive Era, seeking ways to rekindle the democratic impulses of a century ago." -Robert D. Johnston, historian, "The Possibilities of Politics," 2011 Which of the following Progressive reforms most directly promoted "active citizenship"?

The direct election of senators

"A widely held view of the Republican administrations of the 1920s is that they represented a return to an older order that had existed before Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson became the nation's chief executives. Harding and Coolidge especially are seen as latter-day McKinleys, political mediocrities who peopled their cabinets with routine, conservative party hacks of the kind almost universal in Washington from the end of the Civil War until the early 20th century. In this view, the 1920s politically were an effort to set back the clock ." -David A. Shannon, historian, Between the Wars: America, 1919- 1941, 1965 Which of the following from the 1920s mostly clearly challenges the interpretation expressed in the excerpt?

The disarmament agreement among the great powers to limit warships and aggression

Foreword What would change about the Union army in the upcoming year?

The draft would start, ending the volunteer army of the US

Why did Michael Shaara write this book? (To the Reader)

The history was not enough; he wanted others to experience the Battle of Gettysburg through writing

Epilogue Inskeep (the Author of Jacksonland) referred to the "last Indian Removal Act" What did he refer to?

The moving of Ross's original house

"We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness .... "We earnestly condemn the policy of the present national administration in the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands .... We denounce the slaughter of the Filipinos as a needless horror. We protest against the extension of American sovereignty by Spanish methods. We demand the immediate cessation of the war against liberty, begun by Spain and continued by us. We urge that Congress be promptly convened to announce to the Filipinos our purpose to concede to them the independence for which they have so long fought and which of right is theirs." -Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, October 17, 1899 With which of the following would supporters of this excerpt most likely agree?

The peoples of Asia had a right to govern themselves without outside interference.

"We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness .... "We earnestly condemn the policy of the present national administration in the Philippines. It seeks to extinguish the spirit of 1776 in those islands .... We denounce the slaughter of the Filipinos as a needless horror. We protest against the extension of American sovereignty by Spanish methods. We demand the immediate cessation of the war against liberty, begun by Spain and continued by us. We urge that Congress be promptly convened to announce to the Filipinos our purpose to concede to them the independence for which they have so long fought and which of right is theirs." -Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League, October 17, 1899 Which of the following most directly contributed to the anti-imperialist sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

The provisions of the peace treaty ending the Spanish-American War

"You evidently have observed the growth of corporate wealth and influence. You recognize that wealth, in order to become more highly productive, is concentrated into fewer hands, and controlled by representatives and directors, and yet you sing the old siren song that the workingman should depend entirely upon his own 'individual effort.' "The school of laissez-faire , of which you seem to be a pronounced advocate, has produced great men in advocating the theory of each for himself and his Satanic majesty taking the hindermost, but the most pronounced advocates of your school of thought in economics have, when practically put to the test, been compelled to admit that combination and organizations of the toiling masses are essential both to prevent the deterioration and to secure an improvement in the condition of the wage earners." -Samuel Gompers, Letter to Judge Peter Grosscup, "Labor in Industrial Society," 1894 According to the author, what has most contributed to the need for wage earners to organize?

The rise of the captains of industry

"[Lawyer for the prosecution:] Gentlemen of the jury; the information now before the Court, and to which the Defendant Zenger has pleaded not guilty, is an inform ation for printing and publishing a false , scandalou s, and seditious libel, in which His Excellency the Governor of this Province ... is greatly and unjustly scanda lized as a person that has no regard to law nor ju stice .... Indeed Sir, as Mr. Hamilton [Zenger 's attorney] has confessed the printing and publishing these libels, I think the jury must find a verdict for the King; for supposing they were true, the law says that they are not the less libelous for that; nay, indeed the law says their being true is an aggravation of the crime. "[Mr. Hamilton:] Not so .. . I hope it is not our bare printing and publi shing a paper that will make it libel. You will have something more to do before you make my client a libeler; for the words themselve s must be libelous , that is false ... or else we are not guilty." -James Alexander , lawyer for J. Peter Zenger, The Trial of John Peter Zenger, 1736 Which of the following had an effect on attitudes toward traditional authority similar to the effect of the Zenger case?

The spread o the Great Awakening

Which of the following is NOT a requirement set by the Reconstruction Act of 1867 for Southern states' readmission to the Union?

The state had to pay reparations and provide land grants to all former slaves.

Chapter 4 In general, what is the morale of the Confederate army?

They are in high spirits and believe that they are going to win the war soon

Chapter 31 Why did the treaty not seem to concern the Cherokees.

They did not expect it to be enforced

Chapter 31 What did white men think of General Wool?

They disliked how he sympathized with the Cherokees and was harsh toward his own troops

What is the issue surrounding J.E.B. Stuart and his cavalry?

They have not kept in communication with Lee

"These at the heads of James and York rivers ... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor, ... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send .... "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, ... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part .... This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded .... They fired and ... slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Based on the information in this excerpt, what is Samuel Kercheval 's point of view toward Bacon and his followers?

They were frustrated men who were taking action because the government did not

Chapter 26 What was the ideology of Jackson's party?

To protect the rights of the common man

Treatment of the Bonus Marchers

"To oppose those hordes of northern tribes, singly and alone, would prove certain destruction. We can make no progress in that way. We unite ourselves into one common band of brothers. We must have but one voice. Many voices makes confusion. We must have one fire, one pipe and one war club. This will give us strength. If our warriors are united they can defeat the enemy and drive them from our land; If we do this, we are safe .... "And you of the different nations of the south, and you of the west, may place yourselves under our protection, and we will protect you. We earnestly desire the alliance and friendship of you all .... " -Chief Elias Johnson, Legends, Traditions, and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians, 1881 Which of the following factors best explains why Native American efforts to unite were rare?

Tribes had traditions of independence

Twenty-five percent of the workforce was unemployed

Chapter 30 In early 1835 Ross's home was taken from him. What else did they take from him?

Voice and Freedom

"On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our intention to keep neutral the United States of America. "If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: that we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left for your settlement." -Arthur Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister, January 19, 1917 The issue of freedom of the seas in World War I most closely resembles the cause of which of the following conflicts?

War of 1812

Chapter 26 Outsiders saw America as a country founded with equality. What factor from Jacksonland disproves this assumption?

White Americans singular mildness conflicted with their harsh punishment of other races.

In the Hermatige, Jackson showed Lafayette

a brace of pistols Lafayette had given to George Washington

"Now , therefore , I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander in chief ... and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion do ... order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following ... "I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free .... "And I further declare ... that such person s of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States ... "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice , warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity." -Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 To issue an Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln felt that he needed which of the following?

a military victory

Most Cheokees

adopted European style clothes

John Coffee, one of Jackson's commanders in the Creek Wars,

advised Jackson about land deals

Chapter 26 The play Metamora was about

an Indian chief killed by white men

"We believe that God created both man and woman in His own image, and, therefore, we believe in one standard of purity for both men and women , and in equal rights of all to hold opinions and to express the same with equal freedom . "We believe in a living wage; in an eight-hour day; in courts of conciliation and arbitration; in justice as opposed to greed of gain; in 'peace on earth and goodwill to men.' "We therefore formulate and, for ourselves, adopt the following pledge, asking our sisters and brothers of a common danger and a common hope to make common cause with us in working its reason able and helpful precepts into the practice of everyday life: "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including wine, beer, and cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same. " -National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Annual Leaflet, 1902 The above excerpt most directly reflects that the temperance movement

appealed to a varied constituency of reformers

John Ross and Major Ridge created a Constitution

as a political defense to preserve the Cherokee land

"We believe that God created both man and woman in His own image, and, therefore, we believe in one standard of purity for both men and women , and in equal rights of all to hold opinions and to express the same with equal freedom . "We believe in a living wage; in an eight-hour day; in courts of conciliation and arbitration; in justice as opposed to greed of gain; in 'peace on earth and goodwill to men.' "We therefore formulate and, for ourselves, adopt the following pledge, asking our sisters and brothers of a common danger and a common hope to make common cause with us in working its reason able and helpful precepts into the practice of everyday life: "I hereby solemnly promise, God helping me, to abstain from all distilled, fermented, and malt liquors, including wine, beer, and cider, and to employ all proper means to discourage the use of and traffic in the same. " -National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Annual Leaflet, 1902 The Prohibition movement was similar to other Progressive reforms because it

began on the local and state levels before becoming national

"Now , therefore , I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as commander in chief ... and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion do ... order and designate as the states and parts of states wherein the people thereof, respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States the following ... "I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated states and parts of states are, and henceforward shall be, free .... "And I further declare ... that such person s of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States ... "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice , warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity." -Abraham Lincoln, The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 President Lincoln delayed issuing an Emancipation Proclamation because of his concern that it would

cause the border states to secede"Bleeding Kansas" was a direct result of the doctrine of

"These at the heads of James and York rivers ... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor, ... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send .... "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, ... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part .... This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded .... They fired and ... slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Bacon's Rebellion was initiated by a group of farmers who felt most directly threatened by

conflicts with American Indians

The term "vertical integration" refers to

control of all aspects of an industry, from production of raw materials to delivery of finished goods

Rachel Jackson

died before Jackson was inaugurated

Epilogue Quatic, Ross' wife

died while on the way West to the Indian Territory

"On the first of February, we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this it is our intention to keep neutral the United States of America. "If this attempt is not successful we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: that we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left for your settlement." -Arthur Zimmermann, German Foreign Minister, January 19, 1917 When the Zimmermann message was made public, most people in the United States

expressed nationalist anger against Germany

"The white race deems itself to be the dominant race in this country. And so it is, in prestige, in achievements, in education, in wealth, and in power .... But in the view of the Constitution, in the eye of the law, there is in this country no superior, no dominant, ruling class of citizens. Our Constitution is color-blind and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. "In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law. The humblest is the peer of the most powerful. The laws regard man as man and take no account of his surroundings or his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. It is therefore to be regretted that this high tribunal, the final expositor of the fundamental law of the land, has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a state to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their civil right solely upon the basis of race." -Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan, dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Harlan's opinion goes against the majority opinion on the Supreme Court that

facilities could be segregated by race if they were "separate but equal"

Ross

grew up surrounded by his relatives.

During the election of 1824 Jackson

had to pretend he had no interest in his own candidacy.

Andrew Johnson was impeached because

he violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing Secretary of War Stanton

Chapter 32 John Ross send a letter to the Seminoles because

he wanted them to stop fighting pursue a negotiation similar to the Cherokee's

A statement by the National Alliance. 1. We demand the abolition of national banks. 2. We demand that the government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several states, which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to exceed two per cent per annum, on non-perishable farm products, and also upon real estate .... 3. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 5. We condemn the silver bill recently passed by Congress, and demand in lieu there of the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 9. We further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the necessities of life, that the poor of our land must have. 10. We further demand a just and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes. 13. We demand that the Congress of the United States submit an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people of each state. - Ocala Platform, December 1890 The economic reasoning behind the Ocala Platform assumes that

increasing the money supply would increase prices and incomes

Throughout the passionate debate in Washington in the spring of 1830, members of a divided House surprisingly agreed on one thing:

it was detrimental to Indians to live in the South.

"I have made known my decision upon the Mexican Treaty .... I would submit it [to] the Senate for ratification ... "The treaty conformed on the main questions of limits and boundary to the instructions given ... though, if the treaty was now to be made, I should demand more territory ... . "I look, too, to the consequences of its rejection. A [Whig] majority of one branch of Congress [the House] is opposed to my administration .... And if I were now to reject a treaty made upon my own terms ... the probability is that Congress would not grant either men or money to prosecute the war .... I might at last be compelled to withdraw them [the army], and thus lose the two provinces of New Mexico and Upper California, which were ceded to the United States by this treaty." -President James K. Polk, Diary, 21st February, 1848 The major opposition to the Mexican War was based on the belief that

it would expand slavery

"For a nation thus abused to arise unanimously and to resist their prince, even to dethroning him, is not criminal but a reasonable way of vindicating their liberties and just rights ; it is making use of the means, and the only means, which God has put into their -power for mutual and self-defense .... "To conclude, let us all learn to be free and to be loyal. . . . But let us remember . .. government is sacred and not to be trifled with. It is our happiness to live under the government of a prince who is satisfied with ruling according to law ... . Let us prize our freedom but not use our liberty for a cloak of maliciousness. There are men who strike at liberty under the term licentiousness. There are others who aim at popularity under the disguise of patriotism. Be aware of both. Extremes are dangerous." -Jonathan Mayhew, church minister, "On Unlimited Submission to Rulers," 1750 According to Mayhew, the people should be willing to challenge abuses by the

king

The bulk of Chrokee land

lay within Georgia

Catharine Beecher

led a women's movement to protest the Indian Removal Bill

In the late nineteenth century, political machines such as Tammany Hall were successful primarily because

machine politicians provided needed jobs and services to naturalized citizens in return for their votes

As a result of the Emancipation Proclamation,

nearly 200,000 free blacks and escaped slaves joined the Union Army

Japan was outraged by the American annexation of Hawaii in 1898 primarily because

nearly half of Hawaii's residents were of Japanese descent

opposition to British rule of the colonies was increasing

"Though Franklin himself never tried to discourage me and was undisturbed by anything I wanted to say or do, other people were frequently less happy about my actions. I knew, for instance , that many of my racial beliefs and activities in the field of social work caused .. . grave concern. They were afraid that I would hurt my husband politically and socially, and I imagine they thought I was doing many things without Franklin's knowledge and agreement. On occasion they blew up to him and to other people. I knew it at the time, but there was no use in my trying to explain, because our basic values were very different. " - Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 1949 Eleanor Roosevelt expressed the most independence from President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers in her

opposition to racial discrimination

"Bleeding Kansas" was a direct result of the doctrine of

popular soverignty

Initially, John Marshall

rejected the Cherokees' lawsuit

Arguments for colonization of Africans began to resemble arguments for

removing Indians across the Mississippi

"As touching the quality of this country, three thinges there bee, which in fewe yeares may bring this Colony to perfection; the English plough, Vineyards, & Cattle .... "All our riches for the present doe consiste in Tobacco, wherein one man by his owne laboour hath in one yeare, raised to himself to the value of 200 sterling; and another by the means of sixe seruants hath cleared at one crop a thousand pound english. These be true, yet indeed rare examples, yet possible to be done by others. Our principall wealth (I should haue said) consisteth in servants: but they are chargeable to be furnished with armes, apparel, & bedding, and for their transportation, and casuall both at sea, & for their first yeare commonly at lande also: but if they escape, they proove very hardy, and sound able men." - John Pory, Secretary ofVirginia, Letter to Sir Dudley Carlton, 1619 Despite the success of tobacco in Virginia, the colony still faced problems and eventually became a

royal colony

Ross sought to evict white families living on Cherokee land by

setting fire to their homes

The principle of popular sovereignty stated that

settlers in the Western territories, not Congress, would decide whether to allow slavery in their territories

A statement by the National Alliance. 1. We demand the abolition of national banks. 2. We demand that the government shall establish sub-treasuries or depositories in the several states, which shall loan money direct to the people at a low rate of interest, not to exceed two per cent per annum, on non-perishable farm products, and also upon real estate .... 3. We demand that the amount of the circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50 per capita. 5. We condemn the silver bill recently passed by Congress, and demand in lieu there of the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 9. We further demand a removal of the existing heavy tariff tax from the necessities of life, that the poor of our land must have. 10. We further demand a just and equitable system of graduated tax on incomes. 13. We demand that the Congress of the United States submit an amendment to the Constitution providing for the election of United States Senators by direct vote of the people of each state. - Ocala Platform, December 1890 The Ocala Platform resulted from a protest movement that primarily involved

small farmers

Ross was

smaller than the average Indian

Following the Civil War, most freed slaves

stayed in the South and worked as sharecroppers

Which of the following was NOT an argument for Indian removal:

the Cassius Clay argument that the Indian "floats like a butterfly and stings like a bee" and should be removed

James Horn, author of "Why Jamestown Matters" believes that if the Virginia Company had pulled out of Jamestown

the English might never have established themselves as the major colonial power on the mainland.

the South needed to industrialize

Which Cherokee political party was in favor of relocating the Cherokees?

the Treaty Party

"Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, 'THE WHOLE OR NONE'[?] ... It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended .... I maintain "1. That this question ... is .... one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment. "2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected. "3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to . . .. " -Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 President Polk accepted a compromise with Britain on the Oregon dispute because

the United States was facing problems with Mexico

"Where, where was the heroic determination of the executive to vindicate our title to the whole of Oregon-yes sir, 'THE WHOLE OR NONE'[?] ... It has been openly avowed ... that Oregon and Texas were born and cradled together in the Baltimore Convention; that they were the twin offspring of that political conclave; and in that avowal may be found the whole explanation of the difficulties and dangers with which the question is now attended .... I maintain "1. That this question ... is .... one for negotiations, compromise, and amicable adjustment. "2. That satisfactory evidence has not yet been afforded that no compromise which the United States ought to accept can be effected. "3. That, if no other mode of amicable settlement remains, arbitration ought to be resorted to . . .. " -Robert C. Winthrop, speech to the House of Representatives, "Arbitration of the Oregon Question," January 3, 1846 President Polk accepted a compromise with Britain on the Oregon dispute because

the United States was facing problems with Mexico

"These at the heads of James and York rivers ... grew impatient at the many slaughters of their neighbors and rose for own defense, who choosing Mr. Bacon for their leader, sent oftentimes to the Governor, ... beseeching a commission to go against the Indians at their own charge; which His Honor as often promised, but did not send .... "During these protractions and people often slain, most or all the officers, civil and military, ... met and concerted together, the danger of going without a commission on the one part and the continual murders of their neighbors on the other part .... This day lapsing and no commission come, they marched into the wilderness in quest of these Indians, after whom the Governor sent his proclamation, denouncing all rebels who should not return within a limited day; whereupon those of estates obeyed. But Mr. Bacon, with fifty-seven men, proceeded .... They fired and ... slew 150 Indians." -Samuel Kercheval, Virginia author and lawyer, "On Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia," 1833 Which of the following led the opposition to Bacon's Rebellion?

the colonial governor

"And upon full and careful consideration . .. Dred Scott was not a citizen of Missouri within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States and not entitled as such to sue in its courts .... "Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the United States north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void .... "That it is now firmly settled by the decisions of the highest court in the state that Scott and his family, upon their return, were not free, but were, by the laws of Missouri, the property of the defendant; and that the Circuit Court of the United States has no jurisdiction when by the laws of the state, the plaintiff was a slave and not a citizen." -Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford , 1857 Northerners were most upset by the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision because

the decision allowed slavery in the the territories

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by virtue of an act of Congress or executive order . . . , the President of the United States [is] hereby . . . authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed ..., and to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty [separate plots of land, individually owned] to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: .. . " -Dawes Severalty Act (excerpt), 1887 An important impetus for the passage of the Dawes Severalty Act was

the depiction of mistreatment of American Indians in Helen Hunt Jackson's book, "A Century of Dishonor."

Which one of these things did Jackson NOT achieve by the end of his presidency?

the end of the war in Florida

"Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of international police power ... "We would interfere with them only in the last resort, and then only if it became evident that their inability or unwillingness to do justice at home and abroad had violated the rights of the United States or has invited foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations ." - Theodore Roosevelt, Speech to Congress, Dec. 6, 1904 This excerpt most directly reflects the continuation of the policy that

the independent nations of the Americas should remain free from European intervention

"The province of Quivira is 950 leagues from Mexico. Where I reached it, it is in the fortieth degree [ of latitude]. ... I have treated the natives of this province, and all the others whom I found wherever I went, as well as was possible, agreeably to what Your Majesty had commanded, and they have received no harm in any way from me or from those who went in my company. I remained twenty- five days in this province of Quivira, so as to see and explore the country and also to find out whether there was anything beyond which could be of service to Your Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not any gold nor any other metal in all that country." - Francisco Coronado, Spanish conquistador, Travels in Quivira, C. 1542 The activities of Coronado and other Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the Americas in the 16th century primarily depended on the support of

the monarchs

"Concerning the treatment of Native American workers: When they were allowed to go home, they often found it deserted and had no other recourse than to go out into the woods to find food and to die. When they fell ill, which was very frequently because they are a delicate people unaccustomed to such work, the Spaniards did not believe them and pitilessly called them lazy dogs, and kicked and beat them; and when illness was apparent they sent them home as useless, giving them some cassava for the twenty- to eighty-league journey. They would go then, falling into the first stream and dying there in desperation; others would hold on longer, but very few ever made it home. I sometimes came upon dead bodies on my way, and upon others who were gasping and moaning in their death agony, repeating 'Hungry, hungry."' -Bartolome de Las Casas, priest and social reformer, In Defense of the Indian, c. 1550 The primary audience that Las Casas hoped to influence by his writing was

the monarchs of Spain

After 1816, the names of Andrew Jackson, his relatives, and his two closest business associates appeared on

the titles to more than forty-five thousand acres of newly opened Alabama land

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases where any tribe or band of Indians has been, or shall hereafter be, located upon any reservation created for their use, either by treaty stipulation or by virtue of an act of Congress or executive order . . . , the President of the United States [is] hereby . . . authorized, whenever in his opinion any reservation or any part thereof of such Indians is advantageous for agricultural and grazing purposes, to cause said reservation, or any part thereof, to be surveyed ..., and to allot the lands in said reservation in severalty [separate plots of land, individually owned] to any Indian located thereon in quantities as follows: .. . " -Dawes Severalty Act (excerpt), 1887 A primary goal of the Dawes Severalty Act (1887) was to

turn American Indians into property-owning, profit-oriented, individual farmers.

The Hermitage

was Jackson's home

John Ross

was a second lieutenant in Jackson's army

The dispute over electoral votes in the election of 1876

was resolved by a special bipartisan commission and resulted in the end of military reconstruction

The Cherokee Phoenix

was the first Native American newspaper

"I am but one of many victims of Rockefeller's colossal combination," said Mr. [George) Rice, "and my story is not essentially different from the rest .... I established what w:as known as the Ohio Oil Works .... I found to my surprise at first, though I afterward understood it perfectly, that the Standard Oil Company was offering the same quality of oil at much lower prices than I could do-from one to three cents a gallon less than I could possibly sell it for. "I sought for the reason and found that the railroads were in league with the Stap.dard Oil concern at every point, giving it discriminating rates and privileges of all kinds as against myself and all outside competitors." -George Rice, "How I Was Ruined by Rockefeller," New York World, October 16, 1898. Attempts to rein in the power of corporations, such as the Standard Oil Company, in the 1890s and 1900s

were often hindered by Supreme Court decisions that upheld the rights of business to operate without excessive government regulation.

Ross and Jackson

were on the same side at the battle of Horseshoe Bend

The scalawags were

white Southerners who supported Republican policies during Reconstruction

Wašíču is the Lakota word for

white people who take the best for themselves

"We drift fast toward war with England, but I think we shall not reach that point. The shopkeepers who own England want to do us all harm they can and to give all possible aid and comfort to our slave-breeding and woman-flogging adversary, for England has degenerated into a trader, manufacturer, and banker, and has lost all the instincts and sympathies that her name still suggests ... She cannot ally herself with slavery, as she inclines to do, without closing a profitable market, exposing her commerce to [Yankee] privateers , and diminishing the supply of [Northern] breadstuffs on which her operatives depend for life. On the other side, however, is the consideration that by allowing piratical Alabamas to be built, armed, and manned in her ports to prey on our commerce, she is making a great deal of money ." -George Templeton Strong, New York lawyer, Diary, 1863 A major part of the Confederate strategy for winning independence was based on

winning recognition and support from Great Britain

writer W. E. B. Du Bois

Jeremiah Evarts had visited Cherokee country and now worked for an organization that supported missionaries there. He

wrote a series of articles in the "National Intelligencer" regarding the US and Indians

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