Apush test 1

American farming is growing less profitable and less encouraging. In a country possessing so many faculties of cheap production this discouraging aspect of agriculture must be and is the result of other than natural causes. The annual additions of wealth under the enlightened system of agriculture are enormous, but from the unequal divisions of the profits of labor and the unjust discriminations made against it, the enlistments of property show that the farmers of the United States are not prospering ... . The farmers of America have on all occasions shown themselves to be a patient and enduring people ... . —13th National Meeting of the Grange, 1868 Many of those who sided with the Grange movement would eventually come to support the Populist Party women's rights segregation laissez-faire policies

the Populist Party

The Cigar Manufacturers' Association had declared that under no circumstances would any leaders of the strike be employed for at least six months. As a consequence, for nearly four months I was out of employment. I had parted with anything of value in the house, and my wife and I were everyday expecting a newcomer in addition to the five children we already had. My family helped in every way possible. ... Blacklisted, I desperately sought employment ... . Once I was ready to commit murder. All the children were ill ... . —Samuel Gompers, "Strike Baby," 1878 The struggle experienced by Gompers in this excerpt would have been most directly prolonged by which of the following historical developments? A series of financial panics and downturns The rise of the Populist Party Stronger measures for segregation and discrimination The growth of production technology

A series of financial panics and downturns

... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Which of the following was the most significant source of the conflict described in this excerpt? Nativism The growth of industry Competition for land and resources The rise of segregation

Competition for land and resources

... There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them. ... If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. —William Jennings Bryan, 1896 The speech excerpted here focuses most significantly on the political debate over Racial segregation in the South The growing wealth gap Currency and monetary policy The rise of socialism

Currency and monetary policy

"I believe, we shall find arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines as possessions of great value and a source of great profit to the people of the United States which cannot be overthrown. First, as to the islands themselves. They are over a hundred thousand square miles in extent, and are of the greatest richness and fertility. From these islands . . . there is no tropical product which cannot be raised in abundance. . . . "A much more important point is to be found in the markets which they furnish. The total value of exports and imports for 1896 amounted in round numbers to $29,000,000. . . . There can be no doubt that the islands in our peaceful possession would take from us a very large proportion of their imports. . . . With the development of the islands and the increase of commerce and of business activity the consumption of foreign imports would rapidly advance, and of this increase we should reap the chief benefit. . . . ". . . Manila, with its magnificent bay, is the prize and the pearl of the East. In our hands it will become one of the greatest distributing points, one of the richest emporiums of the world's commerce. Rich in itself, with all its fertile islands behind it, it will . . . enable American enterprise and intelligence to take a master share in all the trade of the Orient! We have been told that arguments like these are sordid. Sordid indeed! . . . A policy which proposes to open wider markets to the people of the United States . . . seems to me a great and noble policy." Henry Cabot Lodge, senator, speech to the United States Senate, 1900 Which of the following best explains Lodge's point of view on markets in the excerpt? Many Americans believed that acquiring island territories would encourage economic development. Republican business leaders lobbied for imperial expansion to provide locations for new factories. Political leaders claimed that the lives of Native Americans could be improved if they moved to new overseas colonies. Democrats argued that the United States should focus on domestic economic development over international trade.

Many Americans believed that acquiring island territories would encourage economic development.

The following questions refer to the given painting. (Thomas Nast, "The Queen of Industry, or, the New South," Harper's Weekly, January 14, 1882) As depicted in this image, which of the following dominated the economy of the South in the period from 1865 to 1900? Mineral resource development The textile industry Sharecropping and tenant farming International trade

Sharecropping and tenant farming

The following questions refer to the given painting. (Thomas Nast, "The Queen of Industry, or, the New South," Harper's Weekly, January 14, 1882) Which of the following conflicts is highlighted by this cartoon? Debates about the role of government in the economy The growing wealth gap The struggle over access to natural resources The struggle for African Americans to achieve economic and social equality

The struggle for African Americans to achieve economic and social equality

... You should support him, not because he is a negro gentleman, but because his record is consistent. For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost control, and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his place without question, and that his official conduct is without reproach, and approved by all parties, while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact. ... The nomination of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely, of Thaddeus Stevens, of Abraham Lincoln, of Chas Sumner, of Ulysses Grant, of Jas G. Blaine, of Jno Sherman, and indeed of the great Republican party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics. Horace Greely said of the finance the way to "resume is to resume" and the party should understand that the way to execute the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them. —Circular Letter by J. Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate Blanche Bruce as Vice-Presidential candidate, May 20, 1880 Which of the following issues would the candidate proposed in this excerpt have most likely supported? Stronger tariffs More liberal currency policies Support for immigrants Government regulation of businesses

Stronger tariffs

... You should support him, not because he is a negro gentleman, but because his record is consistent. For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost control, and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his place without question, and that his official conduct is without reproach, and approved by all parties, while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact. ... The nomination of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely, of Thaddeus Stevens, of Abraham Lincoln, of Chas Sumner, of Ulysses Grant, of Jas G. Blaine, of Jno Sherman, and indeed of the great Republican party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics. Horace Greely said of the finance the way to "resume is to resume" and the party should understand that the way to execute the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them. —Circular Letter by J. Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate Blanche Bruce as Vice-Presidential candidate, May 20, 1880 Which of the following historical events most directly made possible the circumstances in this excerpt? The Emancipation Proclamation The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments The Force Acts The Civil Rights Act of 1866

The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

... There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them. ... If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. —William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which political party would have most strongly supported the ideas expressed by Bryan in the excerpt? The Populists The Republicans The Federalists The Progressives

The Populists

Which political party would have most strongly supported the ideas expressed by Bryan in the excerpt? The Populists The Republicans The Federalists The Progressives

The Populists

... You should support him, not because he is a negro gentleman, but because his record is consistent. For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost control, and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his place without question, and that his official conduct is without reproach, and approved by all parties, while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact. ... The nomination of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely, of Thaddeus Stevens, of Abraham Lincoln, of Chas Sumner, of Ulysses Grant, of Jas G. Blaine, of Jno Sherman, and indeed of the great Republican party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics. Horace Greely said of the finance the way to "resume is to resume" and the party should understand that the way to execute the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them. —Circular Letter by J. Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate Blanche Bruce as Vice-Presidential candidate, May 20, 1880 Which of the following events largely marked the end of most political gains of African Americans in the period directly after the Civil War? The Republican Party's commitment to laissez-faire policies The rise of assimilation and Americanization policies The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

"I believe, we shall find arguments in favor of the retention of the Philippines as possessions of great value and a source of great profit to the people of the United States which cannot be overthrown. First, as to the islands themselves. They are over a hundred thousand square miles in extent, and are of the greatest richness and fertility. From these islands . . . there is no tropical product which cannot be raised in abundance. . . . "A much more important point is to be found in the markets which they furnish. The total value of exports and imports for 1896 amounted in round numbers to $29,000,000. . . . There can be no doubt that the islands in our peaceful possession would take from us a very large proportion of their imports. . . . With the development of the islands and the increase of commerce and of business activity the consumption of foreign imports would rapidly advance, and of this increase we should reap the chief benefit. . . . ". . . Manila, with its magnificent bay, is the prize and the pearl of the East. In our hands it will become one of the greatest distributing points, one of the richest emporiums of the world's commerce. Rich in itself, with all its fertile islands behind it, it will . . . enable American enterprise and intelligence to take a master share in all the trade of the Orient! We have been told that arguments like these are sordid. Sordid indeed! . . . A policy which proposes to open wider markets to the people of the United States . . . seems to me a great and noble policy." Henry Cabot Lodge, senator, speech to the United States Senate, 1900 Which of the following explains the historical situation that led Lodge to deliver the speech in the excerpt? The United States came to control new colonial possessions after the Spanish-American War. The United States negotiated territorial exchanges with Germany to end the First World War. The United States gained undisputed control over the West after wars with Native Americans. The United States sought continued employment overseas for veterans of wars with Native Americans.

The United States came to control new colonial possessions after the Spanish-American War.

American farming is growing less profitable and less encouraging. In a country possessing so many faculties of cheap production this discouraging aspect of agriculture must be and is the result of other than natural causes. The annual additions of wealth under the enlightened system of agriculture are enormous, but from the unequal divisions of the profits of labor and the unjust discriminations made against it, the enlistments of property show that the farmers of the United States are not prospering ... . The farmers of America have on all occasions shown themselves to be a patient and enduring people ... . —13th National Meeting of the Grange, 1868 Which of the following developments most directly led to the formation of the national organization whose 1868 statement is excerpted here? The rise of industrialization The transformation of the New South The consolidation of the power of the railroads Growing violence between settlers and Native Americans

The consolidation of the power of the railroads

... There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find its way up through every class which rests upon them. ... If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. —William Jennings Bryan, 1896 This excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? Reasons for immigration to the United States The battle over labor rights The effects of falling food prices The debate over the role of government in the economy

The debate over the role of government in the economy

... Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production... . We believe that the power of government—in other words, of the people—should be expanded ... as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience shall justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually cease in the land. ... —Populist Platform 1892: Preamble Which of the following is true of the Populist Party's beliefs? The national railroads should remain unregulated. The government needed to exercise more control over the economy. Segregation should be eliminated. The government should subsidize industrial production.

The government needed to exercise more control over the economy.

... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Besides the conflict referenced here by Chief Joseph, which of the following other factors was most directly damaging to Native Americans' way of life? The slow growth of the migrant population The significant decline in the number of American bison The rise of boomtowns in the West U.S. military enforcement of treaties

The significant decline in the number of American bison

The Cigar Manufacturers' Association had declared that under no circumstances would any leaders of the strike be employed for at least six months. As a consequence, for nearly four months I was out of employment. I had parted with anything of value in the house, and my wife and I were everyday expecting a newcomer in addition to the five children we already had. My family helped in every way possible. ... Blacklisted, I desperately sought employment ... . Once I was ready to commit murder. All the children were ill ... . —Samuel Gompers, "Strike Baby," 1878 Which of the following was true of the efforts of Gompers and those who supported him? They usually were led by immigrant workers. Workers were demanding better pay and working conditions. Management was eager to settle the strikes quickly and often gave in to the workers' demands. Employers submitted to collective bargaining.

Workers were demanding better pay and working conditions.

American farming is growing less profitable and less encouraging. In a country possessing so many faculties of cheap production this discouraging aspect of agriculture must be and is the result of other than natural causes. The annual additions of wealth under the enlightened system of agriculture are enormous, but from the unequal divisions of the profits of labor and the unjust discriminations made against it, the enlistments of property show that the farmers of the United States are not prospering ... . The farmers of America have on all occasions shown themselves to be a patient and enduring people ... . —13th National Meeting of the Grange, 1868 Those who supported the message of this organization would be likely to oppose immigration. call for greater government intervention in the economy. advocate for the elimination of political machines. encourage desegregation in the South.

call for greater government intervention in the economy.

... Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars. We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers' hands from the face of the earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one people. —Chief Joseph, "An Indian's View of Indian Affairs," 1879 Ultimately, the United States would not take the advice of Chief Joseph, but instead would work to encourage Indian cultural autonomy. use government subsidies to support Indian development of the West. work to enforce existing treaties with the Native Americans. confine American Indians to reservations and promoting assimilation.

confine American Indians to reservations and promoting assimilation

The Cigar Manufacturers' Association had declared that under no circumstances would any leaders of the strike be employed for at least six months. As a consequence, for nearly four months I was out of employment. I had parted with anything of value in the house, and my wife and I were everyday expecting a newcomer in addition to the five children we already had. My family helped in every way possible. ... Blacklisted, I desperately sought employment ... . Once I was ready to commit murder. All the children were ill ... . —Samuel Gompers, "Strike Baby," 1878 One underlying cause of the failure of the efforts of laborers at reform, as described here by Gompers, was the mechanization of agriculture. industrialization of the New South. growth of the industrial workforce as a result of immigration. success of Progressive political reforms.

growth of the industrial workforce as a result of immigration.

... Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production... . We believe that the power of government—in other words, of the people—should be expanded ... as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience shall justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually cease in the land. ... —Populist Platform 1892: Preamble The Populist Party emerged out of a movement of southerners who came to power after Reconstruction. struggling farmers. skilled and unskilled workers. the Ku Klux Klan.

struggling farmers.

... Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must, within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars' worth of commodities consumed in their production... . We believe that the power of government—in other words, of the people—should be expanded ... as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the teachings of experience shall justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually cease in the land. ... —Populist Platform 1892: Preamble One factor that contributed to the grievances of the Populists was the excessive regulation of the economy by the federal government. lack of available technology for farm production. variability and decline in crop prices. decline of the power of the railroads in the West.

variability and decline in crop prices.

The following questions refer to the given painting. (Thomas Nast, "The Queen of Industry, or, the New South," Harper's Weekly, January 14, 1882) The South was unique in the period referenced by this cartoon in that it was relatively unchanged by the rise of industry. maintained limitations on the rights of black Americans. experienced periods of economic instability. opposed the growth of labor unions.

was relatively unchanged by the rise of industry.