APUSH Test 1: Periods 1 and 2

Deism and "unitarianism"

Limited scope Impact on elites vs "ordinary people"

The Republic of Letters (part of the "Atlantic World" idea)

...is the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas. ... Because of societal constraints on women, the Republic of Letters consisted mostly of men.

Chesapeake Summary

Geographical and CLimatic Reflection - Bay area with lots of rivers. Land grants were given and agriculture was crucial to colonies. Natives taught hunt and fish. Motivation: Brief and True Report of VA - Mercantilist commodities, such as gold was heavily exploited. Tobacco became increasingly important and valuable. Calverts founded Maryland - Refuge for english catholics persecuted by anglican church.. Toleration act - tolerated all religions in maryland, but taken away. Different from Jamestown, but some aspects were similar. Founded by George Calvert, first lord of Baltimore who wanted it to be a place for Catholics, but also real estate. Didn't get a charter, but his son, in 1632, Cecilius was granted a charter that encompassed areas of Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and Maryland, and powers. He and his heirs were to hold their province as true and absolute lords and proprietaries with annual fee to the crown. Lord Baltimore names one of his brothers, Leonard Calvert, governor and sent him and another brother to oversee the settlement of the province. First arrivals layed out St. Mary in March 1634 on Ark and Dove. Early Marylanders had no Indian assaults, plagues, or starving times. Calverts invested to attract settlers, and had a policy of religious toleration with a Toleration Act which gave freedom of worship to all Christians 1649 after elected Protestant governor in 1648. At one point, Protestants repealed Toleration Act. 1655 there was civil war. Politics in Maryland had religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants. Soon after, Maryland adopted the headright system. VA and Natives: Jamestown - colonists were completely unprepared for harsh environment of chesapeake and only survived cuz of the natives. Algonquians, Souis, Iroquois (ALL PART OF POWHATAN) As colony developed, people moved beyond settlements and everything got violent when they invaded native territory. MD and Natives: More positive relations. Natives more rivaled with other tribes than colonists and so they helped colonists. Some fighting though - Bacon's Rebellion - wanted to keep fighting the natives for their landing and defied gov and attacked indians and labeled rebels and the govt. had to put it down and this lead to the New Treaty for Further Westward. KEY THEMES Significance of disease - malaria was common and spread between everyone and delayed progress. Malaria comes for africa and so columbian exchange was the reason for it. How do you get broke selling drugs? Agriculturally not a great crop, eats up soil, not edible, ships cost money, laborious to grow and cultivate. Headright systems - each servant = certain land: 1618, they hadn't profited by 1616, so they made the....Headright System - Headrights were fifty-acre grants of land, which new settlers could acquire in a variety of different ways. It encouraged family groups to migrate together, and lots of people to migrate as well. They offered lots of incentives. And to diversify the economy in 1619, they transported ironworkers and other skilled craftsmen. Why is maryland not catholic haven - protestant majority and so toleration act revoked. You need people because very few catholics and so you get non catholics in here to begin with.

Zengard trial -

libel and truth value - Yes it was sedicious libel, but he's free go away....

Witchcraft

mass hysteria, religion played a war, but also the east and west of salem town and salem village (west agricultural and east commercial). Letters - talk about psychology and repenting and serving the devil, etc.

Differentiation of Native American populations

Spread of farming villages: Natives were settled in one way or another. The very few exceptions were located in the Plateau and Great Basin region in the northwest. The most that happened was movement for crop cultivation - so most natives were semi-nomadic. Spread of maize and other crop cultivation: Maize is grass originating in central mexico. After breeding, it becomes a great food crop. Crop cultivation schemes - corn, squash, and beans in a crop rotation scheme. Then it spreads everywhere else. Mesoamerican societies: Corn is why you have these societies here. Characterized by large urban formations (Tenochtitlan which has water walkways and a center to the city is a good example). South American societies: You have other imperial organizations that are more like multiple cities unlike mesoamerican groups. Large empires - Aztecs is a dominant city state in a region of city states. Farming societies and they are connected with political, linguistic structures. Pacific Coast: Different. Easy access to seaborne and coastal resources. Urbanized, mobile, intense agricultural societies. When the Soanish find them, they all get enslaved. East Coast: NE and SE Woodland Indians - Masters of ecological management (slash and burn). Medium sized villages descended from mississippian culture. But these cultures are the bases to Cherokee, Shawnee, Iroquois, etc. Cultural, linguistic, and religious traits are in common - such as matrilineal and matrilocal societies that were semi-sedentary. They were very communal - relationships among villages. Couple 100 to 1000 villages in trading networks. Basic things - semi sedentary, but mostly agricultural, matrilineal and matrilocal, common cultural heritage. Great Plains/Great Basin - Nomadic for food Ohio and Mississippi Valley - big mounds built that collapsed and continued to collapse especially as European diseases made their way inland, and even after contact, collapse of culture due to disease

Edwards -

dramatic and going to hell...preaching sermons brought people together and all that

Applesbee and Salisbury

more factual description of the relation between natives and europeans (less dramatic, less bias, etc.)

Background

The Peoples of the Precontact Americas The Clovis People - Migrants crossing an ancient land bridge over the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska 11 thousand years ago. Believed to have established one of the first civilizations in the Americas 13 thousand years ago. Also believed to have been the first people to make tools and eat other animals. Other evidence suggests people migrated from all around, making early populations more diverse. Early Indians display DNA similar to that of modern Siberians and Mongolians. Studies show migrants traveled by water to other countries like Japan and Australia and other places in the Pacific, and suggests people could make long ocean voyages to bring them to the American coasts. Archaic Period - History of humans in America for 5000 years beginning in 800 BCE. Populated by the earliest people and large animals. Lots of hunting and gathering, but slow agriculture. The Growth of Civilizations: The South: Earliest civilizations developed in the South. - Peru had Incas in Cuzco with emperor Pachacuti who expanded the empire and had administrative systems and roads, Olmecs from 10,000 BCE (800 CE first civ in am.), Mayans in the Yucatan with written language, numerical system, calendar, and agriculture and trade, Aztecs at Tenochtitlan had schools, medicine, conquering, military, tribute system, etc. known as Meso-American societies. They were impressive, but disease and disunity and lack of tech let them down. The Civilizations of the North: Not as grand, but complex and based on hunting, gathering, and fishing. Included Eskimos of the Arctic Circle (nomadic, hunters, dogsled), tribes of the Pacific Northwest (salmon fishing, violent competition for resources), tribes of the Far West (hunted but had agriculture, irrigation, lived in Chaco Canyon in pueblos, hunted buffalo but were permanent), etc. Southeast - Most elaborate civilizations with irrigation, terraced structures, mostly sedentary, and included the Cahokia of the Woodland Indians. Northeast - more nomadic. Language Groups and Mobile Societies - Algonquian (Canada to VA), Iroquois (NY with 5 nations of Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk), Cherokee, Tuscaroras both south, Muskogean (in the EAST including Chickasaws, Chocktaws, Creeks, and Seminoles), etc. Tribal Cultures: Agricultural Revolution - Lead to sedentary settlements, specialization, and development of religion, customs, rituals, etc. Europe Looks Westward: Unaware of Americas until 1500s and Europe had a more provincial outlook and were dominated by Roman Catholicism. Not interested in navigation until the 1500s although people like Lief Ericksson glimpsed the New World. Commerce and Nationalism: Incentives for new lands - Population growth, increased trade and navigation, increased commerce, creation of centralized nation states, trade with the East (Ottoman Empire blocking trade routes), etc. First to travel - Portuguese b/c Henry the Navigator with some explorers (Bartholemeu, Vasco da Gama (around cape of good hope to india) and Pedro Cabral (brazil))

(2.2) The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain's control.

Transatlantic commercial religious, philosophical, and political exchanged led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Chesapeake Bay Colony TO KNOW

VA wasn't a colony just a company. If there was a failure, royals didn't feel that pain. Tobacco economy and control of disease and soon by the 1640s everything is more stable. House of Burgesses Informal right to vote is restricted Everyone democratically elected Similar theme with new england and VA - religion, democratic, tolerant, etc. Eventually transition to stable demography.

Development of the French North American sphere

Voyages and exploration/mapping Trade expeditions to the East Coast Coexistence with Native American groups gift-giving practices, intermarriage, and language French Jesuits, Courier-a-bois New France and Quebec as small populations Louisiana and western Canada Relations with Huron, Iroquois Confederacy Proxy wars and Native American wars Dutch and Swedish colonies: Similarities and differences with France

Bacon Proclaims his principles

how he rallied the backcountry people "peasant class"

Bacon's Rebellion 1676

Berkley was governor for a very long time and has been governor of VA for 40 years and he has seen this society change rapidly from plantations on the james to more and more indentured service giving them land away from there more west. These former servants don't like Berkley and the elites in government. Berkley can't let native war happen and in keeping peace, he demands local farmers not get into war with natives. In the midst of a recession by tobacco, several major conflicts flare up as a guy steals a pig, then back, then they hurt animals, etc. governor tries to step in and just stop it. Nathaniel Bacon is a moderate wealthy plantar that doesn't like Berkley and he goes out of his way to go out to the western frontier and lather up these farmers (taxing you with no militia to protect) and he gets together people to campaign against Berkley and they burned Jamestown. Governor gets professional military and sails up the James river and so about a year, the rebellion is put down. It shows degree of conflict between classes, complexity of power dynamics within elite, and shows the role natives plate within settler conflicts, and Bacon can be spun in many ways. It created a strong incentive to reduce indentured servants, and you replace them with slaves. Slaves had less social cost than indentures.

Growth of Boston and economic changes

In the embryonic period, Boston was the town of the center of life of massachusetts bay colony. By 1700 and 1750 it is a thriving port city with lots of trades, exporter of cod, ship building port, and it brings new prosperity to the whole area, especially since it;s grown and incorporated plymouth and maine. Changes also include economic and social changes. Society and church in new england are closely tied. Early on, pilgrims are tied to covenant theology. *Emergence of 'Covenant Theology' and the closed corporate community model* Covenant is strict as a society and so second gen are not interested in this. THe closed corporate communities aren't quite enough anymore. This model breaks down and is forced to incorporate a broader town meeting model. Religion changes and they have the halfway covenant. Puritan too demanding, not part of predestined elite, well be part of civil community and children have a choice to join the elect but you don't have to. 1660-1670 is when it emerges and it is kind of revolutionary. In 1650 and 1660s - all churches and protestant ideology create the below. Organization of the Congregational Church across all NE colonies: This church means that they can create things like training schools for pastors, organize creation of new churches in new towns and can create bodies of church law. It helps keep track of money and this is in response to changes. Treatment of dissenters, conflicts with dissenters: Becomes more inclusive - anne hutchinson and roger williams get kicked out and later on you could not participate but you would be able to live in society. Salem Witch Trials: Many accusations throughout the 1680s and 90s in New England and it reflected the highly religious characters of those societies. It also showed the characteristics of a "witch", especially in Salem, Massachusetts. Not to mention there was a lot of political and land aspects like the east and west.

Pedro Naranjo and Josephe

talks about Metacom's war and native american bond in storytelling and how he could rally people together who were facing common oppression by the spanish. QUIPU

Spain and Portugal agaaaaiiin from the beginning

Columbus and the earliest voyages God, Gold, Glory Fate of the Arawaks, Carribean empire: The islands were the most important destination for English immigrants because they influenced mainland colonies. BUT they were surrounded by the Spanish Empire. The Indians (Arawaks, Carib, and Ciboney) were mostly wiped out by the Europeans, and the Spanish Empire had claimed title to all the islands in the Caribbean but mainly settled in the big ones (Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico). Even so, the English formed substantial settlements on some islands, as did other countries. They more or less remained unmolested, especially after Spain and Netherlands war in 1621. The most important English settlements on islands of Antigua, St. Kitts, Jamaica, and Barbados. BUT the Caribbean was violent and turbulent place. These colonies built economy on crops - SUGAR. This took up a lot of arable land and brought imports of labor, mainly African. Sugar was very difficult to extract and so there was an increasing dependence on slave labor. Especially in Barbados, whites were very strict on their slave labor system. By the late 17th century, there were 4x slaves as white owners. Whites held bondage, and they were fearful of slave revolts on the islands. As a result, white owners watched their labor forces closely, and in the 1600s all islands had legal codes to codify supreme white masters over slaves. BUT no one cared for the welfare of their workers, and many died both white and slaves alike. Establishing a stable society and culture was extremely difficult for people living in such harsh and even deadly conditions. Whites wanted profit though, but often left their land in the hands of overseers as they returned to England. Africans also tried to make suitable lives although their families were split up and they died a lot. The Caribbean settlements were connected to the North American colonies in many ways: trade and slaves. Sugar and rum markets as well. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS: He believed misconceptions. The Portugese did not support him, so he went to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Isabella was appealed and sent him with the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria in 1492. 1st Voyage - Landed in Cuba, captured Indians; 2nd Voyage - Landed in Haiti discovering Hispaniola; 3rd Voyage - Discovered the mainland and realized it's a new continent. After his death, Vespucci documented everything -America was recognized as continents. Columbus was Religious and he said he had fulfilled a divine mission by traveling. Afterwards, Spain financed more missions with Vasco de Balboa, Magellan, etc. Cortez, Pizzarro and the Aztecs and Incas (Treaty of Tordesillas, then you have Cortez who defeated the Aztecs mainly with smallpox and killed Montezuma, Pizarro who conquered Peru, Hernando de Soto in Florida, Francisco Coronado in northern Mexico, etc. They used great brutality fueled by their greed through warfare and disease and gained wealth.) Context of Aztec conquest Forced labor and the silver boom Taking over existing societies or building new ones? Spain had a vast empire by the end of the 16th century, much different from the British later on. Later, you even had treasure ships: Picked up quotas. In contrast to northern empires, the Spanish established colonies that they ruled, not were ruled by the people, but the vast majority of the population was natives. They had a very strict and rigid rules and regulations and were able to extract efficiently wealth from colonies. Unlike the northern colonies, Spanish colonies had few people from Spain itself: So there was a small ruling class comparatively. African slavery, Indian slavery, and the Casta system Expansion, Debates and Revolts Bartolome de las Casas - The "Black Legend" and historiography vs Juan de Sepuldeva -"Natural Slavery" Explorers, Friars, and Missions Native American resistance movements

(1.3) FROM THE AP: Explain the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations.

European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.

Example of Ben Franklin as 'Ideal American'?

He was a part of this whole religious, very political thing, and he wanted to go to whitfield's sermon and find out how many people whitfield could convert at a time. Very skeptical, religious, enlightened thinker.

Dutch TO KNOW

New Amsterdam and christian pennsylvania which was swedish colony. Based on french efforts as trade and dutch worked on settlement but taken by english.

The New England Confederation and Metacom's War

Precedents for intercolonial cooperation Differences from the Dominion of New England Stakes and causes in Metacom's War King Philip's War - 1675 and was the most prolonged and deadly encounter between whites and Indians where Massachusetts and Mohawks fought Wampanoags. But, it didn't end here because other Indian tribes (under Metacomet) started to attack as well. Many casualties were added because of the Flintlock Musket, though Indians also used more traditional military technologies. Narragansetts, allies of the Wampanoags built a great fort in the Great Swamp of Rhode Island in 1675, but at the end of the war, the English destroyed it.

Further Development of Spanish Empire

Pueblo Indians Juan de Oñate / 1598: Modified Encomienda system Pope's Rebellion (1680) Causes/Religious compromise New frontiers of New Spain Mission and Presidio system Variations on the encomienda and casta system in the southwest Big idea: Syncretic cultures and "modernization"

England (John Cabot - In 1497, in an effort to find a northwest passage through the new world, landed England's first documented contact 5 years after Spain's.) (Attractions included a place where people and society could start anew without wars, more land, the shift to industry leaving England with a surplus population, rise of merchants and capitalism and chartered companies (Muscovy 1555, Levant 1581, Barbary 1585, Guinea 1588, East India 1600), rise of mercantilism (colonies are there only to make the mother country wealthy), Richard Hakluyt's argument for colonies (colonies provide markets, alleviate poverty and population and unemployment, and provide products), etc.)

The 'English Project' REligion: Included pushes from the Protestant Reformation of 1517 by Luther, Doctrine of Predestination by Calvin, the English Reformation in 1529 by King Henry 8, Puritan Separatists (people who were INTENSE Protestants, Puritan discontent (Quakers, simplify Anglican worship, reduce bishop power, reform clergy, James I antagonized the Puritans and overly taxed them, etc. and they looked to new places for refuge.), etc. Ireland: They had to deal with this new colony. First colonization experience for England was in Ireland 1560 and 70s and they developed many of the assumptions that would guide later English colonists in America (natives = savage and must be destroyed and assimilated if possible). Sir Humphrey Gilbert suppressed native rebellions and saw them as subhuman. He, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Richard Grenville, and others derived from their experiences there an outlook they would take to AMerica. The Irish experience led to another assumptions - the English settlements in distant lands must retain a rigid separation from the native populations - lead to plantations and the philosophy of association rule. Battle with the Spanish Armada (1588): Francis Drake leaves the English to victory. - First in Jamestown in 1607. Although they failed at the start, they became a sort of power after the 1570s and 80s with Sir Francis Drake and the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588). Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh were pioneers for colonization. In 1578 Gilbert got a charter from Elizabeth granting him right to inhabit lands for Christianity, and in 1583 he pursued this but was lost at sea. Growth of English wool trade, enclosure: All of the land was consolidated by the govt. to be easily utilized industrially. Growth of English population, commercial ports: Especially with the enclosure movement, large populations were moving from rural to more urban areas and creating worse conditions. False starts and failures England - nobility over peasants and also ireland to deal with, not well situated for early exploration and colonization, but has economic need, population issues with enclosure movement, etc. Early Problems - Lived in swampy areas, leading to malaria, didn't know how to farm, couldn't build a community without women, in a futile search for gold, and weren't better until the natives taught them how to live off of the land and hunt/fish. They were a small colony and grew smaller compared to the native tribes and had to create shaky relationships for food. The London, now Virginia, Company expanded and got new charters (1609) to explore further. The Indians soon realized that they were a threat, and tried to close them off leaving them in a Starving Time period 1609-1610 when boats with provisions got set back. Later, despite losses, new teams went in to aid and assist, and soon the fort began to thrive and tobacco was cultivated. In 1612 John Rolfe began cultivating the crop in Virginia. De La Warr (and successors Thomas Dale and Gates) came up with a harsh and rigid discipline on the colony, organizing settlers into work gangs. They expanded and attacked Indian tribes providing protection for new settlements.

Plymouth Officials Justify the War - *Go back and read it*

The Indians were basically just savages that were tearing their Plymouth society apart.

Development of later NE Colonies (post-English Civil War and Migration)

The New England colonies are really in their embryonic phase with just dedicated puritans. Not even second gen yet. Now we are talking about post england migration and post civil war. One key thing is that they grow together a sense of regional identity. That's not the case earlier - everyone is so divided and kicking people out and there is no close knit identity. THis identity is formed by a number of events as follows.

FROM THE AP (2.7) Explain how and why the movement of a variety of people and ideas across the Atlantic contributed to the development of American culture over time.

The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas. The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from intercolonial commercial ties, the emergence of a transatlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.

FROM THE AP: (1.2) Explain how and why various native populations in the period before European contact interacted with the natural environment in North America.

The spread of maize cultivation from present day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies. Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favored the development of permanent villages. Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.

Crucial themes and contrasts with natives

Three sisters agriculture Semi-nomadic, nomadic, and settled Matrilineality or patrilineal societies Political arrangements, and warfare Native Conceptions of property and legal rights

Enslaved life in the British colonies and cultural history

African society and culture - Politics and gender: Roughly 10 to 12 million Africans were brought over from africa to the new world. But most did not end up in the british colonies, most went to south america, caribbean islands, and only about 400 or 500 thousand ended up in the colonies which is still a lot of people but gives youa scale of the slave trade than slavery in the proto united states. About a ¼ coming over died over middle passage. Surprisingly, this was still very profitable. It also became a thoroughly anglo-american business. Early on, most slavery happened with spanish and portugese vessels, througout 1600s british contorlled that trade and ports in Sw england. Spanish go bankrupt is a big reason they get control, and in 1698, british gave up monopoly on slave trade and let colonials in on it. Pretty quickly, ameican merchants became leading slave traders. 2 biggest ports for slave trade providence newport and rhode island and charleston (charles town), sc. Folktales, music, religious diversity: THey brought matrilineal approach to society as women were center of social and cultural life in slave communities as they kept oral traditions in African society and also ancestry is how u traced it. They brought religious practices with them - how we get buried. Headstones are european, so enslaved people had different ways to bury them and turn the body in the direction of things like trees, etc. THey also bring folktales, music, religion, like islamic slaves. 2nd gen slaves almost always convert to christianity. Almost o folk religion and islam by 2n gen. Exodus becomes popular because of jews being enslaved and escaping. Early on there isn't restrictions on slaves gathering or reading, etc. Later on, southern aristocrats believes it was their burden to do these things. Slaves invent languages like creole and gallah that are mixed and mashed. Unique culture and part of it is music - Banjo. High death rate in caribbean as opposed to colonial us with ¼ of their slaves. Intermarriage and blurred race lines Maroons and free black communities Concentration of black population: As a result of this being home grown enterprise, slaves become a huge population. 2 to 1 in sc and in va it is ½ pop. In this period only, most slaves are all people from africa, not necessarily people born here. By 1750 you have second generation of slaves, but from 1600 to 1750, most slaves brought over from africa to colonies, few children. THis meant that they have african society, culture, gender norms, politics, etc. Carribbean versus Chesapeake/Carolina slavery models Development of colonial political institutions Slave Rebellions in 1680s-1740s Stono Rebellion as a notable turning point: Tidewater had a frick ton and then the rest of the region had some as well. THis makes sense as to why slave rebellions constituted a turning point in slavery. If 70 percent of total population and so you are going to worry like control people's stuff. Stono rebellion ends up being important turning point. Slave codes and the development of legal and commercial institutions

(2.6) Explain the causes and effects of slavery in the various British colonial regions.

All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand of colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southern Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies. As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity. Explain how enslaved people responded to slavery. Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing nature of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.

France

Rivalry with Spain for Catholic leadership: France has land, but wanted to be predominant catholic power, so in the 1580s they enter the colonial game to get their economic and political power. Long term rivalry with England: The English faces not just natives in the Americas, but the Spanish Empire, as well as their worst enemies, the French and the coureurs de bois (fur traders w/ indians and opened relations with natives (Algonquins and Hurons)) and Quebec 1608. The French also had other assimilation elements like agricultural estates or seigneuries, development of trade and military centers, native alliances, etc. The Dutch too established their presence with Henry Hudson 1609, and later on through the Dutch West India Company 1624 encouraging settlements, towns like New Amsterdam in the colony New Netherland. Pressure for fur and precious metals trade Geopolitics and strategy

(1.1) Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.

a. As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. b. Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure. c. Contact among Europeans, Natives, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic. d. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changed w/in European societies. e. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. f. In their interactions, Europeans and Natives asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

Middle Colonies Summary

NJ, New Netherland or NY, and Penn. In 1664, Charles II gave his brother James Dutch territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. In 1664, English fleet under RIchard Nicolls extracted surrender from Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch try and retake their land, but they lose for good in 1674. James renamed New Netherland, New York. It was very diverse, still with a lot of Dutch patroons. Shortly after the charter given to James, James gave a large portion of that land to a pair of political allies, Sir John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and Carteret names the territory New Jersey. Soon after though, Jersey in 1702 became a colony under the Crown. Like New York, New Jersey was diverse, but unlike it, it didn't develop a large class of large landowners. Pennsylvania, like Massachusetts, was born out of the efforts of dissenting English Protestants to find a home for their own religion and social order. The Society of Friends, aka Quakers, originated in mid-17th century England, and became important due to preachings of George Fox and Margaret Fell. The followers became Quakers because Fox urged them to tremble at the name of the Lord. Unlike Puritans, Quakers rejected predestination and original sin. Everyone had divinity within, and women were equal. Of the Protestant sectarians, the Quakers were the most anarchistic and democratic. No church government, only periodic meetings, no paid clergy, no gender and class, and they were unpopular. Quakers looked to America for asylum, and moved to many different colonies, but they wanted one of their own. William Penn was attracted to the faith and was the son of an admiral in the Royal Navy who was a landlord of valuable Irish estates. He was given a gentleman's education, but became an evangelist for Quakerism. With George Fox, he visited the European continent and found Quakers there who longed to emigrate to the New World, and so he set out to find a place for them to go. Penn turned his attention first to New Jersey and soon became an owner and proprietor of part of the colony. In 1681, when his father passed, he inherited Irish lands and debt from the king. Charles II paid the debt with a land grant of territory between New York and Maryland with more valuable soil and minerals than any other province of English America. This land was named Pennsylvania after his late father. Penn wanted to profit, and set out to make it attractive and it became the best known of all the colonies, and people flocked there from all over. Although he never profited much, he sought to create in Pennsylvania a HOLY EXPERIMENT. In 1682, he sailed to America and supervised the laying out of the city of Philadelphia (Brotherly Love), and it set the pattern for cities. Penn believed that the land belonged to the Indians and made sure they were not debauched and during his lifetime, the colony had no major conflicts with the natives. Pennsylvania prospered from the outset because of Penn's successful recruitment of emigrants, his thoughtful planning, and the region's mild climate and fertile soil. Penn maintained good relations with the Indians owing to his religious belief as Quakerism was against violence of any kind, and he worked to respect the natives. Later though, the relationships were not always peaceful. Late 1960s - residents of Pennsylvania were beginning to resist the nearly absolute power of the proprietor. Southern residents in particular complained that the government wasn't responsible for their needs. As a result, opposition emerged to challenge Penn. 1701 - Penn agreed to a Charter of Liberties for the colony which established a representative assembly, and allowed lower counties to establish their own representative assembly. 1703 - 3 counties did and became a separate colony: Delaware Geographic and climatic characteristics - Soil good for crops because you have hills and flatlands and forests, but mainly flatland. Native relations Peach and Quakers - amicable: Penn set the stage for peace with natives League of Iroquois: Important between colonists and natives and shows govt. that natives had allowed them to trade with everyone peacefully until Amer. Rev. Treaty of 1701: Land deal for Iroquois Similarities between each other Religion helped peace as a core value, the idea of peace and share and use what you need. Iroquois fought with northern great lakes tribe similar to english dutch and swedish feud. Solidification 1701 Treaty between William Penn and natives helped relations. Motives: Religion - No govt. and safety from crown, so Pennsylvania was a haven for quakers 2 big rivers: Hudson and delaware KEY THEMES Why was wheat, corn, barley what made people a success? Large plots of land to grow this stuff, and it was important to grow it in the colonies and ship it off to the other colonies and trading with natives. Just quakers? No, but majority was quakers. NY was diverse. Even in Pennsylvania, quakers start to dwindle. Who made NY colony? Dutch - New Netherlands and Port is New Amsterdam and english captain stormed it and it became NY. It starts very diverse and is still that way.

The Colombian Exchange

Biological Exchanges (1490 - 1600s) Crops - rice, potatoes, maize Animals - pigs, cows Diseases (especially!) - smallpox, malaria, syphilis Drugs/Crops - tobacco: Tobacco became known after Columbus in the West Indies having seen Cuban natives smoking small cigars. People were against it like James I with the counterblast of tobacco in 1604 against being like the indians. 1612 - John Rolfe began the emergence of tobacco in the economy and lead to expansion. Other Exchanges People SLAVES - Most slaves from Guinea due to the fact they were "primitive" and "uncivilized". Humans began settling in west Africa at least 10,000 years ago. By 15th century CE, they began developing extensive civilizations, complex political systems, extensive trade, etc. Big kingdoms included Benin, Congo, and Songhai that developed economies reflecting their resources and trades. Some were pastoral, but most sedentary. They were matrilineal and had equality, but also had elaborate systems of social ranks. They were very religious in a more animistic way. Slave trade occurred before Europeans, but it escalated with the Portuguese and sugar, and then grew to encompass multiple peoples. Ideas "The Atlantic World" and "The Columbian Exchange" - Europeans wouldn't be as interested in the Americas as they were if not for the natives. Social distinctions were different in Spanish society as there were smudged lines. Exchange occurred like diseases to natives causing the decline of populations. Not only this, but conquistador's brutal subjugation and extermination added to this. Europeans also brought livestock and new crops helping natives adapt and change techniques leading to agriculture becoming very important. Cultural combinations occurred and you then resulted in a complex racial hierarchy. Natives were the principal labor source, but there were varied labor systems, and soon due to not enough labor, Africans were imported. Impacts in Europe Acceleration of capitalism Acceleration of the nation-state Population growth rapidly increases Invigorated trade ties Warfare and population pressures

The First Great Awakening

(1720s and 60s - Concerns about the declining piety and growing secularism were emerging and the result was the first American major rival - The Great Awakening.It brought a new spirit of religious fervor into colonies. Powerful evangelists helped spread this revival - John and Charles Wesley in 1730s went to Georgia and George Whitefield helped as well. You also hand John Edwards a puritan. It led to the division of congregations between New Light revivalists and Old Light traditionalists.) Has many aspects: split within churches, and competition for followers between old churches and emerging faiths like baptists, methods, presbyterian, etc. It is both a civil war between congregations and emergence of newer congregations and is only partly theological. THere is only a little theology. Shift from predestination to salvation and personal faith. The real action is instead around 3 other interlocking things. WHat should churches look and act like and how should they train clergy. WHat role should religion have in personal and public life. What is a religious revival anyway? Among the Puritans/Congregationalists vs among Anglicans Edwards and Whitfield New Lights and Old Lights: Old lights are old stuff and new lights are new groups and churches. They embrace a very different style, especially in regard to church appearance and training clergy (know hebrew, latin, and greek and also they need to go to university). ALso style is important (churches are going to teach all tree tings and etc.) New lights tink that whoever wants to be it and stuff can be, and also people should apply it to everyday life. People shouldn't confine belief to showing up on Sunday, but life conversion experience should occur in how you live and think about your world and you should express that. Johnathan edwards - new light clergymen within congregationalist church and he pushed for the new style of belief. Radical that it was emotional and religion as a more direct method. George Whitfield - One of the first methodists and worked to expand the methodist church in england so he is part of the example of the Atlantic world. He comes over to the colonies to help expand the methodist church in the colonies. Methodists believe that you just need to read the bible and find salvation that way - he was very influential and had HUGE crowds. BEtween whitfield and people like him, before we do the first organized count - it's methodist and baptist. It is the two most new light congregation. Abandoning the 'Halfway Covenant' Faith, works, and free will: Public poetry was a major form of social and political expression. It was broad political expression. When you did so, you have this mass head that explained all the things you wanted the readers to know about the poem, then you would have the poem. - phillis wheatley is an example of slave, example of how to resist, example of best known essayists and poets in the new england colonies. Great awakening was grabbing everyone, and she is trying to make that clear. Americans are everyone. 'American Dissenters': New light confederationists. Methodists Baptists Presbyterians (sorta) Connection between the Great Awakening and the Revolution

"Restoration" Southern Colonies

1640 england has civil war. Following it, english monarchy was restored under Charles and James. When it is restored, colonies get founded like georgia and the carolinas. Many colonies reaffirmed colonial charters and rewrite them during the restorations. Maryland: Maryland act of toleration was instituted for example. Carolinas: Carolinas had institutions representatives. Georgia Carribbean: Caribbean had slave codes used by colonies in the south. Virginia expanded franchise and had the slave code. Adoption of the Barbados Slave Code 1650 to 1700 had period of legal and institutional change that established system of govt. whether it be royal and proprietary. Virginia was corporate then royal. More important, legal frameworks is understanding slave rights and things.

FROM THE AP (2.5) Explain causes and effects of transatlantic trade over time.

An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor. Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts. The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.

Spanish Empire TO KNOW

As it expanded had about a hundred years or more above the other powers. It was more internally developed and complex. Elements different in US Encomienda system - not perfect for all parts of latin america, but broke down as you went further north so they modified it with new conversion and control and religion. Pope's rebellion shows you have to have religious and economic compromise in these less dense parts of the US. SPanish system evolved to a system of missions which essentially are self contained churches and loose forts and so it had loose control and diversified the spanish empire in the north. Casta system in much of the empire was complex with culture in ancestry where there where in certain areas there were various percentages of each person. Spanish established dominance over their new lands and in the 1570s you have the Ordinances of Discovery that banned the brutal military conquests, leading to colonization. The riches sought out by conquistadors of the new world made Spain the wealthiest and most powerful nation for a time. Most Spaniards that moved to the new world searched for profit in agriculture, the royals on spreading christianity which lead to military garrisons creating presidios and catholic missions.

QUICK CAROLINA COLONIES

Carolina carved from the original Virginia grant. Charters given in 1663 and 1665. Charles II gave it to 8 court favourites. These people expected profits and adopted a headright system and annual payments. They hoped to attract settlers with things like religious freedom, but the first effort failed. But Anthoney Ashley Cooper persisted - founded Charles Town. Then, Earl of Shaftesbury with John locke, drew up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina in 1669, but the North and South were distinct from one another. For SEVERAL decades, Carolina remained one of the most unstable English colonies in America. 1729 North and South Carolina split into individual colonies. Strategy of colonization - all settled late and were rich dudes who wanna go with the backing of the crown because they helped during restoration. Georgia: Founded by General James Oglethorpe and they were interested more on military and philanthropic motives as well as economic. The seeked buffer between English and Spanish lands. In 1676 treaty, Spain recognized English lands but there was conflict. In 1686 natives and slaves under the Spanish attacked treaty borders and in 1701 when Anne's war broke out, so did attacks in America. Oglethrope (1733) wants military buffer state and rich croplands of virginia, so georgia is a military colony and place to stash criminals. Turns out you need to make money and georgia turns to the growing of indigo - clothing dye. Carolinas are one colony, but most of the east is a swamp and you can't grow tobacco, and south is too hot for tobacco but is good for rice and indigo, and so they do end up with a plantation economy in southern north carolina and south carolina. In NC you have many non plantation white farms compared to other colonies. Large slaves compared to free people in SC. You also have unusual interactions like cherokee, choctaw, and other groups are well developed and versed in the politics of the region. Three ways wars between england, natives, and spansih is a full time job. Light population hugging ocean shore means that early history they don't have to interact with tribes. Interactions are hostile but part of interplay of native politics and politics are closely related to spanish and english. Environment matters - caribbean sugar plantation economy, georgia is military/indigo, SC and rice, environmentally deterministic. They stick close to the edge. Geographic terministic, but influence one another as well. High slave pop means they develop new laws to deal with slavery. Compex interaction with natives mean they develop strategies for communication with them. These interconnected colonies mean that this is a section of the british colonial world that although it is quite diverse, it exemplified basic questions on the basic colonial world.

Consolidation of the Massachusetts colony and economic diversification

Consolidation of the Massachusetts colony and economic diversification - Swallowing up other colonies: THe English restoration was post civil war with return of stuart monarchy to the throne. The stuart monarchy was insecure, they knew they were under threat of the return of the forces that overthrew the monarchy and the aristocracy didn't like the,. In 1670s all of these colonies across the waters - puritans - were kind of a scary force. England colonies were scary. When they fought in metacom's war and coordinates their economics and avoid some of the mercantilist system collectively, king james decided it was time to act. He dissolved all of the local charters of all the colonies of local govts. And incorporated all of them into one single colony called DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND.

Chesapeake Colonies

Early joint-stock company foundation Starvation, Powhatan Wars Rolfe, Transition to tobacco economy and need for more labor Revoking of Charter, creation of Burgesses Transition to more stable demography *English Civil War marks an important transition politically: Origins with James I and Charles I (1625) who dissolved parliament in 1629, as well as Cavaliers and Roundheads with the 7 years war and deposition of Charles in 1649. Oliver Cromwell, deposition of Charles I, return of Charles II who supported toleration, and then Stuart Restoration. Charles II gave land grants in the new world leading to the creation of new colonies of Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These colonies would provide proprietors with land and power.*

HIPPO

Historical context, intended audience, point of view, purpose, and outside information

Franklin -

Im gonna do a test and then gave up all my money. Heavy enlightenment but still swayed by religion.

(1.4) FROM THE AP: Explain how the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shaped the development of social and economic structures

In the encomienda system Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported enslaved Africans to labor in plantation agriculture and mining. The Spanish developed a caste system that incorporated, and carefully defined the status of, the diverse population of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in their empire. over time.

The "Dominion of New England" and tension with Restoration government

It is driven by political events in england and solidifies political and cultural commonalities. 1680s is when. THis placed the colonies under direct or more direct royal control. In particular with regards to the control of church and politics. It inspired direct resistance from colonists and church. 1689 - Governor Andros was overthrown the same time as crown is. 1691 Plymouth and Massachusetts becomes a royal colony giving the Crown right to appoint governor and replaced church membership with property ownership to vote. Andros governed New York through Captain Francis Nicholson who had much resentment among many people. May 1689, when Glorious Revolution and Fall of Andros reached NY, Leisler tried to govern NY. Later with William and Mary getting involved, they established colonial authorities. In 1689 John Coode started a new revolt driving out Lord Baltimore's officials in the name of Protestantism. In 1691, William and Mary complies. Maryland became a proprietary colony again in 1715. As a result of the Glorious Revolution, colonies revived their representative assemblies and avoided unificaition. In the process, they legitimized equal rights of colonies and England. Although all seemed well, the ultimate result was the government increased the Crown's potential authority in many ways.

Expansion and Diversification of the New England colonies

Non Puritans moving to Massachusetts could not vote, and people like Thomas Hooker founded a place in Connecticut, Hartford, to live. They also came up with the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut as a constitutions. New Haven in Connecticut was also established as a Puritan project with the Fundamental Articles of New Haven in 1639, and was independent till 1662 when a royal charter combined it with Hartford. Rhode Island has its origins in the religious and political dissent of Roger Williams, a Separatist. He believed in breaking away from the Church of England and separation of church and state. He got a royal charter in 1644. Anne Hutchinson said that the members of the Massachusetts clergy were not among the "elect" and had radical ideas. She and her followers migrated out after feeling oppression to New Hampshire and Maine formed in 1629 by John Mason and Sir Fernando Gorges who got a grant from the Council of New England. Dissentive groups moved to New Hampshire, which became a separate colony in 1679, but Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 1820. Religious fracturing The 'Puritan Migration'

Development of distinctive Southern society, economy and culture

Planter class Independent farmers Landless whites and indentures Free blacks Enslaved blacks Picture of a 'Mature' Southern Society in 1750s

Specific Examples You Can Know! (Student Breakout!)

Pueblo Mound Builder/Mississipian/Cahokian Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaws, Cherokee, Tuscarora (Southeastern) Iroquois Confederacy, Algonquian People (Northeast)

Spread of the 'American Enlightenment' and the 'Republic of Letters'

Roots of political change Example of colonial governance: Zenger Case: English colonies all had a set of laws and legal norms and codes that were kinda similar for a long time. It was the British Common law. Along with this, came a concept called the Common Law Rights of Englishmen (matter of legal tradition, not directly connected to natural rights ideas of john locke, hobbes, etc.) THE EBOR (english bill of rights) - does not look like the bill of rights in our constitution but some things are in common - habeas corpus (can't hold you without charging), not tried with a jury of your peers, etc. but this is not an immovable fabric. In the colonies in the period of 9 neglect, the colonial legislatures had been making changes because colonial governors were lazy - they didn't enforce english acts, nor were active in dealing with colonial issue (laws on publishing news papers, regulation on land selling. Colonies still needed someone to control it so colonial legislature took over. In doing so, they altered, expanded, and changed english common law rights. Ex. Libel/slander written down - For a long time, there was seditious libel - sedition is causing trouble, so seditious libel is written language that harms the govt. By causing trouble. English colonies hadn't even punishing much in seditious libel - govt. Didn't do much, and the laws made it easy to publish news papers. Then, in the 1740s, zenger gets up in the face of a new NY governor who is enforcing. He happens to runa newspaper and published a nasty column about the governor. THe governor comes in and prosecutes him for seditious libel. THis shows a crossing over british vs. colonial govt., common laws in both, and this traditional vs. enlightenment, governors and legislatures. THE prosecutor was right it is still seditious libel even if it is true. BUT Zenger goes free. Expansion of the powers and status of colonial legislatures Role of colonial governors and "benign neglect" Expansion of differences from English and European political society and norms

The growth of the 'Atlantic World'

The Atlantic World: This idea of atlantic world is more complex than triangular trade. It is the idea that individual people and ideas and commodities were all in flux of a complex network along cities and trading ubs that spanned from brazil to boston to bristol to lisbon. It was a broaders system of interpersonal, intellectual, economic, and legal relationships. The notion of triangular trade wouldn't cover a merchant in bristol that has a ship insured by a company in New York whose job is to trade wheat from philadelphia to charleston. Movement of people and ideas Oludah Equiano - Equiano was a member of an african kingdom and was somewhat elite: He gets captured and lands in the caribbean and is probably going to die and gets bougt by a quaker slave owner who takes him to rhode island in the north and he earns money to free himself and goes back to london and writes anti slavery books to get the US to drop it. Pirates! Pirates are a good example of n o mans land of race, law, politics, etc in the Atlantic world. English Colonial Elite: Members of the english colonial elite - like ben franklin corresponding with london, living there for decades, corresponding with france and living with them and stuff is much more broad Enlightenment Ideas Law Codes and Slavery Triangular Trade From Africa to Brazil, Carribbean, and some North American ports From Colonial ports and Native Americans to Europe From Europe back to colonial ports and to Africa

(1.5) FROM THE AP Explain causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492.

The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.

FROM THE AP (2.8) Explain how and why the different goals and interests of European leaders and colonists affected how they viewed themselves and their relationship with Britain.

The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, self-rule, and trade. Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self-government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.

Trade and European colonial powers

Theory of mercantilism: Mercantilism is purpose of colonies is to expand the economy of the mother country. All trade must go through mother country. According to the Mercantilist theory, this should help. For time, the English government made no serious efforts to restrict this challenge to the principles of mercantilism, but eventually in 1650 and 51, Parliament passed laws to keep Dutch ships out of English colonies. After the Restoration, Charles II adopted the Navigation Acts (3 of them) to regulate colonial commerce even more strictly. These acts helped both the colonists, as well as England. 1660 - only english ships trade with colonies 1663 - colonies had to pass through england to be taxed 1673 - duties on coastal trade in the colonies English laws enforcing mercantilism - Iron Act, Sugar Act, Wool Act, etc.: Slaves from africa to caribbean to north america and also note there was extensive trade between america and islands because of food being sent down to feed slaves and sugar is sent up to america to become molasses to preserve it and send it to britain or back to haiti. Mainland colonies also send back furs, tobacco, indigo, and some agricultural goods like rice and fish and get whatever they want from england. All incentives in colonies is export goods as manufacturing is not profitable as british trading companies want raw goods from colonies. Problems of warfare, smuggling, and enforcement Molasses Act as a "turning point"? King James War? THIS SYSTEM BROKE DOWN BADLY: Colonists didn't obey it and british didn't obey it. It breaks down by 1720 because of molasses act hard to enforce and king james' war. It exists in theory and people are making money, but without strict enforcement of the mercantilist theory and no one bothers to enforce it, because even without it people are making money. Value of North American trade and populations to Europe

LEQ

Thesis and Structure Statement: Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning. Contextualization: Relate the argument to a broader historical context relevant to the prompt - AKA BACKGROUND Evidence: Support the argument with a specific and relevant historical evidence from within the time frame ---> Date, person, trend, law - AKA FACT Reasoning: Using historical reasoning to organize your argument and/or analyze evidence in addressing the prompt - AKA LINK BACK Do the claim evidence reasoning 3 to 5 times Complex Analysis: Demonstrate a complex understanding of the question by using additional evidence to qualify, compare, or modify your historical argument. On the other hand ---Counter-argument or relate argument to other historical context.

Iroquois creation myth

animistic, oral tradition, men hunting and women stayed home, but both equal, good vs. evil

Statistics

South had lots of slaves after bacon's rebellion, and we see more of nuclear families when pop. stabilizes in the later years.

European Enlightenment

1791 - Tom Jeff. has dinner parties and elx hamilton is invited. What you used to do is you would decorate fancy dining room with pictures and busts as conversation starters. 3 portraits that he kept was francis bacon, isaac newton, and john locke. After dinner, he and hamilton says who are these three people. Jeff was like these are my TRINITY - three people that we admire most in the world for furthering mankind in knowledge,etc. And how they get a pride of place. Scientific revolution Simple examples Sir Francis Bacon - Bacon because he believes you could use organized observation to understand the laws of nature and in doing so was as good as divine revelation - scientific revelation was possible and just as good as divine knowledge. Newton surmised there was a system to the laws of nature and predict how they interact in the future and how all the laws interact and it was mankind possible in interpreting through reason to comprehend God's system of the world. Political theory components Hobbes Locke - Locke extended these ideas to politics - laws of human nature, natural rights, natural law, natural govt. Just like there are optics or physics laws you have natural laws of human nature and what comes with it is natural rights. 3 big rights are rights liberty and property. Govts whole purpose is to protect these three rights. We can change govt. If it doesn't protect these three rights.The ideas of these people aren't important because of jeff at dinner party, they create an intellectual atmosphere. Hamiton said greatest man was julius caesar - he told this year 30 years later. It was because these natural laws and rights is history - people in this period that studies took history super seriously cuz you studied to find out for govt. And how it works for people. You were trying to learn govt, history, and human nature and this is why you learned. Montesquieu Blackstone and Coke

Development of early English colonies Plymouth Bay

Context: Who are the Plymouth colonists? Purpose? Context: Who are the Wampanoags? Situation? Sustainable demographics The Pequot War and early conflicts: The Pequot War - 1637 when English settlers allied with enemies of the Pequot against the Pequot over trade with Dutch in the area and land. Was bloody with Captain John Mason nearly wiping out the Pequot tribe.

French Empire TO KNOW

Mapping and trade expeditions. Trade had friendly relationships with natives and continued as there were actually settlements in what became new canada. THey learned native gift giving and learned languages. French jesuits took an infiltration approach to conversion and live with them a while and learn their ways. Courier above became adept with moving along native trails and learning their ways. ALthough there was lots of space in french, not lots of people so you have proxy wars with natives or against natives. Still a lot of proxy wars now like in syria or kashmir or yemen and these occur.

(2.4) (FROM THE AP) Explain how and why environmental and other factors shaped the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

The Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco—a labor intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans. The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance. The colonies of the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy. Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.

Emerging ethnic and religious patchworks

'Albion's Seed' historiography and ethnic diversity Religious dissenters and colonial geography, new communities: You have to be reforming or changing something so let's talk about religious landscape. North is heavily religious and congregationalist church and if you aren't a part of the church, you be sad. By 1720s, you have lots of people that aren't members of the calvinist church. Middle colonies you have quakerism in pennsylvania and religiously diverse in this area. New York and Rhode Island are diverse with lots of toleration. South is Anglican and they are not nearly as religiously involved. THe aristocrats are the most religiously active and slaves have their own religions and things. On the frontiers you have crazy things like people have fled Europe because they were persecuted - baptists, presbyterians. In general it is good to note that they aren't particularly religiously active. Change happens from 1720 to 1760 called great awakening.

Picture of mature NE society and economy

(By the early 1750s you have really mature and interesting new england society that has gone through changes but has stamp of puritan base. They are deeply committed to common law, colonial charters, town hall meetings, local control, value church as the center of society, economy mix of trade and less diverse, there are rich merchants but the difference is significant, less polarized society in wealth, based on political liberties and rights, stable family structures, and congregationalist churches had been there for a hundred years by 1750s. Political liberties and rights Town meetings and the closed corporate community Trade and small-farm economies Less ethnic, social, and religious diversity by 1740s-50s More stable family and immigration structures Role of Congregationalist churches and pastor Understanding religion's role: example of Anne Hutchinson's trial

We are talking about various conflicts up to 1720 in both periods. Conflicts in the colonial periods into 5 different categories

*Native Americans vs Settlers*: King Philip's War - United tribes against Massachusetts colonists to engage in armed conflicts. Metacom's War. Powhatan Wars. *Settler Internal Conflict*: Excludes mother country and colonial powers in conflict. Bacon's Rebellion. Leisler's Rebellion: Dutch took advantage of English Glorious Rev. 1688 - Protestant population riot of Maryland pushed out Catholics took colony and then Catholics gained arms and took back Maryland. *Enslaved or Conquered Group Resistance*: Haiti's Rebellion - Toussaint L'Ouverture overthrows in 1791. Pueblo Revolt - Pope's Revolt. IN THE NORTHERN OUTPOSTS: Spanish first established in 1565 at St. Augustine, FL, became the first permanent European settlement in the US. It was a military outpost, administrative center for Franciscan missionaries, and a headquarters for unsuccessful campaigns against North American natives that were abandoned. 1598 - Don Juan de Onate claimed the lands of the Pueblo Indians for Spain. Distributed encomienda to settlers and treated natives harshly and caused himself to be deposed of, then slowly after, relations became better. Pueblo people were christianized. 1680 - Pueblo revolt due to Christian suppression and Apache and Navajo raiders. Encomienda system redacted, but raiding still continued. There was more assimilation efforts and permitted Pueblos to own land, but these efforts were at least partially successful as their became allies against raiders. Stono Revolt *Native Americans vs Native Americans with European help*: Huron or Beaver Wars. Yamasee War: Georgia, tribes draw in European powers because they want aid from Spain to fight powers drawing aid from England *European Power vs European Power with native American help*: Queen Anne's War. Seven Years War (Later).

English TO KNOW

Catholic CHurch - Lutheran and Calvinist. But Anglicanism isn't lutheran or calvisit and it retains structure and style of catholic church. These religious splits is why you end up with these pilgrims (puritans) and separatists. THey believe that the anglican church isn't protestant enough. SO puritans want from within purify it while separatists want to escape it. Those are the groups of colonists who end up in Plymouth and Massachusetts. They run into wampanoags and forge an alliance against their enemies and leads to the pequot war and they win. It's not good to be not puritists or separatists because their rules are strict and so it fractures quickly. So people get kicked out and founder of new hampshire, roger williams founder of rhode island. All these people and colonies are a result of religious and social fracturing.

Development of the Chesapeake and Southern economies and societies

Commonalities (South and Squirrel - kids who will be good grown ups take care of squirrels by capturing, turning savage into domesticate.) Indentured servitude ---> slavery: All southern societies by 1750 made big transition from indentured servants to slaves. Maryland and NC had some, but not too many. Slavery was dominant economic and labour system. Just because slavery had taken over, only 5 percent had them at the top of the aristocracy. Landowning aristocracy: There are slaves, indentured servants, landless farmers who work on other lands, yeoman farmers are people that arent wealthy enough to be aristocracy, but aren't below, and so aristocracy on top. Indentures and landless people can't vote, yeoman can vote and aristocracy can vote, so only 50 to 60 percent white males could vote. Some colonies were extreme with their ratios, but basic setup was the same in the class system. Antagonistic to Native Americans, less endangered: All colonies did have systems of representation, but what's important is relations with natives stopped at the appalachians and so less antagonistic. 1750 is sure colonial societies here. Bounded by Appalachians: All were ethnically diverse on edges and less english which was different from other colonies which were diverse throughout. Anglican Church, but not strongly coercive: They were officially anglican, and so your taxes supported the minister. If you weren't, you could worship but had fees for churches and preach and things. Church was a lot more away from socially coercive. Spread-out populations: Population was spread out and rural, and no roads, so you go along the coasts and rivers. In VA it would take days to get to the nearest town away from tidewater region. If you wanted to go to church, it was a conscious decision to go cuz its a trip.

Development of the Mature Middle Colonies

Complicated story of New York Dutch society Patroonships Leisler's Rebellion and 'Class Rebellions' (compare Bacon) Later comparisons: Regulators, Paxton's Boys Post-ECW New York and the Charter of Liberties William Penn's Experiment Tolerationism and profit! Nature of the Quaker faith Rapid growth and diversity of PA Transition from Penn and Quaker government Other "Middle Colonies" Picture of 'Middle Colony' Life by 1750s

Pope's Rebellion (1680)

Conquered group rising up. You had spanish rule of this area for almost a hundred years by 1680. A big part of the spanish motivation is religion conversion on mass. Unlike Puritans living with tense natives, pueblos had been subjugated by small number of spanish including missionaries, priests, garrisons, etc. They had a system - encomienda - and under this system you had them work under a fief of a particular set of spanish nobles. For a long time, tension between natives who converted spanish who ruled with attempts to maintain old society under spanish rule. Late 1670s, series of things happened - unconquered tribes that lived farther north attacked, and spanish failed to protect. There was a series of famines and natives said if we farmed like we did we could avoid it. There was also a change in leadership of missionary groups and all tensions came to surface after honest to god rebellion because it was led under a religious leader. Pope's rebellion is interesting cuz of mysticism, agriculture, religion, and it is very different.

Europe and the Imperial Impulse

Emerging European nation-states (The idea of nation state is in its infancy - but no true nation states till 1800s. There is no sense of national identity. Early 15 and 16 hundreds, you have this idea rising. When we think of the state, it doesn't exist in 1491 europe. Development of modern state is also part of the 15 and 16 hundreds that goes along with the contact periods.) Catholic-Protestant political tensions: State and nation-state is driven by these tensions. Maritime technology: Sexten astrolabe Military technology: New ways of doing things like lining up people. Flintlock musket. Changing geographic power. Economic incentives: You need additional ways to get to trade routes. If you show that power, you need money. You can't get it because you can't go through the middle east because of the ottoman empire. Missionary impulse: Convert people because it is more important than ever to show your side of the faith. Differentiating the "starting state" of emerging European nation-states

(2.1) Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 to 1754.

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native population. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas.

(2.9) Compare the effects of the development of colonial society in the various regions of North America.

Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, the regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds withing Britain and resistance to Britain's control. Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanged led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies.

Metacom's War

Important to recognize that it is happening in the wake of the Pequot War: Wampanoag and allies who allied with Puritans fought against other native groups and had a tenuous alliance. Converted Indians - Praying Indians and Praying Towns Wampanoags gained political power BUT there were increasing conflicts with intense missionary activity as the desire of growing pop reached out further into the tribal areas carving out land and disturbing land with things like european animals. Land deals created that were unfair. Justice systems were unfair and tensions rose till Metacom actually began to raise and organize opposition. Metacom refused land deals, desire of puritans to charge indians in their courts, and brought to head when someone who gets murdered. Murder was of a converted christian indians and christians said indian murdered him and metacom said no to be tried in puritan courts because it no fair. Puritans did not take kindly and thought he was insolent and this back and forth escalates and metacom is accused of arming men and building rebellion. Before you know it, armed conflict breaks out. This armed conflict becomes one of the most ugly of the entire period. It is short - 3 to 4 years. Brutal because of closeness. The war begins as a series of isolated skirmishes with the natives and local militias. Metacom is traveling to try and strengthen his relationships and allied groups with other natives. BUT both sides misinterpret the tactics of the other side. Natives gut cows to symbolically punish agriculture practices or kidnapping people temporarily in a ritualized sense. Quickly, both sides escalate the tactics, both sides begin burning other towns to the ground. Wooden palisade with circular village. Soon, puritans are capturing and enslaving natives as they burn and sell them to barbados sugar. More than 10 percent of all puritans settlements were completely leveled, BUT Puritan organization allowed them to succeed. And it escalates to a theological level as puritans think of this as a holy level against a devil inspired natives. Natives think of if they don't win this then it is a permanent it was a war of survival. After, power of natives is broken.

(1.6) FROM THE AP: Explain how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed in the period.

In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance. Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.

Virginia

Increased difficulty of recruiting indentures Rise of the headright system, western expansion July 30, 1619, Jamestown House of Burgesses meets for the first elected legislature meeting in the US. 1619 also Black people came in and were used as slaves. The expansion of the colony only existed due to the suppression of the indians, mostly Powhatan by Sir Thomas Dale and the kidnapping of Pocahontas in 1614. Then okay relations under Powhatan but worse revolts under Opechancanough in 1622 and 1644. Demise of the Virginia Company and reclamation of the colony by the crown in 1624 by James I and remained that way until 1776. Bacon's Rebellion

New England Colonies Summary

Interactions and Relations with natives Plymouth - Pilgrims Wampanoag Tribe Samoset and Squanto (Squanto helped with alliance under chief Massasoit) First Thanksgiving Abenaki Tribe - Colonists founded fur trade with them European Disease - Smallpox wiped out nearby natives in early 16 hundreds It was illegal to leave England, but in 1608, Separatists emigrated quietly (from Scrooby) to Holland, but found inadequate and laborious work, and so pilgrims ended up in Plymouth with permission from the Virginia Company. They landed in Cape Cod and set up in Plymouth and signed the Mayflower Compact establishing a government and loyalty to the king. Dec. 21, 1620 - Pilgrims stepped ashore and settled on Plymouth rock. The survival of the colony depended on the assistance from the natives. - 1st Thanksgiving 1621, but it did not last long due to smallpox and the colonists were struggling. Even prior, colonies found it difficult to live there, especially with England's demands. William Bradford was constantly governor of the colony, and they were never a rich colony. Bradford distributed land to people and tried to make them, at least better off. Climate and Geography - Mild climate, and small land was for food, but agriculture wasn't key. Bay was used for trade and distribution (Massachusetts) and cities are built near water and trade ways. Many motives similar to everyone - gold, land, etc. KEY THEMES If not puritan, still a haven? Not really, mainly a puritan haven. If not or disagreed, they would kick you out. Different people with other ideals and they will make their own society. Native americans - why did conflicts come about and how would you differentiate first major Pequot War and King Philip's war? Pequot - they allied with Wampanoags, but in King Philip's - tribes unite and try and stop the colonists.

New French and French Canada SUmmary

Jacques Cartier - comparisons to new world and France. Quebec was where French settled: Colony comprise of jesuit priests who tried to convert natives Fur trade: Led to good relations with natives. Natives participated in a lot of French community and some in gov. BUT, as western expansion happened, French and natives relationship was getting rougher. Relationships wise, not a lot of natives survived, but there was still war and french won. Canada: Inuits as natives and they adopted settlements. Iroqouis settlements were also adopted - slatted wood with spikes and all had longhouse and adopted by french because it worked. KEY THEMES Method to conversion - assimilation. French religious order - jesuits. Climate was not good for agriculture and not suitable really.

Education in the New England Colonies

More educated than middle and especially than southern. THis is because of the below. Theology and universities: Proliferation of universities. They had tons of churches (you need pastors or preachers and you need to train them at university) which is why you have yale, harvard, and other schools of theology arose in new england to train pastors. They grew up as places to train pastors to expand congregational church. King's college. It only happens in elite colonies in particular. 6 colleges by 1763 - many based on religion: Harvard 1636, William and Mary 1639, Yale 1701, 1746 College of NJ, Kings College 1754, University of Pennsylvania 1755 (First med school in 1765) Expansion of literacy: Lei education in new england colonies. So you have protestant and calvinist on individual bible reading so you have substantial literacy to participate in church and town hall meeting.

Contact, Perceptions, and Disasters?

Mutual Misunderstanding: European images of Native Americans and vice versa Religious origin stories Witches, satan, and sacrifice Understanding of commodification and legal rights Understanding of warfare Intensification of warfare Resistance and social change in the Spanish Empire Impacts of disease and perceptions of disease The Counter-Reformation and Jesuits Weapons, horses, trade and warfare "Used to the European presence" The Genocide question

Portugal and Spain

Nation-state status and unique geopolitics: Portugal and Spain - best situated - they have the most unified state systems, powerful monarchs, effective government, kicking out muslim kingdoms in Iberia, missionary impulse was strong, good military structure, engaged in mediteraneana and african trade and had navigators, and was willing to adventure, and they had an advantage with slave trade by positions. Early discoveries Tordesillas and early divisions of "rights": This was literally where the Pope drew a line down basically the mid-edge of Brazil and said that Portugal got the East and Spain got the West to exploit. Introduction of the West African Slave Trade

SAQ

Part A: Correctly Either a. summarized the perspectives of the historians on the issue at hand b. connected the historical factor required to the historical change or development in question c. or correctly connected the man, document, or data to historical context Part B: Correctly Either: a. connected a historical fact, event, or development to the author's view b. connected the historical factor required to the historical change or development in question c. correctly related specific historical causes and effects to the man, document, or data Part C: Correctly Either a. connected a historical fact, even, or development to the author's view b. connected the historical factor required to the historical change or development in question c. correctly related specific historical causes and effects to the map, document, or data d. or correctly summarized or described the viewpoints and arguments of the document author

Native American early history

Population in 1491: Historians are in a contemporary argument about this fact. Lowest number is 20 million and highest is 100 million. Difficult to know precisely, but the population was not tiny. It was densely populated comparative to Europe. Arrival and "prehistory": We don't know about arrival and spread of population. We know people spread out south and west, but also some crossed from the Pacific, and some even from Africa to Brazil. Lots of vectors for population spread and movement and time for them to combine before organizing a census and there are debates on all kinds of population movement and stuff. Evolving research and complex interpretations: Historians use paleolinguistics to blood haplo groups and genetic diversity, and it's interesting to see how they do this research.

AP Key Task Words Comparison Causation Continuity and Change Compare Describe Evaluate Explain Identify Support an argument

Similarities and differences between: processes and developments generally or specifically, why the similarities and differences matter. Causes and impacts of specific historical events or processes and why they are connected, primary as opposed to secondary causes and effects, short as opposed to long term causes and effects, influence of context on historical causes and effects, relative historical significance of different causes and effects. Describing, explaining, and explaining the importance of specific developments in the pattern of continuity and change over time. Provide a description or explanation of similarities and/or differences. Provide the relevant characteristics of a specific topic. Judge or determine the significance or importance of information, or the quality or accuracy of a claim. Provide information about how/why a relationship, patter, position, situation, or outcome occurs, using evidence and/or reasoning. "Explain how" typically requires analyzing the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome, whereas "explain why" typically required analysis of motivations or reasons for the relationship, process, pattern, position, situation, or outcome. Indicate or provide information about a specific topic, without elaboration or explanation. Provide specific examples and explain how they support a claim.

Conflicts can demonstrate...

Social, class, and religion tensions: Protestant Rebellion - if you want to think of various tensions, one of those tensions being elites with different religion and the larger indebted classes. Maryland Catholic Revolt of 1680s. Results of political processes and changes: King William and Queen Anne's - policy changes in europe Impact of environment and geography: Great lakes important for trade, you wouldn't have had the Huron or Beaver Wars. Changes in technology and economics: Pequot and King Phillips war displays the technologies that they used. Role of America (or colonial America) in larger world - influencer and influences: Difference in Pope's rebellion and Bacon's rebellion putting america in context with other places

(2.3) (From the AP) Explain how and why various European colonies developed and expanded from 1607 to 1754.

Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into Spanish colonial society. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions. These colonists focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived separately.