APUSH Unit 1 IDs

Portuguese exploration (Emily Jenkins)

- The Portuguese exploration, beginning around 1419, was an era of development spurred on by Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal. The Portuguese began to explore regions such as Brazil by sea, establishing Brazil as Portugal's main colony as they developed new technology, such as the astrolabe. Portuguese explorers also contributed to the exploration of Africa and became the main slave traders. These discoveries and developments served as the cornerstone for future exploration, as nations like Spain began to explore, leading to the discovery of new territories like Brazil in North, Central, and South America.

Benjamin Franklin

-1706-1790 -Scientist, inventor, writer, founding father -drafted Declaration of Independence -helped in science (electricity), math, and maps -negotiated 1783 Treaty of Paris

57. Navigation Act 1696

-Further tightened earlier Navigation Acts -Created system of admiralty courts to enforce trade regulations and punish smugglers -Customs officials given power to issue writs of assistance to board ships and search for smuggled goods

Joint-Stock Company (Emily Petroni)

A joint-stock company is a business where many different shareholders can all fund one joint venture, and in return can each receive a part of the results or profit. These companies arose in the 1200's, but began funding colonies in America around the 1600's when monarchs became reluctant to support the risky investments. Used mostly by the English, colonies like Plymouth and Virginia were established along the coast of New England because of these investments. Many historians believe that the English colonies outlasted the French and Spanish because of the individual investment involved in these companies.

Anne Hutchinson (AC)

Anne Hutchinson was one of the founders of the Rhode Island colony in the 1630s. She was put on trial by the Puritan Church for threatening the patriarchy and believing in Antinomianism. She took her beliefs and helped to start the more free colony of Rhode Island soon after. She was an example of the younger generations who were separating themselves from the Puritan Church.

Bacon's Rebellion (Justine Sitton)

Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 was an uprising of angry Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley. The rebellion started after Berkeley tried to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. Bacon's army rose up and attacked the Native Americans as well as marched into Jamestown and burned the city. Eventually the rebellion was put out, but it is of significance because it was the first rebellion of the American colonies.

Carolinas

Charles II granted the land to the eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance. He intended for the newly created province to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida and prevent their northward expansion. In 1691, dissent over the governance of the province led to the appointment of a deputy governor to administer the northern half of Carolina. The division between the northern and southern governments became complete in 1712. A rebellion against the proprietors broke out in 1719 which led to the appointment of a royal governor for South Carolina in 1720. After nearly a decade in which the British government sought to locate and buy out the proprietors, both North and South Carolina became a royal colony.

Conquistadors (Emily Jenkins)

Conquistadors were the explorers often sent by the royal families and patrons of the explorations that explored many regions starting in the late 1400s, especially the New World and West Indies. These men, many of which were Spanish, contributed greatly to the Europeans' knowledge of the world, building upon the initial discoveries made by Pizarro, Cortes, and Columbus and discovered many new places from the West Coast of North America into South America, which led to colonization in these new areas.

Deism (Summer)

Deism, also known as the "cult of reason", is the philosophical idea that the existence of God should be accepted, but after the creation of the universe, God withdrew from interaction with the human race. This idea led to a more secular society in America throughout the 1790s. The idea that reason overpowers revelation led to a decrease in church attendance and an increase in Enlightenment ideas that molded modern America.

Mayflower Compact

Document signed by the pilgrims on board the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock in 1620. It is a governing document submitting to the will of the majority and it also lays out the future colonial structure of self-government. Important because it represents the first form of democracy and self-government in the America.

New Sweden/Delaware

During the early to mid-1600s, the Dutch were setting up trading posts and gaining land in present day New York and New Jersey along the Hudson River. In 1655, they reached New Sweden/Delaware and annexed it into their other land. The total amount of people in the Dutch colonial population was under ten thousand but contained diverse religions, 18 different languages, and was tolerant of Natives. They even gave out patroons, which were land grants. The colony was controlled by the Dutch until 1664 when the English naval forces compelled the Dutch government to surrender the colony. The area of New Sweden came under several different rulings and cultures, which is why the original cultures of New Sweden are lost.

Consequences of exploration (good and bad)

European exploration started in the late 1400s with Portugal and Spain while exploration in general began with China and the Vikings. Exploration has obvious benefits. It expands the known world, brings new knowledge & ideas, trading & contract with other cultures increase, brings more wealth, and creates new nations. While these various benefits have largely shaped the world we know today, early exploration had extreme consequences that have resulted in a large divide between 1st and 3rd world countries. Exploration leads to the death of millions of natives, the spread of deadly diseases, a general corruption of power, slavery, greed, dangerously powerful empires, and more. Exploration, especially in the early 14th & 15th centuries, led to the establishment of the modern world but unfortunately divided the world, creating power & wealth disparities today. (Carrie Haynes)

Henry Hudson

Henry Hudson was an English explorer sent by the Dutch East India Company to find a sea route around the Americas to Asia, taking three journeys of exploration in the years 1609, 1610, and 1611. In 1611, on his third voyage, he sailed to what is now New York City, and up the modern-day Hudson River to Albany; the Dutch claimed the region. His discovery of the Hudson Bay region allowed for fur trade to prosper along the banks for over two centuries, laying a foundation for strong trade throughout Western North America. (Anna Grace)

Jonathan Edwards/Sinners in the Hands (Summer)

Jonathan Edwards was a prime theologian and priest who exerted a tremendous amount of influence on America from his famous speech in 1741. This work is named "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" and helps to further the idea of predestination. Edwards' work kick started the Great Awakening that would lead to a religious revolution in American history.

Albany Plan of Union (Franklin) (emily m)

In July 1754, at the Albany Congress in Albany, New York, the Albany Plan of Union was proposed by Benjamin Franklin as a way to Unite the thirteen colonies under one unified government. This was one of the earliest attempts to unite the 13 colonies under one government and was not an attempt to gain independence from Great Britain but as a way to show the colonies common interests. Although this plan failed, it ended up being a model for future governments, and it viewed the colonies in North america as a unit separate from Great Britain.

Half-Way Covenant (Anna O)

In response to declining membership numbers due to intimidating, strict ethics, the Puritans implemented the Half-Way Covenant in 1662. This Covenant, drafted by Richard Mather, stated that second-generation Puritans would grow up baptized in the church, but did not become full members until age 14 when they openly professed conversion. Not only did the Half-Way Covenant ensure the devotion of all Puritan members, but it also made conversion to the church a psychologically beneficial choice rather than an off-putting obligation.

James I/James II

James I of England (also known as James VI of Scotland) and James II were monarchs of Stuart dynasty that ruled over both England and Scotland, James I in the early 1600s and James II in the late 1600s. These monarchs (plus Charles I & II between them) promoted religious toleration throughout their kingdom for protestants, but anti-Catholicism was also widespread. James II revoked the New England charter, essentially discontinuing the colony until it was reinstated by William later. James II also converted to Roman Catholicism and tried to promote greater Catholic acceptance (alienating the majority of his subjects), but William of Orange invaded in 1688, ending his reign and returning Protestants to the throne. (grace ann)

James Oglethorpe (Emily Petroni)

James Oglethorpe was an English military officer and humanitarian who led the establishment of the colony of Georgia in the 1700's. After one of his friends died due to poor prison conditions, Oglethorpe led the campaign to establish Georgia as a place where the "worthy poor" of England could find a better life. He led the first settlement in Savannah, and acted as the leader of the colony. Additionally, he acted as a general during the Spanish invasion of Georgia and helped establish the colony as a buffer between the colonies and Spain. It was because of his exhaustive efforts that Georgia was established as the first new colony in over five decades.

Jamestown/ "Colony on the Edge of Ruin"

Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in the Americas. Located in Virginia, the colony was established in 1607 by English businessmen. The colony was settled by indentured servants, prisoners, greedy young men and therefore lacked any substantial leadership and governance. The colony was on the brink of collapse for almost 20 years with death rates of 80%, a lack of food & water, and general tension. While the colony almost failed, it managed to survive and became a royal colony in 1624. Jamestown remains in history as the first English colony in the Americas, leading others to come to the New World and eventually create a new nation. (Carrie Haynes)

John Rolfe/Pocahontas

John Rolfe was an English settler who introduced tobacco to Jamestown. He was was captured in 1607 by the Powhatan Indians and met the chief's daughter, Pocahontas during his captivity. When he was released, Pocahontas continued to visit him and the colonists in Jamestown, learning english customs. In 1613, the English took Pocahontas hostage in hopes of bribing her father. During her stay in the colony, she fell in love with Rolfe later marrying in 1614, bringing peace between the Powhatans and colonists. The two left with their son to England, where Pocahontas died in 1617. Rolfe died in the Indian Attack in 1622 after returning to Jamestown.

John Singleton Copley (Emily Petroni)

John Singleton Copley was a painter from Boston,Massachusetts who worked in both England and America during the mid-1700's. He became famous for his amazing oil paintings, and worked for many influential figures in Colonial America, including John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Today, he is known as the greatest painter of the colonial era, and inspired the realist movement in America.

John Winthrop

John Winthrop was the first Massachusetts Bay Colony governor starting around 1629 in present day Boston, and lead the first wave of people over to the New World. He gave the name "city on a hill" to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in reference to part of Jesus's Sermon on the Mount. The term "city on a hill" symbolizes that the colony is a holy society and a model colony in the way the government works and how people should live. John Winthrop was not tolerant of other religions, was against democracy, and was in general very authoritarian, which influence the style of government in the New England area. Winthrop was one of the main leaders behind the Massachusetts Bay Colony and influenced the Puritan lifestyle among his colony and eventually others.

French and Indian War/Seven Yrs. War (Summer)

Lasting from 1754 to 1763, the French and Indian War marked the final major war between France and Great Britain. The two powers collided in a civil battle over land near the Great Lakes. Fighting ceased when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763. This moment marked the end of chief French power in North America because England acquired Canada and all of Spanish Florida from their opposing powers.

William Bradford/ "Aboard the Mayflower"

Led the Pilgrims to America from the Netherlands on board the Mayflower in 1619 in hopes of Separating from the Church of England. He was the first governor of Plymouth Rock, and was aided by an Indian by the name of Squanto who taught the pilgrims to farm and sustain life, leading to the success of the colony.

Maryland (include Act Concerning Religion)

Maryland was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore the 2nd through a charter given to his father, George Calvert. It was an economic endeavor and haven for Catholics that actually prospered through tobacco harvesting and better organization than Jamestown (haha). Maryland's Act Concerning Religion, or Toleration Act, of 1649 required tolerance of Christians and was an important foundation for the future laws concerning religious toleration in America, including the Constitution. (sara hanson)

Massachusetts Bay

Massachusetts Bay included the colony founded by the Massachusetts Bay Company around 1628 in present day Boston. John Winthrop, their first governor, gave the name "city on a hill" so they could serve as the example town for colonies to come by being a holy society. There was a small group of leaders that were influenced by Puritan beliefs and ideals, so they forced God's law upon everyone and made them pay taxes to the church. Also, freed men of the congregation were allowed to vote upon certain things. Eventually, the Puritan community agreed upon a "Social Covenant" which was a promise to watch out for one another. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was important because it stood as an example for other colonies to come and influenced other colonies.

Mercantilism (Anna O)

Mercantilism is an economic policy described by Adam Smith which was primarily followed in Europe during the era of colonization from the 16th to 19th centuries. The policy stated that the colonizing country (Britain, Spain, etc) should extract raw materials from their colonies and export manufactured goods from their homeland. Additionally, exports from the colonizer should greatly outweigh imports in order to return the largest profit. This economic theory furthered the exploitation of the colonies and ultimately encouraged slavery in those areas in order to keep up with the material demand.

New Amsterdam/New Netherlands

New Netherlands was a colonial region of the Seven United Netherlands that was located on the East Coast of North America, with territories that reached from the Delmarva Peninsula to Cape Cod, as well as the states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island. Settled in the 17th century by the Dutch, New Amsterdam was established on the southern side of Manhattan Island; it was the headquarters for colonial government for the New Netherland region. On account of its position, New Amsterdam served as a hub for Dutch West India Company's fur trade operating from the Hudson Bay. (Anna Grace)

Pennsylvania (Justine Sitton)

Pennsylvania was the land given to William Penn from King Charles II in 1681. The purpose of this land was not only to provide a religious haven for the Quakers, but also to provide a place of religious tolerance for all. Pennsylvania was an important colony shaped by its religious tolerance, elected assembly, and network of famers who accumulated a profit that was sent back to England.

North American tribes

People estimate that there were millions of Native Americans living in the Americas before European arrival and before Christopher Columbus' exploration. There were many similarities among the different North American tribes. Within each tribe, the same language was spoken. Almost all of the tribes were organized around an extended family or clan. Most tribes had a series of leaders, which descended from one person. After the start of European Exploration in the 1500s, many of the North American Tribes were introduced to numerous European diseases. Additionally, many Europeans enslaved the Native Americans.(Mary Kate)

Pilgrims v. Puritans

Pilgrims and Puritans were both religious-related groups that settled in North East America during the early to mid-1600s. The Pilgrims wanted to completely separate from the Church of England to create their own church with stricter morals and rules. The Puritans want to directly purify the Church of England by reforming the morals and rules to be harsher. The Pilgrims created the first self-governing document for Plymouth Rock in 1620, and the Puritans integrated the church and government to govern Massachusetts Bay when they settled in 1628. Both groups also had similar living styles as of how they acted in their day to day lives. Though both groups are in similar situations, their purposes are different and important to understand.

Pontiac's Rebellion (emily m)

Pontiac's rebellion was an uprising of multiple indian tribes from the Great Lakes region of the US upset with the British post war policies of the French and Indian War. This rebellion began in 1763 and lasted until 1966, and was named after Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawa tribe, and the most prominent leader in the uprising. This uprising was an effort on the indians to push British settlers and soldiers out of the region, and as a result of the rebellion a greater wedge was driven between the settlers and the natives.

Rhode Island (AC)

Rhode Island was a New England colony started in the 1630s by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Created so that new religious beliefs, such as separation of the church and the state, could be cultivated, Rhode Island became an escape from the strict Puritan ideals that dominated New England at the time.

Roger Williams (AC)

Roger Williams was one of the founders of the Rhode Island colony in the 1630s. After he was banished from the Puritan church in 1636 for his more liberating religious beliefs, he created the Rhode Island colony that was soon to become a religious safe haven for less conservative New Englanders. He was an example of the new generations of Puritans that were deviating from the original religion.

Salutary Neglect (Summer)

Salutary neglect was an unofficial policy created by British Prime Minister Robert Walpole that relaxed strict trade laws that were imposed on the American colonies from the 1690s to the 1760s. The neglect brought a greater profit to the New World and allowed for more trading from the colonies. Later on, the British reversed their policies on salutary neglect, which severely angered the Americans and ultimately led to events like the Boston Tea Party and even the American Revolution.

New France/Samuel Champlain

Samuel Champlain was a French navigator and explorer, credited as "The Father of New France." During his explorations of current-day Canada in 1608, he founded New France and Quebec City. After returning to France, in 1620, King Louis XIII sent Champlain back to Quebec, cease further exploration, and devote himself to governing New France. In this position, he participated in trade of fur and other goods, which he would send back to France. In his role of explorer and navigator, Champlain constructed the first accurate map of the coast of Canada and was instrumental in the establishments of the first Canadian settlements. (Anna Grace)

Connecticut (AC)

Started in 1630 by the Dutch and English, Conneticut was a New England colony led by Reverend Thomas Hooker. In 1639, the Fundamental Orders were established here, and they provided a sense of government. This colony was an example of an early democracy, a colony that was run less by the church and more by the people.

Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, was an era in Western Europe from the 1620s to the 1780s led by philosophes like John Locke, Voltaire, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. During this time, the old accepted morals were questioned and a switch from blind faith to using reason began. The ideals of the American colonies and the American democratic republic were built on Enlightenment philosophy, and many early Americans such as Thomas Jefferson helped encourage this movement in the New World. (grace ann)

Aztecs/Incans

The Aztec Empire was in present-day central Mexico, until Hernan Cortes destroyed it in 1521. It was one of the largest empires in the Americas. At its peak, the Aztec Empire contained a ruling class with 500 different cities. The Incas had spanned a large portion of South America by the 1400s. The Incas started developing a distinctive culture in the 1200s, and by 1471 was the largest empire in South America. The Incas reigned over a region that is from current day Ecuador to Chile. In 1532, Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Incas, and made the area into a Spanish colony. Both the Incas and the Aztecs suffered from smallpox. (Mary Kate)

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange was a trade of animals, plants, culture, human population, technology, and ideas between the Old World, New World, and Africa. This exchange took place during the 15th and 16th centuries. Although not the intent, the Columbian Exchange caused a spread of many diseases. Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage was a large factor in the Columbian Exchange because of the resulting European colonization and trade. The Columbian Exchange was very significant because it brought maize, potatos, and tomatos to Europe, which soon became an extremely important crop. Additionally, Europeans introduced manioc and peanuts to Africa and Asia. (Mary Kate)

Patroons/Dutch West India Company

The Dutch West India Company was a charter company founded by Dutch merchants. In 1621, it was granted a charter for trade in the West Indies by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, as well as being given jurisdiction over the Atlantic slave trade, Brazil, North America, and the Caribbean. The Dutch West India Company played a major role in the Dutch settlement of the Americas. In the late 1620s, the Dutch West India Company started to grant the title of patroon to some of the invested members. Their role was to manage land owned by the Dutch controlled New Netherland colony. (Anna Grace)

Motives for exploration (Emily Jenkins)

The Europeans began to explore in the early 1400s, starting with the Portuguese. The Portuguese led the Europeans in their explorations. They were searching for trading routes to Asia while bypassing the Middle East, new sources of revenue and fame, new ways to use their new technology, and aiming to spread religion and gain knowledge. First landing in the West Indies and spreading to all over North and South America, these motives for exploration led to an expansion of the world trade and commerce, expanding the world and its people.

Glorious Revolution (Anna O)

The Glorious Revolution from 1688-1689 was so called because it resulted in the overthrow of the last Catholic monarch with no bloodshed. In New England, colonists were unhappy with Edmund Andros, the strict Governor of the Dominion. Meanwhile in Britain, Charles' son James II had a Protestant daughter, Mary, and a Catholic son. Parliament didn't want the son to rule, so Mary and her husband, William III of Orange were crowned in 1686.The pair agreed to certain terms which limited their power and brought about the English Bill of Rights. Edmund Andros went back to England and the Dominion of New England broke apart into new states: New Hampshire, Maine, and Vermont.

Great Awakening (Emily Petroni)

The Great Awakening is the name given to several spiritual revival movements that occurred in the US during the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Great Awakening was led by evangelical protestant ministers in the United States (including Johnathan Edwards, George Whitefield and James Davenport), and resulted in new protestant denominations and a general strengthening of religious values. This helped cause the formation of a unified American identity as a precursor to the American Revolution, and began to establish what would be the constitutional liberties of speech, religion, and press.

Lost Colony/Sir Walter Raleigh

The Lost Colony at Roanoke was an early colony in the Americas (modern day North Carolina) established in 1584 by Sir Walter Raleigh. After the initial settlers established a colony, Raleigh left and returned to England. In 1590, he returned to find the entire colony vanished and only the word "Croatan" written on a tree. While not an official royal colony, The Lost Colony of Roanoke was an early English Colony that featured the first English child born on American soil (1587, Virginia Dare). The mystery of Roanke may merit it historical importance, but its early date & settlement area earns it a place in history. (Carrie Haynes)

Navigation Act 1660, 1663 (emily m)

The Navigation acts were passed by Parliament in the 1660's and were a restriction on trade in the colonies with anyone other than Great Britain. This act was aimed to increase the self sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade with foreign countries and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods. Overall, these acts were followed, up until the Molasses act of 1733 when colonists smuggled in goods. This resulted in stricter reinforcement of these laws, which angered the colonists, and in turn led to the Revolutionary War.

Powhatan and Opechcanough

The Powhatan's Confederacy was a tribe of Indians in Virginia who had caused minor trouble with the settlers in the early 1600s. In 1622 their leader,Opechancanough, led a surprise attack the Virginian colonists, sparking a 10 year war between the Indians and Colonists. This war ended with an uneasy peace agreement and in 1644, Opechancanough and the Powhatan's attacked once more but after two years of fighting, Opechancanough was killed and the remaining Powhatan's fell to the British who made them submit to their laws.

Puritan values/beliefs

The Puritan values/beliefs created a foundation for the "American Way" with a Puritan ethic where hard work always led to success. Led by John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts around 1628, the Puritans tried to be a role model with covenants that viewed relationships through consent and mutual responsibility. Their social covenant relied on community member's watching their neighbors' sins and the covenant with God that led to a form of democracy. The Puritans kept it real with divorce, wedlock, etc, but their harsh views led to the birth of American rebellion and church/state separation by those who left the community. (sara hanson)

Racial hierarchy Spanish America

The Racial hierarchy in Spanish America was a system of class segregations that separated natives & black people from the Europeans during the European colonization of the new world. This included Peninsulas, Europeans; Creoles, Europeans born in new world; Mestizos, European Native Americans; Mulattos, European African Americans; Native Indians, Black Slaves. This system was found throughout the Americas and started as Europeans came to the Americas, around the 1500s. The system served as the predecessor to slavery and segregation that would later infiltrate the US. It also increased the distance between natives and Europeans which would later result in numerous conflicts. (Carrie Haynes)

Salem Witch Trials

The Salem Witch Trials of Salem Village, Mass. in 1692 were the jailing and prosecution of accused witches that resulted in the death of 25 and jailing of 150 innocent villagers. The trials began after a group of adolescent girls exhibited signs of possession that were recognized by Samuel Parris and blamed on Tituba, Sarah Goode, and village members. The trials revealed the "invisible world of Salem," including the power shift from west to east Salem that corresponded with the accuser-accused and farmer-merchant dynamic in the village, and the "visible Salem," a palpable fear of a living devil. (sara hanson)

Stono Rebellion

The Stono Rebellion was the first rebellion of native African slaves led by Jemmy, or sometimes called Cato, in South Carolina in 1739. He led 20 enslaved Africans in an armed march from the Stono River, south to Spanish Florida, where they had been promised freedom. Although all the slaves were caught and most killed by militia along the way, this was the largest slave uprising in British America with many deaths. It led to many new laws and changes in government because the British colonists were scared of the slaves overtaking them. This event also showed how unhappy the enslaved Africans were, and is foreshadowing for further rebellions. (grace ann)

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The Transatlantic Slave trade lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. Millions of Africans were forced to leave their homes and be transported to the British, Portuguese, French, Spanish, and Dutch empires in the Americas. It is estimated that around 9-11 million people were traded. These slaves were transported on ships that provided very harsh conditions, and many people died in just the journey alone. The first step in the process of the Slave Trade was when ships left from Europe with loaded goods. Next, these goods were sent to Africa in exchange for slaves. These slaves were then transported to wherever they were needed. (Mary Kate)

The Treaty of Paris 1763/Proclamation of 1763 (emily m)

The Treaty of Paris was signed in Paris on February 10, 1763 and marked the end of the Seven Years' War. The treaty was signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain after Great Britain's victory over France and Spain. Because of this treaty, GB gained land to the west of the 13 colonies to the Mississippi river, and Spain was forced to give up their colony in Florida. GB gained much of this territory in the new world, and this treaty marked the beginning or British domination around the world. In addition to gaining New territory, GB agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World.

Walking Purchase (Anna O)

The Walking Purchase of 1737 was an agreement between the Penn family of Pennsylvania and the Lenape (aka Delaware) Native Americans. The treaty stated that the Delaware would measure the amount land west of the Delaware River which an Englishman could walk in 1.5 days and release it to the Penn family. The Natives calculated that the walkers could cover 40 miles in that period of time, so they acquiesced. However, after hiring the 3 of the best runners and making a prepared trail for the race, the runners "walked" 70 miles and were able to secure 1.2 million acres of land (about the size of Rhode Island).

Colonial strategies of England, France, Netherlands (Justine Sitton)

The colonial strategies of England were to set up permanent colonies in the new world; whereas, the strategies of France and the Netherlands were centered around trade and exploration. The English colonies settled in the north eastern part of what is now America, the French colonies settled in what is now Canada, and the Dutch settled in what is New York. Other countries such as Spain or Portugal focused their settlements in South America.

Encomienda System/Why Africa? (Emily Jenkins)

The encomienda system was a system that the white settlers began in the American colonies in the mid-1700s that was an attempt to enslave the Native Americans of the region. This system was unsuccessful because the natives could run away easily since they knew the land, were not very adept at farming, and died in large numbers due to disease. The failure of the encomienda system in addition to the limited number of indentured servants directly impacted the development of African slavery, which impacted the United States for centuries to come.

Tituba

Tituba was a West Indian Slave living in Salem Village during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. Tituba was accused of being a witch due to her assistance of young girls reading a crystal ball and attempt to cure their "possession" with a "witch cake." Her first confession and implication of others confirmed villagers fears of the supernatural and provided of basis for the ensuing prosecutions. (sara hanson)

William Penn/Quakers (Justine Sitton)

William Penn received a land grant in the New World from King Charles II in 1681. The King gave the land to him in place of the money owed to Penn's father to establish a greater prescience in North America. At the time Penn was looking to provide a haven for Quakers, so this was the perfect opportunity for him to do so.

William and Mary

William of Orange and Queen Mary jointly reigned over England and Scotland starting in 1689 and lasting until the beginning of the 1700s. Along with their rise to power came the glorious revolution, a shift of power away from the monarch to the Parliament governing body. Along with William and Mary, this new more powerful Parliament made acts like the Act of Settlement, keeping Roman Catholics from the throne, and the Bill of Rights, further describing individual rights. William and Mary's reign marks a move back to Protestantism and a power shift from the monarch to the Parliaments. (grace ann)

Georgia

became a colony in 1732 and was named after King George II of England. This land was originally a part of the Carolina Colony, but it was hard to rule such a vast variety of climate and land. It eventually became independent, yet stayed unpopulated because of the Indians and because the businessmen lost interest and gave the reign of Georgia back to the King. Since Georgia is close to Spain's territory in Florida, the Spanish decided to expand their land to Georgia. Now that Spain took interest in the land, England came to the conclusion that they wanted it back. England wanted a buffer zone, so they sent James Oglethorpe to recapture it. Once England regained ownership they designated it for poor and former prisoners. Georgia developed many military posts to protect its borders from Spain. It was also good for growing rice and supported African slavery.

King George III

was the king of England during the struggle for independence in America. He lived from 1738-1820, but began his reign in 1760. King George assumed the throne right after the Seven Year's War, so in a time of debt, he faced the great task of bringing the country out of debt and controlling the colonies. In 1775, the Americans wrote an Olive Branch Petition addressed to King George III to show their loyalty to England, but as time progressed the colonies grew further and further apart from the "mother country." Thomas Jefferson began the quest for independence by criticizing King George's laws and regulations. In his Declaration of Independence, Jefferson purposely contradicted the King's declaration and preamble.