Chapter 6, Lesson 2- The Crusades Study Guide
Who is Anna Comnena?
Anna Comnena is the daughter of Alexius whom was also Byzantines' only female historian
What happened as the nobles lost power?
As nobles lost power, the kings created stronger central governments
How did Federick die?
Frederick drowned in a local river
What happened in Germany is 1212?
In Germany in 1212, a youth known as Nicholas of Cologne announced that God had inspired him to lead a "children's crusade" to the Holy Land.
When did the Crusaders each Jerusalem?
June 1099
What led to the cause for a Second Crusade?
The fall of one of the Latin kingdoms to the Muslims
What did Saladin make himself?
made himself sultan of Egypt in 1169 and then become leader of the Muslim offensive against the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem
Who was Godfrey de Bouillon?
one of the Frankish leaders of the First Crusade. Godfrey rejected the title of king, protesting that it belonged only to God.
Who was Pope Urban II?
responded to the request and rallied Europe's warriors to free Jerusalem and the Holy Land from people whom Christians viewed as infidels or unbelievers—the Muslims.
What were Alexius I and his daughter fearful of?
that the western crusading armies, which would have to go through Byzantine lands to reach their objective, might prove harmful to the Byzantine Empire.
Thousands of young people joined Nicholas and made their way to where?
the Rhine and across the Alps to Italy, where the pope told them to go home
What happened as a result of Saladin's success?
three European rulers then agreed to lead a Third Crusade: German emperor Frederick Barbarossa, English king Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted), and French king Philip II Augustus.
When did a Byzantine empire recapture the city?
1261
When did the Ottoman Turks conquer Byzantine?
1453
How long did the Byzantine Empire last?
190 years
After further conquests, the crusaders organized Latin crusader states in the East into how many states?
After further conquests, the crusaders organized four Latin crusader states in the East.
In 1187 Jerusalem fell under whom?
Saladin
Who organized the last two major crusades?
king of France, Louis IX
At the Council of Clermont in southern France near the end of 1095 what does Pope Urban II promise
"All who die . . . shall have immediate remission [forgiveness] of sins." The enthusiastic crowd cried out: "It is the will of God, it is the will of God."
When did the Crusaders sack Constantinople?
1024
When did the Crusading army capture Antioch?
1098
When did the Muslims begin to strike back?
1140s
When did Jerusalem fall to Muslim forces?
1187
When did members of the Third Crusade arrive in the East?
1189
When did Saladin die?
1193
What happened in the mid 1400s?
By the mid-1400s, three strong nation-states—Spain, England, and France—had emerged in Europe.
Where did Italian merchants seek new trade?
Byzantine and Muslim lands
What were the Crusades?
From the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries, European Christians carried out a series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. These expeditions are known as the Crusades.
Which Italian port cities grew rich and powerful during the Crusades?
Genoa, Pisa, and especially Venice
How did the King of France, Louis IX die?
He died during the plague
Who initiated the Fourth Crusade?
Pope Innocent III
How many ships participated in taking the French children to the Holy Land?
Seven ships filled with youths left the port. Two of the ships went down in a storm. The other five sailed to North Africa, where the children were sold into slavery.
The Muslims relied on who for supplies?
Surrounded by Muslims, these crusader kingdoms depended on Italian cities for supplies.
When did the Crusades begin?
The Crusades started when the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus asked for help against the Seljuk Turks.
How was the city taken?
The Holy City was taken amid a horrible massacre of its inhabitants.
Who are the Seljuk Turks?
The Seljuk Turks were Muslims who had taken control of Asia Minor.
True or False? At about the same time, a group of about 20,000 French children headed to Marseille, where two shipowners agreed to take them to the Holy Land
True
True or False? The Jews of medieval Europe came to be subjected to periodic libels, attacks, and expulsions.
True
True or False? The Second Crusade was a total failure.
True
True or false? Byzantine now comprised the city of Constantinople and its surrounding lands, as well as part of Asia Minor
True
Who did monastic leader Bernard of Clairvaux involve in the Second Crusade?
Two powerful rulers, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany
Who formed the First Crusading army?
Warriors of western Europe, particularly France, formed the first crusading armies
As a result of the sacking of Constantinople what occurred?
added to the division between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. Western forces also set up a new Latin empire of Constantinople.