APUSH Unit 10
JFK foreign policy
"We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship . . . to assure the survival and success of liberty." NEW STRATEGY called. FLEXIBLE RESPONSE significantly expanded the military —maintain alliances —build up conventional army as well as nuclear arsenal —CIA covert operations —Completing and Intercontinental Ballistic Missile System Used military coommitment, economic aid to friendly governments, private investment to friendly nations, and the PEACE CORPS to prevent third world countries from becoming communist
Beats
"beatniks," a group that rejected the morality and lifestyles of mainstream American culture. Allen Ginsberg in his poem Howl (1956) and Jack Kerouac in his novel On the Road (1957) denounced American materialism and sexual repression and glorified a freer, natural life Message rejected by most Americans,, young college students liked it however
George H. W. Bush
(1989-1993) Seen as continuation of Reagan Belongs to political dynasty, more moderate, VP in 1980 and 1984 Didn't have much support in his party "NEW WORLD ORDER" after the Soviet Union falls —no outside threat —how will the US lead? Persian Gulf War
Domestic problems for H. W. Bush
1. Had to raise taxes to lower the deficit 2. Nominated Clarence Thomas to SCOTUS, angering moderates for his ultra-right views. Thomas also embroiled in sexual harassment allegations
Betty Friedan
1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
César Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
Malcolm X
1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam "to take all necessary measures to repel" attacks against American forces in Vietnam and "to prevent further aggression."
Barry Goldwater
1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history DUE TO WAR-HAWK STANCES ON VIETNAM AND WILLINGNESS TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Eugene McCarthy
1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform. Johnson's advisers organized a write-in campaign for the president, who had not entered the primary. Johnson won by nearly 8 percent of the votes, but political commentators named McCarthy the real winner.
War Powers Act
1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat. Limited war-making abilities of executive
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989, tough on crime, strong national defense, censor pornography, restrict homosexual behavior, return to '50's conformity Inherited an economy in terrible shape. America had enjoyed prosperity after WWII but this development ran out of steam in the 1970s as all the new baby boomers needed jobs and the economy couldn't expand quickly enough. This coupled with high govt spending and high immigration meant STAGFLATION Reagan. Proposes income taxes, cuts to medicare and medicaid, social security, and other high spending government programs. More spending on defense and less regulation on industry and reduced interest rates
Integration in Little Rock, Arkansas
9 African American students attempted to integrate in Central High School but were harassed and threatened by a mob. Eisenhower forced to restore order by nationalizing the Arkansas National Guard. Emphasized he had done so not to integrate, but to uphold the law and restore order
Pentagon papers
A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War. showing that American officials from Truman to Nixon had misled the public about Vietnam
Southern Manifesto (1956)
A document that opposed the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. Called for immediate and continuous peaceful civil disobedience
Détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. Nixon opened relations with China and this not only created new economic opportunities but it also put pressure on the Soviets to improve their relationship with the US
Election of 1952
A race between Dwight D. Eisenhower for the republicans and Adlai Stevenson for the democrats. Eisenhower won in a landslide. Republicans swept into majorities iin both houses on his cottails.
Black power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. King feared it would isolate blacks from white allies Increased visibility of the Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims, preaching black superiority and separatism. Malcolm X one of its leaders
Keennedy and Civil Rights
Acted cautiously on civil rights due to the need to work with Southern Democrats Appointed African Americans to Courts Opposed freedom rides because JFK was meeting with Khrushchev in Vienna and they didn't want tto be embarassed if freedom rides were attacked
National Defense Education Act of 1958
After launches of Sputnik I and Sputnik II, US concerned about Soviett missile capabilities. Appeared that the American education system was not putting enough effort into teaching mathematics and science. Eisenhower promptly asked Congress to provide money for public education and to create a new agency to coordinate the country's space program. provided funds for public education to improve the teaching of math, languages, and science and set aside $295 million in National Defense Student Loans for college students.
Ike Expands Government
Allowed congress to increase agricultural subsidies, increase to minimum wage, fund urban development, expand social security CREATED Department of Heath, Education, and Welfare Federal Highway Act (1956) National Defense Education Act of 1958
Ngo Dinh Diem
American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.
COINTELPRO
An FBI program begun in 1956 and continued until 1971 that sought to expose, disrupt, and discredit groups considered to be radical political organizations: Targeted antiwar groups during the Vietnam War.
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Election of 1992
Bill Clinton won over George H.W. Bush because of the economy's problems and the solving of foreign policy problems, Bush's greatest strength. Ross Perot, a self-made billionaire, used the anger of conservatives against Bush to fuel his own candidacy, taking away Bush's vote
Nuclear war culture 1950s
Bomb shelters built 32-inch-thick slab of concrete claimed to be able to protect people from close atomic blasts "Duck-and-cover" dills and media Movies and TV showed the horrors of nuclear war
Women of 1950's
Complained of drudgery of stay-at-home life Many unhappy with marriages More working outside of the home
Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954)
Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.
1980s
Conservative surge —fundamental christians —evangelists —Roe V. Wade drove them Consumer culture
Gideon v. Wainwright(1963), Escobedo v. Illinois(1964), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Court declared that all defendants have a right to an attorney, even if the state must provide one, and that those arrested must be informed of their right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning
Election of 1956
Eisenhower re-elected; ended Korean 'War' and balanced budget; defeated Stevenson again. Victory for democrats as they maintained majorities in both houses.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.
LBJ's strategy in Vietnam
Gradual escalation to convince North Vietnam that the cost was too high. THIS STRATEGY FAILED—US grew weary instead
Homosexuality and 1950's
Homosexuality seen as either a psychological illness or a crime VICE SQUADS raided gay and lesbian bars and newspapers published the names, addresses, and employers of those arrested Barred from military service and government jobs
Progress for women in 1960's
In 1963, Congress began to address women's is- sues when it passed the Equal Pay Act, which ended gender discrimination in pay for men and women doing the same job. It was followed a year later by Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, prohibiting dis- crimination based on gender as well as race, creed, religion, and place of origin.
Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)
In response to Nasser (Egypt) and growth of Soviet influence in Middle East, Eisenhower asked congress for permission to commit American forces, if requested, to resist "armed attack from any country controlled by internationalism"
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1941-1979)
Instated by CIA at direction of Ike Awarded US with 40% of Iran's oil production
1960s campaign
JFK v Richard Nixon. Republicans at a disadvantage as the economy was slowing down and lacked tactful approaches to civil rights JFK- young, "New Frontier" challenged Americans to stand fast against Communism and improve the quality of life Nixon- slightly older than JFK, improve quality of life and support Civil Rights IMAGE of each of these men played a vital role as their platforms were remarkably similar. -JFK spoke to the camera and was energetic and tan -Nixon looked shift as he spoke to reporters and not the American people and looked pale and frail VICTORY DEPENDED ON HOLDING DEMOCRATIC COALITION TOGETHER -needed southern democrats as well as African Americans and liberals JFK wins and congress remains in Democratic control
Johnson on the Environment
Johnson signed the Water Quality and Air Quality Acts in October 1965. Over the next three years, he would guide through Congress acts to expand wilderness areas, regulate waste removal, and remove billboards from federal highways.
1964 Presidential Election
Johnson was confident. He had cut taxes, passed a civil rights bill, and started a war on poverty. Public opinion polls showed significant support for the president in all parts of the nation, except the South. conservatives cried that liberalism was destroying vital traditional Ameri- can values of localism, self-help, and individualism.
Children and teens of 1950's
Juvenile delinquency serious concern Flouted traditional values Public high schools and non-whites as well as working class whites blamed for this change Improper family environments also blamed ROCK AND ROLL
Third World
Many nations in 1950s had achieved independence from their European colonial mother countries but didn;t have stability or prosperity. West and East competed for these new nations to convert them to their side
Khrushchev and Ike meet at summit in geneva in 1955
Meet about "open skies proposal" that wwould allow for information sharing and aerial reconaissance to verify the information. not supported by Soviets and negotiations fell apart but the spirit of the negotiations, tthe "spirit of Geneva," seemed to thaw US-Sovie relations
Chicanos
Name given to Mexican-Americans, who in 1970, were the majority of migrant farm labor in the U.S. GROWING MILITANCY amongst them as they stressed pride in their cultures and called for resistance to Anglo society
Bill clinton
Not an A-list democrat Governor of Arkansas Accusations of affairs, smoking weed, and evading vietnam draft— baby boomers identified with this US enjoyed more peace and prosperity than it had ever had before Low unemployment, crime, inflation, high home ownership Balanced budget and budget surplus SECOND TERM: Monica Lewinsky scandal, "Repairer of the breach"
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats skirmished with the American destroyer Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin Later, alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964 prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam. The result of the second incident was a call by JJohnson to have retaliatory military air strikes on North Vietnam
1950's defining aspects
One of conformity -sitcoms and TVCC displayed the ideal American family with breadwinner dad and stay-at-home mom Religious revival -high church attendence -under God added to pledge of allegiance In God we trust added to currency Consumerism -TV ads -car trade-ins for newer models -HUGE USE OF CREDIT
Freedom Rides
Organized by James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality Began in 1961 Asked to be delayed or stopped by JFK —Farmer refused Attacked in Anniston, AL —forced AG to put federal agents on the buses When the buses arrived in Montgomery, AL, police and national guard escorts vanished and large mob attacked riders and agents —AG deputized local fderal officials and marshalls to escort riders to the state line Ended when the JFK administration decreed that the ICC would enforce the Boynton v. Virginia decision(1960, ordered public transportation desegregated)
Brinkmanship
Practice of seeking to win disputes in international politics by creating the impression of being willing to push a highly dangerous situation to the limit; utilized by Ike in his "New Look"
Johnson's Great Society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. The Elemantary and Secondary Education Act (1965) first general funding for education by federal government —fell short of its goal and much of its funds were directed towards affluent schools Medical Care Act (1965) established Medicaid and Medicare Support diminishing by end of 1966 duew to high costs and apparent inefficiencies, administration more focused on Vietnam
Alliance for Progress (1961)
President Kennedy's program through which the United States provided aid for social and economic programs in Latin America. Latin American governments were to commit themselves to improving education and introducing land and tax reforms Results didn't expectations meet
Philadelphia Plan
Program established by Richard Nixon to required companies receiving federal contracts to hire minority and women workers and unions to open membership to more women and minorities.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of 1st Amendment's establishment clause and the 14th Amendment's due process clause; Warren Court's judicial activism.
Ike and Korea
Promised to "go to Korea" and essentially see the war to an honorable end Suggested publically that the US would use nuclear weapons —peace deal achieved but more likely due to STALINS DEATH in 1953
Persian Gulf War
Saddam Hussein, dictator and leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990 Iraqi forces well-equipped because US supplied them weapons to fight Iran American interests in oil not only in Kuwait but in Saudi Arabia as well were threatened Operation Desert Shield saw 500,000 troops be stationed in Saudi Arabia US takes the issue to the Un and the UN supports their actions with a military force After Iraq failed to meet the deadline for peaceful withdrawal, the US launched Operation Desert Storm on January 18, 1991, led by General Norman Schwarzkopf Air strikes were followed by a ground war Multi-national forces defeated Iraqi troops and liberated Kuwait in 42 days TELEVISION WAR GULF WAR SYNDROME- we believed that we were back from Vietnam and could take on anything with the full support of the UN.
Reagan specific policies
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) AKA "Star Wars" —"peace through strength"- milittary buildup
Griswold v. Connecticut (1964)
Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy. states could not forbid the sale of contraceptives or restrict the distribution of infor- mation on birth control
Khrushchev and Ike meet in Paris in 1960
Thaw in cold war failed to materialize as just as the summit started, the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane and Soviets captured its pilot. Eisenhower took responsibiliy but didn;t apologize
Iran hostage crisis
The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts (Eagle Claw)by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president
Tet Offensive (1968)
The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.
New Look
The defense policy of the Eisenhower administration that stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities instead using federal funds on the more expensive of conventional army spending. Meant to balance the budget Threatened MASSIVE RETALIATION Used COVERT OPERATIONS Allies protected by US nuclear umbrella offered protection for US from brushfire wars, using their own ground forces and occasionally the American Air Force or Navy to snuff out conflicts.
Election of 1968 for republicans
The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments. LBJ hadn't run for a second term Nixon used his SOUTHERN STRATEGY to attract white middle clasxs Americans who accepted some governmental activism. focused his campaign on the need for effec- tive international leadership, law and order, and the restoration of values. He denounced the four "Ps": pot, pornography, protesters, and permissiveness
Cities in 1950's
The majority of minority populations resided in cities Elderly, minorities, woman, all struggled to live even with social security Cities less able o provide needed serivces as white middle class tax base moved to suburbs and followed by many businesses
The Stonewall Riot 1969
The police raided the Stonewall Inn in New York City because it catered to a gay clientele. The raid resulted in an unexpected riot as gay patrons fought the police and were joined by other members of the community. After the riot, a Gay Manifesto called for homosexuals and lesbians to raise their consciousness and rid their minds of "garbage" poured into them by old values
Iran-Contra Affair
This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
Ike and Civil Rights
Thought government had no role in integration Some in the administration were sympathetic such as Herbert Brownell who passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957
Sheriff Bull Connor
Through his covert actions to enforce racial segregation and deny civil rights to African American citizens, especially during the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Birmingham Campaign of 1963, he became an international symbol of bigotry. He infamously directed the use of fire hoses, and police attack dogs against peaceful demonstrators, including children His tactics led many African Americans to give up their nonviolent ways Birmingham led Kennedy to take a more serious approach to Civil Rights
Ike Reduces Government
To balance. The budget, Ike: Dismissed 200k federal employees Cut domestic spending Slashed milittary budget Reduced federal responsibilities by reducing its role in energy(privately owner nuclear power plants), the environment(federal lands open to timber and mining industries), and protecting Native American tribes(withdrew federal services and economic support, liquidated tribal lands) DIDN'T allow for federal implementation of the polio vaccine
Cooper v Aaron
To prevent the closure of schools to prevent integration, the Supreme Court ruled in Cooper v. Aaron (1959) that an African American's right to attend school could not "be nullified openly" or "by evasive schemes for segregation."
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
Took over from the immensely unpopular Ford during an economic crisis. Promised a new approach to Washington but faced a congress who saw him as an ignorant outsider and refused to comply with his policy. Further cynicalized Americans about government a. Camp David Accords (1978) b. Iranian Revolution/Oil Crisis (1979) c. SALT II (1979) d. Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1981)
Nixon and ending Vietnam
Tried to pressure the North into negotiating by resuming air attacks on North Vietnam and attacks on enemy bases in Cambodia. He also threatened to use nuclear weapons. The North didn't respond and US crossed into Cambodia to destroy the bases, creating huge amounts of protest in the US—especially at Kent State (OH) and Jackson State (MI) On January 27, 1973, The peace settlement imposed a cease-fire, re- moved the twenty-four thousand remaining American troops, and promised the return of American prison- ers of war. The peace permitted the United States to end its role in the war.
Mann Doctrine
U.S. policy outlined by Thomas Mann during the Johnson administration that called for stability in Latin America rather than economic and political reform. Updated version during LBJ's administration of Kennedy's Alliance for Progress in Latin America Sent military equipment and advisors tto regimes to suppress communism
Baghdad Pact
US joins in 1957 with Britain, Iran, Pakistan. Turkey, and Iraq. AKA Central Treaty Organization
Nixon domestically and abroad
Used flexible policy, expanding some Great Society programs and following Keynesian guidelines to improve the economy. Created Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). NAtional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) By 1972 American troops were being withdrawn from Vietnam (VIETNAMIZATION—responsibility handed over to South Vietnam) Improved relations with China and Russia SALT I May 1972
1988 election
VP George WH Bush defeated Michael Dukakis with 56% of the vote; winning 40 out of the 50 states Bush employed racial scare tactics through his "WILLIE HORTON AD" proclaiming that Dukakis was soft on crime and allowed murderers to reoffend with weekend passes. PROMISES NO NEW TAXES("read my lips—no new taxes")
Johnson and the Filibuster
Wanted to pass the Civil Rights Act but southerners filibustered in the Senate
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
When the Soviet Union placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other. US blockaded Cuba and the Strategic Air Command had a fleet of nuclear bombers in the air at al times Resolved when US agreed to remove missles from turkey and not invade Cuba if the Societs wwoould remove their misiles and missile silos Resulted in a hot-line between president and the Kremlin, made progress on a Limited Test Ban Treaty
The Organization Man
Written by William Whyte; attacked the way businesses wanted every employee to be just like the others to keep any individual from dominating or being a threat
Stokely Carmichael
a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."
Head start
a preschool program under Johnson for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services
Watts riots, 1965
a race riot that took place in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. causes were overpolicing oof a poor and overcrowded neighborhood. The arrest of an African American for drunk driving led to a riot. The riot dismayed Johnson and shattered the complacency of those who thought civil rights was just a southern problem.
Job corps
a work training program under Johnson for young people between the ages of 16 and 21
Kennedy Administration
asked Congress for a wide range of domestic programs, including a national health system and increased federal aid to education but faioed to deliver great results -got small increases to minimum wage and social security, urban renewal bill Used keynesian policies foor budget —asked congress to approve tax cuts and more military spending —-tax custs rejected
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)
bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight Led to more direct support for the Vietcong from the North Vietnamese by sending their own North Vietnamese Army men in
Baker v. Carr
courts had an obligation to guarantee the equal apportionment of political power within states by ensuring that voting dis- tricts have similar populations, so that one person's vote in one congressional district would be equal to that of a person in another congressional district.
Kerner Commission
created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States Found that "pervasive discrimination and segregation in employment, education, and housing have resulted in the continuing exclusion of great numbers of Negroes from the benefits of economic progress." Steps needed to be taken to improve tthe lives of African Americans
Geneva Agreement
divided French Indochina into modern-day Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Vietnam temporarily divided into the Communist North and the anti-Communist South. new nations not allowed to enter into military alliances or allow foreign bases on their territory. Out of fear hat Vietnam would turn completely communist, the US supported the ignoring of the mandated country-wide unification elections
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
domestic version of the Peace Corps under Johnson
Expanding economy
expanding economy was a result of big govern- ment, big business, cheap energy, and an expanding population. High government spendding on the military ("military Keynesianism") CORPORATIONS SAW THIER PROFITS DOIBLE FROM 1948-1958 Industrial wages rose WHILE INDUSTRIAL JOBS DECLINED —due to more efficient plants and AUTOMATION GROWTH OF CONSUMER-RELATED JOBS
Voting Rights Act of 1965
law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration Congress pressured by LBJ to pass it after violence in Selma
Civil rights act of 1957
law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission. Moderate anjd strengthened efforts to use tthe courts to gain voing rights
Rap Brown
original name of the person who said violence is as american as cherry pie.was chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in the 1960s, and during a short-lived (six months) alliance between SNCC and the Black Panther Party
Nixon Doctrine
promised that countries fighting communism would receive American political and economic sup- port but only limited military support.
Federal highway act 1956
provided funds to construct the initial forty-one thousand miles of an interstate highway system. In justifying the program, the administration maintained that the military needed a modern road system to effectively deploy its forces in case of war.
Young people of the 1960's
the majority of young adults re- mained quite traditional, an expanding number began to question the goals and nature of education. Students complained that higher education seemed sterile, an assembly line producing standardized products, not independent thinking individuals Interested in counterculture with sexual freedom, drugs, and serenity and self-awareness
election of 1968 for Democrats
three Democratic candidates. McCarthy campaigned against the war and the "imperial presidency." Robert Kennedy opposed the war, but not executive and federal power, and he called on the government to better meet the needs of the poor and minorities. Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, running in the shadow of Johnson, stood behind the president's foreign and domestic programs George Wallace joins the race as Humphrey wins the nomination. Ran in the independent party and compained for southern whites, blue-collar workers, and low- income white Americans. Opposed federal civil rights legislation and welfare
Castro and Cuba
toppled the Cuban gov- ernment of Fulgencio Batista, who had held power throughout most of the 1940s and 1950s. Batista was corrupt and had become an embarassment to the US. US hoped Castro would be reformist but his social and economic reforms led him tto endanger American investments, leading them to apply economic pressure and Castro to sign an economic pact with the Soviets.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South Justices instructed local school boards to proceed with desegregation with "all deliberate speed," making it easy to put off
Intermediate nuclear force treaty
• Reagan and Gorbachav held summit meeting in Iceland • In December 1985, Reagan traveled to the Soviet Union • Reagan and Gorbachav signed Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty, eliminating intermediate -range nuclear missiles with ranges of 600-3400 miles