APUSH Unit 2 Project Quiz
The colonies of the southernmost Atlantic coast and the Britain West Indies used long growing seasons to develop plantation economies based on exporting staple crops. They depended on the labor of enslaved Africans, who often constituted the majority of the population in these areas and developed their own forms of cultural and religious autonomy.
1. Act of Toleration- The South implemented religious toleration to self-govern the role of religion within the colonies and maintain free worship for Christians promoting self-governing and religious toleration. 2. Tobacco farms- The South relied on the cash crop of tobacco to quickly and easily boost their economy and establish strong trade with Britain who further traded the tobacco with other European nations. 3. Triangular Trade -The South required slave labor to produce cotton for their trade and to maintain this practice, they traded tobacco to Britain who made it into finished products which were later traded with Africa for slaves who were then traded to the South enabling them to produce more tobacco and keep the cycle prosperous.
The presence of different European religious and ethnic groups contributed to a significant degree of pluralism and intellectual exchange, which were later enhanced by the first Great Awakening and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
1. Atlantic Trade- Atlantic Trade linked the colonies to varying European nations and boosted the spread of new ideas as communication became easier through heightened trade relations. 2. ScotchIrish/Germans- Other European groups immigrated to the Americas and with their arrival they brought new ideas, such as religion and customs, that could be shared with British colonists. 3. Great Awakening
All the British colonies participated to varying degrees in the Atlantic slave trade due to the abundance of land and a growing European demand for colonial goods, as well as a shortage of indentured servants. Small New England farms used relatively few enslaved laborers, all port cities held significant minorities of enslaved people, and the emerging plantation systems of the Chesapeake and the southernmost Atlantic coast had large numbers of enslaved workers, while the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
1. Bacon's Rebellion- The poor treatment of indentured servants led to their rebellion and the switch from labor based on indentured servants to the usage of African slaves. 2. Triangular Trade- British colonies' economies were reliant upon Triangular Trade as they traded natural resources to Britain, who manufactured them into goods to be traded for slaves needed for America's collection of resources; this placed colonies under the need for slave labor while helping to support Britain's mercantilist relation with its colonies.
Interactions between European rivals and American Indian populations fostered both accommodation and conflict. French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied with and armed American Indian groups, who frequently sought alliances with Europeans against other Indian groups.
1. Chickasaw Wars- The Native group of the Chickasaw fought harshly against many European settling groups as they sought to expand into Native territories and force Natives into positions of slavery or servitude. 2. King Philip's War- The British sought to further expand their land into Native territories, which angered Native leader Metacomet who then went to war against the British; the Natives were unable to stop the British from furthering expanding into their lands. 3. Beaver Wars- The decrease in beaver populations due to the fur trade led to conflict between Native groups in which European groups served as allies for different Native tribes to maintain peaceful relations.
Continuing trade with Europeans increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, stimulating cultural and economic changes and spreading epidemic diseases that caused radical demographic shifts.
1. Columbian Exchange- The Columbian Exchange connected Europe and the Americas through trade for new resources such as tobacco, corn, and horses which would change the basis of living on both sides; however the exchange also enabled the spread of new diseases in the Americas which decimated the Native population. 2. Horses- Natives received horses from the Columbian Exchange which aided them in hunting and, for nomadic tribes, made it easier to follow their food and travel as they needed to. 3. Fur Trade- The French established the highly successful Fur Trade with the Native Americans which boosted both the French and Native economies and peaceful interactions between the two groups.
The British government increasingly attempted to incorporate its North American colonies into a coherent, hierarchical, and imperial structure in order to pursue mercantilist economic aims, but conflicts with colonists and American Indians led to erratic enforcement of imperial policies.
1. Dominion of New England- The British government attempted to unify all of its colonies under control of the British crown, but the colonists resisted as they wanted to selfgoverning and avoid a lack of say within the British government.. 2. Trade and Navigation Laws- To maintain its mercantilism, Britain restricted its colonies trade to be exclusive with Britain through the Trade and Navigation Laws; however colonists restricted the laws by smuggling goods from other nations to avoid British tax. 3. Salutary Neglect
Spanish efforts to extract wealth from the land led them to develop institutions based on subjugating native populations, converting them to Christianity, and incorporating them, along with enslaved and free Africans, into the Spanish colonial society.
1. Encomienda System- the spanish utilized this system to place the Natives into a position of less power in which they were forced to work for the Spanish in exchange for knowledge of Christianity 2. Juan de Onate- spanish used violence to obtain native land such as killing/cutting feet off thousands of natives who refused to give up land 3. Caste System/ Mulattos
French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to build economic and diplomatic relationships and acquire furs and other products for export to Europe
1. Fur trade- skins of animals exchanged between French and natives, since french desired peaceful relations. This boosted both economies 2. Jesuit missionaries- religious groups worked to convert natives to christianity while encouraging them to take up new techniques of agriculture 3. Chickasaw wars
change over time statement: movements that included individualist thinking sparked development within the colonies, as the early Americans became more intellectually sound while also solidifying their territory
1. Great Awakening* 2. Enlightenment 3. Zenger Case 4. Georgia 5. Charter of Liberties
English colonization efforts attracted a comparatively large number of male and female British migrants, as well as other European migrants, all of whom sought social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions focused on agriculture and settled on land taken from Native Americans, from whom they lived seperately
1. Great migration- The british colonies attracted Puritans, who brought ideas of large families and self-governing, to the MA bay as they sought religious freedom from the Anglican Church 2. Jamestown- Many settlers moved to the Americas in hopes of obtaining gold, glory and to spread their religion; while not completely successful, helped pave the way for greater british expansion as they were sustained by cash crops and the work of indentured servants in search of economic gains 3. Pilgrims- seeking freedom from the Church of England, pilgrims travelled to the Americas, settling the Plymouth Colony under the Mayflower compact (would later become one of the earlier successful brit colonies)
change over time statement: the colonies established in America developed in organization and representation in the colonies, while expanding their economic prosperity and allowing greater religious tolerance
1. Jamestown (1607) 2. Rhode Island (1636)* 3. Indentured Servants/Headright System 4. House of Burgesses (1619) 5. Act of Toleration (1649)
Colonists' resistance to imperial control drew on local experiences of self- government, evolving ideas of liberty, the political thought of the Enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
1. John Locke- Locke upheld the Enlightenment idea in which if a government infringes upon its citizens' rights, the citizens have the moral obligation to overthrow the government and establish a new one; the colonists were influenced by this to declare independence from Britain. 2. Virginia House of Burgesses- The end of Britain's salutary neglect was widely resented and opposed by colonists who were accustomed to selfgoverning such as the Virginia House of Burgesses which provided colonists with say in their governments. 3. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut/ Halfway Covenant
change over time statement: The english demand for materials provided by the colonies caused for the need for expansion as well as well as new labor forces in early america, promoting the need for slavery and the settlements to develop the amount of materials desired by Great Britain
1. Mercantilism 2. Triangular Trade* 3. Acts of Trade and Navigation 4. Bacon's Rebellion 5. King Phillip's War
The goals and interests of European leaders and colonists at times diverged, leading to a growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic. Colonists, especially in British North America, expressed dissatisfaction over issues including territorial settlements, frontier defense, selfrule, and trade.
1. Molasses Act- The British tax on molasses affected the colonies who were forced to purchase molasses from only Britain, however colonists avoided paying the tax by smuggling molasses from other nations. 2. Dominion of New England- The British government established the Dominion of New England to unify the colonies under British rule, however the colonists resisted as it limited their self governing leading to its failure. 3. Mercantilism European nations utilized mercantilism to keep control over their colonies, however colonies resisted by smuggling goods from other nations to avoid the taxes put in place by their home country.
American Indian resistance to Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the Pueblo Revolt, led to Spanish accommodation of some aspects of American Indian culture in the Southwest.
1. Pueblo Revolt- The Natives revolted against Spanish explorers who sought to subjugate them through the encomienda system; following the revolt, the Spanish gained a slight level of mutual understanding with the Natives allowing them to maintain some of their lands. 2. Bartolome de Las Casas/ Juan Gines de Sepulveda 3. Valladolid Debate
•Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery and maintain their family and gender systems, culture, and religion.
1. Slave Songs- African slaves used songs, that incorporated their religion and culture, as a form of communication amongst other slaves and as a form of more positive expression while working out in the fields. 2. Stono Rebellion- Slaves would sometimes hold open rebellions against their masters; they utilized violence to attempt to gain their freedom and escape from the harsh circumstances of slavery that they were forced into.
As chattel slavery became the dominant labor system in many southern colonies, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
1. Slavery- Africans were forced into slavery and unable to escape as they were bound to their masters and any future generations would also be confined to the harsh effects of slavery in which they were given no rights.
change over time statement: After the French and Indian War, tension built between the colonies and Great Britain over trade regulation and taxation which resulted in the formation of groups opposed to foreign rule
1. Stamp Act 2. Sons and Daughters of Liberty 3. Pontiac's Rebellion/ Proclamation of 1763 4. Declaratory Act 5. Letters from a Farmer/ John Dickinson
The Chesapeakes and North Carolina colonies grew prosperous exporting tobacco- a labor-intensive product initially cultivated by white, mostly male indentured servants and later by enslaved africans
1. Tobacco farms-use of cash crops helped boost economic success of South as they could easily make a profit and boost mercantilistic relationship w/ brit 2. Bacon's Rebellion- indentured servants' rebellion led to their freedom as they began to resent their masters; to avoid these issues, colonists turned to forcing Africans to provide slave labor
The British colonies experienced a gradual Anglicization over time, developing autonomous political communities based on English models with influence from inter colonial commercial ties, the emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture, and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
1. Town Meetings- The colonies held town meetings that were modeled after the British parliament in which white, landowning males were able to vote on decisions that would be made within the town and colony. 2. Virginia House of Burgesses- This Virginia representative assembly provided colonists with the same rights as Englishmen as they were able to provide a say in the colonial government and establish a small scale form of democracy that reflected aspects of Britain's own representative system. 3. Mayflower Compact- The Pilgrims established their ideal government in the Americas through the Mayflower Compact which promoted selfgoverning and some independence from Britain.
The New England colonies, initially settled by Puritans, developed around small towns with family farms and achieved a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce
1. Township system- placed families close to each other and neighbors looked out for one another; they kept small, interconnected towns that worked together for success 2. Subsistence farming- many colonial families produced food on farms, with the intention of using it for their families rather than mass production for trade; they kept their towns small and focused on their own needs
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, as well as enslaved Africans and American Indians, were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas through extensive trade networks. European colonial economies focused on acquiring, producing, and exporting commodities that were valued in Europe and gaining new sources of labor.
1. Triangular Trade- Goods, resources, and African slaves were traded between the Americas, Britain, and Africa through Triangular Trade linking them together as they relied upon each other for resources to continue promoting their economies. 2. Middle Passage- through Triangular Trade, African slaves were made to endure the dangerous trip to the Americas in which they were tightly shipped together on a long journey involving poor conditions and brutal treatment that continued when they were bought by slave owners. 3. Bacon's Rebellion- prior to the usage of African slaves as labor, the British relied upon indentured servants, however following the incidents of Bacon's Rebellion in which the indentured servants rebelled, the nation made the switch to utilize slave labor rather than that of indentured servants.
Distance and Britain's initially lax attention led to the colonies creating self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era. The New England colonies based power in participatory town meetings, which in turn elected members to their colonial legislatures; in the Southern colonies, elite planters exercised local authority and also dominated the elected assemblies.
1. Virginia House of Burgesses - Colonists in Virginia established their own representative assembly in which citizens were able to have a say in their self-ruled government by voting on decisions to determine laws within the colony. 2. New England Confederation- The colonists formed this defensive group without authorization from Britain, demonstrating the colonies' power as a unit, in order to protect themselves from the Natives and the Dutch who were gaining power. 3. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- As the first written constitution in American history, this Connecticut constitution served as the colony's representative government enabling the colonists to have power within their government unlike in the British government.
The middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a broad range of European migrants, leading to societies with greater cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity and tolerance
1. William Penn- established the colony of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and promoted free worship of various religions; created "Holy Experiment" in Penn. which resulted in a prosperous and peaceful colony 2. Quakers- left Europe in search of land in which they could freely practice their religion and live freely upon their own standards, leading to establishment of Penn. to fulfill this role
Why does Period 2 begin in 1607?
Britain established its first permanent colony, Jamestown, in 1607, beginning Britain's influence in the New World
British conflicts with American Indians over land, resources, and political boundaries led to military confrontations, such as Metacom's War (King Philip's War) in New England.
King Philip's War- British attempts at expansion into Native lands led to the Natives declaring war to stop them from further encroaching onto their lands and remove the British from the Americas, however the Natives would fail due to Britain's military strength allowing for the British to continue expanding. 2. Metacomet/ Wampanoags
Why does Period 2 end in 1754?
Salutary neglect allowed for colonial independence which ended in 1754 because Britain became involved in the French and Indian War, forcing them to have greater control over the colonies