APUSH Unit 2
Escalating Anglo-French tensions
1791 - minister sent from GB, and 1793 France and GB in war. Neutrality policy was tested when Edmond Genet was sent to CHarleston ports, and Washington wanted him out. But the second challenge came from GB when in 1974, Royal Navy seized american ships engaging in French trade. BUT WAR WASN'T GOOD. Jay negotiated in 1794 - Settled conflict with Britain, but Jay treaty ratified despite opp. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty with Spain recognizing US in sea, and no raids.
The Boston 'massacre' and the Tea Act
After they succeeded, british target colony that leads everyone. Massachusetts. Quartering Act - soldiers sent troops to massachusetts, and they are to quarter them. This causes massachusetts into disarray - tension because they drink a lot, take jobs, brothels, etc. DUring fights about non-important.
Future of Republic is at Stake
Alien and Sedition Acts: Democratic republicans decentralize govt. And mobocracy vs. tyranny. Tensions with France: French revolution, allies or not: neutral vs. get involved. Idealogical, debt, british vs. france marching, etc. Tensions always fought through PAPERS
Boycotts, homespun: extent and complexity of the Patriot movement
Boycotts and non-importation Harassment, riots, and mass actions Committees of Correspondence The Sons of Liberty The Daughters of Liberty
Southern Campaigns (1779-81):
Britain moves capital to Charleston - they march in and took a bunch of towns encouraging many militias
"The Revolution of 1800"?
BACK UP: 1795: Hamilton's plan is finally completes. Farmers all over the west had taken up arms by whiskey tax which was abcked by national army. It looks like the early phases of the american rev., US buys all debts and to service and pay those and use taxes, hamilton gets national bank established and earned to accumulate allies and become good politician, and so is jefferson. Jefferson and his allies wins the location of the national capitol and treatment of the slave trade Hot and heavy: jeffersons gonna burn bibles, parties manipulated electoral college, adams is not man nor woman, etc. Lead up: jeffersons controlled state legislature of VA, english tyranny and so they rewrote laws to make sure all electoral votes go to jeff., mass. worried and so federalists rewrote rules and so state legislatures alone chose votes, so messing with it starts with 1800. Since Burr and Jeff. tied, you have the house figuring out who is p and vp, and are scared of adams staying prez. Hamilton says make Jeff. prez rather than Burr. What republicans do next and what jeff. Does next is important. Jeff. inauguration speech was we are all fed. And all republicans: i know we all had a political fight and stakes are high, we will have a peaceful reconciliation and peaceful transition. He is not a saint, but in his initial moves and rhetoric, he quells the storm of the 1800s. First time changing parties. Republicans: Jeff. Madison. Voters: Farmers, decentralized Beliefs: decentralized govt., agrarian, state and people power, FRENCH REV GOOD, Policies: VA and Kentucky reversed, state banks, taxes on imports and exports vs. internal goods, Federalists: GW, Hamilton, John Adams, Voters: Aristocracy, bankers, merchants, religious, wealthy plantation owners Beliefs: strong centralized govt., urban commercial society, we're unstable to involve in French Rev., Policies: Hamiltonian Policy, alien and sedition act., whisky tax,
The Revolutionary War: Basic Facts Outset of the War: Advantages and Disadvantages
First Continental Congress: Got together in the wake of the coercive acts to coordinate colonail response. One of those responses was to elext officers to lead massachusetts militia to show solidarity - we send you help from continental congress. ALong with them went a bunch of colonial militia from various different sates - fateful choice was GEORGIE BOI. He is not a tactical commander, not a good battlefield commander at all, but he is politically adept. He showed up to continental congress in full colonial military guard. He is very good at getting people to do what he wants, get colonial legislatures to give him money, and inspiring people to stay loyal to him in moments where the rev. War looks bleak. One thing that keeps everyone in line is personal loyalty to georgie boi because he is an inspiring dude. The ways he is inspiring is he looks good on a horse, etc. Important because immediately after, he goes to mass. And before independence is declared there is heavy battles in massachusetts. Fort ticonderoga is one of them. It showcases washington's ability to handpick loyal and good officers (henry nox doesn't seem like a good officer, doesn't present an inspiring figure, but his knowledge of math is good for artilary stuff. He uses this info to force people out of boston. Victory for unofficial continental army. - gets things done when aked. 2nd congress Has ammunition because of this literally and figuratevely. 2nd congress stays till the rest of the war in session because of the basic advantages and disadvantages of the colonial and british forces and their mission. Advantages Americans know land better, but british can buy their way around American soldiers are fighting for an abstract set of ideas and/or for their home - means they hang in there when they shouldnt have otherwise Win conditions British - get all colonies to give up all claims of independence Colonies - fight until british empire runs out of political steam, will, etc. Disadvantages If england wants supplies or news or advising, it takes a month to go one way across the atlantic - distance and difficulty of strategic coordination is a significant disadvantage the british face Not enough people abel to be hired cuz there is no motivation Strategies of surrender and such matter - in a war for independence, 13 colonies have legislatures that can move to the next time. You also aren't fighting one army, there are local militias everywhere. When you defeat one, they wait till your gone and reorganize. The fact this is unlike traditional continental european war where there are big armies that fight each other, means british are approaching it all wrong throughout.
Native American role in warfare:
Native americans are crucial to war in north american territory - lots of land sparsely settled especially inland. People inland are natives, so native tribes and shifting alliances are the crucial must have allies. You cant fight a war in america without them - they know languages, they speak latin languages, know trade and areas and roads, and they know politics. They know that and exploit it. They leverage alliances with europeans to fight their own wars as much as europeans with their wars. These escalating tensions between groups like the iroquois confederacy, algonquian tribes, ohio confederacy, twig wacallit tribe on the ohio frontier are reaching breaking point. Also european tensions like new powers like prussia and causing instability.
(3.3) Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War. Cont...
The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. The effort for American independence was energized by colonial leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, as well as by popular movements that included the political activism of laborers, artisans, and women. In the face of economic shortages and the British military occupation of some regions, men and women mobilized in large numbers to provide financial and material support to the Patriot movement.
Deep Background of the Seven Years War Development of French Empire
We are in rivalry with three main powers - france, britain , and spain. France had been winning the colonial game from 1710-50. Spanish and british had assets and victories, but french were successful as empires of europe and nation. They had good native relations - fur trade and made them rich. The sun king! Louis. Effective empires and important bc of extensive relationships with natives and extended relations with them to have effective control over Mississippi valley, ohio valley, and way far west you have some areas of control...: These areas aren't well mapped or marked - generally if it says this territory is french, it means people that correlate with them generally hang there. The french control of their areas are allowing them to control this trade - new Orleans, st. Louis are major cities that develop based off of trade routes.
Early Campaigns (1776-7)
1775-6: Fighting mostly in mass. Thehy withdraw along the time of the declaration, and tey instill themselves in NY hoping for loyalists there. 1775-6 - americans try to put up a good fight, but every time they meet the british army in a batle, they get their butt kickes, sometimes a draw at best, what makes hthe americans do okay is washington is a very skilled retreater. If you can withdraw quickly and effectively, it gives you a tremendous advantages. Along this early campaigns, british invade manhattan and britain forces washington to constantly flee and retreat After battle of trenton, winter is coming. Armies camp and no one can fight anymore and he has delayed british. This is the famous thing he crosses the deleware and surprise attack and gain ground back.
The First Congress and the early Washington administration Basic structure of government
1788 : Moment washington becomes president cuz it is when constitution ratified by 9th state, but first gov. Not up and running till 89-1790, and the 1st thing they hear is oh yea france's govt. Has toppled and french rev., and this meant that european politics gonna go wild and our ally is that so instability. Sets off reactions in the us bc everyone is responding. French people sympathize with french rev and most Americans think it's a good thing. Early Americans looked over and said they are just like us, fires of rev. Being spreading, world be free of monarchal tyrannical govt. One person who had been absent came back from french to be a leader of the pro-french movement - thomas jeff. He was envoy to france, and had been hanging there for the entirety of 1780s - missed end of rev. War, missed VA state constitution , missed ratification of the US constitution, and so he comes back in 1789 at the behest of washington to join his administration as foreign relations secretary of state. Also joining washington was secretary of finance - alex hamilton. The fight between them is the fight between american politics as they present both ends.
The Bill of Rights
1789 - First elections under Const. 12 amendments 1789, 10 ratified 1791 Judiciary Act of 1791 - provided for Supreme Court of 6, constitutionality of laws Executive later on under GW - Hamilton, TJ, Henry Knox, Edmund Randolph Debates over status, deference, and systems Washington's symbolic personality
King William, Queen Anne's, and King George's War
3 major wars around 1710 and 1750 that are brush fires as france expands - king william, queen anne, king george's war (war of jenkins as well) All are about who will control caribbean and mississippi and ohio valleys There are also about european balance of power - balance of power over africa, india, and asia trade: Leads up to world war - extending alliance, balance of power...
Long-term implications of the war
British want to strengthen hold
(3.5) Explain how various factors contributed to the American victory in the Revolution. more
Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as well as Great Britain's apparently overwhelming military and financial advantages, the Patriot cause succeeded because of the actions of colonial militias and the Continental Army, George Washington's military leadership, the colonists' ideological commitment and resilience, and assistance sent by European allies.
George Washington's Screw Up?
Forst Takenzie- Forth the french build in this vague zone that may be in pennsylvania or french ohio (arround pittsburg). British say no cuz they think settling isndie their borders. They send for british to get military and start a skirmish. Gov dinwiddie of Virginia listens to order and collects company and looks for officer to command it cuz he doesnt wanna waste british officers and so you have colonial officer - young george. He wants to prove himself and so he marches off to find the french and put the fight to him - native allies also have big ship on their shoulder aboutt eh french pushing them out of home territories. They find a group of french soldiers (that defeated native before) and they surround them and dawn comes - somebody shoots first, and so washington wins and while they take prisoners, the natives kill the prisoners including soldiers. TURNS OUT this was diplomatic and natives fleed, and so now he is running away and creates a fort - fort necessity. Washington messed up. WAR TAKES OFF - washing and troops are sent back to english colonies. War goes bad for england across the board - battles in india, major battle in future US, great meadows - braddock takes command from washington, goes off to fort taquencie and looses badly and all of them get killed, and so washington is back in command - but he does better and retreats and keeps militia and colonial soldiers alive during the retreat and restores his reputation. War contineus poorly at first but naval war and naval invasion of canada by going down st. laurence - this naval invasion succeeds where land invasions have failed. One reason for its sucess is william pitt, prime minister of england, thougtht hat this war would be won or lost in america so he let everyone lose the war elsewhere so colonists love him. Wolfe beseeches french canada, quebec and war is over. Benjamin wolfe dies and so you have this amazing painting. Map is trasnformed at treaty of paris - no more french in north america. British all right and spanish in south and they draw a line that says 13 colonies can't take that land cuz it is for natives.
Resistance and repeal: 2 ways of resistance
Grassroots - boston - guy named andrew oliver, he had a job he was glad to have accepted and had accepted. He was royal stamp salesman and arrived in the colonies early to set up. Sam adams is a leader of colonial dissidence sons of liberty for reasons they hate stamp act. Best and most effective way to protests stamp act is protest the guy. They make a big effigy and march down to oliver's home and shop and burn it and stamp it into the ground, break every window in his house, and tear down signs, and give him a note saying go home and never come back. Evening later, they march down to royal governor's house and camp in the front and take out tools and rpocede to take apart his house. Burn furniture, clothes, painting, and by the time dawn comes, the sons of liberty are about to remove the roof. Thomas hutchinson left already. THis is a very organized protest actions. Legislator resistance - general assembly discerns hat stamp act must be repealed. massachusetts legislature issues circular letter and even after they are disbanded by governor , they unofficially meet and send another circulatory letter. Merchants are forced to stop trade with british, and if they didn't they'd face sons of liberty. House of Burgesses - patrick henry give me liberty or death. All the resistance leads to repealing of it in 1765, and england 1800 is still paying, but yea no more tax before they even sell any paper.
Native American and British interference
Invading, and so Congress in 1784,5,6 tried persuading Iroqois, Chocktaw, Chickasaw, and Cherokee leaders to sign treaties to cede land. FAILED. 1790-1 - Miami group under Little Turtle defeated US, many died and negotiation failed. A year later, Miami signed Treaty of Greenville
America in the changing world of European empires
Jay-Gardoqi Treaty: 1794 Jean Jay sent to England to create peace treaty with them to settled outstanding disputes. Jefferson gone, so no one to oppose, and it does succeed with its goals. English move out NW forts, gains Americans territorial cessions, British ships wont interfere with american ships, creates terms on how Americans will treat loyalists * When Americans see tyrannical britain fighting free france, this jay treaty is very opposed to and washington makes him supreme court justice, and jefferson and madison are like okay (Jay treaty - senate is split 15 15 on ratification - tie vote is john Adams who is Washington's political ally and centralizer and Hamilton's ally) American claims in Canada, Loyalist relations British harassment and revanchism Settler populations Native American wars and the treaty systems US finally defeats major confederation of natives: Battle of fallen timbers and treaty of grenville - Ohio territory theoretically opened to settlement is now practically opened - big money Army, navy, and money Outbreak of the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution, Latin American Revolutions
Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer
Letters by John Dickenson in which he raised the stakes - any taxes violated rights of colonies, and master of paranoid conspiracy and talks about how colonies are going to be subordinates. These non-import-export agreements are everywhere. Yale forms their committee and student's committee says they wanna participate to legislature and dont drink wine. Harvard no silks. Up and down costs, circular letters say boycott and stuff. One state says NO.Rhode Island - doesn't join in and all otehr states boycott rhode isalnd - no trade with thems. Women - daughters of liberty are like let's make out own stuff catch up men. By 1770 townshend acts are repealed. Trade with england returned to normal
(3.7) Explain how different forms of government developed and changed as a result of the Revolutionary Period.
Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, the Confederation Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Emerging patterns of American folk culture
Music and religion Local handicrafts and arts Diversity of origins
RIGHTS
Natural rights and British common law The plot of tyranny theory Taxation and representation Parliamentary sovereignty as principle Theories of colonial unity and disunity
Policy division, ideology and foreign policy in the 1790s: Big Ideas (3.12) Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.
New forms of national culture developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations. Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.
Middle-term consequences of the war
People are feeling great: Colonial legislatures play a crucial role in why the empire has problems in the 1760s and 70s ENGLAND is in DEBT: Ships - big 3 masted warship is equal to aircraft carrier, Colonies smuggled more in the war, They don't have a new source of income and enormous war debt, plus ponteac's rebellion (more soldiers), plus new colonies - french speaking catholic in quebec, ultimately benign neglect is over England is back in administration of colonies game: British demands increased in regards to things like taxes, and the colonies were slowly and grudging to deal with these needs and others. Problems of managing the empire became more difficult after 1763. Originally colonies were for trade purposes, but now it was land and taxes and other importance. With the territorial annexations of 1763, their empire was twice as big, and there were arguments about expanding westward and its implications. At the same time, London was having issues dealing with war debt, and people didn't want to deal with even higher taxes. Even installing the British troops on the Indian border was adding to this. Only taxation could meet England's needs. At this time George III became king and tried to be an active and responsible monarch. He got rid of Pitt's coalition and things and created a new one through patronage and bribes and got uneasy control of Parliament. Then, he had serious intellectual and psychological limitations that compounded his political difficulties. He was also partly deranged and was immature and insecure. This lead to instability of British govt. Grenville who was made Prime Minister, furthered the fact that the colonies must be controlled. Anti-Catholicism and Administration End of benign neglect George the 2nd died, and george the third replaced him and he isn't a good minister. They were also in debt and also george feels insecure and such He has a very bad relations with parliament and has a hard time paying the debt effectively
Impacts of the War
Properitied white men: American white men. There were large class of some property white men that felt they were inferior in the British colonial system or social system and you had to acknowledge people by kissing and stuff and British legal system was biased for certain property owning like primogeniture and the revolution offered white men in colonies to revolutionize social legal and political structures to be equal. This guy is a shoemaker and is low class and he sees John Hancock and doesn't know what to do and this social leveling is a big part of the revolution and he goes through the war and after talks about it which is part of what they taught the war for Unpropertied white men Loyalists: Everyone rejoiced, but LOYALIST (Tories) were not happy at all. Colonies began to call themselves states, but they were independent for a while. After the declaration, they made formal constitutions for themselves (republic govt.) National govt. was less successful but war needed coordination so in Nov. 1777, Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation (1781). They did little, but the Continental Congress coordinated war effort. Articles didn't confirm Congress was govt., so the central gov. was weak and uncertain. Non-Loyalist Women: The idea of revolutionary or republics motherhood and woman hood you are the public exemplar of virtues of republicanism. Learning decency public spiritedness to hold your community together and teach kids about right even when you couldn't be in legislature or soldiers. Also the ladies were very avid and active and changes women roles in society in this role of revolutionary motherhood. Home front is a lot of suffering though. Women had a hard role but they were important in political realm through domestic stuff. Most of the stuff you heard was from wartime propaganda and stuff it was a fragmented experience for most cuz you didn't hear much unless people or papers cane. Not to mention, many were in the forts as well and helped out. Enslaved people: One of the great difficulties of the war was meaning for enslaved people. Wartime was disruptive cuz plantations are being attacked and people leaving and the British realize wartime and slavery I'll disrupt one another Wartime gov of va lord dunmore can undermine patriot cause and get support and stuff and says leaves that flee the patriot cause and go to fort of British will become soldiers and they form the Ethiopian regiment that wear pins that say freedom to slaves. They fight in Virginia and slaves and leave British forces and deliberate plantations. They don't get what they wants and English officers sell them back into slaver and few hat survive all the way to Canada get w25 percent of white land stuff and domestically disruptive to slavers, most died tho cuz they were not as well take care of. So slaves have a weird time ideologically since they are fighting for independence but slaves are suppressing them Native Americans: Natives were also up fed. Many joined on both sides and ended the war screwed cuz no peace negotiations by ether sides a treaty of Paris in seventh eigty three. Botha does felt justified in treating natives forms oldoers and loyalists or revolutionary militias in treatuin them bru. There was brutality on all sides but when both sides faced natives on the side of opposition they would slaughter and burn towns no negotiations or taking prisoners or wanting or needed and it was more destructive when it touched natives. Being left out of treaty makes it worse as both sides thing they have claim to land on the side of the Ohio.
Why Jeffersonianism isn't as triumphant as it seems
1800 presidential election - Adams vs. Jefferson: Tyrant vs. Radical. Election was close, especially in NY with Aaron Burr with Tammy Society as Republicans. Jefferson was elected, but Jefferson and Burr, his vp, had the same amount of votes. But after a long deadlock, Jefferson was elected. After election, federal hands was left with judicial branch. Judiciary Act of 1801 - inc. federal judgeships as a whole and reduced Supreme Court justices by 1. New office positions.
Immediate consequences of the war - End of the 7 years war, the British won a lot of French Land - Colonists, natives, french, and spanish were in the war and the natives and colonists were not at the treaty of Paris
Albany Plan of Union: Ben Frank decided he would try to unify the colonies. It was unity as a working part of the british empire - it is bad for colonies and empire that they are disunites. If this colonial union was represented in parliament, we would have burgeoning empire nation and wouldn't that be great. His message to the colonies is simple - join or die (1753 cartoons from 7 years war - without unity french is gonna get you). Colonies send representatives to unite the colonies to albany and every single colony rejects their proposition for unity. Pontiac's Rebellion - 1763 - The pontea, chief of an algonquian tribe in michigan didn't like the treaty because he can't leverage power between the europeans, since the french anre gone and he doesn't trust the treaty of paris. Unity of natives is shown when he organizes a war called ponteacs rebellion who are asserting their dominance on the English and there are very few natives on the English side. British capture and kill ponteac and won, but it is a wake up call that they have to enforce the proclamations in 1763 so they don't cause more rebellion - Pontiac shows that they are strong and can be a very strong force frot them to deal with. New colonial power New colonial consciousness(es) - You still have this though, political power for colonies, but there is a problem. The colonies are very disunited - different language, land, different ethnic backgrounds, different religions, etc. Especially during the war, this came out as they couldn't coordinate. They couldn't pool their money to efficiently spend it on ships. One colonial mind had an idea. (Look Up) British Proclamation of 1763 - forbade settlers to advance beyond Appalachian Mts. It allowed London to control westward movement - order, no indian squabbles, less costly and dangerous, and English could establish themselves there economically, not colonial entrepreneurs. Tribes were not terribly happy but this was the best deal they could get and John Stuart and Sir William Johnson sympathized with them. In the end, the Proclamation failed to meet expectations of natives and had some effect of limiting colonial land speculation in the West and controlling the fur trade. British tried to control expansion, but people pushed the line farther west.
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
British have a great plan. They will cut the colonies in half. They have taken NY, they will go up the hudson knock out philli, up the hudson, take friendly forces from quebec and montreal, come down the udson and meet in the middle and cut the colonies in half by cutting mass. Off and have rivers. BUT communicatiosn go wrong and the generals in charge in the south never make the turn round to go north, and the british general coming down is going down unaware of that. THey end up meeting a force led by benedict arnold at Sarratoga. The initial battle goes really well and they trap the british forces ina form in saratoga. It gives the american militia time to coalece and join continental forces around saratoga. IWhting a week, it is 2 to 1. 10k to 5k. Sarratoga surrenders and the british plan has collapsed. Because it was a surrender, they got to take all their stuff - americans got cannons, gunpowder, flour, gund, etc. Its a big victory. Physicallogically it is great because sarratoga says have hope, and internationally sarratoga is extra importnat bc at this point ben frank is in france tryign to actively persuade them to ally. Ben frank has no luck. But when word of sarratoga arrives, americans have a shot and the french prpopose first a treaty of amity and commerce - we will lend you money, send food, gund, ammunaition, etc and even if you win or don't you weaken british or beat them. British are enraged that they attack france, engaging the treaty of alliance between american and france 6 month later (formal entry of war). Things are stil bad for georgie and the continental army. 1777 there are a series of battle extension of what happened in the hudson and in the end, british have taken NY and PHilli, plus washington's army is in bad shape that everyone quits bc when you enroll in the continental army they give you a term of service , so you quit after a year. Also, large numbers disappear because things look so grim. The british make a mistake by not pursuing washington after he retreats, so he takes refuge at valley forge. At valley forge, new soldiers show up and washington gets the luck to bring in french supplies to quip and supply them and a bunch of officers and all ove the continent to train them. What could have been disasterous becomes useful. One of the people they bring in is phillip bonstoivan who makes up all his credentials (prussian dude) and he is a very good military drill instructure. He fled cuz he was gay. Lafayette shows up. Tis moves us into the second part of the middle campaigns - another series of delaying battles
Causes and analysis of the War
Capabilities of local militia and Continental Army George Washington as key leader People don't wanna support George Washington with supplies because they have to do stuff and have bigger problems withcolonial militias and forts and things they need to do. Throughout the war they are constantly short of supplies and money and things and people don't cooperate with georie and Hamilton was the side de camp Washington's official letter writer and was very persuasive and that is what his job was. Continental Congress and political commitment Types and numbers of loyalists and uncommitted Americans Native American auxiliaries Franco-Spanish Assistance
The Coercive Acts and the First Continental Congress
Coercive Acts: Shut down boston port in response, revoke gov. Of massachusetts and replace it with military governor general. No more colonial gov for you, just military now. Worse of all, from the perspective of colonists, if any british official in enforcing the alw comes into conflict with colonist and colonist, trial has to take place in england not colonies. SAM ADAMS says this is the murder act because it allows british and soldiers to murder people with impunity.
(3.2) Explain the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War).
Colonial rivalry intensified between Britain and France in the mid-18th century, as the growing population of the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America, threatening French-Indian trade networks and American Indian autonomy. Britain achieved a major expansion of its territorial holdings by defeating the French, but at tremendous expense, setting the stage for imperial efforts to raise revenue and consolidate control over the colonies. After the British victory, imperial officials' attempts to prevent colonists from moving westward generated colonial opposition, while native groups sought to both continue trading with Europeans and resist the encroachments of colonists on tribal lands.
Battle of Yorktown (1781):
Colonies get lucky as Washington picks Nathaniel Greene a Quaker who is a great military commander and hands him Britain loses and morale. This slows down their movement in the south and gets in ships to Yorktown and marches down to Petersburg. Battle of cowpense. Nathaniel Greene Quaker dude. This slows down British campaigns in the south so they can't do what they intended and they get bogged down in fighting . British retreat to Wilmington and they take ships to Yorktown and fight up to Petersburg. Fight Virginia for the first times. Unfortunately British forces arrive from south and ships leave to pick up northern troops and as troops dig in, they wanna wait it out get a big army and march into va and Washington Lafayette's and Nathaniel green circle Yorktown. French Navy show up and it a big fleet and wonmp British fleet. French fleet surrounds Yorktown from sea and British is surrounded land by Washington and sea by degraded. Brutal stage and they surrender. Last big British force on land. Cornwall surrender and main force is gone and all stuff got captures. Plus the French keep winnin naval battles and English debt is mounting so British sue for peace and that is the military course of the war.
The Second Continental Congress
Declaration of Independence - fighting has been going on and things are ugly, the seocnd continental focongress is meeting in the wake of the fighting and determine what response is. Should they declare independence or not is their question - what shall we do?! 3 weeks after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, 2nd Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. (No GA until later) The members agreed to support war, but not purpose. At one pole was a group led by the Adams cousins (John and Samuel), Richard Henry Lee of VA and others who want complete independence, others were moderates that wanted to reconcile with GB. Olive Branch Petition, British rejected. July 6, 1775 - Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms = 2 options for tyranny: submission or resistance At first, fighting was for grievances, but then there were several reasons to justify independence: high cost, affection for England diminished with recruitment, thought it was force b/c of the Prohibitory Act closing colonies to all overseas trade with no concessions and a naval blockade. Growing support for independence until Jan. 1776 - Common Sense by Thomas Paine. Changed american outlook towards the war. It was the king and the system to blame as it disregarded America and brought war. Challenges of the Congress George Washington - a crucial choice?
Course of the War and English Victory
Defeats on the frontier: British provided some assistance, but the British fleet failed to prevent French in Canada, General Edward failed to take Ohio in 1755, and local forces were busy dealing with French raids from the Ohio. By late 1755, English settlers had to withdraw to the east of the Allegheny Mts. 1756 - France and England formally opened hostilities. France allied with Austria and England allied with Prussia. Invasion of Canada Role of Colonial militia: 1757 - William Pitt, future Prime Minister of England, brought the war effort to America with rations, military support, aid, etc. BUT colonies did not like this, and by early 1758, friction between British authorities and colonies was threatening to bring the war effort to a halt. Therefore, Pitt relaxed oppression on colonies and finally battle turned in England's favor. Role of Native Americans Battle of Quebec: 1756 - French harvest failed, and by mid 1758, British got strongholds after strongholds - Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe got Louisbourg, later Fort Duquesne, and Quebec under James Wolfe. Sept. 1760 - French formally surrendered to Amherst in Montreal. Not all of it was as romantic as Wolfe taking Quebec: they faced raids & death which they had to overcome. Treaty of Paris: 1763 - Peace of Paris where French ceded to the English. : Increased England's lands in the Americas, but also increased their hatred to the colonies for their "ineptitude" and lead to an increase over their power.
(3.6) Explain the various ways the American Revolution affected society.
During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments. In response to women's participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women's appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of "republican motherhood" gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a new importance in American political culture. The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.
(3.11) Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic.
During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice. Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties—most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. George Washington's Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.
Other 'Townshend Acts'
England is in debt, and so these are all commerce acts on imports and exports. People in England didn't like the repeal of the Stamp Act believing it would lead to increased taxation on them. Actual leadership also fell on Townshend from Pitt. Mutiny Act of 1765 was resented by colonists as it was now mandatory, but to enforce the law and try again to raise revenues in the colonies disbanding the NY assembly and levied new taxes which the colonies did not like. The Massachusetts Assembly took the lead in opposing the new measures and sent circulatory letters to all colonies to stand up. Townshend added new customs to catch smugglers, but his hopes were not completely fulfilled. This led to colonists boycotting British goods to avoid Townshend's duties. *Late in 1767, Townshend died and Lord North secured the repeal of all of these duties except the tax on tea in March 1770.* One thing that goes along with this is increased ways to enforce the townshend acts. Writs of assistance - general warrants (with this thing, they can search any ships of boston for anything at all time) Gigantic multi use, multipurpose, search warrant making colonies angry cuz it allows british people to avoid courts in colonies. It changes who pays officials in colonies - virginia legislature payed colonial officials and parliamentary officials from VA treasury, its the royal treasury from parliament is paying you. You can't make them mad, once the royal gov pays you, its different. This makes colonists angry and they get together and resist via circulating letters. Massachusetts legislature circulates letters, so does Penn., VA, etc. You want to tax our commerce, what if there was no commerce to tax. They have non-import and non-export laws and after 7 months of these acts being passed, mid 1768, british trade to the colonies is down about 45 percent. This is b/c colonies are setting up unofficial bodies to enforce these laws, inspired by JOHN DICKENSON.
(3.4) Explain how and why colonial attitudes about government and the individual changed in the years leading up to the American Revolution.
Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasize individual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans' view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty. The colonists' belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shaping Americans' understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.
Tensions on the frontier
French and English coexisted peacefully for a while, but 1750s religious and commercial tensions produced new conflicts. French Expansion under Louis XIV, fur trade, and Jesuits led to French Empire comprising a vast territory. (Explorers: Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette (canoe from Green Bay on Lake Michigan down to the junction of Mississippi and Arkansa Rivers) and René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (Mississippi and Louisiana) as well as traders and missionaries going to Rio Grande and Pierre Gaultier de Varennes and Sieur de La Vérendrye (pushed west). To secure their hold in these areas they founded a string of widely separated communities, fortresses, missions, and trading posts. (Fort Louis-bourg, along St. Lawrence R., Montreal, Sault Sainte Marie and Detroit, New Orleans, Biloxi and Mobile, etc.) Indians also inhabited these areas, and it was mainly these Indian relations that helped Europeans (Indians also reaped benefits). English offered better THINGS, but French offered TOLERANCE. Iroquois Confederacy - Mohawk, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca They were strong, and they had uneasy relationships with the French (Huron Wars) and the other powers, but they developed as a power with somewhat of a balance. OHIO VALLEY - French claimed it, natives lived there, people wanted it, etc. = battle ground
The Campaign of 1800:
Hamilton and Adams in 1798 have falling out and publish viscious essays, fracturing adams political forces. Quasi war is intensified, and so you have a high states presidential election in 1800. Plus this election goes very poorly - the way the electors are distributed is as in the constitution for the first, so the electoral college is tied, jefferson and jefferson's vp. Aaron burr are tied for number of votes. Congress begins voting and casts 17 ballots without a result. Each state gets one vote, and no one knows who the rpez it. Maryland has armed state militia, and so is VA. Massachusetts burying bibles if atheist french come and burn if jeff wins.
High and low culture; religion in the Early Republic
High culture in the early republic, Print culture Low/popular culture in the early republic, Print culture Fashion and public statements; "Federal style" of architecture
Legacies of the Revolution
Historiographic debate "Age of Revolutions" When does the Revolution really end? Long-term uses of symbolism, ideals, and language Memory Aids and Key Points of Crisis and Revolution
The Ohio Territory and Northwest Ordinance
How did the Confederation Congress succeed? Basic mandates of Northwest Ordinance and consequences * Long term effect - no slavery in the territory organized (township and range) * Also shows admits states in an orderly way long term; state equality * US is part of this continuing rivalry among European empires. Confederation resolved controversies on western lands. Increased white settlements in the west, and landed states began to yield their western claims to national govt. In 1781, and by 1784, Confederation controlled enough for Congress to make policies for the west. Ordinance of 1784 - TJ, divided west into 10 self-governing districts which could petition Cong. Ordinance of 1785 - township and range, 1 acre=$1. Although natural and native land, more mathematical form of land distribution. 1785 - NW territory was all township and range NW Ordinance - Congress sold best land to Scioto land companies before the common people. 1787 - Abandoned 10 districts, and created single territory, 60k people min, religious freedom, trial by jury, NO SLAVERY W developed more chaotic w/ no Congressional interference
Non-'Revolutionary' discontentment
Reminder of Pontiac's Revolt and N.Am Paxton Boys - The Paxton Boys were frontiersman of Scots-Irish origin from along the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania who formed a vigilante group to retaliate in 1763 against local American Indians in the aftermath of the French and Indian War and Pontiac's War. Regulators Class, slavery, and Revolutionary tensions
The Jeffersonian-Hamiltonian cabinet divide; Washington's second term and Farewell
Jefferson and Hamilton in the Cabinet Hamilton's Tax he wanted to tax a common commodity. Liquor was a common commodity because sugar cane, rum and corn is whiskey, and americans grow lots of corn which can be turned into whiskey and won't go bad and can be transported, and you can tax that cuz its easier to tax. Plan hamilton says - most farmers produce some or a lot of it, and it's a sin tax. Over the course of 1791s, buildings are blown up and french rev. Is legit blowing up. 2 things for Americans - what to do about frenc rev, and financial plan. Conflict was unfair to virginia and states that paid their debt, and assumption should happen in general, and so its the debt of the united states Hamilton and Washington were similar to farther and son Conflict about france in background and taxation in background: All of it gets complicated by 1793, the war between france and england is out in the open cuz frenc rev is radical and english intervene. France is like we have treaty of alliance and go to US with citizen genet who is recruiting americans to fight in france. This is scary because american fighting in france would elad to england thinking they are part of the war and so washington makes a deicision. He decides to declare the nation neutral in the war between england and france, it's an executive asserting power and tyranny and he doesn't consult congress...jefferson is very upset and resigns and goes to monticello. When he gets back, he publically appears as though he retired, he does oppose washington and madison writing letters. The bank fight The credit fight Jeffersonian ideology Hamiltonian ideology Washington's Farewell and Neutrality Statement: 1796: Farewell address is interesting - in it, he voices deep concerns about emerging political divisions within the nation. It is as if he is trying tot ell both jeffersonian faction and hamiltonian faction to cool it, and his farwell address in addition also warns against foreing alliances and entanglements and the US shouldn't have foreign allies that will be permanent or enemies. It is a prting shot at jefferson or ask for the US to move past the hamilton jeffeson fight. Probably is the only person able to hold the nation together - without im there was frear that there wouldn't be able to
Organization of the first political parties; John Adams Presidency
Madison and Jefferson's organizing tour: 1796: Congressional election - adams' party vs. jefferson's party cuz adams is presidnet now. Organized opposition in a tour, and so these congressional elections and congress is where these parties go up against each other Press of the Early Republic Citizen Genet, the Quasi-War, the XYZ Affair US gets drawn closer and closer into the vortex of the french rev. The rench rev. Is a vortex that sucks in every country in europe t9ill it goes to russia. And so QUASI-WAR. When admams takes office, french ships attack american ships carried stuff, adams to respond begins to arm merchant ships armed with navy, and shooting war in 1797 you have this quasi war with french and american on the high seas. TYRRANNY CUZ congress no asked. When adams tried to dial down the tension by sending envoys to paris, te french department of state, says pay us before we engage in negotiation. It hightens tension. 1797 it seems likely america will go to war with french Nation's relation with France was deteriorating, especially on the high seas. Adams tried for reconciliation in 1797, but they wanted bribes. XYZ affair. 1798 - Congress created navy, began winning, then French reconciled. Napoleon = treaty new. The Sedition and Alien Acts Adams allies and him do alien and sedition act - it allows people to choose people in the govt and people and deport them if they are dangerous (grab em and lock em up - seiditon act allows prez and fed govt. That writes or speaks in ways that are dangerous to secutiry or crtiicla of it. Adams throws 5 jeff. Allies in jail who publish newspapers, jeff ally is swiss born american and almost deported and thrown in jail. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Jeff. party is now active winnign state elgislatvie elections They have majority in VA and kentucky: This party issue resolutions - right before rev war too. Nullify federal law of alien and sedition acts, these laws are unconstitutional, and you within these state boundaries, won't enforce them, and if you try, you will have resistance. Slight difference between the two, for now they are very similar.
The Tea Act and Tea Party
New tax act making tea cheapest, only people allowed to sell are east india company. Insites paranoia that wave of british monopolies are incoming. So in the first ship bearing cartloads of tea arries, the colonists wont let it land. The governor says i will enforce the act, we should be able to sell british east india tea to colonists - ship owner wants no part of it, the governor wont let him leave and tell bostonians law matters and patriots wont let the thing land. For a week he is stuck, bostonians row out and find only the tea and dump it out and nothing else (this is when gov wants it onshore.). They have people on shore beating up people that wanted tea free on shore. Affair of tea in boston harbor until 1824. Why does the Tea Party matter? Heavy enforcement of British navigation Acts brought resentment. Colonists kept revolutionary sentiments alive through writing and talking. Popular anger lying beneath the surface was also visible in occasional acts of rebellion. 1722- residents of Rhode Island boarded a British schooner and set it afire and sank it in the Narragansett Bay. Revolutionary sentiment was revived with the Tea Act of 1773 due to British East India company at the verge of bankruptcy. It revived the sentiment of taxation without representation and was seen as lucrative. Boycotts became increasingly important and even women took part in anti-british acts. Dec. 16, 1773 - dressed as Mohawks, they dumped tea into the harbor and Bostonians refused to pay for the property they destroyed and in 4 acts in 1774, the port of Boston was closed. Parliament followed the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts with Quebec Act to provide civil govt. for French speaking RC inhabitants of Canady and Illinois country. It granted political rights to them and was tolerant and overdue. It convinced some that a plot was afoot to subject Americans to the tyranny of the pope and hinder westward expansion. Coercive acts sparked new resistance and boycotts were frequent.
The Stamp Act The Stamp Act Early resistance measures
Parliament makes stamp act to deal with debt 2 things that precede the stamp act: New king and minister of finance and trade (grenville) are still putting people out their, maintaining navy, etc. how do you raise money. Well you tax imports and exports as income tax is beyong administrative capacity at the time. Whats not beyond them is tis import and export taxes. Sugar act - crack down on colonial smuggling. Certain goods heavily smuggled during the war like french wine are heavily raised in prices, while things that they want them to by have duties on them. They send over people forbidden to leave the colonies, and colonists who smuggle are shipped to trials in novaschoshia to english military court to enforce sugar act. This sets colonists thinking about the structure of colonial government and sugar act gets them thinking about the nature of colonial government and how far they want britihs to go in controlling their trade. This isn't enough, and isn't improving colonial trade so new minister says they need to tax colonies not heavily england. STAMPS
The Declaratory and Townshend Acts
Purpose of the Declaratory Act: A sstoon as stamp act repealed, this is a follow up that says 2 very important things. (Near 3) 1. Parliament retains all of its sovereignty over the colonies and has the right to tax them in any way it wants because Parliament does represent the colonies. (Parliament's interests are the preservation of the good order of the British empire and all of the subjects of the king's improvement. Parliament is trying to make laws to help them as it represents the interests of the entire empire. Become VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION theory. ) 2. Whenever a law created by the colonies is in conflict with a law created by Parliament, the law created by colonies is CUT. Passed in 1767. Declaratory acts avoided the enlightenment argument and english common law argument. These acts go into effect, and predictable things happen, and colonies start to organize again.
Education for men and women
Review of the Republican Motherhood ideal: Virtuous raise the next gen. It describes a set of beliefs. Idea of women by being virtuous and moral and providing an example of social and personal responsibility but also by being well educated in the basics of life, they can pass those virtues on, and they can participate in politics by advising sons and husbands, because women in republican motherhood are virtuous and educated, their sons and husbands can ask them for advice. ABIGAIL ADAMS. No too much education, but arguments. People are encouraged to join civic groups and gain an education, but it's complicated cuz people don't have this access.
Middle Campaigns and two dark winters (1778-9) Franco-Spanish Intervention: 1778-79:
SPance is involved and they have navigation ties wich we do NOT. We don't have much of a nacy. After this time, the british have bgi things to worry about, fighting in the mediterranean, india, europe, americas, etc. and they have bigger things to worry about. SPANCE changes the war substantially. So they decide they will shift to the sout cuz of loyalists maybe but there are never as much as people either don't care or are patriots
Stamp Act Congress
Stamp tax - paper is very specialized and so stamp act says all paper has to be stamped. 1 penny. It is not ruinously expensive, but the british colonies are going to explode over the passage of the stamp act before it is enforced. Passed 1764 and it will take awhile for it to be enforced, and this explosion happens before its been enforced. They object to the principle of it, and in the primary docs the principle is seen.COlonists are worried about a precedent of future tazation, violation of rights with no representation as their legislatures should be doing it, the act was regulated, INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TAXATION. While the navigation acts regulate and tax good, they tax commerce into and out of the colonies, but the stamp act is on the individual everyday item, just taxing the item in everyday use.
Boston Massacre and Its Aftermath
Tensions in Boston, clashes: A single quarrel breaks out into a larger confrontation between mod of bostonions and a squad of british soldiers - complex misunderstanding where one soldier is stranded and he got into a fight with bostonion and so on. Mod heckles them throwing and yelling stuff at them, then someone starts ringing the boston alarm bell for fire, mayhem ensues are trying to flee, put fire out, or run away. Tensions are high so everyone is armed (clubs and sticks), and this ends up colliding with ongoing mob heckling soldiers, running people send snowball rocks at them, solder trips and fires, then everyone forest. Or general ordered it, but its the boston massacre now cuz people died. Heartless soldiers. The 'Massacre' and its aftermath Ideas that would support the Revolution emerged from many sources: religious, radical ideas from British opponents, embittered country Whigs, corrupt and unfair political system, and John Locke. Central to these ideas was that humans were bad and govt. was there to protect humans from each other. People used to believe England's constitution was legit until people on both sides of the Atlantic saw it as oppressive and giving the govt. way too much power. The English Constitution was flexible, while the colonies' charters were set in stone. They had theories regarding taxation and especially representation. This brought the idea that as colonies had representation in their own legislature, they were just a federation of commonwealths tied with a common loyalty to the king. Such ideas illustrated a fundamental difference of opinion regarding sovereignty where Parliament governed England and its provinces but colonies were ruled by their own legislature.
(3.10) Explain how and why competition intensified conflicts among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800.
The U.S. government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River. War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending. An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.
(3.3) Explain how British colonial policies regarding North America led to the Revolutionary War.
The imperial struggles of the mid-18th century, as well as new British efforts to collect taxes without direct colonial representation or consent and to assert imperial authority in the colonies, began to unite the colonists against perceived and real constraints on their economic activities and political rights. Colonial leaders based their calls for resistance to Britain on arguments about the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, local traditions of self-rule, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. (C and D not in this lecture)
Boston's Response
They resist - they start organizing armed militias in the form of military companies and amrch along countryside. THey quickly begin getting into conflicts Lexington and Concord - shots fired as they enfroce coercive acts. Minutemen were training for aggressive moves by the British. General Thomas Gage knew of this but was hesitant to act until April 18, 1775 when he sent troops to get illegal supplies without bloodshed. Patriots were watching and William Dawes and Paul Revere rode out to give the warning and minutemen were prepared for the British. Regardless of who fired first, the colonists succeeded in circulating their account before the British version. Although people didn't acknowledge that the battles at Lexington and Concord were the first steps to war, the War for Independence had begun. Coordinating responses
The First Continental Congress
Ugly so they wanna coordinate response of all colonies. Locally, people created their own resistance and the Sons of Liberty were another source of power. The most effective of these new groups were the committees of correspondence which Adams inaugurated in 1772. VA created the first intercolonial committee in 1774. Sept. 1774 - First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. 1. Rejected colonial union under Britain. 2. Endorsed statement of grievances. 3. Approved resolutions. 4. Adopted means of nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption to stop British trade. During the winter, Parliament in London debated proposals for conciliating the colonists. Lord Chatham said withdraw troops from America, Edmund Burke called for repeal of Coercive Acts. Failed and Lord North proposed in 1775 Conciliatory Propositions (ex. Tax yourselves). Common Sense Local Declarations
(3.13) Explain how and why migration and immigration to and within North America caused competition and conflict over time.
Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the United States, seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the United States and Britain. As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward slavery. Explain how the American independence movement affected society from 1754 to 1800. Native American conflicts of the 1790s Early failures Battle of Fallen Timbers Federalist attitude; Cornplanter and George Washington Incorporation of the Cherokee Florida tribes and the Spanish Northwest Territory and beyond Origins of the "Treaty system" Emerging Culture of the Deep South and New Northwest Anti-slavery and pro-slavery movements Big historiographic questions about Period 3
Shaping the 'Republican Character' of Americans
What is a 'good American citizen or family?' Good citizens were educated, vote, serve on juries, paid taxes, were in communities. How do you create this? You have to raise them right. Role of education, civic association, agriculture, etc. All of this is necessary and expanding this is important, but there are people not regarded at all as citizens. Who counts as an American? Role of black Americans, Native Americans?
State Constitutions in the Revolution and Early Republic
Why are state constitutions so exciting? When the constitution was ratified, the ratification wasn't the most exciting thing. Every state wrote something new from end of revolutionary war to mid rev war Before 1789, these were important: Common features of state constitutions, Thoughts on Government * They were all republics: State legislatures of the new constitutions were all directly elected: * Not direct popular rule because of upper and lower house. * All had bills of rights: All expanded the rights to vote liberty property requirement * All had executives that was separated and less powerful than legislature * Derived from John adams a thought * Some state constitutions were unique * Had to be written, and not vague. Power of executive must be limited. States had provisions that limited power of gov. to make appts. and veto legislation. No executive in legislature. Pennsylvania Constitution: super radical: Dramatically lowered property requirements, everyone could vote, very democratic that lawmakers had to take bills back to constitutions before passing so it could be explained, term was one year long and no consecutive, no slavery for following generations, gradual compensated emancipation where state legislature would buy freedom of slaves in penns., and many northern state did this Virginia Constitution: strengthened legal protection of slavery, strong governor, lengthened terms for legislature: Had a strong protection of religious freedom called disestablishment - no state church (made patrick henry man cuz he couldn't pay clergy with state funds)
