APUSH Unit 5b

Secession

- Act of leaving the Union - December 1860, a special convention in South Carolina voted to secede; FL, GA, AL, MI, LA, TX, did the same; the states met in Montgomery, AL and created the confederate states of American; placed limits on the government's power to impose tariffs and restrict slavery; President was senator Jefferson Davis of MI and Alexander Stephens of GA.

Merrimac

- Confederate ironclad

Monitor v. Merrimac

- Confederates reconditioned a former US warship and renamed it the Virginia and destroyed two of the Union ships. The Union warship arrived and fought the Virginia for four hours. The confederate destroyed their ship to keep the Union from getting it after the battle.

Fort Sumter

- First shot of Civil War was fired here - Located in Charleston Harbor, with fewer than 100 men. was one of the only two forts left under the unions control after the south seceded. Lincoln knew they only had a few weeks of supplies left, but if he tried to supply them it would be seen as an act of aggression and South Carolina would fight back. So he decided to send an expedition for the provision of the Garrison. South Carolina saw this as an attack anyway and opened fire. Fort Sumter surrendered.

Emancipation Proclamation

- Free slaves in states rebellion - Lincoln freed the slaves everywhere he was not legally allowed to: all of the seceded confederate states. He did not free slavery in the border states in case of disunion.

Robert E. Lee

- Key confederate commander - He embodied the southern ideal; Lincoln offered him a position for the North armies, but Lee said he felt like he had to go with Virginia, his hometown, when they seceded.

Charles L. Vallandighan

- Leader of the Copperheads - Prominent copperhead who was an ex- congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the confederacy.

Edwin M. Santon

- Lincolns secretary of war - As secretary of war, he acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. His dismissal led to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson broke the Tenure of Office Law.

Appomattox Courthouse

- Location of surrender - April 9, 1865 General Lee surrendered to General Grant at the Appomattox courthouse. Sherman marched north. Lee headed southwest and hopes to go to New York. The results: War was over after 4 years, Union was preserved, and the slaves were free. Grant allowed confederates to keep their arms and return home.

CSA Alabama

- Most successful confederate blockade runner - uneutral building in Britain of confederate commerce raiders. These vessels weren't considered war ships to Britain because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. This one escaped in 1862 to Portuguese Azores was confederate ship manned by British officers and tried to reek havoc to distract the North from their blockade.

Ironclad

- New technology; weapon

Thomas "stone wall" Jackson

- Only confederate who could tell Lee "no" - killed by friendly fire. - Lee's chief lieutenant. A gifted tactical theorist and master of speed and deception.

New York City draft riot

- Reaction of North to Conscription Laws - The democratic NYC detested the conscription law and held multiple protests. "The city was at they mercy of a rampaging mob".

William Seward

- Secretary of state for Lincoln; believed in higher law about slavery and later will purchase Alaska. - American Politician from New York; 12th governer of NY; US senator, secretary of state under Lincoln and Johnson; Opposed the spread of slavery before the Civil War. Bought Alaska too.

War Democrats

- Southerners who stayed loyal to the Union - Sub-division of the fractured democratic party consisting of a large portion, the war democrats patriotically supported the Lincoln administration. The democrats did not pose a bug threat to the Union as the peace Democrats or Copperheads.

Clara Barton

- Started nursing service - First nurse allowed on the front lines of the battlefield in the Civil War. Founder of the American Red Cross.

William T. Sherman

- Total War in the march to the sea - A successful Union general who implemented the tactic of "total war" in order to defeat the South. He led successful a successful military campaign to conquer Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.

Gettysburg

- Turning point battle of the war - 1863 - General Lee lead the confederate troops into Pennsylvania. He surprised the units in Gettysburg and this battle was the most crucial and bloodiest of the ar. The victory at Gettysburg belonged to Lincoln and the Union. Turning point; last offensive attack of the south.

George B. McClellan

- Union commander fired twice by Abe - Lincolns opponent in 1864 - American army general put in charge of union troops and later removed by Lincoln for failure to press Lee's confederate troops in Richmond.

Ulysses S. Grant

- Union commander who closes out war - A northern general who helped gain victory for the Union. His first successful victories came at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Tennessee ad Cumberland rivers in February 1862. These victories opened the door for the Union to the rest of the South. Eventually he was given command of the Union forces attacking Vicksburg. This would be his greatest victory of the war.

Andrew Johnson

- Vice President of Lincoln - 17th president, a southerner from Tennessee, as vp when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S president to be impeached, he survived the senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Vicksburg

- Victory where gave Union total control of Mississippi River - Grants best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union.

Napoleon lll

1852-1870 Former Louise Napoleon, who became president of the Second Republic of France in 1848 and engineered a coup d'état, ultimately making himself head of the Second Empire.

Trent Affair

1861 A Union warship was sailing North of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, called the Trent, and kicked out two confederate diplomats headed for Europe. The British got really mad and Lincoln finally got annoyed and let the confederate prisoners go saying "one war at a time".

Laird Rams

1863 Two confederate warships were being constructed in John Laird and Sons shipyard in Britain with iron rams and large - caliber guns. This Machinery could easily take down the North's wooden boats, causing the North to invade Canada. and get Britain involved with the war BUT, before they were about to sell them to the Confederacy London bought them for the Royal Navy to help avoid war with the US.

John Wilkes Booth

26 yr old actor and Southern sympathizer, assassinator of Abraham Lincoln

First Battle of Manassas

30 miles from DC, if North is successful it would demonstrate their superiority. First step to capturing the confederacy capita according to Lincoln; it first went well for the Yankees until confederates brought in reinforcements. Confederacy won- added to their over confidence.

Antietam

AL, 1862 The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on northern soil. It was the single most bloodiest day battle in American History, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North. Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation.

Charles France Adams

American minister who persuaded the British that allowing such ships to be built for the confederacy was a dangerous precedent that might be used against them.

Jefferson Davis

American statesman and politician who served as president of the confederate states of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.

Conscription Law

Federal law for the first time on a nationwide scale in the US. Rich draftees could hire someone to go in their place or be exempted by paying $300. More than 90% of troops were volunteers due to the social climate of the time.

Sherman's march to the sea

General Sherman led 60,000 troops on a march south across Georgia; burned cities and destroyed everything in his path; killed civilians, destroyed crops. Sherman believed in total war.

Contraband

Goods that have been imported or exported illegally

Arch Duke Maximilian

He was an Austrian Hapsburg prince that Napoleon lll placed on the throne of Mexico. He was over-thrown by the Mexicans, the French sent troops to protect him but they eventually pulled out and left him. He was captured and shot.

National Banking Act

Launched to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard banknote currency ("greenbacks") during the Civil War

Election of 1864

Lincoln v. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite the North and the South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of the North are sick of war so many of them vote for McClellan, but Lincoln wins.

Border States

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and kind of West Virginia (it illegally tore itself from the side of Virginia in 1861). The slave states separating the Union from the confederacy. More than half of the confederacy was a population of whites. Maryland Kentucky and Missouri would double the manufacturing in the South. Lincoln - " I hope to have god on my side, but I have to have Kentucky"

Bayonet Vote

Name given to the election of 1864. Northern soldiers were furloughed home to support Lincoln at the polls. Without this, the election could have been much closer.

"Cotton Famine"

The union blockade on the South. Uncle Tom's Cabin helped public opinion in England and France keep the blockade up despite the fact that 75% of their cotton imports came from the South. There was also pile dup surplus in the British warehouses from pre-war productivity. Britain started feeling the affects of the cotton famine a year and a half into the war. Americans sent over food, shipped over cotton when they penetrated the South, and war industries spurred from the Civil War, in Britain relieved employment.

Union Blockade

Union maintained a massive effort on the Atlantic and golf coast of the confederacy. To prevent the passage of trade goods to and from the South.

Copperheads

a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War.

Total War

a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people. Affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.