APWH Period 5 (Combined Set)

slave trade in africa

slave trade hampered by British in West Africa -> slavers moved to eastern Africa -> slaves from East Africa sold to mainly North Africa, ME, and a few to American plantations/European Indian Ocean islands

Zanibar

slavery became more prominent in eastern Africa itself...Arab/Swahili owners of clove plantations bought slaves to harvest this spice...plantations were on ZANIBAR ISLAND/neighboring territories that belonged to the Sultanate of Oman

labor migrations linked to the end of slavery

slaves left plantations after emancipation in 1834 -> British had to recruit laborers to compete with slave/sugar plantations nearby

New Zealand and Australia

slow settling at first and than a brief gold rush brought in immigrants from Britain with the help of faster ships settlers encouraged by Britian to become self governing (Canadian example) -> British desire to avoid conflicts like ones leading to the American Revolution

French West Africa

slowed behind; produed cotton, peanuts, etc but had limited transportation that limited development before 1914

archipelagos

small groups of islands

Growth of Manchester

small town in northern England -(100 years)- > fastest growing city in history MARVEL: middle class was separated from the working slums; made lots of money and lived well HORROR: cotton mills interspersed with workers' housing and built as cheaply as possible, the working conditions, pollution, deforestation

nations of Caribbean/Central America

small, poor; governments were corrupt, unstable, bankrupt...almost invited intervention -> would borrow money for symbols of modernity (railroads, electric power, etc) -> wouldn't be able to repay -> Euro/Amer lending banks asked for home govt assistance -> home govts threatened to intrevene -> US sent in marines multiple times to keep away Euro intervention

what was charcoal used for?

smelting

what led up to the Taiping Rebellion?

social unhappiness and foreign intrusion

IR led to important changes in...

society, politics, and the economy

bourgeoisie

property owners

Henry Francis Fynn on Zulu Kingdom

1. "astonishment at the order and discipline" 2. public festivals of loyalty to Shaka...regiments of 10,000s of young men/women danced around the king 3. Parades showed off the king's enormous herds of cattle (Zulu wealth = cattle)

"hungry forties"

1. (1847-1848) potato famine in Ireland 2. 1/4 of Irish population died; 1/4 emigrated

THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

1. A series of technological and organizational innovations transformed manufacturing, transportation, and communication. 2. Mechanization, pioneered by Wedgwood, meant that work formerly done by skilled craftsmen was divided into many simple tasks assigned to workers in factories. 3. New machines allowed the mass-production of cotton yarn and cloth. 4. The use of coke and new machines made iron cheap and abundant. 5. Steam engines provided power for mines, factories, ships, and railroads. 6. Electricity found its first practical application in telegraphy.

sepoys

1. A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British 2. 5.3x more sepoys than British troops in the British army in 1857 armed with modern rifles/disciplined fighting methods that other groups lacked ->potential for a successful rebellion 3. most came from Bengal; resented active recruitment of other ethnic groups into army after 1848 (ex. Sikhs from Punjab or Gurkhas from Nepal) 4. high caste Hindus resented law requiring recruits to be available for overseas service 5. standard military musket replaced by the Enfield rifle in 1857 -> soldiers ordered to tear open animal-fat greased ammunition cartridges with their teeth (cattle fat -> sacred and pig fat -> unclean) -> this policy was changed -> rebellion occurred in may 1857

Hakkas

a minority group often employed by the worst jobs rising tensions with the majority in Guangxi

Wilson

a moralist that wanted to impose clean govts by military

vagrant

a person without a settled home or regular work who wanders from place to place and lives by begging

Young Turks' Constitution

proposed a constitution that was suspended by the new Sultan under a parliament that had been elected that year

most-favored-nation status (book)

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories

Michael Faraday

Englishmen that showed the motion of a copper wire through a magnetic field began an electric current in the wire -> inventors made generators that turned mechanical energy into electric current in the 1870s

unification of Italy was a popular idea by 1850...who opposed it?

POPE PIUS IX: didn't like anything modern AUSTRIA: controlled Lombardy and Venetia (2 Italian provinces)

Charter Oath (1868)

"Knowledge shall be sought throughout the world and thus shall be strengthened the foundation of the imperial polity." -> new Japan would embrace foreign ideas, institutions, techniques to strengthen Japan

protest -> revolution

"Spontaneous popular uprisings and protests punctuated nearly every effort at reform in the eighteenth century;popular protest gained revolutionary potential only when it coincided with ideological division and conflict within the governing class"

Russian Imperialism

(1865 - 1876) Russia advanced into Central Asia 1. fertle land of Kazakhstan was fertile land that attracted Russian settlers 2. governments of tsars Alexander II/III said they wouldn't interfere with native customs but declared communally owned grazing lands "vacant" and turned them over to Russian farmers -> nomads starving by ed of 1800s "International rights cannot be taken into account when dealing with semibarbarous peoples."

racism of Lord Kitchener

"It is this consciousness of the inherent superiority of the European which had won for us India. However well educated and clever a native may be, and however brave he may have proved himself, I believe that no rank we can bestow on him would cause him to be considered an equal of the British officer."

*Reference* No taxation without representation quote from a colonial woman to a British officer

"[T]he most ignorant peasant knows . . . that no man has the right to take their money without their consent. The supposition is ridiculous and absurd, as none but highwaymen and robbers attempt it. Can you, my friend, reconcile it with your own good sense, that a body of men in Great Britain, who have little intercourse with America . . . shall invest themselves with a power to command our lives and properties"

significance of the Tanzimat

"dawn of modern thought and enlightened government in the Middle East" removing religious elite from inf luence in government also removed the last check on authoritarian rule

Meiji

"enlightened rule"

Laissez faire

"hands off government" "let them do"

Tanzimat reforms

"reorganization" reforms announced/began to be implemented by Mahmud II's son, Abdul Mejid reforms were strongly endorsed by European ambassadors and many were modeled closely on European reforms

Austrian Empire

(1867) renamed Austro-Hungarian to please Hungarians; tried promoting Slavic-speaking minorities but didn't gain political allegiance -> thought it was a great power -> wanted to dominate Balkans -> irritated Russia (protector of all Slavic people)

effects of economic depression

(1875s - 1895s) European businessmen wanted protection against foreign competition; their country needed guaranteed, constant sources of raw materials and protected markets for their industries -> declining business in own nation -> profits overseas -> investment in markets so different from European-style was risky -> businessmen backed govts with soldiers

Social Changes (or lack of) in Russia

(1881) Alex II assassinated Alex III and Nicolas II reluctantly attempted social change -> Russian middle class was small w/ little influence -> Industrialization = state-sponsored projects -> social unrest amoung urban workers -> wealthy landowning aristocrats dominated Russian court -> blocked reforms

The Boxer Rebellion

(1900) Chinese officials around Empress Dowager Cixi encouraged a series of antiforeign riots -> Boxer Uprising -> Euro, Amer, and Japanese militaries put down riots/occupied Beijing -> Japan and Russia competed for mineral-rich Chinese province Manchuria

US in liberated Cuba

(1901) US forced Cuban govt to accept Platt Amendment

Toyoda Sakichi

(1906) founded Toyoda Loom Works (govt encouraged individ. technological innovation) (1916) patented world's most advanced automatic loom

Spanish-American War

(5/1/1898) US Warships destroyed Spanish fleet at Manila (7/1898) US Navy sank Spanish fleet in Santiago, Cuba (8/1898) Spain wanted peace "splendid little war" -> US bought Philippines but took over Puerto Rico/Guam -> Cuba became independent republic subject to US intreference

native Australians

(650,000) hunting and gathering people with Melanesian ancestors from 40,000 years earlier (250,000) Maori hunted, fished, and practiced simple agriculture that Polynesian ancestors introduced over 300 years earlier -> long isolation = vulnerable LIKE AMERINDIANS = new diseases; native numbers shrank and were soon outnumbered by Europeans

Samuel Morse's system

(American) introduced a code of dots and dashes that could be transmitted with a single wire improvement on the electric telegaph

In the Gold Coast

(Ghana) British bought cheap cocoa and resold it for a large profit

US in Panama

(Panama was a Colombian province) -> issue was a more vital interest than corruption or debts; US needed a canal for warships to move quickly between Atlantic and Pacific (to reach Philippines/Hawaii) -> Columbia would not give territory to US -> (1903) US-supported Panamanian rebellion and Columbia recognized Panama's independence -> in exchange for its help, US had right to build a canal and occupy 5 mi on either side -> work began in 1904; opened on 8/15/1914

Maratha Confederation

(asserted independence while Mughal empire was weak) controlled more land than Mughals

tensions between shogunate and provincal leaders

(especially in Choshu and Satsuma) increased in 1860s; young educated men who had low prospects under Tokugawa class system became provincial leaders

grievances against the govt

(farmers coped with agricultural deterioration -> mad but not necessarily at govt) 1. minorities had been driven off their land during boom of 1700s 2. Mongol traditional elites had been displaced and grazing lands had been taken away 3. village vigilante organizations took over policing/governing functions from Qing officials that lost control -> growing population mistrusted the govt; thought that all officials were corrupt increasing presence of foreign 4. merchants and missionaries in Canton and in the Portuguese colony of Macao aggravated discontent in neighboring districts.

lower population densities/better transportation divided cities

(industrial, commercial, and residential zones each occupied by different social classes) improvements in water, sewage, electricity, streetcars, etc always benefited wealthy -> middle class -> than working class business of all kinds arose professions like engineering, research, journalism, etc had increased importance new middle class spent wealth on big houses, servants, and entertainment

growth of London

(most dramatic environmental changes brought about by industrialization occurred in the towns) was one of the largest cities in Europe (500,000) -> largest city in the world EVER (2,363,000)

Commodore Matthew Perry

(see intro to chapter 26) demands sparked crises in the shogunate shogun's advisers used China's defeats (Opium/Arrow Wars) to convince him to surrender to Perry 1854: willing to sign Treaty of Kangawa (modeled on unequal treaties between China + Western Powers) -> provincial governors were angry and disappointed on terms of the treaty -> encouraged an underground movement to destroy Tokugawa regime/ban foreigners from Japan

Thomas Malthus and david Ricardo (1770s-1830s)

(tried to explain poverty without challenging basic laissez faire) -> said that the cause of the workers struggles was the population boom -> low food supply and falling wages poverty was a result of "natural law;" could only avoid mass famine by delaying marriage and sexual abstinence

brief history of africa

-> 1870s: history characterized by internal forces and spread of Islam; internal Africa was rarely visited by Euros; Euros had small coastal enclaves; Africans ruled over 90% of Africa IN A DECADE: invaded/didvided by European powers in "scramble" for Africa

why was a piece of Africa, converting "heathens," and starting plantations possible?

a sudden increase of power that industrial people could impose over non-industrial people

INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE

. 1. Between 1757 and 1857, Britain gained nearly complete control of India. 2. With its armies of sepoys, the British East India Company was able to secure control of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. 3. The British instituted a powerful colonial government and skillfully exploited native traditions and local rulers. The power given to Indians who governed on their behalf increased, while the life of the masses deteriorated. 4. The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857-1858 prompted a wave of reforms. Great sums of money were invested in harbors, canals, trains, and telegraph lines, but profits remained in colonial hands. 5. In response to modernization, Indian nationalism arose in the increasingly educated middle class.

BRITAIN'S EASTERN EMPIRE

. 1. By 1850 the British Empire was no longer focused on slave-based colonies in the Americas but on commercial networks and colonies in the East. 2. Fast and large clipper ships facilitated the expansion of the British merchant fleet. 3. The British took control of the Cape Colony in southern Africa, Cey- lon, and the port of Malacca. Singapore soon became the center of trade between the Indian Ocean and China. 4. After 1778, growing numbers of settlers to Australia and New Zea- land displaced the native Australian and Maori peoples. New and devastating diseases killed over 80 percent of native New Zealanders and Australians. 5. After Britain, France, and the Netherlands abolished slavery, thou- sands of Indians, Chinese, Africans, and Pacific islanders immigrated to British colonies under contracts of indenture

Tippu Tip

. 1. largest personal empire (pg 720 for more info) was created by Tippu Tip (ca. 1830 - 1905), a trader, along upper Congo River 2. explorers including Livingstone and Stanley received hospitality and praised Tip's intelligence/refinement 3. composed detailed memoir of heart-of-Africa adventures written in Swahili; mocked villagers for thinking his gunshots were thunder

AA's spreading Western culture in West Africa

. EMMA WHITE: literate black woman from Kentucky; moved from Liberia to Opobo where King Jaja hired her to write his commercial correspondence/run a school for his children EDWARD WILMOT BLYDEN: born in West Indies rom West Africa; emigrated to Liberia and became a professor of Greek, Latin, and Arabic at Liberia College

Sierra Leone graduates

. SAMUEL ADJAI CROWTHER: liberated slave...first Angelican bishop in West Africa in 1864...administred a new diocese along lower niger river JAMES AFRICANUS HORTON: son of liberated slaves...became a doctor/author of many West African studies

THE GREAT POWERS OF EUROPE (1871 - 1900)

1. A united Germany, the most powerful state in Europe, became a threat to peace under Wilhelm II. 2. France and Great Britain, though liberal democracies, faced difficulties at home and overseas. 3. Russia and Austria-Hungary, two conservative empires, failed to adapt their politics to the modernization of their societies.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

1. After French withdrawal from Egypt, Muhammad Ali seized control and began a French-influenced modernization program. 2. His successors continued the program and attacked the Ottoman Empire, but they were thwarted by the European powers. 3. The Greek insurrection, European intervention, and Egyptian attack drove the westernizing reform efforts of Mahmud II and his successors. 4. The most comprehensive reform initiative was Abdul Mejid's Tanzimat program. 5. The Crimean War marked the transition from traditional to modern warfare and drew the Ottoman Empire into greater involvement with European commerce. 6. Declining power and prosperity led to the rise of the Young Ottomans

SOCIAL CHANGES

1. As European population grew, millions migrated to other continents. 2. Cities grew to enormous size, changing in character and posing difficult housing, sanitation, and environmental problems. 3. Middle-class women inhabited a "separate sphere" from men and devoted their lives to their homes and families, but a few fought for equal rights. 4. Working-class women, who had to keep a home while earning a living, led hard lives

technology: evolution of electricity

1. Benjamin Franklin and others experimented with electricity 2. communication: telegraphs began to be developed

German Social Policies

1. Bismark weakened influence of middle-class liberals by law that all men could vote -> middle-class socialists won seats in German parliament. 2. gained wealthy Rhineland industrialist and eastern German landowners' (rivals) support by imposing high tariffs on wheat/manufactured goods 3. social legislation (medical, unenployment, disability insurance and pensions) before other countries 4. Strong sense of German national unity and prince in industrial/military power

IMPERIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA

1. Britain and the United States collaborated with Latin American elites to exploit the Latin American republics economically; a key factor was the expansion of railroads. 2. After defeating Spain in 1898, the United States sent troops to Cuba and other Caribbean and Central American republics; through the Platt Amendment, it also claimed the right to interfere in Cuban affairs. 3. The United States helped Panama secede from Colombia so that it could build the Panama Canal

results of the Treaty of Nanking

1. Britain had a large indemnity from Qing 2. denied Qing tariff control over some of its boarders 3. opened treaty ports 4. ceded Hong Kong to Britain 5. supplementary treaty gave Britain most-favored0nation status

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1775-1800

1. Britain tried to prevent new settlements on Amerindian lands and limit the expense of frontier defense. 2. New colonial tax and commercial policies provoked colonial protest and boycotts in North America. 3. Armed conflict between British troops and colonists led to the calling of the Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence. 4. French support for the American Revolution proved crucial. 5. The American states supported the creation of a new constitution that divided the powers of government

Urbanization

1. Britain was first nation with majority of population in towns/cities (1851) 2. cities grew HUGE (London x2.5 in 50 years; NYC x50 in 100 years) 3. towns fused into each other in English Midlands, German Ruhr, and Tokyo Bay -> fields and woods that had once separated the towns were filled in by more town 4. railroads brought goods into town punctually and people could live further apart (at first, only rich could afford to; as transportation tech became more efficient / cheaper, working-class could too)

Britain and Amerindian problems

1. Britian tried to limit costs in Great Lakes by reducing fur prices and refusing to give gifts and pay rent for frontier forts to Amerindians (this was a French custom) 2. lower fur prices = more aggressive hunting = environmental pressure 3. white trappers started moving accross Appalachians to compete with native hunters RESULT: frontier violence

ways Afrikaners were alienated

1. British prohibited expansion of white settler frontier (led to wars with natives) 2. laws protecting African rights in Cape Colony (inc. emancipation of slaves in 1834)

how British tea helped change the global environment

1. British tea craving introduced tea into India bc limited exports were available from China 2. Java felled tropical rain forests for tea plantations

spread of western cultural influences in West Africa

1. British took over Sierra Leone in 1808 to be a base for their anti-slavetrade navy 2. 130,000 slaves taken from "captured" vessels were liberated in Sierra Leone 3. christian missionaries helped recaptives settle around Freetown (capital) 4. mission churches/schools -> lots of converts 5. other influences from people of African birth/descent returning to ancestral homeland -> free black Americans founded a settlement that became to Rebublic of Liberia in 1821 6. free blacks from Brazil/Cuba chartered ships to return to WA homelands -> brought Roman Catholicism, architectural motifs, and clothing fashions 7. number of Africans exposed to Western culture was small but their influence grew quickly

Britain v Afrikaners

1. British tried annexing Transvaal and Orange Free state (2 Afrikaner republics) 2. influx of English-speaking whites into rich mining areas -> SOUTH AFRICAN WAR

MA's factories

built factories to outfit new army; factories weren't efficient enough; showed determination to achieve independence/parity w/ European empires

Southeast Asia and Indonesia are conquered

1. Burma (Myanmar) taken over by British India (last piece annexed in 1885) 2. Indochina was completely French in 1895 3. Malaya (Malaysia) gradually came under British rule throughout 1870s/80s 4. Northern Sumatra became Dutch in early 1900s 5. Only Siam (Thailand) stayed independent but lost border provinces

CHINA, JAPAN, AND THE WESTERN POWERS

1. China was weakened by the Taiping Rebellion, a reactionary government under Empress Dowager Cixi, and the demands of the West. 2. Japan, in contrast, built up its military and industrial strength and became another imperial power, taking advantage of China's weakness to seize Korea, Taiwan, and southern Manchuria

Ethiopia

1. Christian rulers for 1500 years 2. bought modern weapons from Europeans/created strong, loyal armies (starting in 1840s) 3. Emperor Téwodros II encouraged local manufacture of weapons 4. protestant missionaries helped build a giant cannon 5. efforts to coerce more technical aid by holding some British officials captive -> British invaded instead -> Téwodros committed suicide -> British honor was avenged and they withdrew 6. Téwodros/Yohannes IV (successor) -> most highland regions brought back under imperial rule

Russia resembles Europe

1. Cyrillic alphabet and Russian Orthodox christianity weren't as foreign as Arabic alphabet and Islam 2. B/F accepted Nicolas I's view of the OE as "the sick man of Europe" that would survive only as long as they let him

John Locke (1632-1704)

1. English political philosopher 2. argued that govt was created to natural rights (protect life, liberty, and property) 3. believed that people had the right to rebel when a monarch violated their natural rights 4. inspired Thomas Jefferson (TJ changed natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness bc plenty of American slaves had the right to happiness but no property).

British India v British Africa

1. European commercial, cultural, and colonial expansion impacted South Asia more immediately/intensely than in Africa 2. parts of Africa were under European claim, but almost all of India (3x African population) was under British rule

foreigners in China

1. Europeans and Americans had offices / factories that employed Chinese in coastal cities 2. built comfortable housing in places Chinese weren't allowed to live 3. went to exclusive restaurants and bars 4. gambling and prostitution -> jobs to urban populations

France and Algeria

1. France conquested Algeria and started European "scramble" for Africa after 1870 2. Algeria had exported grain/olive oil to France...supplied Napoleon with grain for invasion of Egypt (1798) 3. French govts couldn't repay debt -> disputes btwn Algeria and France -> severing of diplomatic relations in 1827 4. unpopular French govt wanted to stir French nationalism with an overseas victory attacked Algeria in 1830...govt soon overthrpwn...war in Algeria for 18 years 5. Algerians united under Abd al-Qadir 6. French built army of 100,000 that destroyed farm animals, crops, and massacred villagers 7. capture of Abd al-Qadir fragmented resistance...French resistance in mountains for 30 more years 8. influx of European settlers (rich Algerian coastlands)

quarrels over whether France or Russia would be given the distinction as "pritector" of the Ottoman Empire's Orthodoz subjects led to the Crimean War...

1. France named "protector" 2. Russia invaded Ottoman territories 3. Britain and France declared War on Russia as allies of the sultan

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

1. French-Swiss intellectual 2. published the Social Contract in 1762 3. asserted that the will of the people was sacred and the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the governed

NEW IMPERIALISM: MOTIVES AND METHODS

1. From 1864 to 1914 Europeans and Americans conquered 10 million square miles and 150 million people. 2. The European powers were motivated by political rivalries. 3. Missionaries and the press supported the conquests. So did businessmen eager to invest capital, sell their products, and obtain raw materials. 4. New industrial technologies—gunboats, rifles, and quinine — made it possible for Europeans to conquer other lands. 5. Colonial agents transformed the societies and peoples they ruled; white women participated in the enterprise.

Muslim reform movement in Hausa states

1. Hausa = northern Nigeria 2. reform leadership of Usuman dan Fodio (1745 - 1817) 3. said Hausa kings, although Muslim, practiced polytheism and turned people away from God -> "unbelievers" 4. jihad against Gobir in 1804 5. Muslims unhappy with social/religious position spread movement to other Hausa states 6. armies were successful -> conquered Hausa states/neighboring area under a caliph ruling from city of Sokoto

Chapter 25 questions

1. How did different African leaders and peoples interact with each other, and how did European nations' relationship to African peoples change during this period? 2. How did Britain secure its hold on India, and what colonial policies led to the beginnings of Indian nationalism? 3. What role did the abolition of slavery and the continued growth of British overseas trade play in the immigration to the Caribbean and elsewhere of peoples from Africa, India, and Asia?

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

1. In the late nineteenth century, the European powers divided Africa among themselves. 2. Britain took over Egypt when it could not repay its debts. 3. King Leopold II of Belgium initiated the partition of Africa by claiming the Congo. 4. The discovery of gold and diamonds in southern Africa triggered clashes between British and Afrikaners, with the British emerging victorious. 5. African reactions to the invasion varied widely; some collaborated, others resisted, but few benefited. 6. Only Ethiopia, because it had adequate firearms, was able to defend its independence. 7. Many African men lost their lands and migrated to cities and mines, leaving families behind. 8. Many Africans turned to Christianity or Islam.

THE LIMITS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE THE WEST

1. Industrialization gave the newly industrialized nations of the West the power to coerce non-Western societies. 2. Britain snuffed out the incipient industrialization in Egypt and India and turned these countries intro producers of raw materials. 3. China stagnated and was defeated by Britain and its steam-powered gunboats.

Russians expand south of Kazakh steepe

1. deserts with oases; old cities served caravan trade between China and the ME -> Russians conquered the indigenous peoples by 1870 -> Russia now has land for cotton and has a large Muslim population 2. they abolished slavery, built railroads that linked them with Europe, and planted 1000s of acres of cotton

NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND THE WORLD ECONOMY

1. Industrialization spread throughout the world through trade and new technologies. 2. Railroads, almost always financed by Western nations, spread to all continents, changing and enlarging cities. 3. Steamships and telegraph cables connected continents and encouraged trade. 4. In three new industries—steel, chemicals, and electricity—the United States and Germany surpassed Great Britain. 5. World trade boomed in an age of globalization

As Mughal power weakened...

1. Iranian armies defeated Mughals in 1739, sacked Delhi, and returned to Iran with riches 2. Indian states asserted independence while Mughal empire was weak 3. Europeans wanted to expand profitable trade into India

reasons for migrations

1. Irish famine of 1847-48 2. persecution of Jews in Russia 3. poverty and population growth in Italy, Spain, Poland, and Scandinavia 4. cultural ties between Great Britain and English-speaking countries overseas 5. availability of cheap/rapid steamships and railroads that were travelers on both ends

SOCIALISM AND LABOR MOVEMENTS

1. Karl Marx expected a workers' revolution, but later socialists hoped to gain influence through elections. 2. Labor movements and unions worked to improve workers' pay and working conditions.

NEW ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL BELIEF SYSTEMS

1. Many people sought explanations and proposed solutions for The changes in social structures and economic systems. 2. Some economists defended the growing disparities between rich and poor in the name of laissez faire, the free-market idea proposed by Adam Smith that appealed to businesspeople. 3. Positivists deplored the hardships caused by industrialization but asserted that they could be ameliorated by technological advances and wise policies. 4. Agitation by workers led politicians to investigate the working conditions in mines and factories, especially the work of women and children.

reforms on European Models whose rises of power coincided? what was the effect of this?

1. Muhammad Ali's and Napolean's rises to power coincided 2. Muhammad Ali adopted French practices, like rebuilding the European state, established special military schools (featuring European skills/sciences), MA even sent bright trainees to France for education

NATIONALISM AND THE RISE OF ITALY, GERMANY, AND JAPAN

1. Nationalism, the most powerful new ideology of the nineteenth century, defined nations primarily on the basis of language. 2. Garibaldi helped unify Italy between 1860 and 1870, and Bismarck unified Germany from 1866 to 1871. 3. In response to Western intrusion, provincial Japanese lords launched the Meiji Restoration and quickly transformed Japan into a modern industrial nation. 4. During this era, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was often misinterpreted to justify the power of the privileged few.

IMPERIALISM IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

1. Once it had modern firearms, Russia easily conquered and settled the countries of Central Asia. 2. Britain, France, and the Netherlands turned their colonies in Southeast Asia and Indonesia into producers of tropical crops. 3. The United States took over Hawaii in 1898; after four years of war, it secured the Philippines from Spain and crushed a Filipino rebellion

why didn't the Qing face any reform movements?

1. Qing emperors killfully countered Russian strategic and diplomatic moves in the 1600s 2. enjoyed the admiration of Jesuit priests (likened them to enlightened philosopher-kings) instead of having a "Napoleon" threatening them with invasion 3. Macartney Mission in 1793 turned European opinion against China

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

1. Russian society resembled Ottoman society, but Alexander I undertook top-down westernizing reforms. 2. Nicholas I's suspicion of Western ideas stalled reform and slowed industrial development. 3. Slavophiles opposed westernizers and, after the Crimean War, embraced Pan-Slavism, contributing to Russophobia in the West. 4. Russian expansion southward and eastward added vast terri- tories to the empire and caused friction with China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire. 5. Resistance to Alexander I's bureaucratic reforms sparked the Decembrist revolt, which stiffened Nicholas I's hostility to Western ideas. 6. The humiliation of the Crimean War drove Alexander II's reforms, including emancipation of the serfs.

results of the Crimean War

1. Russian tsar and his govt, beset with demands for reform of serfdom, education, and the military, were further discredited 2. marked the transition from traditional to modern warfare 3. OE increased in volvement with Europe commerce (banks, insurance companies, legal firms...) 4. demographic shifts involving refugees 5. Ottoman govt became heavily dependent on foreign loans

CHANGES AND EXCHANGES IN AFRICA

1. Shaka established a powerful Zulu kingdom in the south. 2. Usuman dan Fodio conquered the former Hausa states in the west and formed the Sokoto Caliphate. 3. In Egypt Muhammad Ali combined Western expertise with Islamic traditions; his grandson Ismail developed the country's infrastructure. 4. Under Emperor Téwodros and his successor, Ethiopia grew stronger by purchasing and manufacturing modern weapons. 5. When France invaded Algeria in 1830, Algerians united behind the Muslim cleric 'Abd al-Qadir, but were defeated. 6. Commercial ties between Europe and Africa grew enormously. 7. No country enforced the abolition of slavery more effectively than Britain. British antislavery naval operations settled freed captives in Sierra Leone. 8. The slave trade exploited the market for slaves in North Africa and the Middle East.

Lasting effects of the Taiping Rebellion

1. devastated China's agricultural centers; most intensely cultivated regions of central/eastern China were depopulated SHANGHAI (a typical example): treaty port whose population multiplied -> siege by Taipings -> population went down 2. cultural centers lost valuable art, imperial libraries were burned, and printing blocks were destroyed

THE QING EMPIRE

1. Social unrest grew in Qing China through a combination of discontent among the poor and displaced indigenous peoples and resentment of growing European influence. 2. Qing attempts to ban opium imports provoked the Opium War with Brit- ain, which exposed Qing military inferiority. 3. The Treaty of Nanking gave extraterritoriality and other privileges to Britain and led to further losses to other Western powers. 4. Social resentment and foreign intrusion ignited the Taiping Rebellion, which, after the Arrow War, the Qing quelled with British and French aid. 5. The rebellion encouraged epidemics, devastated agriculture, produced overcrowded cities filled with refugees, and coincided with environ- mental disasters. 6. The rebellion and China's recovery afterward resulted in a process of decentralization led by reformist aristocrats.

changes in transportation

1. Suez/panama Canals cut travel time and lowered freight costs 2. steamships were more numerous, size increased; needed deeper harbors 3. Euros built railroads throughout the world (built almost as much railroad as Germany had just in India) 4. Russians completed Trans-Siberian Railway in 1903 from Moscow - Vladivostok 5. visionaries made railroad plans for Europe-India and Egypt - South Africa

CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. The Industrial Revolution arose from population growth, an agricultural revolution, increased trade, and an interest in technological innovation. 2. Britain industrialized first, thanks to its fluid political and social structures, transportation infrastructure, inventiveness, and society open to talented and enterprising people. 3. Among educated Europeans, practical subjects like business, science, and technology became fashionable. 4. On the European continent, the revolutions of 1789-1815 swept away the restrictions of the old aristocratic regimes and allowed for more industrial growth.

THE IMPACT OF THE EARLY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. The Industrial Revolution changed people's lives and the environments in which they lived. 2. Mass migrations made cities grow huge and, for most of their inhabitants, unsightly and unhealthy. 3. Roads, canals, and railroads crisscrossed open land, changing rural environments. 4. Middle-class women were consigned to caring for the home and children, while many working-class women had to earn their living in mines and factories. 5. Serious social problems arose, such as unemployment, alcoholism, and the abandonment of children.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815)

1. The heavy burden of debt, caused in part by support of the American Revolution, forced Louis XVI to call the Estates General. 2. When some members of the nobility and clergy joined the rebellious Third Estate they formed the National Assembly. 3. The hungry Parisian masses radicalized the movement for reform by storming the Bastille and forcing the king to move to Paris. 4. The Legislative Assembly, led by Robespierre, executed the king and initiated the Terror. 5. Exhausted by the violence of the Terror and threatened by foreign enemies, France turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, who dominated Europe until he was defeated in 1814.

THE WORLD ECONOMY AND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

1. The world economy, fueled by European ideas of "progress," expanded quickly between 1860 and 1914, thanks to cheaper and faster transportation made possible with canals and railroads. 2. Europeans made Latin America, Africa, and Asia into producers of raw materials and crops and into markets for industrial goods. 3. Europeans studied botany and brought huge areas of land into cultivation through irrigation. 4. Railroads transformed the land, and mining often polluted it.

More European Rivalries...

1. War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) 2. War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) 3. Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis

1. Wars fought to protect colonies and trade routes overwhelmed the fiscal resources of European powers. 2. European intellectuals applied the methods of scientific inquiry to political structures and forms of governance in the Enlightenment. 3. In the Counter Enlightenment some intellectuals rejected attacks on tradition and religion. 4. The effort to create uniform and rational administration provoked defense of folk culture and tradition.

Intro to Chapter 22

1. What caused the Industrial Revolution? 2. What were the key technological innova- tions that increased productivity and drove industrialization? 3. What was the impact of these changes on the social structures and environment of the industrializing countries? 4. How did the Industrial Revolution influence the rise of new economic and political ideologies and belief systems? 5. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the relations between the industrialized and the nonindustrialized parts of the world?

Chapter 27 Questions

1. What motivated the industrial nations to conquer new territories, and what means did they use? 2. Why were imperialists drawn to the natural resources of Africa, and how did their presence on that continent change the environment? 3. What were the social and cultural effects of imperialism in Asia? 4. What were the economic motives behind imperialism in Latin America? 5. How did imperialism contribute to the growth and globalization of the world economy?

Chapter 26 questions

1. What new technologies and industries appeared between 1850 and 1900, and how did they affect the world economy? 2. How did the social structures of the industrial countries change during this period? 3. How did industrialization contribute to the socialist and labor movements? 4. How was nationalism transformed from a revolutionary to a conservative ideology? 5. How did the forces of nationalism affect the major powers of Europe?

Intro to Chapter 24

1. What were the benefits and the drawbacks to the Ottoman Empire of the reforms adopted during the Tanzimat period? 2. How did the Russian Empire maintain its status as both a European power and a great Asian land empire? 3. How did the impact of European imperialism on China differ from its impact on Russia and the Ottoman Empire?

Chancellor Otto von Bismark

1. a brilliant, authoritarian aristocrat that ruled Prussia during the reign of King Wilhelm I (r. 1861-1888) 2. wanted to use Prussian industry / German nationalism to make Prussia the dominant power in Europe

Second Estate

1. a little more than 1% of the population 2. 30% of the land and held ancient rights on a lot more 3. nobels had most of the valued administrative, judicial, military, and church positions 4. nobels banned from some kinds of commercial activity but were important in wholesale trade, banking, manufacturing, and mining LIKE THE CLERGY...HIERARCHICAL differences in wealth, power, and outlook separated higher nobility and lower nobility some wealthy commoners bought admin. and judicial offices -> claimed noble status

Islam in West Africa

1. a part of politics/cities in this region for centuries 2. slow progress in rural areas 3. Muslim rulers were wise to tolerate older religious practices of subjects 4. need to reform Islamic practices in 1770s -> conquest of rural "pagans" and condemned #3

In France, reaction overtook revolution...

1. abolition of slavery and Toussaint's political position were threatened 2. Directory thought about re-establishing slavery 3. 1802: Napoleon sent military forces to Saint Domingue

childrens' factory condition

1. accidents were common 2. diseases 3. 14-16 hour days 4. beaten if they made mistakes/fell asleep 5. Mines: pulled carts along low passageway from coal face to mine shaft

social changes

1. agricultural / commercial people gradually moved into forested/mountainous areas (displaced inhabitants that hunted and gathered/practiced shifting agriculture -> ex. migrations of Javanese to Borneo and Sumatra) 2. Indian/Chinese immigrants changed ethnic composition of the whole region (ex. Malay peninsula became part Malay, Chinese, and Indian)

Urban pollution

1. air pollution 2. contaminated water 3. railroads brought noise/smoke into densely populated neighborhoods 4. diseases everywhere

Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party (see above) and effects

1. appointed a military man (Thomas Gage) as governor of Massachusetts 2. closed port of Boston -> British troops enforced public order in Boston -> public administration was in the hands of a loyalist general -> UNDERMINED BRITAIN'S CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY AND MADE REBELLION INEVITABLE

Railroads

1. ate up LAND -> cut into mountains, spanned rivers / canyons, covered same amount of land with freightyards as a small city 2. ate up RESOURCES -> iron, timber, coal (fuel) 3. transported PEOPLE -> people brought their cities, farms, industries to areas that used to have small pop.

agricultural revolution

1. began long before the 1700s 2. *potato acceptance* in Europe 3. *corn acceptance* in Europe -> food per acre yields x2 or x3 with these foods 4. turnips, legumes, clover didn't deplete soil and could be fed to cattle (milk and meat) -> cattle manure = fertilized soil for other crops

Locke v Rousseau (more on page 603)

1. both believed the govt depended on the consent of the people 2. Locke emphasized individual rights secured institutionally 3. Rousseau distrusted society/govt more and saw the people acting together

In the 1850s, cities became cleaner and healthier; new problems included....

1. business cycles 2. labor conflicts 3. transformation of entire areas into industrial landscapes

Benjamin Franklin

1. came to symbolize the vast potential of America 2. American intellectual, inventor, and politician 3. trained as a printer but succeeded in business, science, an publishing 4. became ambassador to Paris 5. served as a delegate to the continental congress that issued the Declaration 6. famous for his Poor Richard's Almanac 7. crucial in creation of the Philadelphia Free Library, American Philosophical Society, University of Pennsylvania 8. inventor of bifocals, the lightening rod, and the efficient wood-burning stove 9. 1751: Experiments and Observations on electricity...won European acclaim

other monarchs worked quickly to suppress radical views...

1. censorship was imposed 2. intellectuals were persecuted "no new radical ideas!! stay the same so I can be in charge and have money!!"

Charles III of Spain (r. 1759-1788) Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796) Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740-1786) all believed that...

1. civil servants should be selected based on merit (the best-qualified should work in government, not the wealthiest) 2. national legal systems should be created (willing to reform) 3. tax systems should be modernized (everybody should pay taxes, not just the poor) 4. science and technology could increase a nation's economic performance (proved by Industrial revolution)

BEIC

1. convinced nawab of Benegal to let them establish an armed outpost at Calcutta (1691) 2. a new nawab had claims for tribute from Calcutta; overran the fort in 1756 and imprisoned/suffocated a few BEIC men in a tiny cell ("black hole of Calcutta") 3. large BEIC force from Madras led by Robert Clive overthrew the nawab to avenge the BEIC mens' deaths 4. Mughal emperor convinced to allow BEIC to rule Bengal (1765) -> profited from trade and tax revenues 5. Clive used his Madras forces to guarantee victory for British Indian nawab candidate of Arcot during Seven Years War (1756 - 1763) -> advantage over French traders (they supported the loser) 6. defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore secured India for British and wouldn't allow for a French resurgence

Qing Disaster Timeline

1. corruption in 1700s 2. attempts to restore waterworks and roads and declining yields from land taxes bankrupted the treasury in early 1800s 3. expenditures were 10x revenues by 1850 4. problems made worse by Opium and Arrow Wars formerly productive riceland was destroyed; population was dispersed 5. Refugees pleaded for relief, and the imperial, volunteer, foreign, and mercenary troops that had suppressed the Taipings demanded unpaid wages

Congress took over the powers of government

1. created a currency 2. organized an army 3. put George Washington in control of their army

European governments try to catch up with Britain and stimulate their own industries by...

1. creating technical schools 2. eliminated internal tariff barriers, tolls, and anything else that discouraged trade 3. encouraged formation joint-stock companies 4. encouraged banks to channel private savings into industrial developments

workers' organizations

1. demanded universal male suffrage 2. demanded shorter workdays

Suez Canal

built n 1869 to shorten distance between Europe and Asia; triggered switch from sail power to steam (see ch 27)

weaknesses of the Tokugawa Shogunate

1. didn't allow coordination of resources necessary to resist a major invasion 2. shoguns prohibited foreigners from entering Japan/Japanese from going abroad (to minimize exposure to foreign powers) -> penalty was death but law was ignored (powerful lords in southern Japan ran pirate/black-market operations that benefited from decentralization of shogunal political system) 3. Japan was to weak to resist an invasion -> regional lords started developing reformed armies, arsenals, shipyards

Why did the number of Europeans and their descendants overseas jump so dramatically?

1. drop in death rate 2. epidemics/starvation were less common 3. food supplies increased faster than the population 4. canning and refrigeration made food ALWAYS abundant 5. diets improved

What caused the industrial revolution? Why did it begin in England (late 18th century)?

1. economic development propelled by population growth 2. agricultural revolution 3. expansion of trade 4. openness to innovation

how did growth of world trade transform different parts of the world?

1. economies of western Europe and NA were more diverse and prosperous 2. Industries mass-produced consumer goods for more middle/working-class customers (canned/packaged food, made clothes, household items, cosmetics, etc)

uses of electricity

1. electric streetcars and subways -> transportation improved 2. electric motors replaced steam engines and power belts -> productivity increased and worker safety improved 3. hydroelectric plants built as demand for electricity increased

Russia belonged to 2 spheres of development

1. entered the 1800s as a recognized force in European politics 2. still resembled the OE

Third Estate

1. everyone who wasn't noble; wealthy financiers to beggars 2. wealthy commoners held 1/3 of the land...were literate and socially ambitious -> supported the growing publishing industry, subsidized fine arts, and bought fancy, new homes 3. # of commoners with land and success grew rapidly (1700s) 4. COMMERCE, FINANCE, MANUFACTURING 5. artisans, shopkeepers, small landowners owned property and lived well when pirces were stable

Achievements of the French Revolution

1. expanded mass participation in political life 2. radicalized the democratic tradition they borrowed from english and American "experiences"

social changes intro

1. fast-growing populations got bigger than ever before; millions of Europeans moved to the Americas 2. strained relationships between industrial employers + their workers -> labor movements and new radical politics 3. womens lives were dramatically changed both at home and socially

What did all of these regions have in common?

1. fertile soil 2. constant warmth 3. heavy rains 4. long traditions of intensive gardening, irrigation, and terracing 5. regions were wealthy from transfer of commercially valuable plants from other parts of the world (Tobacco, chinchona, manioc, maize, natural rubber, sugar, tea, coffee/palm oils -> almost all of world's supply of these valuable products came from SE Asia/Indochina 6. most wealth also exported to Europe and North America; inhabitants recieved 2 benefits of colonial rule

explosives

1. first advance in manufacture of explosives -> nitroglycerin -> so dangerous it exploded when shaken 2. Nobel developed dynamite

effect of Industrial Revolution around the world

1. first countries to industrialize became rich and powerful 2. EGYPT/INDIA: economic/military power of Europeans stifled tentative beginnings of industrialization 3. regions with no industry were easily taken advantage of

gens de couleur

1. free mixed-race population 2. wanted more political rights and later supported the HaiRev 3. also sent delegates to paris 4. represented lots of free black planters and urban slave-owning merchants 5. wanted to limit race discrimination (not end slavery) 6. forged alliance with French radicals as FreRev became more radical (wealthy planters seen as royalists/aristocrats)

What did the British accomplish by turning over governing power to colonies' inhabitants?

1. gave settlers greater control over their own territories 2. muted demands for independence 3. made the colonial governments responsible for most of their own expenses

why did Britain experience a rising standard of living in the 1700s/18th century?

1. good harvests 2. booming overseas trade

Britain was highly commercial

1. had the most people involved in production for export/trade of all major countries of the era 2. very active in overseas trade 3. financial/insurance institutions could support growing business/enterprises 4. patent system gave inventors the hope of growing rich -> men that became and wealthy and respected because of their inventions inspired others

economies of continental Europe were having troubles because... why was there insecurity? why were businessmen discouraged? what was the impact f interrupted trade with Great Britain?

1. high transportation costs -> LOW COUNTRIES had canals, everywhere else canal building was expensive and difficult 2. misguided govt relations 3. rigid social structures 4. tried to import British techniques and organize factory production -> FAILED because of lack of markets and management skills 5. scarred by revolutions and wars from 1789-1815 -> wars should create opportunities for suppliers of weapons, uniforms, and horses, but trade was interrupted between GB and the rest of Europe. This slowed diffusion of new techniques --> insecurity of countries at war discouraged businessmen

intellectual challenge to old order

1. if scientists could understand laws of nature, forms of disciplined investigation might reveal laws of human nature 2. could society and government be better regulated and more productive if it was guided by science instead of the church and hereditary monarchs? 3. new perspectives and intellectual optimism helped guide 18th century revolutionary movements

why did the Industrial Revolution last and only keep accelerating?

1. increased interaction between scientists, technicians, and businesspeople 2. access to cheap energy (fossil fuels) 3. STEAM ENGINE

two advantages of mechanization

1. increased productivity for manufacturer 2. lower prices for the consumer

new transportation in France

built network of quality roads in 1700s; roads were extended into Italy/Germany by Napoleon

1780 - poor harvests

1. increased the commoner's cost of living -> decline in consumer demand for their products "[wealthy commoners] were rich enough to fear the loss of their property and status and well educated enough to be aware of the growing criticism of the king, but they lacked the means to influence policy"

Sepoy Rebellion/Sepoy Mutiny/Revolution of 1857

1. initial discontent (see "sepoys") -> rebellion by Hindu sepoys in May 1857 2. Muslim sepys, peasants, and elites joined in 3. rebels challenged British authority by asserting old traditions 4. sepoy officers in Delhi said they were loyal to the Mughal emperor 5. other sepoy officers rallied behind Nana Sahib (Maratha leader) 6. rebellion put down by March 1858 but shook up the empire hard

Russia v OE (similarities)

1. instituted reforms 2. overcame opposition 3. increased power of their governments -> activities stimulated intellectual/political trends that would eventually work AGAINST the absolute rules of stsars/sultans

the Western Hemisphere (NEW WORLD) shared Europe's intellectual ferment

1. intellectuals debated the legitimacy of colonialism itself 2. Europeans tried to make change in the colonies that only radicalized the people 3. government authority depended on the consent of the governed was HUGE

SUMMARY: Napoleon tries to extend French power to the Americas...Russia...gets beaten up...goes into exile...escapes...looses battle...exile again...dies (in exile)...

1. invaded Portugal in 1807 2. Spain was nest in 1808 3. S+P were supported by Britain and eventually tied down French armies 4. Frustrated Napoleon decides to invade Russia with the largest army ever assembled in Europe; took Moscow but abandoned it in 5 weeks; army destroyed by Russian winter and Russian attacks in the retreat 5. Austria and Prussia left France and entered an alliance with England and Russia AGAINST France (*scandalous*) 6. Napoleon couldn't defend Paris, abdicated the throne in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba off of Italy 7. 1815: Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France; forces defeated at Waterloo in Belgium 8. Napoleon died in 1821 on the isolated island of St. Helena (in exile...again)

what events transformed ocean shipping?

1. iron (than steel) replaced woods that had been used for hulls 2. propellers replaced paddle wheels 3. more powerful/fuel-efficient engines were developed (ex. freighter size increased from 200 tons to 7500 tons [almost x40] in 50 years) 4. coaling stations/ports built around the world

South Africa (1869 - 1914)

1. land attracted settlers (good pastures/farmland/rich mineral deposits) 2. diamonds at Kimberley in 1868 -> 1000s of Euros/africans looking for work 3. Afrikaners angered when GB annexed the area (1871); defeated xhosa in 1877 and 78 4. confronted Zulu in 1879

Vincent Oge

1. leader of he gens de couleur mission to France 2. returned to Saint Domingue in 1790 3. captured, tortured, executed by white planters (4. free black and slave populations started doing the same thing to some planters)

working mothers of infants' choices

1. leave babies with wet nurses $$$ 2. bring babies to factories and drug them

Toussaint L'Ouverture

1. led rebellious slaves -> led the Haitian revolution 2. was a former domestic slave 3. created a disciplined military force 4. politically aided by the National Convention (1794) decision to abolish slavery 5. defeated local rival, British expeditionary force in 1798, invaded Spanish Santo Domingo and freed slaves there 6. asserted loyalty to France but gave the French no effective role in local affairs 7. captured by napoleon's army and sent to France; he died in prison there

Qing Emperor had two choices regarding opium

1. legalize and tax opium 2. enforce existing ban even more strictly

Five innovations spurred industrialization

1. mass production through the division of labor 2. new machines and mechanization 3. a great increase in the manufacture of iron 4. the stream engine 5. the electric telegraph

Russia's European cultural trends

1. members of Russian court knew Western languages 2. tsars employed officials/advisers from Western countries 3. Peter enlisted the well-educated Ukrainian clerics who headed the Russian Orthodox Church to spread the spirit of Western education -> reforms had a more positive reception than those of Muhammad Ali and Mahmud II -> reforms also promised more on paper than what actually happened -> MANY years to develop sufficiently trained bureaucrats to make reforms effective

military reforms

1. military cadets sent to France/German states for training 2. Ottoman imperial school of military sciences (Istanbul University) funded in 1830s and had western European instructors

environmental problems

1. mills took up as much space as towns, gave up smoke/particulates, and left behind hills of slag and waste products 2. coal smoke from anything running on a steam engine polluted the air 3. dyestuff/chemicals -> toxic effluents that were dumped into rivers damage to nature and health bc there were no environmental regulations

intellectual/cultural trends flourished under Alexander II

1. more Russians became involved in intellectual, artistic, and professional life 2. majority of prominent intellectuals received instruction at Moscow University or German universities -> universities appeared in provincial cities 3. student clubs / Masonic lodges were places to discuss new ideas 4. Russian scholars/scientists achieved recognition for contributions to European thought -> young men from clerical families were attracted to scholarly careers -> helped stimulate reforms in religious education

British advantages over Europe

1. more fluid society (see above) 2. easy access to transportation because of coastlines (see above) 3. highly commercial (see above)

New Zealand

1. more slow settlement than in Australia; first British residents were temporary seal-slaughters along the coast that came for pelts to export (would be made into mens' felt hats in the West) 1820s: overhunting badly endangered seal population 2. sperm whales: special ships hnted them near NZ coast for oil (lubrication, soap, lamps), ambergris, and bone (corsets) 3. "courted women immigrants to offset the preponderance of single men" 4. 1880s: settler population reached 1/2 million

how napoleon won over some members of the nobility

by declaring himself emperor and France an empire in 1804

Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

1. most famous socialist; German journalist and writer that spend most of his life in England and collaborated with Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) -> worked together to combine German philosophy, French revolutionary ideas, and knowledge of British industrial conditions 2. Expressed ideas in "Manifesto of the Communist Party" and in detail in "Das Kapital" 3. saw history as a series of conflicts between social classes (latest was btwn bourgeoisie and proletariat) 4. capitalist system allowed bourgeoisie to take profits from "surplus value of workers' labor" 5. thought business enterprises were becoming larger/more monopolistic and workers were growing poorer -> rebellion -> overthrow bourgeoisie -> workers would establish a classless communist society

more on womens' careers

1. most professional careers were closed to women; few women could get degrees 2. Girls could only get higher education at elite Eastern colleges and teachers' colleges in the Midwest 3. women considered to only be able to teach young children/girls (extension of duties of Victorian mothers)...could teach only until marriage (expected to start own family)

Opium War (1839 - 1842)

1. negotiations between Qing official and British representatives reached a stalemate 2. British ships landed marines who pillaged coastal cities and then sailed to new destinations 3. Qing had no imperial navy and the British had a superior navy -> prolonged land fighting and no sea defenses; even land army was inadequate (British had quick transport along the coast; Qing had to move on foot and arrived exhausted with few weapons)

two sides of the new British Indian economy

1. new jobs as a result of growth of trade/expanded crop production (like opium in Bengal, coffee in Ceylon, and tea in Assam) 2. competition from cheap cotton goods produced in Britain's industrial mills drove Indians out of the hand-crafted textile industry -> more raw cotton fiber shipped to Britain throughout the 1800s

treaties and foreign privileges

1. new treaty legalized right to import opium in 1860 2. French treaties established rights of forign missionaries to travel in Chinese country/preach religion 3. over 90 treaty ports by 1900

Advantages of the Prussian state

1. newly developed industries of the Rhineland 2. they were the first European army to use railroads, telegraphs, breechloading rifles, steel artillery (modern industry products)

Russia compared to the Ottomans

1. no middle class (Russia was socially dominated by nobles with country estates and "slave serfs") 2. Industry "at the threshold of development" (but somewhat more dynamic than the OE's) 3. Engaged in reforms from the top down under Alexander I 4. Nicholas I (conservative brother) dished out hard discipline and suspicion of modern ideas was more important than reform

Enlightenment thinkers

1. not all were radicals 2. there was never a program for political or social reform 3. intellectuals of the era frequently DISAGREED about principals and objectives 4. few thinkers actually openly expressed republican/atheist views (weren't very hostile toward religion and the monarchy)

how railroads served British commerce (this was their original purpose)

1. owned by British companies 2. constructed with British equipment 3. and paid dividends to British investors 99% of railway workers were Indian; almost all top positions held by British

effects of suppression of the slave trade

1. palm oil exports/rise in new exports 2. spread of western cultural influences in West Africa

what two benefits did this region's inhabitants get from colonial rule?

1. peace 2. reliable food supply -> population rocketed (ex. Java's pop. doubled in 35 years)

the poor

1. peasants were 80% of the population 2. young kids forced to find work and many had to steal and beg to survive 3. Paris and other cities had horrible living conditions and diets so unhealthy it surprised visitors from other European nations 4. beggars and prostitutes everywhere 5. problem of child abandonment (40,000 kids a year right before the FR)...most died of neglect 6. most poor couldn't afford a good home, had no steady jobs, couldn't protect kids -> frequent eruptions of protest and rage...nobility raising taxes usually led to violence 7. increase in bread prices also spared riots 8. RIOTERS WANTED IMMEDIATE RELIEF, NOT STRUCTURAL CHANGE (riots weren't revolutionary)

intro to the American revolution (1775-1800)

1. people were outraged by clumsy efforts to increase colonial taxes to cover the cost of British wars/decrease the power of colonial legislatures 2. AR started a long process of political/cultural transformation in Europe/Americas 3. revolutionary changes in manufacturing /commerce replaced the old social hierarchy with new values like competition and social mobility

Enlightenment

1. philosophical belief system in 18TH century Europe that claimed one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics 2. transformed intellectual environment and the public became increasingly more critical of their governments 3. some wanted to systematize knowledge and organize reference materials 4. other thinkers had new ideas about government

what were the "two sides" of British rule?

1. policies of "westernization, Anglicization, and modernization" 2. supporting traditions (both real and newly invented) -> Indian princes had more power, splendor, longer tenure than their predecessors bc they were endowed by British overlords in name of tradition -> princes, holy men, indians in general used claims of tradition to resist and take advantage of British rule -> British invented "traditions" (like elaborate parades/displays) half-European royalty and half-Mughal inspired -> sense of belonging to the India recreated by Britain

Haitian revolution begins

1. political turmoil weakened colonial administrators' authority -> rich planters, poor whites, and gens de couleur all pursued their own specific interests -> more bitter and confrontational struggles 2. slaves hatred of brutal, oppressing regime 3. accumulated grievances of free people of color 4. once slave owners weren't as controlled, violence couldn't be limited 5. 1791: whites (led by planter elite) and gens de couleur = open warfare

entrepreneurs

1. sons of middling shopkeepers, craftsmen, famres 2. self-financed enterprises (little capital needed to start cotton-spinning/machine-building business) 3. newly rich industrialists bought their way into high society in the1800s (happened in western europe after 1815) 4. widows could manage sizable businesses on their own

sanitation

1. poor crowded together in tenements (like in pre-industrial/early industrial cities). sanitation was bad, water was contaminated, darkness = danger 2. new urban technologies/growing powers/responsibilities of govts increased quality of life for all but the poorest 3. INSTALLATION OF PIPES brought in clean water/carried sewage away 4. gas lighting -> electric lighting made cities safer at night 5. municipal govts provided police/firemen, sanitation/garbage removal, building/health inspection, schools, parks, etc by 1900 6. sanitation improved -> epidemics became rare. More people born than died; decline in infant mortality. Couples started limiting how many children they had bc they were confident their children would survive past infancy -> less child abandonment/scourges

real wages and public health began to improve in the 1820s

1. prices fell 2. wages rose 3. poor could afford comfortable, washable cotton clothes notice: these are the immediately-post-war years

Rammohun Roy (1772-1833)

1. promoted development along ethnic divisions (see above) a generation earlier 2. Western-educated Bengali from a Brahmin family 3. admin. for EIC 4. student of comparative religion 5. founded the Brahmo Samaj 6. studied Indian/Western subjects 7. helped found Hindu college in Calcutta (1816)

revolution in farming...

1. provided food for city dwellers 2. forced poor peasants off the land

examples of Tanzimat reforms

1. public trials 2. equal protection under the law for everyone of all religions 3. guaranteed rights of privacy 4. equalized eligibility of men for registering for the army (this one came from Egypt) 5. new, formalized method of tax collection -> TAX FARMING WAS LEGALLY ENDED IN THE OE

population pressure

1. recovery of farmland, 2. opening of uncultivated areas, and 3. restoration/expansion of the road and canal systems was encouraged -> expanded agricultural base; supported a doubling population (1650 - 1800) -> farmers, merchants, and laborers migrated for less-crowded conditions -> permanent floating population of unemployed/homeless emerged

redrawing state boundaries

1. redrawing boundaries to accommodate linguistic, religious, cultural differences was revolutionary -> forging of large states out of small states in Italy/Germany (1871) 2. IN CENTRAL/WESTERN EUROPE nationalism broke up large states into smaller ones

Why did Napoleon send military forces to Saint Domingue in 1802?

1. reestablish French colonial authority 2. reestablish slavery SUCCESS? 3. was initially successful; captured Toussaint 4. loss of French lives to yellow fever/revolutionary resistance turned this into a defeat

Parliament's reaction to the renewed uproar in the colonies (after the Boston Massacre)...

1. repealed taxes and duties 2. granted East India Company a monopoly to import tea to the colonies -> protestors dumped 10,000 pounds worth of tea into the Boston harbor

efforts to extend monarchical power/impose new taxes were met with opposition

1. rights of individuals were demanded (ex. No taxation without representation) 2. authority of political institutions were challenged

Rise of Industrialization in Britain (2, 3, and 4 are things that Great Britain was that established the base of its rise to Industrialization)

1. rising standard of living in the 1700s 2. world's leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, clocks, other craft goods 3. mining and metal industries employed engineers willing to experiment with new ideas 4. largest merchant marine -> produced more ships, naval supplies, and navigation instruments than other countries 5. GB was previously known for cheap imitations -> put inventions into practice more quickly than any other nation

what factors contributed to a growing international tension?

1. rivalries over colonial territories 2. ideological differences 3. minor border incidents/trade disagreements

Islamic learning and reform in new Muslim States

1. schools for training boys in Quranic subjects spread rapidly 2. great library at Sokoto -> scholars 3. non-Muslims in the empire could have freedom of religion if they paid a special tax 4. traditional religions suppressed 5. JIHADS: resist expansion of Muslim rule and be killed, enslaved, or converted

French and British governments promoted technology by...

1. sending expeditions around the world to collect plants that could profitably be grown in their colonies 2. offered prizes to anyone who could find a method of determining the longitude of a ship at sea to avoid the shipwrecks that had cost the lives of thousands of sailors

Britian's reaction to the Declaration

1. sent more military to pacify the colonies 2. germans supported the British and came too 3. despite a large loyalist community, it was difficult to control the countryside 4. British won most battles, but Washington was slowly building a Continental Army and civilian support networks -> supplies and financial resources for the USA

British had two problems in its NA colonies:

1. settlers were pushing into Amerindian lands; Britain feared conflict with Amerindians and rising military expenses 2. tried to limit settler pressure on Amerindian lands; got colonists to pay more costs of colonial defense/admin.

result of reforms on Istanbul

1. small but cosmopolitan milieu embraced European language/culture 2. first Turkish newspaper (modeled on MA's govt gazette) published in 1831 -> other newspapers followed and were mainly written in French 3. travel to Europe was popular among $Turks$ 4. interests in importing European military, industrial, communication technology until the 1800s

responses to Europeans

1. some welcomed Euros as allies against local enemies -> when colonial rule was established they wanted govt-related work and sent children to mission schools; first to receive benefits (clinics/roads) in exchange 2. pastoral/warrior traditions fought (like Zulu or Ndebele or Herero) -> Herero fought against Germans in 1904 -> Germans killed 2/3 of them -> in the Sahel region, leaders protested in the name of Islam, gathered a following, and led them on jihads

African women and colonial rule

1. some welcomed it -> end to fighting and slave raiding 2. others led into captivity 3. few became wealthy traders/livestock owners 4. overall benefitted less than men from economic changes (when Euros replaced communal property with private property, property rights all went to men) 5. all African jobs (even "women's work" in Europe) were reserved for men

inventions that revolutionized the spinning of cotton thread < boom in thread productions/demand for inventors to mechanize the rest of textile manufacturing >

1. spinning jenny (1764) 2. water frame (1769) 3. mule (1785) < boom / demand > 4. power looms (1815) 5. carding machines 6. chlorine bleach 7. cylindrical presses to print designs on fabric 8. self-acting mule (1830) 1830: textile mills were powered by steam engines and could go from raw cotton -> printed cloth

Indian intellectuals turned to Western secular values and nationalism as the way to reclaim India

1. spread of Western education (helped by Euro/Amer missionaries) 2. foundings of Western-curriculum colleges (including a secular school for Indian women)

cholera

1. spread through feces-contaminated water Indian pilgrims moved around more freely and poor Indians flooded to cities -> helped spread 2. new sewage system (1865) and filtered water supply (1869) in Calcutta helped reduce death count -> these processes helped in large cities, but most Indians lived in small villages -> famine and lack of sanitation -> more deaths

what facilitated expansion and transformation of Britain's overseas empire? what were the results of some of these changes?

1. string of military victories (got rid of rivals) 2. new policies favored free trade over mercantilism 3. changes in shipbuilding techniques increased the speed and volume of maritime commerce -> new European settlements in southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand -> growth of a new long-distance trade in indentured labor

Important advances in chemistry

1. synthetic dyes from organic chemicals 2. important advances in manufacture of explosives

legal reforms

1. tax that non-Muslims had to pay as a substitute for military service was abolished and non-Muslims could serve in the military 2. new military exemption tax 3. all males had equal access to civil courts -> operations of Islamic law courts shrank

First Estate

1. the clergy (less than one percent of the population) 2. Catholic clergy organized hierarchically -> hereditary nobility held all top church positions 3. the church owned 10% of the land, was wealthy through tithes and ecclesiastical fees, yet paid few taxes

Britain had a more fluid society than the west of Europe during the majority of the 18th century (before 1790) because...

1. the court was less ostentatious 2. aristocracy was less powerful 3. lines separating social classes were not as sharply drawn 4. political power wasn't as centralized as on continental europe 5. gov't employed fewer bureaucrats and officials 6. gentry members married into merchant families 7. intermarriage among petty merchant families, yeoman farmers, and town crafstmen were common 8. ancestry was important, but wealth commanded respect -> men could buy landed estates, seats in parliament, and essentially their social status

Jacobins

1. the most uncompromising democrats 2. moderate Jacobins: Girondists -> side note: radicals: "the Mountain" 3. Jacobins and Girondists were separated by deep political differences

1850s: France, Belgium, and German states were in the midst of an industrial boom. Who's "boom" was this similar to? What was it based on? Why did it occur?

1. this boom was comparable to Britain's 2. it was based on iron, cotton, steam engines, and railroads 3. abundant coal and iron-ore deposits were discovered from northern France through Belgium and into Germany, Silesia, and Prussia

Suad family followed views of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

1. took control of Meecca and Medina 2. deprived sultan of organizing the annual pilgrimage (huge honor)

China looses land

1. treaty system and principle of extraterritoriality resulted in the colonization of small pockets of Qing territory -> here, foreign merchants lived well 2. outlying region gained independence or were ceded to neighboring countries 3. Land north/south of Amur fell to Russia by treaty in 1858 / 1860 4. parts of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan fell by treaty to Russia in 1864 5. British gained control of territories on China's Indian frontier from 1865 on 6. French forced Vietnam to end tribute relationship with Qing in late 1800s 7. Britain encouraged Tibetan independence

What was the Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny/Revolution of 1857?

1. unlawful action nu soldiers (mutiny/rebellion) 2. events were beginnings of later independence movements (revolution) 3. more than a mutiny bc it involved more than soldiers, yet not a nationalist revolution bc rebels had almost no sense of a common Indian national identity

Shaka (r. 1818 - 1828)

1. upstart military genius that created the kingdom of Zulu 2. expanded Zulu by raiding neighboring territories, seizing their cattle, capturing women/children (breakaway military bands spread this warfare/state building system all the way up to Lake Victoria) -> power/population of new kingdoms increased, and SO DID DISPLACED/DEMORALIZED REFUGEES 3. created a new national identity and a new kingdom...grouped young people by age into regiments that lived together and learned Zulu lore, customs, fighting methods

Egypt

1. wealthiest and most populated part of Africa 2. Egypt's attempt to free itself from Ottoman Rule -> European involvement with the country 3. khedives tried to modernize forces by building canals, railroads, etc; tried reorienting agriculture towards export crops; tried expanding southward into Sudan and Ethiopia -> Egyptians borrowed the $$$ for their projects from Europeans w/ high interest rates -> very large foreign debt; avoided bankruptcy by selling shares in Suez canal to Great Britain and accepted four British "commissioners of the debt" to oversee finances -> French/British made Ismail appoint a French minister of public works and a Briton as minister of finance (1878) -> French/British got Sultan (OE) to despose Ismail -> provoked military uprising under Egyptian Arabi Pasha

population growth (causes)

1. widespread resistance to disease 2. more reliable food supplies -> thanks to crops like maize and potatoes from the Americas 3. more job opportunities -> married earlier -> more children 4. immigration (US population rose the greatest...4 to 31.5 million in less than 75 years

more Napoleon notes

1. willing to make dramatic changes yet denied political rights for women 2. Civil Code denied women basic political rights; only allowed to participate in economy with guidance/supervision of close male relatives 3. after the Napoleonic system reestablished order, many individual rights were denied/restricted (limited free speech, no govt criticism, draconian policies enforced by spies and informers 4. this system depended on the success of French arms; no European state could defeat Napoleon; Austria and Prussia were humiliated when the were defeated and became French allies; only Britain could stop Napoleon from dominating Europe

labor unions/movements

1. workers united since the 1800s to create "friendly societies" for assistance in times of illness, unemployment, or disability 2. 1850s: Britain abolished laws that workers could not strike; rest of Europe soon followed 3. required a permanent staff and money, so labor unions grew slowly 4. 2 million British members of labor unions by 1900

machine guns

15 rounds in 15 seconds 1890s: Euro/Amers started using machine guns -> 11 bullets/sec

India becomes British

1600: DEIC was founded (British interests took over the colonies/Dutch trade, fought off French/Indian challenges, picked up pieces of Mughal Empire) 1763: french were "thwarted" 1795: DEIC dissolved 1858: last Mughal emperor dethroned -> India in British hands

Russian demographics

1700: only 3/100 lived in cities; 2/3 of those lived in Moscow 1850s: 6/100 lived in cities; territories of tsars had grown through wars and colonization LIKE THE OE, Russia was overwhelmingly agricultural

Southward Expansion of Russia Timeline

1700s -> Russia expanded to the Pacific ocean and frontiers of China 1786: took over Christian Georgia 1800s -> expansion was focused on the south; peoples military was facing were more backwards than the Russians 1801: took over Muslim Azerbaijan early 1800s: Kazakh nomads (steppe lands) set stage for confrontation w/ 3 Uzbek states 1813: took over Christian Armenia 1829 - 1864: took over Dagestan, Chechnya, Abkhazia, and other regional areas 1860: military outpost on the Pacific coast...would grow into naval port of Vladivostok (Russia's most southerly city) 1865: Uzbek states started submitted -> province of Turkestan (capital in modern Uzbekistan)

Qing and opium smuggling

1729: first law banning opium exports in China 1800: by this time, opium smuggling swelled annual import level Chinese merchants made money by distributing the drugs 1820s: price war from British / American importers' competition and raised demand very sharply -> addiction from lowest levels of Qing society to the elite 1839: sent an official to Canton to find out the root of opium's use and where it was coming from

what was Britain's empire entered on in 1750? what about 1850?

1750 -> slave-based plantation and settler colonies in the Americas 1850 -> commerce/colonies in the East

Burma

1750: powerful kingdom 1785: tried to take Thailand but was thwarted by 1802; tried attacking Assam and provoked war with British India 1826: India annexed Assam and occupied 2 northern Burman coastal provinces 1852: British India took the rest of coastal Burma (occupation became permanent; rice and timber trade grew important)

desire for pottery...why did people want it? what opportunities did the demand create?

1750s: until now, only the wealthy could buy Chinese porcelain (middle class used pewter tableware, poor ate from wooden bowls) -> more people had the taste for tea, cocoa, coffee, sweets -> wanted porcelain bc porcelain wouldn't spoil the flavor of hot beverages -> opportunities for entrepreneurs

Abraham Darby III

1779: built an iron bridge across the Severn River

Chapter 25 intro (illustration)

1782: Tipu Sultan inherited the most powerful state in India (Mysore)...distrusted the British East India Company (BEIC) 1785: launched attack on BEIC before they could invade his territory 1788: sent embassy to France seeking alliance against Britain 1792: military defeat by BEIC...forced surrender of most coastal land on Mysore...British kept invading and taking land 1799: Tipu died while defending his capital against the British...Mysore divided between British/Indian allies

Henry Cort

1784: found a way to remove impurities in coke-iron by puddling (stirring the molten iron with long rods) -> charcoal could be turned into coke to produce wrought iron (soft and malleable iron) and CHEAPLY

Saint Domingue

1789: one of the richest American colonies 1. sugar/cotton/coffee production generated 1/3 of French foreign trade

India introduced to new British technologies

1800s: steamboats, canal building (irrigation) 1840s: railroad boom -> first national transportation network, telegraph lines 1870s: India had 5th largest rail network in the world

Napoleon/Muhammad Ali/Egyptian Reforms

1801: withdrew from Egypt -> long-lasting display of European strength and Egyptian weakness 1805 - 1849: MA was successor to Napoleon's rule...began reforms creating modern Egypt 1830s: MA had strongest state in Islamic world and first state to apply Western methods/technology (eg. Egyptian printing industry provided Arabic translations of technical manuals, critical editions of Islamic classics, promoted revival of Arabic writing in lit) 1849: population doubled, trade with Europe expanded by 600%, new class of Egyptians started to replace old ruling aristocracy....Egyptians replaced many foreign experts....industrialization provided own textiles, paper, weapons, military uniforms...demands on peasants for labor/military service were disruptive

Haitian Independence

1804: Toussaint's successors declared independence free republic of Haiti became the 2nd independent nation in the Western Hemisphere

Russia's slow reform

1817: well-engineered roads started to appear 1843: steam navigation on the Volga 1837: Nicolas I built the first railroad from St. Petersburg to his summer palace; later insisted that a trunk line running from St. Petersburg to Moscow must run perfectly straight American engineers learning to paint in St. petersburg saw the laying of track -> built locomotive workshops

labor migrations

1834-70...1000s of Indians, Chinese, Africans went overseas to work (mainly sugar plantations)...Asians/Pacific Islanders soon followed suit 1870: 40,000 Africans, 500,000 Indians, 18,000 Chinese

Intro to Period 6

1850: new diversity of societies and cultures throughout the world 1850-1950: world dominated by Europe, USA, and Japan -> converted people to their belief systems/ways of life

European Intervention

1856: Britain and France (Crimean War is over); were considering renewing war on Qing China bc Qing hadn't observed all of the provisions of the Opium War treaties...lauched swift, brutal coastal attacks -> Arrow War 1860s: Arrow War ended, Britian and France got their new treaties, and they helped the Qing against the Taiping and Nian rebellions

Bismarck Attacks Austria and France

1866: Prussia attacked/defeated Austria; took no Austrian territory -> Prussia formed NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION with some smaller states 1870: Bismark attacked France; Prussia and other German troops used firepower/brilliant strategy -> quick victory 'BLOOD AND IRON" was the foundation of new German Empire -> large indemnity -> two provinces of France (German speaking); French resented loss --> conflict for YEARS; nationalism here was dividing instead of unifying

USA in this region

1890s: US had a fast-growing population and industries that produced more goods than they sold -> businessmen looked for export markets POLITICAL MOOD: expansionist 1878: obtained Pago Pago harbor in Hawaii and (1887) Pearl Harbor

Satsuma and Choshu

2 large domains in southern Japan that had become wealthy and had high rates of revenue/population growth by 1880s -> remoteness from Edo + economic vigor fostered a strong sense of local independence

Arkwright's cotton mill population sample

2/3 were children

Louis XIV (the politics of debts and taxes)

22 years old when he became king in 1774...that year his chief financial adviser warned that the govt could barely afford to operate and that one act of war will make France bankrupt -> Louis XIV supported the colonists in the American Revolution anyway -> delayed collapse by borrowing ENORMOUS amounts of money and issuing false fiscal reports 1787: called Assembly of Notables to approve a radical reform of the economy and fiscal policy -> King dismissed the Assembly in frustration; attempted to implement his own reforms-> efforts met by increasingly hostile judiciary and large demonstrations

British labor recruitment

40 women for every 100 men were recruited Indians chose to stay in Mauritius, Trinidad, British Guiana, and Fiji -> 1/3+ of total population by 1900s

Boston Massacre

5 civilians were killed when British soldiers fired into an angry Boston crowd on march 5, 1770 -> exposed the naked force that colonial rule rested on -> radicalized public opinion throughout the colonies -> popular support with a complete break with Britain

nawabs

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor -> Muslim princes that were (in name only) deputies of the Mughal emperor

electric telegraph (book)

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores

electricity (book)

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s

steel (book)

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment

Sokoto Caliphate (1809 - 1906)

A large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria...largest states in West Africa since 1500s

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but work- able steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives

socialism (book)

A political ideology that originated in Europe in the 1830s. Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties throughout Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century.

division of labor (book)

A manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, it greatly increased the productivity of labor and lowered the cost of manufactured goods.

Commodore Matthew Perry (book)

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years

Zulu (book)

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united in 1818

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Their ideas became popular in France and Latin America in the nineteenth century

liberalism (book)

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes of Europe and North America

nationalism (book)

A political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation—a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe. In the late nineteenth century it hastened the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. In the twentieth century it provided the ideological foundation for scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism.

contracts of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians -> bound laborers to work for a specified period (5-7 years) in return for a free passage to overseas. small salary and got housing, clothing, and medical care

Decembrist Revolt (book)

Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

South African War (1899 - 1902)

Afikaners had upper hand (motivated, had modern weapons, and knew the land) -> 1901 Britain brought in 450,000 troops and crushed the army -> "won" BUT British had aton of overses commitments and expected European-African settlers to manage own affairs (like in Canada, Australia, etc) 1910: Euros created Union of South Africa were Afrikaners became the rulers again (lost the war but won through that loss)

Kingdom of Asante (book)

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain's Gold Coast colony in 1902.

population changes

Africans forced to become squatters, sharecroppers, or ranch hands on their own land SA -> Africans forced into "reservations"

recaptives (book)

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status

"Great Trek"

Afrikaners between 1836-39 that left British Cape Colony for fertile high veld (20 years o Zulu wars depopulated the area) -> foundation for THREE settler colonies in south africa

three settler colonies in South Africa

Afrikaners' Orange Free State (high veld), Transvaal (high veld), and the British colony of Natal (Indian Ocean coast) -> had some firearms for defense but were a minority surrounded by populous/powerful/developing/independent African kingdoms

how did the Qing deal with its domestic problems?

by suppressing rebels and dismissing incompetent or untrustworthy officials

Filipino protest

Aguinaldo temporarily cooperated with Americans in the hope of gaining independence back; plan was rejected; tried proclaiming independence again in 1899 anti-imperialists in the USA protested; "US global interests > Filipino interests"

Ismail (r. 1863 - 1879)

Ali's grandson...further westernized Egypt "[my country] is in Europe" 1. increased European advisers in Egypt 2. increased Egypt's debts to French/British banks 3. revenues increased by 30, exports doubled (increase in cotton exports during Civil War in US) 4. irrigation canal network, railroads, modern postal service, and new Cario (1870)

impact of modern rifles

killed countless elephants for ivory and inflicted widespread devastation/misery for people in Tippu Tip's isolated area...supplied by Europeans who got ivory/cloves

Thomas Edison (book)

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures

Henry Morton Stanley

American journalist that had explored the area persuaded King Leopolld II (Belgium) to invest in "opening up" Africa -> established trading posts along South bank of Congo River

Eli Whitney

American that invented machine tools with his associate, John Hall

labor unions (book)

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers.

Sultanate of Oman

Arabian Kingdom on Persian Gulf that had been expanding its control over the East African coast since 1698; sultan moved court to Zanibar in 1840 to take advantage of clove, slaves, and ivory trade

AP Exam Tip

Be prepared to discuss the impact of outside forces on China in the nineteenth century

AP Exam Tip

Be prepared to discuss various nationalist movements

AP Exam Tip

Be sure to understand the expansion of European colonial- ism and imperialism into all regions of the world

Bombay

BEIC annexed large territories to form core of the "Bombay Presidency" -> some territories completely taken over (like Bengal) but others stayed in hands of local princes who accepted BEICs political control

what did the Opium War expose?

Bannermen were (like the Janissaries of OE) hopelessly obsolete

peasant uprisings across France (what kinds of things did the peasants do? how did the national assembly respond? What system was eventually ended by these revolts?)

Bastille happened at the same time as uprisings in the country; manor houses were sacked, documents recording their traditional obligations were destroyed, refused to pay taxes and dues to landowners, seized common lands National Assembly voted to end traditional obligations -> FEUDAL SYSTEM WAS OFFICIALLY ENDED -> peasants had their victory and stopped the revolts

AP Exam Tip

Be able to compare colonial wars and fiscal crises in different empires as part of the analysis of empire development

AP Tip

Be able to compare the Haitian Revolution with the French Revolution

AP Exam Tip

Be able to compare the colonial administration of African colonies with the colonial administration of Indian and Asian colonies.

AP Exam Tip

Be able to discuss examples of successful rejection of imperialism, such as Ethiopia

AP Exam Tip

Be familiar with the impact and limitations of political reform movements in the nineteenth century.

AP Exam Tip

Be familiar with the reforms of the Ottoman Empire, but don't spend time memorizing the names of military and political leaders

AP Exam Tip

Be prepared to compare empires such as the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire

Cowasjee Nanabhoy Dava

Bombay merchant that imported an engineer, 4 skilled workers, and several textile machines from Britain -> started India's first textile mill -> beginning of India's mechanized cotton industry

by 1869

Britain controlled most of India and Burma, Spain had the Philippines, the Netherlands had the East Indies (Indonesia), France was conquering Indochina

Britain and Egypt

Britain didn't want a powerful country interrupting their flow of travellers/mail across Egypt (shortest route between Europe and India) 1839: Egypt went to war with OE -> Britain forced Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties in the name of free trade --> Egypt's baby industries couldn't compete with influx of cheap British products

New centralized govt

Britain eliminated all traces of Mughal/Company rule in '58 new secretary for state for India in London oversaw Indian policy new governor-general in Delhi was the British monarchs' viceroy

Josiah Wedgewood (book)

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods (division of labor). One of the first to install a steam engine in his factory. -> lowered cost of products while improving their quality -> products sold at lower prices and had higher profits

Macartney Mission (1793)

British attempt to establish diplomatic and trade relations

American cotton industry

British craftsmen introduced jennies, mules, and power looms -> Americans developed own cotton industry -> cotton mills (mostly in NE) served the booming domestic market

Russia v British Imperialism

British in India tried to change customs, languages, and religious beliefs of their subjects; Russians did not

Mary Slessor

British missionary in SE Nigeria for 40 years; campaigned against slavery, human sacrifice, killing of twins, and for WOMEN"S RIGHTS

British, Oman sultan, and slaves

British officials pressured Oman sultan to stop Indian Ocean slave trade from Zanibar (1957) and import of slaves (1873)

"splendid isolation"

British policy throughout 1800s; preoccupation w/ India -> exaggerated Russian threat to OE and CA approaches to India periodic "Russian scares"/old rivalry w/ France for overseas colonies -> attention diverted from rise of Germany

British raj

British reign (The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government)

Britain leading up to the Opium War

British saw ban on opium importation = intolerable limitation on trade = direct threat to Britain's economic health = cause for war

Russia confronts British India

British statesmen/strategists thought that Russia would press on until it was touching British India -> who would control southern Central Asia? -> standoff in Afghanistan (buffer zone under neither powers' control) -> this standoff helped preserve the weak Qajar dynasty of shahs in Iran

When USCW interrupted export of cotton to England in 1860s

British turned to India and Egypt...Indian cotton ruined by exposure to rain/dust during trip from Interior India to harbors -> imperialists made every effort to bring their territories into the world market's mainstream (the backwardness of their new territories was soon going to prevent expansion of their country if they didn't do something)

Battle of Omdurman (book)

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns

Henry Morton Stanley (book)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State

Crystal Palace (book)

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

capitalist nations in 1930s v SU v Germany and Japan

CAPITALISTS fell into a depression SOVIET UNION industrialized and thrived GERMANY/JAPAN extremists wanted to end national grievance with military conquest

Great War of 1914 - 1918

CAUSE: European tensions EFFECTS: revolutions in Russia/China EFFECTS: OE -> Turkey and Arab provinces obtained by F and GB

urban environmental problems

CAUSES: immigrants from the country brought country ways to the city WHAT: sewage and trash thrown out of windows, poor had pigs and chickens EFFECTS: dangerous to walk down a road, air pollution got worse, people drank contaminated water

Three major centers of British power in India

Calcutta, madras, Bombay

Why was the Cape Colony valuable?

Cape Town was a supply station for ships (going btwn Britain and India)

indigenous religious changes

Central African indigenous preacher adapted Christianity to local customs and beliefs -> new denomination of "Ethiopian" churches

Otto von Bismark (book)

Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire in 1871

describe the five innovation that spurred industrialization regarding China

China achieved the first three during the Song dynasty, but HAD NOT DEVELOPED THE STEAM ENGINE OR ELECTRICITY -> continued success of Western industrialization depended on these new forms of energy that China had not yet developed

Iron in Song period (China)

Chinese forges had roduced cast iron in large quantities; production slowed after Song period, but iron stayed inexpensive in china.

Yamagata Aritomo and Ito Hirobumi

Choshu leaders that wanted to stop war between rival provinces and lead a unified rebellion against the shogunate

Cultural motives

Christian revival in Europe/NA -> Catholics and protestants founded new missionary societies and wanted to... 1) convert "heathen" nonbelievers 2) abolish slavery in Africa 3) introduce subjects to Western ways (schools, medicine, hygiene, monogamous marriage, etc.)

Taiping Rebellion (book)

Christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire

Christianity and Islam

Christianity converted followers of traditional religions but not Muslims; Islam stread southward from northeastern Africa to establish Quranic schools in villages/establish Muslim brotherhoods

treaty ports (book)

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality -> increased from one (canton) to five

Berlin Conference (book)

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium

Crimean War (book)

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans

Robespierre -> Napoleon

Convention began to undo radical reforms once Robespierre's collaborators were gone; they removed emergency economic controls that had held down prices and protected the working class...tolerance for violent demonstrations was also gone (Paris working class protest in 1795 met with overwhelming military force by the Convention)....Catholic Church regained influence (but confiscated wealth was NOT returned)...a new, more conservative constitution protecting property put into place, voting process established that reduced the power of the masses, and put the Directory in place

what did the real causes of the Crimean war involve/

DIPLOMATIC MANEUVERING between European powers over whether Ottoman Empire should continue to exist (if not, who should take over its territory?)

British and indigenous populations

DISPLACED THEM North America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand

were China's most serous crises domestic or foreign? give examples

DOMESTIC -> rebellions by displaced indigenous peoples and the poor -> protests against the injustice of the local magistrates

Egyptian cotton and American Civil War

DURING: exports increased bc of the war AFTER: market for Egyptian cotton collapsed after the War ->debts to British and French investors -> Egypt's partial occupation

Famous structures iron was used for

Darby III's bridge Crystal Palace

motive for Japanese transformation

protect Japan from Western powers; methods that strengthened Japan against foreign imperial ambitions also helped it carry out its own ambitions

Richard Arkwright (book)

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin many strong cotton threads at once

Afrikaners

Dutch/french settlers who occupied farms and ranches...saw themselves as permanent residents of Africa

"sweeping" language of the French document (Enumerated Natural Rights, Declaration of Man and citizen)

ENUMERATED NATURAL RIGHTS included liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression DECLARATION OF MAN AND CITIZEN guaranteed free expression of ideas, quality before the law, and representative government

Free-trade imperialism (book)

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States, on the other.

disintegration of the Qing Empire

Empire disintegrated into a few large power zones where provincial governors handed over leadership to their protégés; Qing court could only legitimate this and had no more power

William Perkin and the "mauve decade"

Englishmen that created first synthetic dye in 1856 from coal tar (aniline purple) -> next years in Europe were the "mauve decade" -> color of fashionable womens' clothes

Egypt, OE, Russia and European cultural contact

Egypt and OE send students to Europe for training in 1800s RUSSIA had been in cultural contact with Europe since Peter the Great

Egypt becomes dependent on Britain

Egypt exported raw cotton and imported manufactured goods (mainly from Britain) because they couldn't compete with influx of cheap British products (see above)

Napoleon's withdrawals from Egypt and Russia

Egypt: Muhammad Ali briefly became a political power Russia: Tsar Alexander I obtained political power

Menelik

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896)

Expansion of the World Economy

Europe had been a market for exotic/tropical products for centuries -> industrial revolution expanded this demand for foods and stimulants during 1800s -> trade in industrial raw materials grew even faster (some agricultural products boomed, some minerals and forest products boomed, etc)

world trade

Europe imported wheat from US and India, wool from Australia, beef from Argentina. It exported coal, railroad equipment, textiles, and machinery to Asia/the Americas -> steam ships were more efficient than sailing ships so cost of freight dropped dramatically

sysmbols of dress

European dress: fashion in ottoman cities in late 1800s Traditional dress: religious, rural, and parochial

mercantilism (book)

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British system was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif.

colonies with few white settlers

European governors ruled autocratically

France, Austria, Prussia, and war?

European monarchs initially welcomed the weakening of Louis XIV; however, Austria and Prussia soon threatened to intervene in support of the monarchy -> legislative assembly responded by declaring war -> war went badly at first, but people across france responded to foreign invasions patriotically -> huge new volunteer armies formed and national resources mobilized

shipping

Europeans dominated oceans since 1500 and power had increased bc of steamships -> first steamer in India (1825) -> regular mail service (1830s) -> Suez canal -> Indian ocean/East Asia shipping boom -> submarine telegraph cables connected Europe/NA in 1860s, LA/Asia in 1870s, Africa in 1880s, and across the Pacific in 1904

labor

Europeans imported landless laborers from China and India where population was not very dense

African labor

Euros wanted to pay low wages (so low they didnt voluntarily attrack workers) -> imposed taxes (hut tax, head tax) that all Africans had to pay -> Africans needed money so they took the cheap jobs the Europeans offered -> worked on plantations, railroads, modern enterprises, mines... -> some also wanted to better life to they went to cities/mining camps

Estates General (book definition)term-18

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

French Revolution compared to the American Revolution

FR did not create lasting representative institutions AR didn't confront the privileges of the church, monarchy, and aristocracy as directly as the French did both resulted partly from conflicts over representation ("if the people were sovereign, what institutions best expressed popular will?") AMERICA: expansion of right to vote and creation of representative institutions FRANCE: interventions on the floor of the National Convention by market women and soldiers, the presence of common people at revolutionary tribunals and at public executions, and the expansion of military service (all form of political communication that satisfied French desire to influence their govt for spastic periods) -> Napoleon calmed these forms of expressionism down to organize Europe's first popular dictatorship

France

France was rival for Indian Ocean dominance in late 1700s...French Revolution defeats stopped Napoleon from restoring overseas French dominance

British defeat at Saratoga and French...

France enetered war as a US ally in 1778 -> supplied American forces + forced british to defend Caribbean colonies -> YORKTOWN: Conwallis surrendered to Washington --> war effectively ended; Continental Congress sent representatives to the peace conference with instruction to work with the French

Savorgnan de Brazza (book)

Franco-Italian explorer sent by the French government to claim part of equatorial Africa for France. Founded Brazzaville, capital of the French Congo, in 1880

Russia remains backwards (military)

French and British enter Crimean War -> Russian army has obsolete weapons and a lack of transportation...Europeans were making major breakthroughs; muzzle-loading artillery stayed the Russian standard

Montgolfier brothers

French brothers that invented a hot-air balloon

Voltaire

French crucial enlightenment thinker and celebrity...believed Europe's monarchs were agents of political / economic reform

Dutch and French and British relations

French occupied the Netherlands and Dutch ruler (fled to Britain) allowed British to take over Dutch overseas territories so they would stay out of French hands -> British took over Cape Colony (South Africa), Malacca, island of Ceylon, Dutch Guiana, Trinidad, Java -> British seized FRENCH Mauritius Islands and Reunion (Indian Ocean territory) -> end of Napoleonic Wars in 1814 -> Java and Reunion back to Dutch/French but kept everything else

Denis Diderot

French thinker that worked with others to create a compendium of human knowledge (35 volume Encyclopedie)

competition among European powers assumed what kind of character? (regional or global?)

GLOBAL 1. Netherlands were newly independent and attacked Spain and Portugal's American and Asian colonies 2. Great Britain attacked Spanish fleets and Spanish American seaports 3. rivalries made trade route defense and colonies more expensive/difficult

growing interdependence of the global economy

GREAT BRITAIN: dominated flow of trade, finance, information (submarine cables, shipping, wealth invested in US/Argentina, financed railroads/harbors/mines/projects outside of Europe, and had a stable currency (the pound sterling)) NONINDUSTRIAL AREAS: more vulnerable to changes in price/demand than industrialized nations (many produced raw materials that were replaced by synthetic substitutes/alternative supply sources) HOWEVER value of exports kept up with growth of populations until 1913

Napoleon Bonaparte (Book)

General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Karl Marx (book)

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894)

Suez Canal and New Imperialism

Germany, France, Britain, Russia, Japan, USA -> used industrial tech to impose will on nonindustrial parts of the world -> "New Imperialism"

what distinguished these wars form earlier wars?

HUGE COSTS

The Haitian Revolution Intro

Haiti was called Saint Domingue by the French...small French colony on the western half of Hispaniola - helped initiate the first successful slave rebellion

Assembly of Notables (in 1787)

king's advisors selected members from high nobility, the judiciary, and the clergy...the assembly still wasn't willing to support Louis XIV's new reforms and taxes

North Italy v South Italy

NORTH: conservative, top-down approach to unification SOUTH: radical approach led by Giuseppe Garibaldi

Platt Amendment

gave US "right to intervene" to maintain order on the island -> excuse for US military to occupy Cuba from 1906-09, 1912, 1917-22 -> Cuba was basically an American protectorate (but not in title)

Abd al-Qadir

gifted, resourceful Muslim holy man that united Algeria against the French (alien Christians). Captured and exiled in 1847.

Bannermen (book)

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire -> traditional, hereditary soldiers of the Qing Empire

why did high-caste Hindus object to the law in 1856 that required new recruits to be available for overseas service?

Hinduism did not allow overseas/ocean travel -> problem bc now the majority of the army has some kind of grudge against the British army they are serving in (see "sepoys" above)

Thomas Stamford Raffles

governed Java from 1811-14 helped establish a new free port (1824) at Singapore after Java became Dutch again

first submarine telegraph cable

laid across English Channel -> beginning of a network that eventually connected the entire globe -> (communications not limited to the speed of a horse, ship, train, etc)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early 20th century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the colonial powers.

Intro to Technologies and the World Economy

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: began a massive transformation of the world 1800s: new technologies spread from Great Britain to other parts of the world 1890: Germany and US passed GB as leading industrial powers INDUSTRIALIZATION introduced completely new technologies...everyday life was changed and world economy was transformed MOTIVES BEHIND 2ND WAVE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: potent combinations of business, engineering, science 1850s: ^^^ combination institutionalized inn engineering schools/research laboratories (1. GERMANY 2. UNITED STATES) -> electricity/steel/chemical industries were first results of this new force

AP Exam Tip

Ideas about gender and changes in gender structure, such as work patterns, are possible topics on the essay portion of the exam

separate spheres (book)

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have clearly differentiated roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

Miao

native peoples of southwest China in the late 1700 (no adequate accounting for huge war funds -> war went on)

Britain in the Crimean War v the Opium War

In both wars, the British... 1. excelled at sea 2. used superior technology

Erasmus Darwin

naturalist that encouraged Wedgewood to purchase a steam engine from Boulton and Watt

educated populations were an advantage in competition between states

governments opened public schools all over towns admitted women into public service jobs politicians/journalists appealed to the poor (diverted their anger employers -> foreigners; votes from socialist -> nationalists)

colonial admin in early years of New Imperialism

governor and staff, a few troops (to keep order), a few tax collectors/magistrates

mercantilism

govt should regulate trade in order to maximize their hold of precious metals

Aborigines

indigenous Australian population

what happened in the years 1857-58?

Indians gained a new centralized govt, started a period of rapid economic growth, and started to develop new national consciousness

Indian Ntional Congress

Indians were hoping to 1. increase influence/improve employment opportunities 2. wanted a larger role for Indians in Civil Service 3. wanted reductions in military expenditures so more could be spent on alleviating poverty of Indian masses 4. promoted unity among religious/social groups (but most early members were upper-caste Western-educated Hindus and Parsis) -> could challenge British rule BUT ONLY with support of masses

submarine telegraph cables (book)

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866

English and English/Irish

Irish and English both spoke English -> Irish were mostly Catholic -> English were mostly protestant -> common language but divided by religion

GB and Ireland

Irish resented English rule; nationalism strengthened allegiance of English, Scots, and Welsh to British state BUT Irish were Catholic and mostly poor -> British were a foreign, oppressive, occupying force

Shari'a

Islamic Law gradually became restricted to matters of family law (marriage/inheritance) -> job openings for ulama shrank

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

nearly all of Europe's great powers participated (King charles of the Habsburgs died with no heir...europe fought over the throne)

AP Exam Tip

It is important to be able to compare Pan-Africanism and the Indian National Congress

Giuseppe Garibaldi (book)

Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860

Savorgnan de Brazza

Italian officer in French army; obtained a treaty from an African ruler that placed the area under France's "protection"

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian revolutionary; landed in Sicily and then in Southern Italy, overthrew Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, prepared to found a democratic republic with his few followers -> Cavour (royalist) saw unsettled situation and pushed Garibaldi aside to expand Piedmont-Sardinia into a new Kingdom of Italy -> unification completed with addition of Venetia in 1866 and Papal States in 1870

Muhammad Ali (book)

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952

Emilio Aguinaldo (book)

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901

European involvement in Sino-Japanese War

JAPAN: saw that Japan joined ranks of imperialists -> upset; made Japan give up Liaodong in the name of "territorial integrity" of China CHINA: in exchange for their "protection" of China, Westerners got territorial/trade concessions (90 treaty ports)

effects of CMP

Japanese society torn between wanted to retreat back into isolation and embracing foreign ways/acquiring their machines -> ONLY BY INDUSTRIALIZING Japan could not be taken over by Europe/USA

National Assembly's actions to achieve a new French society in two years (new constitution, economic reforms)

King could no longer resist democratic crowds because of the storming of Versailles; passed a new constitution (limited monarchical power and abolished the nobility as a hereditary class), economic reforms took away monopolies and trade barriers within France

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908) -> reward for triggering the "scramble" = personal domain called "Congo Free State"

François Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture (BOOK)

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

what kind of reforms (liberal or conservative) did the people that formed secret societies of opposition support? what kinds of people would support this kin of reforms?

LBERAL REFORMS 1. military officers who had served in western Europe 2. intellectuals who read Western political tracts 3. members of Masonic lodges who exchanged views with Freemasons in the West

were changes widespread or local at first?

LOCAL some ppl built huge mansions; others lived in polluted slums

clipper ships (book)

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth cen- tury rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts

Division of Africa

Leopold II awarded "Congo Free State" Portugal and France divided up the rest of equatorial Africa -> Euro powers and King Leopold ON PAPER divided Africa between themselves (bc of Berlin Conference)

goals of the British raj

MAIN GOAL: create a powerful and efficient system of government backed by military power -> remake India on a British model through admin. and social reform, economic development, and intro of new technology -> supported Christian missionaries to convert/uplift India's masses; few converts...missionaries kept on the Christian pressure for social reforms -> substitute private property for India's complex/overlapping patterns of landholding (in Bengal the large landholders had an advantage; in Mysore the peasantry had an advantage) -> private ownership made it easy to collect taxes needed to pay for administration, the army, and economic reforms

other educational reforms

MILITARY schools were the model for more general educational reforms first MEDICAL school founded in 1838 to train army doctors/surgeons national system of PREPARATORY schools created to provide graduates for military schools many foreign teachers -> should Turkish be a language of instruction? (most students still learned to read/write in Quran schools until recently)

destruction of Janissaries

Mahmud II announced creation f a new artillery unit that he had secretly trained -> Janissaries rose in revolt -> new unit attacked -> Janissary corps officially dissolved

Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808 - 1839)

Mahmud III's cousin CAUTIOUSLY revived Mahmud III's program; reforms NEEDED to be imposed but more SYSTEMATIC and FORCEFULLY (like radical reforms in MA's Egypt and the insurrection in Greece)

new industrial cities megalopolises

Manchester, NYC grew a LOT as well - towns merged and formed megalopolises (Greater London, English Midlands, central Belgium, Ruhr district in Germany)

Victoria Age (book)

The reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (r. 1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people.

Constitutional Convention (book)

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Ethiopian Success

Menelik was emperor; country threatened by Sudanese Muslims to west and France/Italy from Red Sea - East Ethiopia had been buying Euro/Amer weapons; Italy tried ro establish a protectorate over Ethiopia but the nation was armed and defeated 20,000 troops at Adowa in 1896 by the larger, better-trained Ethiopian army

cottage industries

Merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople (often farmers in the off-season) and picked up the finished products

Joseph Brant (book)

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the AR -> joined loyalist exodus to Canada after the defeat of John Burgoyne at Saratoga

Iroquois Confederacy

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tuscarora had protected traditional lands with both diplomacy and warfare -> AR divided the Iroquois; they fought on both sides

Napoleon's popular dictatorship

Napoleon French forms of expressionism down in order to organize Europe's first popular dictatorship. Success came from his military reputation (promised order this society that had been fighting in chaos for the last ten years) - realized France's dream of dominating Europe WHILE effectively protecting people and property at home

Pan-Slavism (book)

Movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe

Egypt in Syria and Greece/Ibrahim

Muhammad's son (Ibrahim) invaded Syria and instituted many of the same changes that his father had in Egypt -> strong Egyptian army helped tremendously during the Greek War of Independence -> sultan built own new army in 1826 -> 2 armies met and Ibrahim defeated his suzerain's army -> road to Istanbul was open until Europe intervened -> forced withdrawal to modern Egypt/Israel border

who created the Sokoto Caliphate and companion states?

Muslim reformers

how did the new peoples that Russia absorbed feel about the expansion?

Muslim refugees from #2 and #3 developed/spread anti-Russian feelings some brought modern skills/ideas gained from Russian exposure to administration and education

ulama

Muslim religious scholars distrusted secularization of law/taxation that Selim proposed

malaria

NATURAL OBSTACLE TO EUROPEANS: Falciparum malaria only in Africa; deadly to Europeans; few survivors until 1850s when a British doctor discovered quinine (1854) -> quinine and sanitary precautions reduced white death rate in Africa -> continent opened to merchants, officials, missionaries

irony of the National Convention

NC was the revolutionary era's most radical legislative body yet choose to repress armed women that had prepared the ground for its own creation

production was increased to meet population demands. Name some of the ways that society accommodated these needs (ex. need for roads, fine china, food)

NEED: roads -> improved so stagecoaches could travel faster NEED: china, silks,carpets -> royal manufactures trained craftsmen to produce fine china, silks, and carpets by hand NEED: food -> growth of trade (mostly local, but more and more food was imported and trade systems grew) NEED: rural production -> cottage industries

Muhammad Ali started the first ____ in the Islamic World

NEWSPAPER 1824: a gazette dedicated to official affairs

revolution spreads

Napoleon's dictatorship tamed the French Revolution but revolutionary ideology was spreading all over Europe and America IN EUROPE... 1. French Revolution promoted nationalism/republicanism 2. revolutionary fervor met with power-hungry monarchs that were concerned about being able to keep their status and power IN AMERICA... 2. FreRev/AmRev inspired new struggles for independence

conviction of Louis XVI

National Convention was swept along by popular passion; convicted Louis XVI of treason, sentenced him to death (death by guillotine January 1793), and PROCLAIMED FRANCE A REPUBLIC -> events precipitated a wider war with nearly all Europe's powers allied against France

AP Exam Tip

Nationalism in Africa is an important point for the course

Nguni

Nguni peoples farmed/raised cattle in coastla ds of SE Africa -> serious drought in 1800s -> Shaka created Zulu Kingdom in 1818

effects of returning land on Alexander II

Nicholas I -> Alexander II (son) instituted major new reforms to invigorate Russia

cost of wars fought among European powers over colonies and trade led to...

THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. began with the American Revolution in 1775 2. most conflicts involved Britain, France, and Spain (most wealthy, American-colony-holding nations in Europe) 3. most wars were paid for with taxes imposed on the common people (and these taxes in turn usually resulted in revolution)

Arrow War (1856 - 1860)

Opium War v2...ulminated in a British and French invasion of Beijing and the sacking of the Summer Palace in 1860 new round of treaties punished the Qing for not upholding all of the agreements form the Treaty of Nanking

Germany's political motives

Otto von Bismark wasn't interested in colonies but believed that Germans deserved an impressive overseas empire (because Germans are the best of course!)

AP Exam Tip

Patterns of world trade and the impact of changes in world trade are recurring topics on the AP* exam

colonialism (book)

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power

AP Exam Tip

Political dissent and alternative political views are covered on the exam

Who led the violence along the Indian/British American border?

Pontiac, an Ottawa chief broad alliance of native drove out British from some Western outposts BUT was defeated less than a year later

USA in Spanish terrotory

Pres. mcKinley thought the weakened spain might loose islands to JAPAN (just defeated China in Sino-Japanese War [1894-1895] and annexed Taiwan...wanted to expand) or GERMANY (took ober parts of New Guinea/Samoa and other island groups in 1880s) SO USA paid Spain $20 million and bought Philippines

Taipings in Nanjing

Qing surrounded the city trying to starve out rebels; Taipings had good provisions and young military commanders that tried to break the Qing from the outside; Taiping stayed in Nanjing for over 10 years

"Empress of India"

Queen Victoria's title regarding India in 1877...viceroys put on pageants (durbars)

rich v poor

RICH: owned and controlled innovations; spectacular luxury POOR: workers and their children worked long hours in dangerous factories and lived in crowded, unsanitary tenements

JAPAN is comparable to...

RUSSIA (reforms) FRANCE (revolutions) BRITAIN/USA (industrial harshness)

Russia v OE in the long run

RUSSIA: would eventually develop much closer relations with western Europe and become an arena for every sort of European intellectual, artistic, and political tendency OE: would ultimately succumb to European imperialism

Jacobins (book definition)

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794

German Parliament

Reichstag

Tanzimat (book)

Restructuring reforms by the nineteenth- century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient

anarchist (book)

Revolutionaries who wanted to abolish all private property and governments, usually by violence, and replace them with free associations of groups

Brief Russian History

Russia had been under nomad control for over 700 years; when nomadic tribesmen were united, like when united by Mongol ruler Genghis Khan, they could defeat the Russians. When they weren't united, the Russians moved into the steepe. Russia acquired modern weapons and this ebb-and-flow stopped

Russian ethnic diversity

Russian Empire included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lith., Ukraine, Caucasus, and Muslim Central Asia -> Polish rebelled in 1830, 1863-64 -> Russia also had largest Euro. Jewish pop. but harshest treatment of Jews (antisemitism and pogroms) -> Jews -> America -> tried imposing Russian on subjects; divided instead of unified subjects

Slavophiles (book)

Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic people

what was the main reason that Napoleon's march on Moscow fail?

Russian winter; "Generals January and February"

Weakness in Russian society and govt

Russian-Japanese war in 1904/05 in Manchuria; Russians received all supplies by inefficient Trans-Siberian Railway and was easily defeated by better-trained/equipped Japanese -> Russian society/government weakness became obvious Russian navy was sunk by Japanese at Tsushima Strait (1905) -> shock of defeat caused a revolution

what was the most profitable item in international trade in the 1700s? what were the effects of its importation in huge amounts?

SUGAR from Caribbean slave plantations -> even middle class started drinking tea, coffee, cocoa, and eating pastries/candies because of this sugar abundance --> demands for porcelain cups and dinnerware ---> more people wore asian imported fabrics (silk/cotton)

Protest turns to Revolution (1789-1792)

SUMMARY: Louis XIV was frustrated with the Assembly of Notables, dismissed them, and tried to implement his own policies -> efforts met with lots of protest 1. elite refused to grant the necessary tax concessions 2. Louis XIV forced to call the Estates General for the first time since 1614

India's pace of Industrialization

SUPER SLOW govt was in British hands and British didn't encourage Indian industry

james Watt (book)

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.

David Livingstone (1813 - 1862)

Scottish missionary that explored southern/central Africa scouted locations for Christian missions, traced course of Zambezi River (named waterfall for British Queen Victoria), encountered Henry Morton Stanley (looking for "lost" Livingstone) while tracing upper Congo River Stanley's large expeditions -> fought way across the continent Livingstone's modest expeditions -> warm hospitality

Battle of Omdurman

September 2, 1898: 40,000 Sudanese attacked an Anglo-Egyptian army that came up Nile on 6 steamers to avenge Charles Gordon's defeat (see ch 25). Led by General Horatio Kitchener -> 20 machine guns and four artillery pieces v muskets and spears - 11,000 Sudanese and 48 british dead in hours

broad goal of British imperial expansion

TRADE (not territory) -> colonies served as ports -> trade to/from these colonies was tied to needs of Britain's industrial economy

Panama Canal (book)

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. The canal greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on January 1, 2000

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882

Straits Settlements

Singapore, Malacca, and their possessions on the strait British India administered until 1867

Sokoto and trans-Saharan slave trade

Sokoto sold captives into the slave trade (mostly women and children -> across Sahara to North Africa and ME) slavery increased within Sokoto Caliphate/other new Muslim states (by 1865 Sokoto had the most) slaves raised food -> seclusion of free women within their homes (reformed Muslim practice)

AP Exam Tip

Students should be able to discuss the environmental impact of nineteenth century migrations and urban development.

"scramble" for Africa (book)

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of north-western Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts

afrikaners (book)

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949

what made Zulu the most powerful/feared fighters in Southern Africa?

Strict military drill and close-combat tactics ft. ox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spears

Alfred Nobel

Swedish found a way to turn nitroglycerin into stable solids (dynamite)

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist that wanted to systematize knowledge y categorizing all living organisms

Benjamin Disraeli (1804 - 1881)

Sybil/The Two Nations (pg 645) Two nations: the rich and the poor

Summary of China

Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 1864) devestated China; F/B took advantage of its weakness -> treaty ports British took over China's customs -> free import of Opium till 1917 Chinese"self - strengthening" movement tried to reduce govt expenditures and eliminate corruption

Death and Disease

Taiping followers sought safety in highlands of Laos and Vietnam (where bubonic rats lived); disease soon reached Hong Kong -> Singapore -> San Francisco -> Calcutta -> London -> fear of a worldwide outbreak -> discriminatory immigration bans on Chinese in US (1882)

Tanzimat reforms and Young Ottomans parallel in Russia

Tanzimat reforms preceded emergence of Young Ottomans as a new/assertive political/intellectual force -> initially ineffective reforms of Alexander I set in motion cultural currents that would make Russia a dynamic center of intellecttual, artistic, and political life under his nephew Alexander II

socialism and labor movements intro

industrialization and revolutionary ideas of late 1700s combined to create socialism and labor unions -> these two movements called for further changes

Imperialist tools

needed to reach goals with a reasonable cost (thanks to IR, tech. innovations gave Europe a power advantage in early 1800s) -> shipping -> gunboats -> firearms

new transportation in England

neglect of roads that had been used for long-distance traffic lef to private "turnpike trusts" that built many toll roads

Serbia (book)

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s

central govt of the OE (1700s) lost power to...

provincial governors, military commanders, ethnic leaders, bandit chiefs local officials/landholders tried to become independent and gain imperial funds

modernization (book)

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies -> modernization in EGYPT and ETHIOPIA

liassez faire (book)

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776)

mass production (book)

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright

Meiji restoration (book)

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. -> named after Mutsuhito's reign name -> imposed from higher classes instead of lower classes (level of change comparable to French Revolution)

Sepoy Rebellion/Sepoy Mutiny (book)

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs

AP Exam Tip

The rise of Western imperialism is an important topic on both the multiple choice section and the essay section of the exam

revolutions of 1848

c0nvinced conservatives that govts couldn't keep citizens out of politics -> mass politics could strengthen the state new gen. of conservative leaders preserved status quo through public education, universal military service, and colonial conquests (all built a sense of NATIONAL UNITY)

agricultural revolution (book)

The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled

Industrial Revolution (book)

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, and innovations in transportation and communication

AP EXAM TIP

The transformative effects of the Industrial revolution are an important topic for the AP* course

Treaty of Nanking (book)

The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Brit- ain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Brit- ons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain -> dismantled Canton system

Australia

sighted by Portuguese in early 1600s but was too remote...English James Cook explored the region in 1769-78 and expanding shipping network brought in more visitors/settlers

women's suffrage

women led prewar boycotts and organized relief/charitable organizations during the war (nurses, soldiers disguised as men) were denied political rights despite their war efforts/contributions

Westen technological innovations are progress

Western tech proved superiority of Western ideas, customs, and culture - Euro/Amer view

Emancipation of the Serfs

Tsar Alexander II (r. 1855 - 1881) was a moderate conservative; emancipated peasants bc 1. wanted to strengthen bonds btwn monarchy/Russian people 2. wanted to promote industrialization by enlarging labor pool -> serfs became farm workers w/ no skills and no money -> most Rus. still had little education, few legal rights, and no govt say

Start of the War

US Battleship "Maine" blew up in Havana Harbor (2/15/1898); 266 soldiers dead -> US blamed Spain and issued ultimatum for Spanish to evacuate Cuba. Spain agreed to ultimatum but press/Congress eager for war and McKinley didn't try to restrain them

what happened in Filipino rebel areas?

US army tortured prisoners, burned villages/crops, forced inhabitants into "reconcentration camps" -> by end of 1902 insurrection, 200,000 Filipinos and 5,000 Americans were dead

When Filipino insurrection ended...

US tried softening rule with public works/economic development projects -> new buildings in Manila -> roads, harbors, railroads -> Philippine economy was tied more closely to US's 1907: Filipinos could elect representatives to a legislative assembly; authority was still in the hands of a pres.-appointed governor 1916: first US colony promised independence (independence in 1946)

US/Cuban relations

USA had interests in Cuba (Spanish Colony, closest, richest Caribbean island) American businesses invested in Cuban sugar/tobacco industries 1000s of Cubans migrated to US

AP Exam Tip

Understand the effects of slavery in various parts of the world and be prepared to discuss the end of the slave trade in Africa

only two nations that continued competing for global dominance?

United States and Soviet Union

Qing v Ottomans

Unlike the Ottomans, the Qing knew nothing about... 1. huge fortunes Europeans / Americans were making in 1800s by smuggling opium into China 2. silver gained during this illegal trade helped finance the industrial transformation of England / US SLOWLY became aware that British colonies in India grew and exported opium and that British reached East Asia through a major naval base at Singapore

raising children

Victorian mothers nursed infants/showered children with attention -> some could afford governesses but stayed involved with their children/education GIRLS EDU: embroidery, drawing, music (enhanced social graces and marriage prospects) BOYS EDU: business world.professions education

Indochina

Vietnam, Kampuchea, and Laos

Proclamation of 1763

WAS THE RESULT OF: violence with Amerindians along British/native borders WHAT: established a western limit for settlement. THE BAD PART: undermined claims of 1000s of established farmers and still didn't effectively protect Amerindian land

first slave rebellion

WHAT... 1. a single slave rebellion on a northern plantation turned the conflict around WHAT THEY DID... 2. rebels destroyed plantations, killed masters/overseerers, burned crops LEADERSHIP RELIED ON... 3. elements of African political practice 4. revolutionary ideology from France that helped mobilize/direct rebelling slaves 5. started winning under Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Taiping Rebellion

WHERE: originated in Guangxi WHY: social problems had created problems for over 50 years; agriculture was unstable, many made their livings from jobs like making charcoal, disposing of human waste, and mining. Ethnic divisions made things worse -> sharp fluctuations in opium trade -> reactions to cultural/economic impact of foreigners in Canton WHO: Hong Xiuquan WHAT: world's bloodist civil war and greatest armed conflict before the 1900s...20-30 million died from starvation and disease; fortified cities were surrounded until they died, surrendered, or were weak...rumors of people eating grass, leather, hemp, and flesh...dead not properly buried, common epidemic disease

Sino-Japanese War

WHO China and Japan in 1894 WHY fought over Korea EFFECTS 1. China forced to evacuate Korea 2. China ceded Taiwan / Liaodong Peninsula to Japan 3. China paid large indemnity

Opium War (book)

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one- sided Treaty of Nanking on China

suffragists

a few women challenged male domination of politics and the law round 1900 movements led by Emmeline Pankhurst in Britain and Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony in USA; all demanded the right to vote 1914: USA women could vote in 12 states 1918: British women could vote

Berlin Conference on Africa of 1884 and 1885

called by Chancellor Bismark ; major powers agreed that "effective occupation" would replace former trading relations between Africans/Europens -> all nations with colonial ambitions would send in troops and would get a share of wealth gained

"Rocket"

a locomotive submitted by George ad Robert Stephenson in a contest between steam-powered locomotives and horse-drawn wagons (hosted by the owners of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway_ won the contest...pulled a 20-ton train at up to 30 mph RESULT: railroad mania all-over Britain

Max Rob (Book)

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror

ivory

Zanibar was a main source; most was shipped to India -> carved into decorative objects for European markets

Jose Marti

a Cuban nationalists that started a revolution against Spanish rule -> American newspapers were filled with stories about Cuba -> businessmen worried about their $$$ and US politicians demanded US involvement

George Washington (b. 1732- d. 1799) (p. 1789-1799)

a Virginia planter that served in the French and Indian War. Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799)

rickets

a bone disease caused by lack of sun exposure (happened in dark, smoky industrial cities)

Zollverin

a customs union of most of the German states; see Friedrich List

Great Powers

a few strong states that dominated the world in the late 1800s (Great Britain,France, Russia, Germany, United States, Japan

Egypt, OE, and Russia all opted for what kind of economy?

a western-style economy

Cuba and labor

abolished in 1886 recruited 138,000 Chinese laborers (1847-73) indentured labor recruits

Second Continental Congress sent the Articles of Confederation to the states for approval in 1777

accepted in 1781 first constitution of the USA one-house legislature each state had one vote 9/13 to declare war, impose taxes, etc committee exercised executive power confederacy weak govt no national currency

groups that lost influence

active feminists of the Parisian middle class; working-class women that sought the right to bear arms in defense of the revolution -> women had once provided decisive leadership and helped propel the Revolution toward widening suffrage on a more democratic structure -> armed women were active participants in every confrontation with conservative forces

indian indentured laborers

added bonus of receiving free passage home if they worked an additional 5 years

Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903) and others

adopted Darwin's "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest" and applied to human society

interchangeable-parts manufacturing

adopted in the manufacture firearms, farm equipment, and sewing machines "American system of manufactures" "use of machinery to mass-produce consumer items was to become the hallmark of American industry"

beginning of a period of rapid economic growth

after 1857, millions invested in public works (harbors, cities, irrigation canals, etc). Forests cleared for tea plantations. Irrigation systems built to ease effect of famines that used to effect provinces at a time -> INDIAN TRADE RAPIDLY EXPANDED (most exports were raw agricultural goods; imported manufactured goods from Britain)

first generation of Africans from mission schools

ahs Western ideas of justice/progress

Nationalism and parliamentary elections -> all politicians would have to appeal to public opinion

aided by press (cheap daily newspapers; increased circulation by exaggerating political articles [ex. conquests/foreign threats])

what did Queen Victoria guarantee in 1858?

all Indians equal protection of the law freedom to practice regions freedom to practice social customs as long as Indian princes were loyal to her, BI would respect their control of territories, rights, dignity, and honor

Teddy Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson

all US presidents that felt impelled to intervene in the region but all diff. opinions on "proper policy" the US should follow toward small nations to the south

British and Indian elites always worked (whether together or against each other) at the expense of ordinary Indians

all women, members of lower Hindu castes, "untouchables" and "tribals" outside of the caste system, and poor had few benefits from British reforms/new taxes and "traditions" that rose the status of their superiors (greater gap between the rich and the poor)

cotton gin

simple device that separated the bolls or seedpods from the fiber and made cotton growing economical -> allowed spread f cotton farming into Georgia and other southern states --> southern states produced 5/6 of the worlds' total by 1860

Parlement of Paris (that's spelled right!)

an appeal court that resisted the fiscal measures imposed by Louis XV

Andrew Ure

an economist (pg 643)

"cult of domesticity"

an industrial ATTITUDE that justified removing middle-class women from contact with the business world (should be responsible for the family life)

"Savannah" (steamboat) and other oceangoing steamboats

an oceangoing steam-powered ship (harder to build than a rover boat...used a LOT of coal) that crossed the Atlantic in 1819 used steam engine for 90 hours/29 day trip -> more efficient engines soon developed

Upanishads

ancient sacred writings of Hinduism

1774: British tries to slow movement of settlers into Amerindian land by...

annexing western territories to the province of Quebec -> bitter resentment in colonies

most-favored-nation status

any privileges that China granted to another country would be automatically extended to Britain too -> prevented colonization of China (giving land to one country would have necessitated giving it to all)

mechanization (book)

application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century England

French ENCYCLOPEDIE

articles and illustrations of crafts and manufacturing

liberalism

associated with nationalism until 1860s revolutionary middle-class ideology that emerged from the French Revolution 1. asserted the sovereignty of the people 2. demanded constitutional government 3. demanded a national parliament 4. demanded freedom of expression

Singapore

attracted British merchants and Chinese businessmen/laborers -> center of trade and shipping betwn Indian Ocean and China

Company administration

authorities in Congo Free State, French Congo, and Angola/Mozambique (port.) farmed out land to private concession companies -> gave them monopolies on natural resources trade of the territory AND right to have soldiers/tax people -> companies didnt have outside supervision so they forced Africans at gunpoint to produce/transport cash crops

the bread problem

bad harvests starting in 1785 made bread prices skyrocket and provoked economic depression (demand for nonessential goods collapsed bc people could barely afford the essentials, let alone the goods that drove the economy) HUNGER and ANGER wherever the WORKING CLASS was they were very, very, very, hangry.

Enlightenment era reformers wanted to bring order and discipline by...

banning/altering many popular traditions (harvest festivals, religious holidays, country fairs...people could no longer use these times to celebrate sexuality/individuality and mock govt officials, wealthy, and the clergy

after six weeks of deadlock in the Estates General, the Third estate... (and effects leading up to Bastille)

called itself the National Assembly (had allies from other estates) -> growing assertiveness made the king lock the National Assembly out of its meeting place -> NA moved to an indoor tennis court and pledged to write a constitution -> ideas from Enlightenment thinkers destroyed the kings desire to solve the financial crisis in France -> moved military forces to Versailles -> people of Paris intervened -> BASTILLE

where were the first practical electric telegraph systems developed?

simultaneously in England and America

coke

coal from which the impurities have been cooked out

colonial agents and administration

colonial agents would take over a territory, would have to cover own costs (no dependence on home govt) and make profit for home country -> colonialism

"modern jobs"

colonial govts created jobs for local youths as clerks, nurses, policemen, customs inspectors, etc

Muhammad Ali

commander of army of Albanian soldiers sent by sultan to restore imperial control took over position of Ottoman governor in less than five years took land and privileges away from Mamluks less than 4 years after that

railroads (book)

networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Their success caused a railroad-building boom throughout the world that lasted into the twentieth century.

labor and socialist movements

never identical; usually supported each other but sometimes were rivals

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia; saw rivalry btwn France/Austria as an opportunity to unify Italy -> secret alliance with France; started war with Austria (1858) -> uprisings throughout Italy in favor of joining Piedmont-Sardinia

organic chemicals

compounds containing carbon atoms organic chemicals were mass produced German chemists synthesized red, violet, blue, brown, and black -> bright, long-lasting, cheap to manufacture, produced in greater quantities than natural dyes -> consumers loved the new dyes -> new dyes devastated indigo plantations (India)

Civil Code of 1804

comprehensive rewriting of French law Napoleon won peasantry's and middle classes' support by establishing two principals from the early French Revolution 1. equality in law 2. protection of property

Decembrist Revolt and effect on tsar Nicholas I

confusion over who was to succeed Alexander I -> encouraged a group of reform-minded army officers to try to take over the government and provoke an uprising -> failed -> participants were severely punished -> new tsar Nicholas I would pay little attention to calls for reform the next 30 years

zaibatsu

congolomerates;the private investors the govt sold the enterprises too

China's transformation

conquest regime dominated by a Manchu military caste and its Chinese civilian appointees -> control of a group of reformist aristocrats and military men, indepen- dently powerful civilian governors, and a small number of foreign advisers LACKED strong, central, unified leadership and COULD NOT recover their powers of taxa- tion, legislation, and military command once these had been granted to the provincial governors

Janissaries massacre christians in serbia because...

they suspected that the sultan wanted to curb their political power (massacre in 1805)

Christian missionaries in China

congregations of missionaries paid for hospitals, shelters, soup kitchens, and ave stipends to Chinese that went to church/had a good reputation missionaries could also be regarded as "evil" -> seemed to subvert Confucian beliefs by condemning ancestor worship, pressuring poor families to put their children in orphanages, fulminating against foot-binding -> foreigners became targets of resentment for an increasingly dissatisfied, impoverished, and militarized society

duke of Bridgewater's canal in England

connected coal mines to towns or navigable river (like many other canals in this era) engineers applied ideas of the canal to railroads

SE Asia and Indonesia v Africa

considerab;e variation in the history of different parts of the region; region was mostly independent kingdoms; both regions were under intense imperialist pressure during the 1800s

what was one major reason that British production in goods increased sharply in this era?

because of the death of the slave trade -> Africans imported lots of machine-made textiles/firearms

North American environments transformed their environments faster than Europeans did

because they saw nature as an obstacle that they overcame and dominated -> Canadians/Americans seized NA land to give cheaply to white farmers/logging companies -> forests weren't valuable; hindrance to development -> trees felled and burned, houses built and abandoned, and people moved on from now-barren land -> cotton in the south depleted soil; farmers just abandoned land and moved on

missionaries in India

denounced child marriage and sati...missionarie's views usually clashed with the views of the people they were trying to change

industrialization takes hold in Europe

began industrializing after 1815...businessmen visited Britain to observe changes and steal industrial secrets 1820: thousands of Britons were setting up machines, training workers in new methods, and starting own businesses on continental europe

war of the Austrian succession and the chain reaction of events

began the crises...Louis XV tried to put new taxes on nobility and other wealthy peoples -> widespread protests 2. debt from 7 Year's War depended crises 3. emergency fiscal measures imposed by Louis XV 4. measures resisted by the Parlement of Paris

Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

believed that it was possible to maximize "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" IF Parliament would study the social problems of the day and pass appropriate legislation

company men and mughals

both had to temper their interference with Indian social and religious customs so they wouldn't provoke rebellion/lose Indian princes' support

Russia compared the the OE (land and transportation)

both were overwhelmingly agricultural; Russia had poorer transportation than OE (bc OE had lots of seaport cities) both had people that spoke many different languages

Africa and the slave trade

bought cloth, metal, other goods in exchange for slaves; expanded legitimate trade to continue these impports by reviving old exports/developing new ones -> most successful was palm oil

what did the actions of the "three individuals" do?

brought about occupation of Congo Basin (huge forest region in heart of equatorial Africa)

British in Egypt

brought in engineers/contractors to build 1st dam across Nile and in turn develop Egyptian cotton production -> allowed 2 or 3 crops a years] -> economic development allowed a small elite (mostly foreign landowners/merchants) -> poor burdened by taxes and expenses of British occupying army -> western ways (like alcohol) offended Muslims -> Egyptians wanted British out by 1890s

cholera

brought on steamships form India (struck poor neighborhoods the hardest)

Richard Trevithick's steam engine

built a lighter, higher-pressure engine after Watt's patent expired engine consumed 3x less fuel than Watt's built team-powered vehicles able to travel on roads or rails

How colonialism helped diffusion of Islam

built cities/increased trade -> colonial rule allowed Muslims to settle in new areas Islam was a universal religion without the "stain of colonialism" and became more relevant to Africans -> number of Muslims doubled (1869 - 1914)

President William McKinley

became openly imperialistic; annexed Hawaii as a steppingstone to Asia (US wanted to expand across the Pacific) -> US more involved in Asian affairs -> strategic location of Hawaii = US military bases and fertile land = imported laborers from Japan, china, and Philippines -> immigrants outnumbered natives

Russia (long-run)

became part of Europe shared many aspects of European culture

William Ayrton

became the first professor of electrical engineering in the world at the Imperial College of Engineering in Japan -> students founded major corporations and govt research institutes

how was the canal a success?

canal lowered freight costs -> stimulated shipping/construction of steamships -> advantage to heavy-industry nations; GB BENEFITTED MOST FROM CANAL

new transportation in Western Europe

canal-building booms in Britain, France, and the Low Countries in the 1700s

business cycles

capitalist economies were prone to sudden swings in business cycle (boom, depression, boom...) industrial economies were closely connected (ex.a bank of Australia collapsed in 1873 and triggered depression that spread to the US (mass unemployment)) -> worldwide recessions occurred from 1880s-80s

why did Hindus object to the order that cartridges of the Enfield rifle should be tore open with their teeth?

cattle fat -> sacred pig fat -> unclean Hindus were very offended and this policy was quickly changed

Yellow River's ecological disaster

changed course in 1855; destroyed southern part of Shandong province with floods and started decades of drought along the former riverbed

Franco-Prussian War (1870 - 18710

changed politics in Europe -> France became more liberal -> kingdom of Italy finished unifying their peninsula -> Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia stayed conservative and maintain status quo through nationalism

Industrial Revolution

changes in manufacturing, mining, transportation, communications, society, commerce goals: technical innovation and economic growth. Gap between rich and poor was widened dramatically.

cheap iron, mass production, and labor

cheap iron made mass production of guns, hardware, and tools appealing -> interchangeable parts made labor cheaper

railroads v stagecoaches

cheaper, faster, and more comfortable -> many people started traveling just because they could

Zeng Guofan's reforms

chief of this sort of provincial governor (see above); oversaw programs to restore agriculture, communications, education, and publishing, and efforts to reform the military/ industrialize armaments manufacture looked towards the USA instead of Britain as a model/for aid -> hired Americans to run his weapons factories, shipyards, and military academies -> sponsored a program that sent Chinese boys to Hartford, Connecticut (center of missionary activity) to learn English, science, mathematics, engineering, and history -> held positions of foreign advisers when they returned -> encouraged and oversaw advanced classical education of his own daughters DEATH IN 1872: empire lost one of its major sources for reform

growth of poor neighborhoods

cities like London grew too fast; most growth occurred in poorest neighborhoods -influx of poor migrants from the countryside - cheap, shoddy row houses to rent

France, Prussia, and railroads

construction delayed until mid 1840s railroads satisfied need for transportation and stimulated the iron, machinery, and construction industries -> industrialization triggered

Victorian Ideals

contrasted masculine ideals of strength and courage with feminine virtues of beauty and kindness idealized home as a peaceful/loving refuge from world of competitive capitalism Victorian morality claimed to be universal but applied mostly to upper/middle class Europeans

colonialism could not operate without

cooperation of indigenous elites (no colony wealthy enough to pay more than just a few salaries)...colonial govnrs usually exercised power through cooperative traditional rulers

incentives for industrialization/ the switch to iron

cost of horse feed rose; needed to find new, less land-consuming means of transportation iron -> cheaper; wood -> more expensive (as environments in europe changed) and things made of wood were now made of iron (eg. ships)

America's most valuable crop

cotton 1793: Eli Whitney patented his cotton gin

Amerindians

could be allies or enemies

breech-loader

could be fired accurately 10x as fast as and 6x farther than a musket; all Western armies made the switch by 1870s

new processes to manufacture steel

could only be made in small quantities by skilled blacksmiths UNTIL William Kelly and Henry Bessemer (Amer/Brit) discovered (1.) air forced trough molter pig iron by powerful pumps could turn it into steel w/out extra fuel -> series of inventions like this made steel a cheap, versatile, and well-known metal OTHER NEW PROCESSES: 2. steel could be made from scrap iron 3. steel could be made from phosphoric iron ores common in Western Europe

Why did LA have such a large economic potential?

could produce agricultural/mineral products that industrial countries were demanding -> needed to open interior to development -> RAILROADS

Thomas Newcomen's practical steam engine

could pump water out of mines as fast as four horses and could run day and night required a LOT of fuel to run on...this was not a problem near the coal problems but was too expensive elsewhere

coal coke substitutes charcoal in Western europe

countries with land smelted iron with charcoal; western europe was running out of land and substituted coke made from charcoal

Claude Chappe

created first semaphore telegraph

what did neighboring Africans do to protect themselves from the Zulu?

created their own states SWAZI KINGDOM: north of Zuu LESOTHO: attracted refugees to strongholds in highest mountains of Southern Africa

when Parisians heard Louis XIV was moving troops to Versailles...

crowds of commoners seized weapons and, on July 14, 1789, attacked the Bastille

language

crucial element in creating a feeling of national identity; united people and was how politicians inspired their followers tool of new political activities (lawyers, teachers, students, journalists)

Estates General

customary consultative body representing the three estates

WW2

death of millions, destroyed cities, weakened Europe's overseas empires

Young Turks

decline of Ottoman power and prosperity had a strong impact on a group of well-educated young urban men who aspired to wealth and independence

Egypt, India, China, and BRITAIN

demands of Western nations/military advantage that industrialization gave them led them to interfere in the internal affairs of nonindustrial societies -> started new age of WESTERN DOMINANCE I

Japan's participation in suppression of the Boxer Uprising

demonstrated military power in EA (1905) defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War

Afrikaners

descendants of Dutch settlers on the Cape of Good Hope -> moved inland throughout 1800s; British prospectors/settlers arrived later and soon brought Indians that also settled

did political reforms continue or stop to gain momentum?

despite these setbacks, the political reforms continued to gain momentum

Russophobia

developed in the West 1. Britain saw Russia as a threat to India 2. Britain (abolished slaves 27 years before serfs gained freedom) despised subjection of serfs 3. passions generated by the Crimean War / outcome affected the relations of Russia, Europe, and the Ottoman Empire for the rest of the 1800s

Thomas Edison

developed n incandescent lamp well suited to lighting small rooms in USA in 1879. Created world's first electrical distribution network in NYC -> electric lighting quickly replaced gas lamps in Europe and NA

social Darwinists

developed pseudo-scientific theories of racial differences (result of biology, not history) social/racial differences resulted from natural processes and opposed the government intervening to make inequities less severe -> NO OFFICIAL RESEARCH; only gave scientific-sounding justification for power of the privileged

firearms

development of new, deadlier firearms in 1860s/70s changed balance of power on land in favor of Euro/Amers; colonial conquests easier than ever before (100 could easily defeat 1,000 with new firearm technology)

workers and protest

didn't beneift from the ideas of middle-class thinkers...resisted harsh working conditions by... 1. riots 2. strikes (when food prices went up or many were left unemployed by downturns in business) 3. broke into factories and destroyed machines that took their jobs *didn't change the nature of their hard work*

North American patterns and Aborigines

didn't have rights of Australia citizens voters had to read/write English -> Maori couldn't vote in early elections but 4 seats in lower legislature were Maori-reserved from starting 1867

Majority of Africans tried to remain neutral

difficult position bc colonal rule disrupted every traditional society; presence of colonial officials -> land rights, commercial transactions, and legal disputes all handled differently traditional ruler lost all authority (except when aided Euros as local admnstrators)

Abraham Darby

discolvered coke could be used in place of charcoal -> lower quality than charcoal-smelted iron but was much cheaper bc coal was everywhere

Some governments adopt laissez faire policies (after 1815)

dismantled many regulations, Britain lowered import duties -> industrialization was still causing widespread misery

French Society

divided into three estates 1. First Estate/the clergy 2. Second Estate 3. Third Estate

wealthy landowners in control of land

drained and improved soil, bred better livestock, and introduced crop rotation -> increased the worth of the land and contributed to a stable economy BUT dramatically widened the gap between the rich and the poor

uses for explosives

dynamite/other new explosives useful... 1. in mining/critical 2. in construction of railroads/canals 3. by enabling armies/navies to arm themselves with accurate/powerful rifles and cannons

businesspeople and laissez faire

eagerly adopted bc the ideas justified their activities and kept govt at bay

the middle class in pre-revolutionary times in Europe

eagerly read books, cheap newspapers, and journals coffee-houses and teashops became locations of discussion and scientific discovery, technology, and controversial works pertaining to politics and human nature

women's salary

earned a fraction of what men did

(1859) "On the Origin of the Species"

earth was older than believed; over 100,000s of years living beings evolved to survive or became extinct

botanical gardens

economic botany and agricultural science was applied to all promising plant species; Euros wanted to collect exotic plants and classify the world -> founded botanical gardens in Java, India, Mauritus, Ceylon, Jamaica, etc in the 1800s -> crops (cinchona, tobacco, sugar, etc introduced and improved in SE Asia/Indonesia colonies) -> coffee/cocoa growing spread over Brazil.Africa -> oil palm plantation established in Nigeria and Congo Basin -> gardens collected local plants and transferred commercially valuable plant species from tropical region to region

women of Paris act

economic crises worsened in Paris; women employed in the garment industry and small shopkeepers were really hit hard; high food prices made it hard to feed children -> women were VERY ANGRY OCTOBER 5: thousands of market women marked 12 miles to Versailles. Forced their way into National Assembly and demanded "...we want bread." killed some royal guards and searched fro Queen Marie Antoinette (a hated symbol of extravagance) -> royal family forced to relocate to Paris

Motives for New Imperialism

economic, cultural, and political motives

how New Imperialism happened

economic/technological ways to recognize dependent regions and bring them into the world economy (suppliers of foodstuffs/raw materials and consumers of industrial products) AFRICA: controlled by conquests and colonial administration LA REPUBLICS: politically independent but economically dependent on USA and europe

what did an industrial revolution require?

educated and independent-minded artisans and entrepreneurs

durbar (book)

elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire

what innovation changed lives the most radically in the 1800s?

electricity

Indian Civil Service (book)

elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians -> members had senior admin. and judicial posts -> about 100 in 1900...visited colleges, heard lawsuits, passed judgements

Alexander II's biggest reform (and others)

emancipation of serfs in 1861 he also.. 1. authorized new joint-stock companies 2. projected a railroad network to tie the country together 3. modernized legal/administrative arms of govt

Shogunate

emperor had no power; Japan governed by the Tokugawa Shogunate (secular govt under a shogun)

who supported reform and recovery programs after 1850?

emperors were noneffective; coalition of aristocrats supported reform/recovery

on a global level, industrialization empowered (x)

empowered western European countries and North America (at the rest of the worlds' expense)

Roosevelt

encouraged regimes friendly to US

Treaty of Portsmouth

ended Russo-Japanese War -> Japan established protectorate over Korea -> Westerners tried to restrict Japan but it kept expanding influence -> gained control of southern Manchuria -> annexed Korea in 1910 and became a colonial power

West African trade

euros took advantage of trade networks, taxed merchants / farmers, invested profits in railroads/harbors, payed dividends to Euro stockholders

uprisings in India

even beneficial economic changes were disruptive -> common local rebellions from 1800-1850 the British easily handled these but were concered about loyalty of Indian sepoys in BEIC army (5.3x more sepoys than British in the British army)

railroads

evidence that steam engines were a prime mover of industry/commerce 1850: first railroads were s successful they inspired nations to industrialize Japan: began building railway network in 1870s and imported Brit/Amer engineers...replaced them with newly trained Jap engineers in 1880s -> in fact, all railways were built by Euro/Amer engineers with Western equipment w/ only 1 exception

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

executions and deaths in prisons (40,000 lives) imprisonment (300,000 people)

Committee of Public Safety

executive power given by Max Rob; created special courts to seek out and punish enemies of the Revolution

colonialism in West African coast/Indochina

existing trade could be taxed; sometimes only profits came from investments/through reorganization of indigenous peoples

technological advances

explain motives AND outcome of New Imperialism

what characterized Europe's new imperialism?

explosion of territorial conquests more rapid than Spain's in the 1500s -> europeans took land in Africa, Central Asia; Euros and Amers in SE Asia, and pacific regions

Latin America and the Caribbean...

exported raw materials and foodstuffs; imported manufactured goods

India becomes like Egypt

exporter of raw materials importer of British Industrial goods British introduced railroads, coal mining and telegraph lines to hasten industrialization and British dependance

"legitimate" trade

exports other than slaves in 19th century Africa

Prelude to the Terror

failed effort by king and queen to escape from Paris = King lost most of his remaining supporters August 10,1792: crowd invaded Paris palace; king forced to seek protection in Legislative Assembly (Louis XIV imprisoned authority suspended -> new legislative and executive body: THE NATIONAL CONVENTION

ECONOMIC MOTIVES

industrialization of Europe/NA stimulated demand for minerals (copper for electrical wiring, tin for canning, chrome/manganese for steel industry; coal for steam engines, GOLD and DIAMONDS -> demands for goods like cotton/rubber and stimulants (sugar, coffee, tea, tobacco) WANTED PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRY GREW EVERYWHERE

middle-class homes

families were larger and entertained more often/lavishly; needed servants -> only families employing at least one full-time servant considered "middle class" *modern technology transformed middle class homes around the 1900s* plumbing eliminated the pump/outhouse central heating replaces fireplaces, stoves, coal in basements, endless dusting gas and electricity lit houses and cooked food without soot, smoke, and ashes wealthy families had first washing machines/vacuums in 20th century -> standards of cleanliness was raised and required just as much labor as before

workers' homes

families with room to spare took on boarders women did piecework (ex. sewing dresses, making hats/gloves, weaving baskets) hardest/worst-paid work: WASHING OTHERS" CLOTHES -> women had to work at home 10-12 hours and needed help of their children (these practices outlawed in factories were what women had to do to "survive" in their own homes) -> no electric lighting/indoor plumbing made everyday tasks (cooking, washing) struggles

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805 - 1872)

famous liberal Italian nationalist led a failed revolution in Italy (1848) wanted to unify Italian peninsula; worked with revolutionaries to bring nationhood/liberty to anybody oppressed by tyrants/foreigners -> Russia, Prussia, Austria censored but couldn't stifle them

West Africa v equatorial Africa

few inhabitants and little trade instead of directly governing the territories, authorities in Congo Free State, French Congo, and Angola/Mozambique (port.) farmed out land to private concession companies

Colonial protests

fiery political language boycotts intimidation of royal officials mob violence

newspapers

finally got wide readership in 1850s-1900s...boosted circulation with war/conquest stories and imperialism became a popular cause ("overseas extension of nationalism")

What kind of pressure did the large republics of SA have?

financial and economic

What kind of pressure did Central America and the Caribbean have?

financial, economic, and military intervention by the USA

Boulton and Watt

firm founded by 2 other members of the lunar society that sold steam engines

"North River" (steamboat)

first commercially successful steamboat made by Robert Fulton (1807) -> number of steamboats in america grew quickly --> United States was becoming a nation that moved by water

Australia as a penal colony into a settler colony

first permanent British settlers in Australia -> 736 convicts (1/4 women) who were exiled in 1788 -> penal colonies grew slowly and had little contact with natives -> discovery of gold in 1851 brought Europeans and Chinese into Australia and ended penal colonies -> gold rush subsided and settlers settled

standard of living of factory workers

fluctuated wildly; didn't decline steadily like the handloom weavers'

what did Russia's industrialization projects heavily depend on?

foreign expertise (ex. British engineers set up textile mills -> woolens/cottons a large place among Russia's industries)

how botany changed the global environment

forested or slash-and-burn agriculture land -> permanent farms/plantations areas not developed for crop exports had growing pop. -> pressure on land -> more forests felled and terraced hillsides, drained swamps, dug wells

Nanjing

former Ming capital when British approached this city (Nanking), Qing negotiated

Cecil Rhodes (1853 - 1902)

fortune in Kimberely diamond fields, founded De Beers Consolidated (still dominates world diamond trade), ad encouraged British South Africa Company to push into Central Africa (named two colonies after himself - Zimbabwe and Zambia; North/Southern Rhodesia) -> Ndebele and Shona people resisted invasion but defeated by British machine guns

Sultan Selim (1789 - 1807)

forward-looking ruler with an eye on European events introduced reforms... 1. European-style military units 2. provincial govrs brought under central govt control 3. standardized taxation 4. rise in govt expenditures offset by taxes on tobacco and coffee

Hong Xiuquan (part 1)

founded Taiping movement experienced influences mentioned ("Taiping Rebellion") came from a Hakka background repeatedly failed Confucian examinations -> nervous breakdown in his 30s -> inspired by teachings of Chinese/American protestants in Canton -> OWN INTERPRETATION OF CHRISTIAN MESSAGE

Brahmo Samaj (Divine Society)

founded in 1828 by Roy; attracted Indians that wanted to reconcile values of West with religious traditions of India 1. reform Hindu customs (like caste system/childhood marriage) 2. urged return to UPANISHAD principles 3. backed British efforts to ban practices they found repugnant (ex. sati and slavery) 4. reforms to correct other abuses of women ( revoked law that widows couldn't remarry and female infanticide) 5. influential until after rebellion of 1857

Robert Owen and the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

founded in 1834 to lobby for an 8 hour workday; gained 500,000 followers and then collapsed bc of govt prosecution

remembering revolutionary ideals the Lowell example

francis Cobot Lowell built a cotton mill; hired unmarried NE farmer daughters and promised them safe housing, respect, good conditions, and a decent salary -> profit motive eventually shone through; longer hours, harsher conditions, lower wages -> STRIKE -> replaced women with irish immigrants willing to work for almost anything

(see above); what kind of things did these people want to happen in Russia/

free the serfs, advocate a constitution/republic form of government

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

frontier conflict between French and British forces with American allies led to a much bigger struggle -> Seven Years War was a precursor to the Thirty Year's War RESULT: Britain had total control of North America east of the Mississippi and France surrendered Canada and India holdings

why did the Janisary Corps resist the creation of new military units?

they wanted to preserve special economic privileges...this "resistment" could also result in military uprisings

universal male suffrage (usm)

gradual extension of the right to vote throughout Europe/North America in the 1800s 1870: USA usm 1871: France/Germany usm 1885: Britain usm rest of Europe soon followed socialist politicians wanted to capture seats in parliament bc of all the new workers that could vote; they wanted to obtain concessions from govt -> form their own govt

NEW JERSEY and the right to vote

granted this right tp women and African Americans that met property requirements 1807: right was eliminated by state lawmakers

Treaty of Paris (1783)

granted unconditional independence and established generous boundaries for the former colonies. US agreed to pay the prewar debts due to British merchants and allow loyalists to recover property confiscated by patriot forces -> loyalists treated badly; many went to Canada

advantages of coke-iron

great expansion of the size of individual blast furnaces iron production in Britain out-weighed the iron production of the rest of the world

what caused Russia to return land to OE (in both Europe and Asia)?

great powers (mainly European) that met in Paris to settle the Crimean War in 1856

POLITICAL MOTIVES

great powers and lesseer powerful countries (all mainly European) were competetive/hypertensive about their status

Britain's advantages over the rest in Europe in transportation

great water transportation thanks to extensive coastlines, navigable rivers, growing canal networks unified internal market did not have duties/tolls to pay every few miles like in france (this slowed down/discouraged transportation) regional specialization was encouraged (like tin mining in Cornwall and cotton manufacturing in Lancashire) -> growing trade between regions

Lunar Society

group of businessmen, scientists, and craftsmen that met each month when the moon was full to discuss the practical application of knowledge. sparked Wedgewood's interest in applying technology to manufacturing

industrial chemistry and GERMANY

growing complexity made it one of the first fields that science and technology interacted daily -> advantage to Germany (most advanced engineering schools, scientific institutes, and govt funded research/encouraged cooperation between universities/industries) -> Germany = leading producer of dyes, drugs, synthetic fertilizers, ammonia, nitrates all used to make explosives

so, human transformation of the land...

had been constant throughout history but accelerated sharply -> the only change comparable to global environment transformation between 1869 -1914 is the changes from 1914 - today -> the world will never go back

British Economy

had fallen behind US/Germany in important industrial industries (steel, chemicals, electricity, textiles) and Germany was catching up in British specialties (shipbuilding/shipping)

France

had once been dominant in Europe but became second; prosperous, good agriculture, large colonial empire WEAKNESSES: 1. population wasn't growing and power of nation = size of army -> army only 2/3 Germany's size 2. some French were Catholic monarchists and other were republican/anticlerical FRENCH COHESION: popular participation in politics, strong sense of nationhood, good public education system

provincial governors

had won the right to levy their own taxes, raise their own troops, and run their own bureaucracies during the war against the Taipings

Great Britain's political motives

had world's largest empire and wanted to protect India with buffer colonies in East Africa/SE Asia

What were the Qing seen as in certain parts of China?

hated as foreign conqurors suspected of sympathy with Europeans

nationalism in politics

helped impose language, religion, customs on minority populations (Russians tried to "Russify" diverse populations of Russia) (Spanish made Spanish required in schools, newspapers, courts of Basque and Catalan-speaking provinces) (immigrants to USA expected to learn English)

changes in land/labor in Egypt and West Africa

high population density -> peasants left in place by colonial rulers and encouraged to grow cash crops

handloom weavers

high wages and low productivity; inventors developed power looms -> wages fell by 1/3 -> 2/3 -> worked longer hours yet still got poorer STANDARD OF LIVING STEADILY DECLINED

jihad

holy war...added new lands where govts enforced Islamic law/promoted religion's spread

municipal reforms to slum life

horrors of the poor life were documented vividly -> small reforms -> garbage removal, water/sewage systems, parks/schools EFFECTS: urban life became easier after the mid-1800s

Canton system

how Qing limited/controlled foreign trade ; Qing brushed off European complaints about the system's strict restrictions

French political motives

humiliated by 1871 Prussian defeat and wanted to re-establish superiority by conquering territory overseas

socialism

ideology developed by radical thinkers who questioned the sanctity of private property/argued in support of industrial workers against their employers

"Canadian Example"

in 1867 the Dominion of Canada was formed out of diverse and thinly settled colonies of British North America -> became self-governing

sati

in India, the custom of widow-burning/suicide on husbands funeral pyres

palm oil and coastal trading communities

increase in palm oil exports changed the social structure of coastal trading communities... 1. coastal traders used wealth to buy slaves to paddle dugout canoes that transported palm oil to trading ports 2. Male supervising slaves were well compensated...a few even became wealthy enough to take over leadership of coastal "canoe houses" (companies)

military reforms in Qing China

increasing success resulted form flexibility of imperial military commanders in the face of unprecedented challenge -> also had strong backing from civilian provincial govnrs trained in self-defense/the local terrain with more efficient organization and use of modern weaponry RESULT: formation of new military units where many Bannermen voluntarily served under civilian governors -> Qing had special taxes to fund new armies...acknowledged new combined leadership

Falling Qing Empire -> problems were common with...?

increasingly corrupt bureaucracy, challenges from Europe and US w/ an empty treasury, stagnant economy, troubled society ...all land-based empires of Eurasia -> old/inefficient governing put states at risk -> empires had been left vulnerable to European military pressure (ch 20)

Asian Migrations

indentured laborers were recruited to work on plantations, mines, and railroads Chinese/Indians -> Africa, SE Asia, tropical colonies of Great Britain Japanese -> Brazil, Latin America Japanese/Chinese/Filipinos -> worked in agriculture and menial trade in HI and CA -> growing hostilities from European Americans

Greek independence in 1829

independence movement formed from Greek nationalist organizations and interlopers from Albania Europeans considered hte struggle "a campaign to recapture their classical glory from Muslim oppression" and many went to aid the Greeks British, French, and Russian fleets were ordered to only observe nut they sank an Ottoman fleet anyway -> guaranteed Greek victory

Belgium and railroads

independent since 1830 quickly copied British railways -> industrialization triggered

attitude towards overseas adventures

indifferent/hostile towards adventures -> 1880s victories -> overcame reluctance

Janissary Corps (book)

infantry, originally of slave origin (Christian boys taken from their homes in the Balkans -> converted to Islam -> required to serve for life in Ottoman army), armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826

Common Sense

inflammatory pamphlet written by Thomas Paine (a recent immigrant from England) -> further propelled popular support for independence

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

influential English biologist of the 1800s with widely cited/misinterpreted ideas

What were the results of the White Lotus Rebellion?

initiated series of internal conflicts through 1800s that were also results of deepening social instabilities

White Lotus Rebellion (1794) how long did it last? what was it inspired by?

inspired by a messianic ideology that predicted the restoration of the Chinese Ming dynasty and the coming of the Buddha raged across Central China suppressed in 1804 (10 years later)

Robert Hart

installed as inspector-general of a newly created Imperial Maritime Customs Service to ensure repayment of debt due to Britain; Britain and Qing split the revenues he collected

civil war

intense but brief 1868: provincial leaders overthrew Shogunate; declared emperor Mutsuhito "restored" new regime = Meiji Restoration

Germany at the Center of Europe

international relations revolved around Germany, which was located at the center of Europe and had most powerful European army (1871) Bismark created a unified Germany and declared that they had no more territorial ambitions -> wanted to maintain European peace Isolated France by forging loose coalition with Austria-Hungary/Russia (2 cons. powers) -> had competing ambitions in Balkans but alliance lasted

5 wire telegraph

introduced by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke (England) in 1837 improvement on the electric telegraph

Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt -> power domino effect -> Muhammad Ali

invaded Egypt with 36,000 soldiers and 400 ships in 1798 -> French defeated mamluks almost effortlessly -> attempted invasion of Syria -> stopped by Ottoman land/British naval forces -> Napoleon left Cairo and went back to France -> seized French power and declared himself emperor -> French administration in Egypt was clueless -> agreed to withdraw in 1801 -> Egyptian power vacuum -> Muhammad Ali gained power

railroads

invaded the towns; brought noise and smoke into densely populated neighborhoods; stations built as closely to city heart as possible

sun-and-planet gear

invented by Watt in 1781 turned the back-and-forth action of the piston into rotary motion -> steam engines could now power machinery in mills, pottery manufactures, and other industries

Alessandro Volta

invented the battery (1800) -> possible to produce an electric current --> *application of electricity to communication*

how did Ismail bless the inaguration?

invited clergy of Muslim, Orthodox, and Catholic faiths -> unity of men and brotherhood before God w/out distinction of religion -> first peaceful meeting of faiths in OrientShip canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882

technological revolution (oceangoing ships)

iron fastened timbers -> MUCH larger ships could be made huge canvas sails -> clippers were faster (ex. India -> Europe took 1.5 months instead of 3) increases in size and decrease in speed lowered shipping costs and stimulated maritime trade -> British merchant shipping 4x as many tons (1778 - 1860) -> clippers for eastern service built from colonies in South/SE Asia

why was iron rare and valuable outside of China (before the 1700s)?

iron had to be repeadetly heated and hammered to drive out impurities (expensive process -> expensive skilled labor) limited wood supplies

Britain couldn't find a political solution before revolutionary institutions were in place and armies engaged because..

it had overconfidence in its military and poor leadership too slow -> lost opportunity to direct loyalists and pacifists

women in missionary societies

joined to become teachers/nurses -> didn't directly challenge colonialism but helped soften hard edge of colonial rule (ex. attention to women's health/maternity)

women retained some rights

kept power to manage and dispose of their own property gained through fixed shares of inheritance men were legally obligated to single-highhandedly support their families, so women could keep wealth in land could also create charitable trust funds for their sons in religious courts MAHMUD II -> transferred jurisdiction of the trusts from religious courts to state and ended womens' control in this area

Yamgata Aritomo (spheres of influence)

laid out Japan's path to imperialism; a leader of the Meiji oligarchs Japan had to define a "sphere of influence" (Korea, Manchuria, part of China) to be independent Japan would be at risk if these countries were controlled by anyone else Japan must sustain a military industrialization program focused on the building of battleships to maintain this sphere

changes in land/labor in low population density areas

land declared "vacant" and sold to private concession companies or Euro planters/ranchers

France and French

language and citizenship rarely collided, but they did in France; the majority of French speakers lived in France and the most common language in France was French -> Italian/German speakers were divided among small states

Similarities between French and English declarations (including the tie of Thomas Jefferson)

language was similar, but the language of the French declaration was more "sweeping" in language Thomas Jefferson (author of US Declaration) was a US ambassador to Paris and offered his opinion to those drafting the French statement

more innovations in oceangoing ships and their opportunities

larger and faster -> transporting laborers halfway around the world was affordable -> close regulation and supervision of shipboard conditions BUT crowded -> spread of cholera/contagious diseases

Emilio Aguinaldo and defeat by Americans

leader of a secret society that revolted against Spanish / proclaimed a Philippine republic in 1899; Spain preoccupied with a Cuban revolution -> seemed like he would win BUT USA declared war against Spain in 1898 and overcame Spanish in Cuba and the Philippines

Commodore Matthew Perry (CMP)

led 4 American warships (2 were steam powered) to Edo Bay (close to Japan's capital) -> delivered a letter from US Pres. that demanded Japan open its ports to foreign trade -> "black ships" broke the barriers that had kept Japan isolated (NOT THE AMERICANS - their MACHINES created this sensation among the Japanese -> CMP returned a year later for answer from the Japs and brought a mini railroad, short telegraph line, and other marvels of Western technology

Zulu

led by King Cetshwayo were surrounded by whites; proud military tradition -> war with British in 1879 and defeated them at Isandhlwana -> defeated a few months later; King captured/exiled and Zulu land given to white ranchers sense of nationhood still remained strong

Chartism

led by Wiliam Lovett and Fergus O'Connor appealed to miners and industrial workers 1. demanded universal male suffrage 2. demanded the secret ballot 3. demanded salaries for members of the Parliament 4. demanded annual elections 1.3 million signatures on a petition; rejected by congress collapsed in 1848 but left a legacy of labor organizing

Concordat of 1801

led to by negotiations by the catholic Church; French Catholics had rights to freely practice their religion but French govt had authority to nominate bishops and keep priests on the state payroll

result of the revolution

led to rule by demagogues and Napoleon's dictatorship

British viceroys

lived lavishly in palaces with 100s of servants and displays of wealth -> tried to convince Indians that British viceroys were legit successors to Mughal Emperors. Treated Indian princes with elaborate ceremonial courtesy and kept them "fabulous"

what sometimes intensified these internal conflicts?

local ethnic conflicts unapproved religions ability of some village militias to defend themselves/attack others (but also helped southern coasters to fend off British invasion...see "Nemesis" in Chapter 22)

Chapter 25 intro

local leaders/European powers all tried to expand influences in SA and Africa (1750 - 1870) -> no one knew who would have the upper hand around 1800 -> Britain/France engaged in 3rd war for overseas supremacy sine 1750 in 1800 -> Britain gained an advantage by 1870 and completed campaign to replace African slave trade with "legit" trade...obtained tropical colonies from Asian/South Pacific labor migrations

daimyos

local lords that were permitted to control their lands/people with little interference from the shogunate

Serbia, massacre, the Sultan's response, and Independence

locals hated the control of Janissary governors ... Christians claimed Janissaries abused them -> Janissaries massacre Christians ->Sultan relied on ruler of Bosnia -> Bosnia joins troops with Serbian peasants to suppress Janissary uprising -> threat of Russian intervention; Ottomans couldn't disarm to Serbians -> Serbia became independent

Great Britain

long history of parliamentary elections, competing parties; smoothly changed between Liberal/Conservative Parties; income gap btwn rich and poor narrowed WEAKNESSES: 1. Irish tensions 2. British economy

protesting mobs in Spain/Spanish colonies

loyalty to monarch yet wanted to prevent implementation of reforms, "Love live the King! Death to Bad Government!"

machine tools

machines capable of making other machines greatly increased the productivity of manufacturing

James Watt

made scientific instruments at Glasglow University was asked to repair the university's model Newcomen engine developed a separate condenser that left the cylinder always hot an the condenser always cold engines sold to pump water out of copper and tin mines

Adam Smith and Laissez Faire

main advocate of laissez faire argued that if individs could seek personal gain, the effect would be to increase the general welfare -> govt wouldn't interfere in business (except to protect private property) -> govt should be so hands off that it should allow duty-free trade with foreign countries -> challenged prevailing economic doctrine (mercantilism) -> persuaded many govts of his ideas

what arose in Canada and United States?

manufacturing industries, powerful corporations, and wealthy financial institutions

after the first generation of mission school graduates

many mission school teachers were African. discovered that christian ideas clashed with the idea of colonial exploitation -> "too much breakage of God's pure law"

British Soldiers

many were Indians percussion-cap rifles (quicker, safer, more accurate than matchlocks) long-range artillery could be easily moved and proved deadly to eastern Chinese villages/cities

spinning jenny

mechanically drew out the cotton fibers and twisted them into thread; simple, cheap to build, and easy for one person to operate thread was soft and irregular and could be used only in combination with linen

Bastille

medieval fortress used as a prison; defense of the prison resulted in 98 dead before the garrison surrendered; attackers hacked commander to death and paraded through Paris with his and the chief magistrate of paris's head on pikes

Happenings and Effects of the Estates General (1788 and 1789)

members of 3 estates came together throughout the nation; discussed grievances and elected representatives to meet at Versailles Third Estates representatives -> mostly men with quite a bit of land (some angry with king's ministers and wanted to move France towards a constitutional monarchy with an elected legislature power of 1st and 2nd estates limited by deep internal divisions over procedural/policy issues; some clergy and nobles joined with the Third Estate bc of their reform agenda

what were some of the ways the Taipings monitored their peoples' activities

men / women segregated and organized into work and military teams women forbidden to bind their feet and fully participate in farming / labor women soldiers taken to the field against Qing forces

Constitutional Convention

met in May 1787 achieved a nonviolent second American revolution secretly wrote a new constitution with GW serving as presiding officer focused on... 1. representation 2. electoral procedures 3. executive powers 4. relationship between federal govt and the states 5. distribution of power/division of authority -> constitution was the most democratic of this era

why did many nationalists come from the middle class?

middle class prospered from increase of trade and manufacturing -> educated people angered by British obstacles and prejudices

Pan-Slavism

militant political doctrine advocating unity of all the Slavic peoples (including those living under Austrian / Ottoman rule)

shogun

military leader

moral position of the middle class

mingled condemnation with concern, coupled with feelings of helplessness in the face of terrible social problems, such as drunkenness (especially on payday), prostitution, and child abandonment

right to vote/slave political participation

minority; slaves were denied participation in the political process but slave states counted 3/5 of the slave population to allocate the number of congressional representatives (slave-owning class had multiplied power)

Young Turks movement promoted...

mixture of liberal ideas derived from Europe, national pride in Ottoman independence, modernist views of Islam

Piedmont-Sardinia

moderate constitutional monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel

fez

modern weapns/drill required military dress 1. beards were unhygenic and a fire hazard 2. military headgear was controversial -> bills on Euro. military caps wouldn't let Muslim soldiers touch foreheads to the ground 3. COMPROMISE: brimless "fez" adopted during Mahmud II's reign

electricity

more flexible and easieer to use than water power or stationary steam engines -> costly at first -> only used for electroplating and telegraphy

changes in land/labor

most Africans = farmers or herders and needed access to land

folk cultures

most people in western society stayed loyal to competing cultural values rooted in the preindustrial past (memory of shared expirence)...ideas flurished with religious practices encouraging emotional release (expressions of rights/obligations that connected people to rulers) -> violent opposition to certain monarchs

enclosure movement and effect on the now landless tenants/sharecroppers

moved to cities to eek work, became vagrants, or emigrated to Canada, Australia, or the United States

Indian National Congress (book)

movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its member- ship was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gan- dhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence.

Capture of Nanjing

movement grew and moved toward eastern/northern China; people were scared of being forced into Taiping units, Confucian elites were horrified by bizarre ideology (foreign gods, totalitarian rule, and walking, working, warring women) -> Taiping easily defeated local defenses -> growth in numbers -> established a permanent base when conquered Nanjing in 1853 -> new "Heavenly King- dom of Great Peace"

Conditions of Revolution created by...

narrow self-interest and greed of the rich (wouldn't tolerate an increase in their own taxes) instead of the grinding poverty of the common people created conditions for revolution

"Nemesis"

new british ship launched in 1840 that had an iron hull, flat bottom (could navigate in shallow waters), and a steam engine (to power upriver and against the wind) arrived off Chinese Coast, armed -> first steam-powered iron gunboat in Asian waters joined other steam-powered warships steaming up Chinese rivers, bombarding forsts/cities, and transporting troops and supplies from place to place along coasts/upriver faster than Chinese soldiers could keep up BRITAIN DEFEATED THE LARGEST AND MOST POPULATED COUNTRY IN THE WORLD because of steam engines (see chapter 24)

new british fiscal reforms/taxes sparked political confrontation that would eventually lead to rebellion

new commercial regulations: endangered NE's profitable trade with Spanish and French Caribbean sugar colonies new fiscal reforms: colonial paper money was outlawed -> boycotts

the Directory

new executive authority that refused to give up power after the election of 1797; effectively ended Republican phase of the Revolution. Political authority in France now depended on COERCIVE FORCE (not elections)

National Convention

new legislature of the French Republic; convened in September; majority of members were middle-class Jacobins

submarine telegraph cables

new medium of telegraph cables used by shipping companies to control their ships by 1900 cables connected every country and almost all inhabited islands cables -> tools of modern shipping and business

housing

new neighborhoods (from tenements to mansions they just BUILT) city planners laid out cities on rectangular grids (like Chicago) old Parisian neighborhoods torn down for broad boulevards and modern appt buildings -> lit by both gas and electricity -> became the "city of lights" and a model for global city planners rich still lived in inner cities; workers lived in the outskirts

Meiji Oligarchs and Japanese reforms

new rulers; very talented and far=sighted wanted to protect Japan from Western Imperialism -> transformed Japan into a "rich country with a strong army" and helped develop world-class industry in Japan -> knew they couldn't fend off Westerners without changing institutions/society -> introduced new educational systems, conscript army, revamped educational system -> new literate, competent, loyal obedient citizenry (could read about new ideas but would stick with the empire) -> copied govt structure of imperial Germany -> modeled Japanese navy on British -> modeled army on the Prussians -> Western style postal/telegraph services, railroads, harbors, banks, clocks, calendars -> sent students to Britain, Germany, and United States for secrets of the Western powers -> western-style clothing, hairstyles, garden parties, formal dances became popular -> very interested in Western tech...vocational, technical, and agricultural schools;4 imperial universities; imported experts in medicine, science, engineering

Government involvement

news of Hong's sect reached govt -> Qing troops arrived to arrest Taiping leaders -> troops were repelled -> loyalty to the Taipings spread quickly and numbers multiplied...

did Russia support the Ottomans?

no; it supported the conservative kingdoms of Europe even though it resembled the OE much more closely; was "backward" compared to the rest of Europe

racists

non-europeans had a status of permanent inferiority -> assigned diff. stages of biological development to people of different races/cultures (CH 26) by appearance from "civilized" to "semi-barbarous" to "barbarian" to "savage; WHITES WERE ALWAYS AT THE TOP -> excused for permanent African/Asian rule

African Americans

number of slaves rose in the "cotton kingdom" 60% of slaves in the US grew cotton; demand for sugar and coffee increased so slave population did too in certain areas -> slavery was a consequence of biological differences/biblical injunctions

merchant ships

numbers increased dramatically (x4 in 60 years) shipping lines -> fast, punctual, reliable service on a fixed schedule for passengers, mail, and perishable freight

what slowed down the Russian attacks?

official corruption lack of railways

Russia and Austria-Hungary v other European powers

only two nations that nationalism hurt instead of helped -> populations were more divided (socially and ethnically) than Ger, Fr, or Brits

Recruitment to the ICS (and discrimination toward Indians)

open examinations...any British subject could take these exams -> exams held in India -> worked against Indian representation -> reforms led from 1-> 57 indian appointments...1000s of weaker Indian officials worked under the ICS

gunboats

opened major river basins to European penetration but invaders faced

Slavophiles

opposed Westernizers proper bases of Russian civilization were 1. Orthodox faith 2. solidity of peasant life 3. tsar's absolute rule

Empress Dowager Cixi (r. 1862 - 1908)

opposed railways and foreign tech that would bring foreign influences to the interior

labor unions

organizations formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers

Joseph Brant

organized Britain's strongest fighting force along the Canadian border 1. "Monster" Brant bc of raids 2. moved easily between Amerindian/European cultures 3 educated by missionaries -> fluent in English and helped translate Protestant religious documents into Mohawk 4. friendly with loyalist families, British officials, traveled to London

colonial women and protests

organized boycotts of British goods -> homespun textiles became a patriotic obligation

missionaries (mission schools)

out of all the europeans, Africans had most contact with missionaries that opened schools for local children (boys taught reading, writing, math, and crafts; girls taught all the same stuff but domestic chores instead of crafts)

Indigenous votes

outvoted by settlers or were excluded from voting altogether

Factory Act of 1833

prohibited the employment of children younger than nine in textile mills; limited children's working hours to between 8 and 12 hours depending on their ages (9-13, 14-18)

Shoa Kingdom

part of ancient Ethiopia (not ruled by Yohannes)...ruled by King Menelik from 1865

Natives Land Act

passed by South African parliament in 1913 to assign Africans to reservations/forbade them to go somewhere else -> SA became a land of segregation and oppression

mule

patented by Samuel Crompton combined best features of the jenny and the water frame strong thread that was thin enough to make muslin could make finer, more even thread than any human could and at a lower cost -> BRITISH COULD FINALLY UNDERSELL HIGH-QUALITY HANDMADE COTTON CLOTH FROM INDIA

Samuel Crompton

patented the mule (see above)

"ascendent ideas of the era"

people are sovereign and the legitimacy of rulers depends on their fulfilling the peoples' will see the Enlightenment Thinkers

Rebublic of Liberia

people of African birth/descent returning to ancestral homeland -> free black Americans founded a settlement that became to Rebublic of Liberia in 1821...Liberia was "a place of liberty at a time when slavery was legal and f lourishing in the United States" -> emancipation in 1865 -> other AAs moved to Liberia

intro to nationalism

people were previously the subjects of a sovereign -> French revolutionaries said people were citizens of a NATION (identified with territory, the ruling state, and the culture of the people)

English wool industry and cotton

persuaded Parliament to forbid the import of cotton cloth (imported because of its softness, coolness, and cleanliness) -> attempts to import cotton fibers or make cotton locally -> OPPORTUNITY for ENTREPRENEURS/INVENTORS to develop LABOR SAVING MACHINERY

Indian labor

planters on Mauritius successfully introduced Indian laborers -> Indian labor moved to British Cari. in 1838 1841: British let Cari. planters recruit Africans British patrols rescued

veld

plateau

negative political effects of Russia's southward expansion

political friction was intensified with... 1. (EAST) Qing China and Japan 2. (CA and CAUSCAUS FRONTIERS) Iran 3. (EAST END of BLACK SEA) Ottoman Empire

intro to "the great powers of Europe"

politicians/journalists discovered that minor events that involved foreigners could stir up anger/annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment with foreign countries -> military officers thought their weapons were invincible

European migrations

population of Europe almost doubled in 20 years around the turn of the century. non-European countries with predominantly white populations -> where Europeans primarily migrated

population growth (numbers)

population of Europe rose slowly at first (1700s) -> faster after 1780 -> faster in the early 1800s increases like in Wales (5.5 -> 18 million in less than 200 years) had never been seen before in European history

what made LA and the Caribbean dependent on industrialized countries?

poverty of their people, preferences of elite, and pressures of the world economy. saved from annexation by political systems...natural resources = targets for manipulation by powers (inc. USA)

Western Culture in late 1800s

powerful over weak men over women rich over poor Europeans over others humans over nature -> people looked to science for support of political dominance

factory work

preferred to domestic service worked in textile/clothing trades (extension of traditional women's household work) -> industrial countries passed protective legislation to keep women/children from being abused in factories; laws limited hours/forbid women to work in certain dangerous occupations (ex. mining)

USA expansion

preoccupied with Westward expansion into 1880s; 1890s -> attention shifted overseas

execution of Max Rob's former allies

prepared the way for his own fall - undermined the sense of invulnerability that had secured the loyalty of his few remaining partisans -> French victories eliminated immediate foreign threat in 1794 -> conservatives in the convention voted to arrest Robespierre and ordered his execution and 100 of his allies that same year

effects of the war years between 1792 -1815

price of food rose faster than wages -> widespread hardship

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited the employment of women and boys under age ten underground

Public markets became angry political arenas

public markets = angry political arenas for poor to meet daily -> THESE PUBLIC MARKETS ARE WHERE THE REVOLUTIONARY LINK BETWEEN THE MATERIAL DEPRIVATION OF THE FRENCH POOR AND THE POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE FRENCH BOURGEOISIE WERE FORMED

Samuel Johnson

published a comprehensive English dictionary

mamluk slave-soldiers

purchased as boys in GA/Causcaus; educated for war reasserted their influence in Egypt (had ruled Egypt between 1260 -1517 until defeated by Ottomans -> ottoman weakness -> mamluk factions reemerged as local military factions)

Westernizers (R) and Men of the Tanzimat (OE)

put trust in technical advances and government reform

why were qualified Indians denied admission into upper admin.?

racism British officials felt for "their" people...felt they were superior because they had conquered India

railroads in America

railroads built quickly and cheaply railroads concentrated in the north, particularly new england railroads turned prairie into farms to feed industrial cities of the east US

steel

rails, bridges, ships, and "tin" cans that could be used once and disposed of -> STEEL WAS CHEAP AND ABUNDANT

effects of railroads

railways = HUGE amounts of land consumed -> cities doubled in size -> required bridges, tunnels, embankments in the countryside -> engineering opportunities -> consumed TONS of timber -> opened new land to human exploitation of natural resources (mining, agriculture...)

Declaration of Independence

ratified July 4, 1776 was the most enduring statement of the revolutionary era's ideology -> affirmation of popular sovereignty and individ. rights would influence language of revolution/popular protest around the world

Nian

rebellious "bands" in northern China that were a threat in the 1850s

indentured labor trade

reflected unequal commercial/industrial power of the West men/women signing contracts tried to improve their lives by emigrating -> usually successful MORE AND MORE PEOPLE WERE INFLUENCED BY WESTERN COLONIES, SHIPS, AND MARKETS

"men of the tanzimat'

reforming bureaucrats that dedicated years to "give substance" to the reforms

European monarchs wanted to increase authority and centralize power by...

reforming tax collection, judicial practice, and public administration 1. these changes were "reforms" to monarchs 2. seen as violations of sacred customs by commoners -> riots, protests, attacks (wanted to preserve custom instead of overturning traditional authority)

status of women

reforms probably decreased women's influence; economic changes narrowed women's opportunities

why did the British build the worlds 4th largest railway network in India?

reinforce their presence and develop trade with their largest colony

what was the social effect of law protecting women from abuse/danger in the work fields?

reinforced gender divisions in industry -> women stayed in low-wage, subordinate positions -> earned 1/3 - 2/3 of what men made

Friedrich List (1789-1846)

rejected laissez faire as a British trick "to make the rest of the world (like the Hindus) its serfs in all industrial and commercial relations" German states had to create high tariffs against British imports to protect German "infant industries" from British competition -> ideas led to the formation of the Zollverin in 1834

jihads

religious, part empire-building campaigns that came into conflict with European military expeditions -> all defeated

the new National Assembly (Legislative Assembly) and the church

renamed the Legislative Assembly; legislators took on the church (seized its land to use as collateral for new paper currency, mandated the election of priests, and placed priests on the public payroll) -> assembly forced priests to take a loyalty oath; many Catholics joined a growing counterrevolutionary movement

Samuel Ajayi Crowther

rescued from slavery and educated in a mission school in Sierra Leone that became an Angelican minister and the first African bishop (1864) -> thought africa need europe's help in economic and spiritual development

did the Qing follow a path or resistance or reform?

resistance (the OE and Russian Empire opted for reform)

Chinese response to Western Influence

resisted it -> became weaker WHY? Western powers were heavily involved in China and Chinese elite attitudes towards foreign cultures was hostile

Events after the War

revolution in 1905 forced Tsar Nicholas II to grant a constitution a and create an elected Durma (Parli.) -> rebuilt army and police -> reverted back to despotism -> radical intellectuals (small groups) angry by gap between elite and common people -> began plotting overthrow of tsarist autocracy

extraterritoriality (book)

right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right

British gunboats

rode low -> couldn't sail up Chinese rivers -> Chinese evacuated coastal areas to counter British threat -> British deployed new gunboats that could effortlessly maneuver up the Yangzi River

Jaja (ca. 1821 - 1891)

rose from canoe slave to become head of a major canoe house 1869: founded port of Opobo to avoid discrimination by free-born Africans...ruled port as king 1870s: was greatest palm-oil trader in the Niger Delta

abuses in Congo Free state

rubber boom -> Africans called "meat" and were punished when there was no more rubber to harvest -> British press printed about the horrors in 1906 -> public protests at end of rubber boom -> Belgian govt took over Leopold's private empire in 1908

Muhammad Ali's legacy

ruled Egypt under the sultan until 1849 (death0: family ruled 100 years afterward couldn't make Egypt a country that could stand against Europe; was only an example for sultans in Istanbul

Ismail the khedive

ruler of Egypt; invited Christian princes and Muslim princes (left out Ottoman sultan - his overlord) to celebrate construction of Suez Canal -> ceremony showed that Egyot was independent and an equal of other industrialized nations

tramp freighters

sailed from one port to another under orders from company headquarters in Europe/NA

Members of the Mountain

seats were on the highest level of the assembly hall; made up of radicals that called themselves "the Mountain"; were more sympa than Girondists to demands of the Parisianworking class and less patient with Parrliamentary procedure

Cixi aka "Empress Dowager"

seen today as a monster of corruption and arrogance in 1860s/1870s, she supported provincial governors

Napoleon Bonaparte

seized power two years after the Directory refused to give up power; was a brilliant young French general was brought to power by military intervention that marked the advent of another modern form of government: POPULAR AUTHORITARIANISM (in the same way that the French and American revolutions had been the start of the modern democratic tradition)

British occupation

sent army into Egypt in 1882; Suez canal was very important for for British maritime supremacy so they occupied Egypt for over 70 years -> indirectly ruled Egypt by maintaining govt and idea of Egyptian sovereignty but held the true power

working class women

separation of work and home affected women more than men; working class women were a majority of workers in textile/domestic service industries; needed to keep homes/raise children too -> 10 y/o girls had to contribute japan/ireland/NE: tenant farmers sent daughters to work in textile mills

what did population strain cause?

serious environmental damage in central/western China by 1800

British and French protests against Japanese treatment of foreigners

shelled SW coats in 1864; provincal samurai that rejected Treaty of Kanagawa were enraged + resented shogunate's inability to protect japan

Counter Enlightenment

some intellectuals rejected attacks on tradition and religion 1. most influential in France and other Catholic nations 2. adherents emphasized the importance of faith to human happiness and social well-being 3. provided ideological support for the era's conservatism

African women and labor changes

sometimes men had to leave families and go work bc authorities wouldn't let them bring their families to permanently settle -> women had to grow food for children -> increase in prostitution -> spread of STDs

Josiah Wedgewood

son of a potter that started his own pottery business. Invented a device that could measure the high temperatures in kilns. Name associated with expensive, highly decorated china. produced ordinary porcelain cheaply using DIVISION OF LABOR

New African States: Internal forces produced clusters of new states in two parts of sub-Saharan Africa

southern Africa: Zulu kingdom arose inland West Africa: Sokoto Caliphate and companion states

China

stagnated as Britain, west Europe, and North America became industrialized a conservative elite was the only thing that kept China from advancing technologically and economically

what did Japan do to encourage industrialization?

state-owned enterprises would manufacture loth, cheap consumer goods (for sale overseas) -> first industries abused workers like in Europe and America 1881: enterprise were sold to private investors by the govt encouraged individual technological innovatoin

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

stated principles for a future constitution BOOK: Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution

secondary empires

states carved out of eastern Africa by the sultans of Oman, Tippu Tip, and others as "secondary empires" (compared to empire that Britain was directly establishing directly)

More political motives for NI

statesmen in capital cities, colonial govnrs, and officers on colonial outpostts all practiced own diplomacy -> decided to claim land before a rival could -> frontier wars found it was easier to defeat neighbors than make peace

by undermining social traditions and causing a growing gap between rich and poor, the Industrial revolution strengthed the ideas of _________ and _______ and sparked what kind of portests?

strengthen the ideas of laissez faire and socialism sparked workers' protests

Egypt

strongly influenced by European ideas since the French invasion of 1798 began to industrialize in the early 1800s driven by Muhammad Ali (1769 - 1849)

ottomans and Qing (long-run)

subject to even greater imperialist pressure

Wilhelm II (r. 1888 - 1918)

succeeded Wilhelm I; was insecure and arrogant; made belligerent speeches; dismissed Chancellor Bismark and became surrounded by men who agreed with him on everything; had a "global policy" and demanded global empire bc Germany deserved "a place in the sun"

"company men"

success of European trading companies depended on them used hard bargaining/hard fighting to get Indian rulers to let them establish trading posts at strategic points along the coast trained sepoys to protect fortified warehouses from attack -> provate armies soon held the balance of power in divided India

what two things stimulated development of Indian nationalism?

successes/failures of British India 1857: rebellion failed and Indians thought the only way to regain control was to reduce social/ethnic divisions/promote pan-Indian nationalism

palm oil

successful African export; used by Brits for soap, candles, lubricants. Trading states of Niger delta were premier exporters of palm oil (even though they were also a major source for slaves until 1830s)

industrial work

successful people were in a minority; most jobs were unskilled, repetitive, and boring; work stayed the same year round with long shifts -> no sense of achievement or connection with the final product

slave trade

successful slave revolt in Saint Domingue in 1790s ended slavery in largest WI plantation colony...slave revolts brutally suppressed throughout America...religious reformers/humanitarians wanted an end to the trade ...some Americans showed support for abolition...1807: GB and US made importing slaves illegal and GB made treaties to search other nations' ships for slave but Cuba and Brazil kept importing -> drove up prices, convinced African rulers to keep participating, foreign slavers evaded British patrols -> transatlantic trade didn't end until 1867

factories of industrialized nations

supplied cheap manufactured goods -> textiles destined overseas... -> cotton cloth sale to Africa were huge -> British trade to India increased and India's exports increased (cotton fibers) trade benefited all nations but industrial nations had clear dominance and advantages

Sultan Mahmud III

suspended his reforms in 1806; military uprising at Istanbul still occurred -> deposed and imprisoned -> reform forces recaptured Istanbul after Mahmud's execution

colonialism

system of administering and exploiting colonies for benefit of home country

Hakkas v Manchus

taipings relied on hakka sympathy and appeal of new religion to attract followers; altered methods of preaching / governing as power grew -> replaced the anti-Chinese appeals to enlist Hakkas with anti-Manchu rhetoric to enlist Chinese -> forced captured villages to join their movement -> strictly monitored their peoples' activities

finance

tariffs couldn't keep countries out of the business cycle (money flowed almost unhindered around the world)

corn laws

tariffs on imported grain repeal in 1846 in the name of "free trade" tried to lower cost of food and lower wages repeal = victory for rising class of manufacturers over conservative landowners

Stamp Act of 1765

tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and nearly all printed material -> propertied colonists participated and became leaders of protests --> eventually repealed because of the protests, but new taxes/duties were soon imposed in its place

railroad and telegraph companies

telegraph companies could string wires along the tracks in exchange for the railroad companies to send telegrams from station to station announcing the departure and arrival of trains -> safer and more efficient railroads

tense relations between British and Afrikaners (gold rush)

tense bc of British encroachment; gold discovered in an Afrikaner republic (1886) -> gold rush -> British outnumbered Afrikaners

why did women go to textile mills?

textile required less strength than metalworking, construction, hauling had the nimble fingers required to work the machines

Were the Russian tsar and the Ottoman sultan ever included in Europe/

the Russian tsar was but the sultan was not -> sharp contrast but Russophobia still developed

1st independent nation in the Western Hemisphere

the United States

Benin

the ancient city resisted control until 1897 but a British "punitive expedition" turned the city and took its artistic treasures to Europe

kala mari

the black death (cholera) divine punishment for failing to prevent the British takeover

working conditions

the day began/ended by the clock, not the sun thanks to gas lamps few breaks constantly watching foremen accidents were common; could devastate families workers ad no control over tools, jobs, or working hours

the true beneficiaries of the revolution were...

the middle class! 1. Britain: landowning gentry and merchants share wealth/influence 2. entrepreneurs were a new group of the late 18th century -> money from manufacturing

AP Exam Tip

the transformative effects of new technology on societies are an important topics

children should contribute to their families

this was believed in preindustrial societies as well child workers were cheaper/more docile than adults -> tie broken threads, crawl under machines to sweep dust

Hong Xiuquan (part 2)

thought he was Jesus' little brother and was commissioned by God to found a new kingdom on earth and drive Qing out of China -> result: Universal peace and a new religious movement: "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" -> attracted a following of mainly Hakkas that believed the prophecy of dreams and said they could walk on air -> Hong and rival leaders of the movement went in and out of ecstatic trances; "Manchus were creatures of Satan"

Tsar Nicholas I

thought that the spread of literacy and modern education (anything that spoke of liberalism, socialism, or revolution) was beyond the minimum that was needed to train officer corps / bureaucracy -> SERFS over factory workers paid for imported industrial goods with raw exports

water frame

thread was strong enough to be used without linen larger and more complex than the jenny required a source of power like the water wheel -> machines installed next to fast flowing rivers

Britain responded to colonial protests with...

threats on colonial liberties -> dissolved Massachusetts' colonial legislature -> sent 2 regiments of soldiers to reestablish control of Boston's streets

How did the British seek reform?

through ACCOMMODATION on european continent, revolutions of 1848 = discontent with repressive govts and still failed to soften hardships of industrialization

"effective occupation"

took many years; Muslims in West Africa resisted French invasion for almost 30 years -> French advance encouraged Germans to make claims in the region and British moved north WEST AFRICA = all British, French, German

railroads

track laid across country; deep cuts into hillsides and very long bridges built over valleys...loud, dirty trains pulled by locomotives ended isolation of some long-isolated districts

fiscal crises as a result of wars

traditionally collected taxes no longer covered the expense (ex. Britain had a 8 million pound budget before the Seven Years' War but had a 130 million pound deficit after the war) fiscal crises was like a disease and took over one country after another

why did some Indians oppose railroads?

trains mixed castes, faiths, sexes -> accepted it quickly -> rode trains for business, pilgrimage, and to look for work

effects of colonists applying modern scientific/industrial methods to their colonies

transformation of Asian/African societies and landscapes has continued till today

irrigation and water control

transformed dry tropcs (British engineers in india built irrigation canals that turned barren land into well-watered, densely pop. farmland) -> migrating Euros. spread newest techniques/tech. around the world, especially in Egypt and Central Asia

Japanese response to Western influence

transformed itself into a major industrial/military power WHY? Westerners were pretty fr from Japan....most remote nation to European ships and Japanese elite attitudes towards foreign cultures was more open

Taft

tried influencing regimes through loans from American banks

since the reign of Peter the Great, what did the Russians try to do to the Ottomans?

tried to expand southward into Ottoman territory at the Ottomans' expense

British attempts at a political compromise (pretty much FAILED)

tried to resolve tax conflicts -> FAILED tried to reestablish administrative arrangements of 1763 -> FAILED

US in other SA nations

troops occupied Dominican Republic from 1904-07, 1916...Nicaragua/Honduras in 1912...Haiti in 1915 -> sanitation and material progress -> no political improvements

Responses to border skirmishes

troops sent in, neighbor's territories taken over, and home govts informed -> govts wanted to back up their men on the spot -> cards 24/25 show how Europe dominated West Africa, SE Asia, and Pacific islands

"Great Western" and "Sirius"

two ocean going steam powered ships that crossed the Atlantic on steam power alone

Britain and its colonies' ties to free trade

uncolonized West Africa -> major exporters of vegetable oils/forest products Eastern Africa (no Euro control) -> ivory (piano keys/upper class home decor "far corners of the world" -> coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar (Westerners) and indigo dyes/cotton fibers -> textile factories

British machine-made cotton textiles

undermined the work of Indian women (handcrafted cotton textiles) -> women found low-pay jobs on plantations/in growing cities -> prostitution lots of poverty all over India still...gap between rich and poor just got wider

French Revolution undermined...

undermined traditional monarchy, hereditary aristocracy, and the power of the Catholic Church

women before industry

women had always worked within the family when they couldn't afford servants (spinning, weaving, sewing, food, washing, household chores, farmwork, etc)

Max Rob's reaction to rebellion and foreign invasion and revolutionary changes

unleashed a period of repression called the REIGN OF TERROR (1793-1794) also took revolutionary actions against the CLERGY by forcing priests to marry TIME was even subject to revolutionary change; new republican calendar with no Sundays (no Christian meanings) and twelve 30-day months divided into 10-day weeks

revolts -> Declaration (*transition*)

uprisings strengthened the power of the National Assembly as its dealed with the king -> led to the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

divisions of Germany

upto 1860s: German-speaking Central Europe = Prussia, west Austrian Empire, smaller states OPTIONS: (linguistic) unite Germans under Austrian throne, exclude Austria and unite all other German areas under Prussia; (religious) Austria and SW Germany (Catholic), Prussia and NE Germany (Lutheran)

air pollution

urban environments improved and air quality worsened coal polluted the air -> unpleasant and dangerous "pea soup" fog/covered everything with a grimy dust film STENCH: horses pulling carts/carriages covered streets with feces ELECTRICITY: electric motors and lamps didn't pollute the air power plants built far from cities electric trains/streetcars replaced horses -> cleaner and healthier cities

mechanization

use of machines to do work previously done by hand

Iron in Eurasia and Africa (uses)

used for tools, weapons, and household items

Explorers

used own funds/financed by private geographical societies wanted to learn more about inner Africa 1. discovered course of Africa's rivers...Niger River flowed west/east and streams in Gulf of Guinea was the Niger Delta...also wanted to find headwaters of Nile (south/north) -> Lake Tana and Victoria in Ethiopia were both major sources 2. wanted to assess mineral wealth 3. wanted to convert Africans to Christianity

Janissary corps

used political power to force Sultan Selim III to abandon efforts to train a modern, European-style army France invaded Egypt ->

Chinese Soliders (Bannermen)

used the few muskets the Qing had; matchlocks that required igniting lots of gunpowder by hand; dangerous to fire; canisters of gunpowder musketeers carried were likely to explode when near fire most had no guns at all (fought with swords, knives, spears, clubs)

Mohawk

valuable British Allies

Sons of Liberty

very confrontational; held public meeting, intimidated royal officials, and organized committees to enforce boycotts

why did Sultan Selim's reforms fail?

violent opposition from Janissaries

Nationalists in Asia, LA, and Africa

wanted independence and to industrialize -> Indian independence in 1947 -> chinese communists in power led by Mao Zedong

Muhammad Ali

wanted to build up the Egyptian economy and military so he could be less dependent on the Ottoman sultan imported advisors and technicians from Europe built cotton mills, foundries, shipyards, weapons factories, and other industrial enterprises PAID by making peasant grow wheat/cotton -> bought cheap by govt and exported for high profit

Britain and free trade

wanted to trade freely with all parts of the world instead of rebuilding the closed mercantilism network of trade...made sense as former American colonies gained independence

prospectors

wanted valuable minerals -> opened up the earth -> mines brought up dirt and rocks with ores; formed huge mounds near mine entrances -> open mines dug to get ores close to the surface -> landscape of lunar craters -> runoff from minerals poisoned water for miles -> refineries processed ores and polluted w/ slag heaps and toxic runoff

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

war between Britain and Spain over smuggling became a a "generalized European conflict"

National Convention in Paris of 1794

was a radical convention; decided to abolish slavery in France/all French colonies...this politically helped Toussaint

Suez Canal's negative effect on Egypt

was an excuse for a British invasion and occupation of that country INSTEAD of making Egypt powerful and independent

scientific socialism

was an intellectual framework for growing discontentment with raw industrial capitalism; rich wanted to display their wealth -> huge contrast between these rich and the poor; workers weren't becoming poorer (like Marx thought) but class struggles between workers and employers was very real. Marx had formed a persuasive explanation of causes of this contrast and its antagonisms (see Karl Marx)

women in early years of industrialization

was never their main occupation; women that wanted to have a salary -> domestic servants (low pay, drudgery, risk of sexual abuse)

"cotton mill"

water frames built close to rivers and looked like flour mills -> "cotton mills"

Saint Domingue and slaves

wealth depended on slaves 1. harsh punishments and bad living conditions 2. high mortality and low fertility 3. huge demand for slaves; most of the slave population was still African born

enclosure movement

wealthy landowners could afford to try new methods and new crops -> land that had once been open for all to use (the commons) was "enclosed" and the landowners got Parliament to give them a title to these commons

new of meeting of the estates general

wealthy planters sent a delegation to Paris so Saint Domingue could become more independent of France (greater economic freedom, more power or themselves)

where did the opposition to Alexander's reforms come from?

well-established families that were friendly towards Western ideas -> fear was that new govt bureaucrats (usually came from more humble backgrounds) would be agents of imperial tyranny -> "fear was realized during the conservative reign of Nicholas I in the same way that the Tanzimat-inspired bureaucracy of the Ottoman Empire served the despotic purposes of Sultan Abdul Hamid II after 1877"

Britain and abolition

went from greatest slave trader -> most aggressive abolitionist sent naval patrol to enforce ban along African coasts negotiated treaties for patrol to search other nations' ships for slaves

Women in pre-revolution times

were crucial in the dissemination of new ideas 1. middle class English women bought and discussed books and pamphlets 2. important writers and commentators - raised the arguments of womens' rights 3. Paris - wealthy women made homes the center of debate, intellectual speculation, and free inquiry -> salons brought together philosophers, social critics, artists, aristocratic members, and commercial elite

relationship between iron, deforestation, an charcoal

where iron was produced, deforestation drove up cost of charcoal and restricted the production

Canada, Australia, New Zealand

white majority by 1869; Britain encouraged them to elect parliaments and rule themselves

Algeria, South Africa (ex)

white minority; struggled for control over natives

what two groups did open warfare start between?

whites (led by the planter elite) and les gens de couleur

Sylvia Leith-Ross

wife of a Nigerian colonial official..." you are alone, among thousands of unknown, unpredictable people, dazed by unaccustomed sights and sounds, bemused by strange ways of life and thought, you need to remember who you are, where you come from, what your standards are."

white women

wives brought into colonies when travel was easier...their presence = increasing racial segregation usually had several servants and were expected to follow complex European etiquette standards of colonial entertainment to support husband's official positions some did charity work with native women/children efforts always subordinate to mens work

women trying to find jobs

women with children tried to work from home; female factory workers concentrated in textile mills unmarried women tried to support themselves/save for marriage married women went to factories husbands/wives worked in different places more + more often

Europe and raw materials

wood, hay, wool (land materials) replaced by iron ore/coal (underground materials) and cotton (overseas materials)

domestic servants

worked 16 hour + days for an attic/basement room and board work was physically hard; hauled coal/water up stairs and hand-washed laundry

British and Americans in Qing

worked for the Qing government as advisers and ambassadors to smooth communications between the Qing, Europe, and the United States

American silver

workers paid in cash instead of goods business associating with banking and finance developed -> women barred from early industrial labor/other professions traditional women's work was taken over by men in factories

proletariat

workers/working class

women revolutionaries

working-class women had little time for politics; werent welcome in male-dominated trade unions/radical political parties rosa luxemburg and clara zetkin: German socialists emma goldman: American anarchist -> demands of workers and women were never easily reconciled

India

world's largest producer and exporter of handmade cotton textiles until late 1700s British East India Company took over parts of India as IR began in Britain -> influx of cheap British yarn and cloth into Indian market (no duties) -> put hand-loomers out of work India had no factories to employ people with -> LOTS OF LANDLESS PEASANTS

govt officials and Westerners

wouldn't outright oppose them but encouraged crowds to attack/destroy them -> ironically denied themselves best defense against foreign pressure in this way

William Blake

wrote "Milton" talked about the "downfall" of the once beautiful England

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

wrote the first female manifesto Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

Heshen

young favorite of the Qing emperor; allowed huge privileges ad power hated by senior bureaucrats suspected of leading a network of corruption and planning to prolong wars with Mio arrest ordered by enemies -> found riches in his home that exceeded that of the national treasury --> forced suicide with silk gold rope

womens' careers

young middle-class women could work until marriage (only in stores/offices, never factories) businessmen could get better work and pay lower wages for women to work with the typewriter/telephone than menn -> operating these machines became "womens work"

Maximilien Robespierre

young, little-known lawyer influenced by Rousseau; dominated the mountain French economy suffered from inflation, high unemployment, and scarcity; Robespierre used press and political clubs to make alliances with the volatile Parisian working class -> Max's growing strength with the commoners allowed him to purge and execute many of his enemies in the National Convention and restructure the government -> placed executive power in the hands of the Comittee of Public Safety