Chapter 3 - Organizational Commitment

Affective Commitment

(emotion-based); desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, the organization

Normative Commitment

(obligation-based); desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation

Psychological Withdrawal

actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment ("warm air attrition")

Physical Withdrawal

actions that provide a physical escape, whether short-term or long-term, from the work environment

Voice

an active, constructive response in which individuals attempt to improve the situation

Exit

an active, destructive response by which an individual either ends or restricts organizational membership

Progression Model

argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated -- the tendency to daydream or socialize leads to the tendency to come n late or take long breaks, which leads to the tendency to be absent or quit

Independent Forms Model

argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees

Compensatory Forms Model

argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one another -- that doing one means you're less likely to do another

Relational Contracts

based on a broader set of open-ended and subjective obligations

Transactional Contracts

based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations

Examples of Psychological Withdrawal

daydreaming, socializing, looking busy, moonlighting, cyberloafing

Daydreaming

employees appear to be working but are actually distracted by random thoughts or concerns

Involuntary Turnover

employees are forced to leave the organization regardless of their previous levels of commitment

Absenteeism

employees miss an entire day of work

Missing Meetings

employees neglect important work functions while away from the office

Moonlighting

employees use work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties

Stars

possess high commitment and high performance and are held up as role models for other employees

Citizens

possess high commitment and low task performance but perform many of the voluntary "extra-role" activities that are needed to make the organization function smoothly

Embeddedness

summarizes employees' links to their organization and community, their sense of fit with their organization and community, and what they would have to sacrifice for a job change

Examples of Physical Withdrawal

tardiness, long breaks, missing meetings, absenteeism, quitting

Organizational Commitment

the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization

Quitting

voluntarily leaving the organization

Continuance Commitment

(cost-based); desire to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving it

Loyalty

a passive, constructive response that maintains public support for the situation while the individual privately hopes for improvement

Neglect

a passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines

Withdrawal Behavior

a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation

Looking Busy

intentional desire on the part of employees who look like they're working, even when not performing work tasks

Long Breaks

longer-than-normal lunches, soda breaks, coffee breaks, and so forth that provide a physical escape from work

Apathetics

possess low levels of both organizational commitment and task performance - exert minimum level of effort needed to keep their jobs

Lone Wolves

possess low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance

Socializing

refers to the verbal chatting about non-work topics that goes on in cubicles and offices or at the mailbox or vending machine

Psychological Contracts

reflect employees' beliefs about what they owe to the organization and what the organization owes them

Tardiness

the tendency to arrive at work late (or leave work early)

Cyberloafing

using Internet, e-mail, and IM access for their personal enjoyment rather than work duties