Chapter 3 - Organizational Commitment
Affective Commitment
(emotion-based); desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, the organization
Normative Commitment
(obligation-based); desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation
Psychological Withdrawal
actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment ("warm air attrition")
Physical Withdrawal
actions that provide a physical escape, whether short-term or long-term, from the work environment
Voice
an active, constructive response in which individuals attempt to improve the situation
Exit
an active, destructive response by which an individual either ends or restricts organizational membership
Progression Model
argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated -- the tendency to daydream or socialize leads to the tendency to come n late or take long breaks, which leads to the tendency to be absent or quit
Independent Forms Model
argues that the various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees
Compensatory Forms Model
argues that the various withdrawal behaviors negatively correlate with one another -- that doing one means you're less likely to do another
Relational Contracts
based on a broader set of open-ended and subjective obligations
Transactional Contracts
based on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations
Examples of Psychological Withdrawal
daydreaming, socializing, looking busy, moonlighting, cyberloafing
Daydreaming
employees appear to be working but are actually distracted by random thoughts or concerns
Involuntary Turnover
employees are forced to leave the organization regardless of their previous levels of commitment
Absenteeism
employees miss an entire day of work
Missing Meetings
employees neglect important work functions while away from the office
Moonlighting
employees use work time and resources to complete something other than their job duties
Stars
possess high commitment and high performance and are held up as role models for other employees
Citizens
possess high commitment and low task performance but perform many of the voluntary "extra-role" activities that are needed to make the organization function smoothly
Embeddedness
summarizes employees' links to their organization and community, their sense of fit with their organization and community, and what they would have to sacrifice for a job change
Examples of Physical Withdrawal
tardiness, long breaks, missing meetings, absenteeism, quitting
Organizational Commitment
the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the organization
Quitting
voluntarily leaving the organization
Continuance Commitment
(cost-based); desire to remain a member of an organization because of an awareness of the costs associated with leaving it
Loyalty
a passive, constructive response that maintains public support for the situation while the individual privately hopes for improvement
Neglect
a passive, destructive response in which interest and effort in the job declines
Withdrawal Behavior
a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation
Looking Busy
intentional desire on the part of employees who look like they're working, even when not performing work tasks
Long Breaks
longer-than-normal lunches, soda breaks, coffee breaks, and so forth that provide a physical escape from work
Apathetics
possess low levels of both organizational commitment and task performance - exert minimum level of effort needed to keep their jobs
Lone Wolves
possess low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance
Socializing
refers to the verbal chatting about non-work topics that goes on in cubicles and offices or at the mailbox or vending machine
Psychological Contracts
reflect employees' beliefs about what they owe to the organization and what the organization owes them
Tardiness
the tendency to arrive at work late (or leave work early)
Cyberloafing
using Internet, e-mail, and IM access for their personal enjoyment rather than work duties
