APWHM MASTER STUDY SET 2022
Negritude
"Blackness"; encouraged Africans to turn away from European Culture and ideas.
Conquistadores
"Conqueror", spanish people who conquered Mexico and Peru in the 16th Century.
Ataturk
"Father of the Turks"; real name was Mustafa Kemal; instituted a program of modernization that emphasized economic development and secularism; government support of critical industries and businesses resulted in substantial economic progress; emancipated women, gave them the right to vote
Afghan Mujahadeen
"Islamic Warriors". Gradually gained control of most of the Soviet countryside.
SALT
"Strategic Arms Limitation Talks" between the US and USSR
VE Day
"Victory in Europe Day", after a brutal attack of Berlin, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945
Gertrude Stein
"You are all a lost generation" said to Ernest Hemingway; label to the group of American intellectuals and literati who congregated in Paris in the postwars
SS Einsatzgruppen
"action squads" sent out in Soviet Union to kill populations of Jews and gypsies
Mesopotamia
"between the rivers", fertile valleys between the tigris and euphrates rivers, Sumer and Akkad are the two earliest societies, Small scale agriculture began in 6000 B.C.E. by channeling surrounding rivers. By 3000 B.C.E. the population of Sumer was 100,000. Sumerian city states arose.
Gauchos
"cowboys", one symbol of Latin American identity, most were metizos or castizos, also white and black ones, most prominent in the Argentine pampas, led independent and self sufficient lives, not as many because some joined armies and settled, by late 1800's not very present
Levee en masse
"mass levy", universal conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the war against invading forces
The Hijra
"migration", Muhammad's move to Medina serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar.
Mestizo
"mixed" societies
Wangguan
"net wall", a name that invokes many centuries of Chinese efforts to repulse foreign invaders and relates to the containment of influence of the internet
Ulama
"people with religious knowledge" who were pious scholars who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia. Extremely influential, helped to ensure widespread observance of Islamic values.
Dhimmi
"protected people" payed jizya to be able to practice a religion other than Islam
Détente
"reduction in hostility" between the US and USSR
Tanzimat
"reorganization" Ottomans making the empire more acceptable to the Europeans, influenced by Enlightenment values
Tanzimat
"reorganization" era, attacked Ottoman law with the aim of making it acceptable to Europeans so they could have the capitulations lifted and recover Ottoman sovereignty
Perestroika
"restructuring". Term Gorbachev used to describe his efforts to decentralize the economy. Proved to be more difficult to implement than Gorbachev imagined
Volto do mar
"return through the sea" enanled mariners to sail from the Canaries to Portugal
Volto do mar
"return through the sea," a strategy that enabled mariners to sail from the Canaries to Portugal without encountering dangerous trade winds
Apartheid
"separateness"; extreme segregation in South Africa. This system asserted white supremacy; created out of fear of black activism.
Descamisados
"shirtless ones" poor people in Argentina
Golondrinas
"swallows" people who traveled back and forth between South America and Europe.
Golondrinas
"swallows", the Italian people that regularly migrated between Europe and the Americas depending on the growing season
Babur
"the Tiger" 1523 appeared in Northern India, dad was the Prince of Farghana, invaded India in 1523 & 1525, took Delhi in 1526
Al-Qaeda
"the base", a global militant islamist group headquartered in Pakistan
Mahayana Buddhism
"the greater vehicle," a sect of Buddhism that was easier to follow than Theravada Buddhism and still had the promise of escaping reincarnation, therefore attracted more people.
Hinayana Buddhism
"the lesser vehicle," a term used by followers of Mahayana Buddhism to refer to followers of Theravada Buddhism. The meaning of the name "the lesser vehicle" refers to how much more difficult it was for Theravada Buddhists to practice their religion and escape the caste system.
Realpolitik
"the politics of reality"; politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations
Bushido
"the way of the warrior", originates from the samurai moral values, most commonly stressing some combination of frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery, and honor unto death
Ahura Mazda
"the wise lord"; supreme deity, an eternal, beneficent spirit and creator of all good things, engaged in cosmic conflict with Angra Mainyu
Tera australis incognita
"unknown southern land", Australia
Justinian's Code
("Corpus iuris civilis") Codified all of Roman law into a single code, after requiring a systematic review of all Roman laws. Immediately won recognition as the definitive codification of Roman law.
Hagia Sophia
("holy wisdom")Holy Church built by Justinian that was later turned into a mosque by Ottoman Turks when they invaded. A massive domed structure that still stands today, and is considered one of the worlds most important examples of Christian architecture.
Medina
("the city" or "the city of the prophet") where Muhammad and his followers fled to after being persecuted; the migration to this place is known as the hijra and serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar
Zhu Xi
(1130-1200 CE) Zhu Xi was the most important neo-Confucian (a Buddhist influenced Confucian philosophy) for the Song dynasty. He supported high moral standards and education. He wrote Family Rituals, giving details on how to perform weddings, funerals, ancestral worship, and pretty much every family ritual, and other books about proper private and public behavior. He also wrote that reality was made of of li, like Plato's theory of Forms, and qi, the material form.
Olmecs
(1200-100BCE) centered at San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes; had a diet heavily centered around plants, but domesticated animals like turkeys and small dogs; built large ceremonial centers & elaborate drainage systems to divert water from their heavy rainfall to their crops especially maize. Built large stone heads and produced lots of decorative objects from jade and tools from obsidian. Systematically destroyed ceremonial centers before deserting town. Made astronomical observations and created a calendar, as well as a system of writing.
Safi al-Din
(1252-1334) Safavids traced their ancestry back to him; he was the leader of the Sufis in NW Persia
Battle of Chaldirian
(1514) battle between Ottomans and Safavids, Safavids didn't use gunpowder technology because it wasn't manly, Ottomans destroyed Safavid capital, Tabriz
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
(1565) was able to conquer the authorities in Cebu and Manila (Philippines); named the islands after King Philip II of Spain.
Oliver Cromwell
(1599-1658) hired by parliament to lead their forces. Captured Charles, tried him for tyranny, and beheaded him in 1649
Thirty Year's War
(1618-1648) Holy Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic CHurch, main battleground emperor's territory in Germany. Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedish, Danish, polish, bohemian, and Russian forces fought. Motives were political or economic and religious differences complicated issues and made them more difficult to resolve. Most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century- damaged economies and societies and lead to the death of 1/3 of German population
Queen Nzinga
(1623-1663) led spirited resistance against Portuguese forces. Dressed as a male warrior when leaded troops in battle and had subjects call her 'King.' Allied with Dutch mariners; her goal was to drive Portuguese forces from her land, then the Dutch, and create a vast empire in the lower Congo basin
English Civil war
(1642-1649) caused by political and religious disputes, English kings tried to institute new taxes without approval of the parliament- which always approved new levies. Royal financial policies generated political tensions. Kings, Anglicans, support the church while voices within parliament sought to purify the church of ornate ceremonies and hierarchy of bishops
Karl Marx
(1818-1883) scorn socialists and believed ideal communities had no hope for resolving problems of early industrial era. Believe social problems of 19th century inevitable results of capitalist economy. Capitalism divided people into two classes with proletariat (wageworkers with only labor to sell) and capitalists (profit from ruthless exploitation of the working class). Referred to religion as "opiate of the masses" encouraged workers to focus on a hypothetical realm of existence beyond this world rather than trying to improve their lot in society.
Churchill
(1874-1965) first lord of the Admiralty (British Navy) suggested that an Allied strike against the Ottomans would hurt the Germans.
Mustapha Kemal
(1881-1838) crucial in the formation of the Modern Turkish state
Mao Zedong
(1893 - 1976), former teacher and librarian who viewed a Marxist-inspired social revolution as the cure for Chinese problems
Shapur I
(239-272 C.E.), defeated several Roman armies and settled the prisoners in Iran, where they devoted their famous engineering skills to the construction of roads and dams
Xunzi
(298 BC - 238 BC) Confucian scholar who believed that it was human nature to pursue own betterment, but that humans could be improved and order restored; stressed the value of li
Council of Nicea
(324 CE) took up the difficult and conscientious issue of Jesus's nature; decided that Jesus possessed both human and divine nature
Mencius
(372 BC - 289 BC) Confucian Scholar who believed human nature was basically good; advocated government by benevolence and humanity; emphasized value of ren
Battle of Marathon
(490 BC) After the Ionians rebelled, the Persians were upset that mainland Greeks tried to help, so they decided to conquer Greece to avoid future problems. Darius first tried here, where the Greeks pushed them back.
Tang Dynasty
(618-907) Organized China into a powerful, productive, prosperous society after fall of Sui Dynasty; Rebel leader seized capital city at Chang'an shortly after Sui Yangdi's death and established Tang Dynasty; Much of dynasty's success ascribed to leadership of Tang Taizong, who maintained transportation and communication network with roads, inns, runners, and horses, instituted the equal-field system, and reinstated Confucian education system and a bureaucracy based on merit; Forced neighboring lands into tributary roles and created one of China's largest territorial empires; Tang dynasty never regained control after careless ruling led to An-Lushan's rebellion and Uighurs' sacking of Chang'an, eventually leading to fall in 907
Srivijaya
(670-1025) Gained political leadership in SE Asia after fall of Funan; controlled commerce and levied taxes on ships in SE Asia from Palembang on island of Sumatra; maintained sea-only trade route between India and China; prospered as result of expanding trade until it was eclipsed by Chola kingdom of Southern India; deep commitment to Buddhism
Nara Japan
(710-794) a clan claimed imperial authority and copied the Tang government's bureaucracy, equal field system, and Confucianism and Buddhism support. They never ruled outside their own territory in central Japan. Also, Japanese culture remained and developed as well, like Shinto rites.
Du Fu
(712-770) Often considered China's greatest poet; 8th century was golden age of Chinese poetry; Born into prominent Confucian family, Du Fu wrote about beauty of natural world until he fell into poverty after An-Lushan's rebellion and his poetry began lamenting chaos of late 8th century
"place in the sun"
(Bernhard von Bülow said that) demand by Germany, they wanted to be a global power
The Virgin Guadalupe
(Virgin Mary) a national symbol of Mexico, appeared before devout peasant Juan Diego on a hill new Mexico city, site became popular local shrine, supposedly worked miracles on those who visited her shrine
Li Bo
(aka Li Bai): most popular poet of Tang era, took social life of Chinese cities as principal theme. Wrote light, pleasing verse celebrating life, friendship, and wine. Tradition holds that he died drunk when he drowned on a boat attempting to embrace the moon's reflection.
Otto I
(also known as Otto the Great) Holy Roman Emperor
Bronze age
(c.3500-1200 B.C.E) period of human culture that was characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
Afrikaners
(dutch word for african)
Zarathustra
(lived c. 7th-6th cent. BCE, or 1200-1000 BCE); from aristocratic family and most likely a priest (not much known about his life); left family & home for wisdom; experienced a series of visions around 30 yrs. old; convinced that Ahura Mazda chose him to be a prophet & spread his message; wrote the Gathas;
Suleyman
(reigned 1520-1566) conquered Baghdad, made Ottomans a major naval power, Ottoman imperialism climaxed during his reign
Suleyman the magnificent
(reigned 1520-1566) during his reign Ottoman imperialism climaxed, in 1534 he conquered Baghdad, under him the Ottomans became a major naval power
Akbar
(reigned 1556-1605) Babar's grandson, created centralized administrative structure, had military campaigns, interested in religion & philosophy, encouraged "divine faith" on his subjects
Shah Abbas the Great
(reigned 1588-1629) fully revitalized the Safavid Empire, moved the capital, encouraged trade, strengthened military forces, went on military campaigns
Tsar Alexander II
(reigned 1855 - 1881), suggested to abolish serfdom to nobles in Moscow, 1861: abolished the institution of serfdom
Nicholas II
(reigned 1894 - 1917), embarked on expansionist ventures into east Asia, championed oppression and police control
Nicholas II
(reigned 1894-1917) Russian ruler who expanded into East Asia at the same time as the Japanese. The Russo-Japanese War resulted from the forces meeting each other.
Chandra Gupta
(reigned 335-375 CE) forged alliances with powerful families in the Ganges region and made a kingdom in 320 CE
Chandra Gupta II
(reigned 375-415 CE) conquered many regional kingdoms of India
Qadis
. "judges" who heard cases at law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and sharia. Extremely influential, helped to ensure widespread observance of Islamic values.
Agriculture
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Akkadians
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Amenhotep IV
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Andean Society
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Aryans
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Brahman
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Caste System
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Chaldeans
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Charlemagne and his elephant
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Chichen Itza
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Domestication
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Greek colonization
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Harappa
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Hatshepsut
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Hebrews and monotheism
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Hellenic Era
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Hittites
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Hunting and gathering
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Indo-Europeans
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Lydiians and coinage
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Menes
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Mesopotamia
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Metallurgy
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Middle Kingdom
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Mohenjo-daro
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Neolithic revolution
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New Kingdom
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Old Kingdom
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Pacific Islands
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Pyramids
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Ramses
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Sargon of Akkad
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Shang
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Specialization of labor
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Srivijaya
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Stages of hominid development
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Teotihuacan
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The "Out of Africa" thesis
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The Bronze Age
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The Catholic Church
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The Egyptian Book of the Dead
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The Fertile Crescent
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The Indus and Ganges Rivers
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The Nile River
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The Phoenicians
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The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers
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The multiregional thesis
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Themes of AP World History
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Vedas
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Vladimir
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Xia
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Zhou
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Grand Canal
1,100 mile (1,700 kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers; begun in the Han Period/completed during the Sui Empire (277 C.E.)
Five Pillars
1. Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet. 2. They must pray to Allah daily while facing Mecca. 3. They must observe a fast during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan. 4. They must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and poor. 5. And, in honor of Muhammad's visits to Mecca in 629 and 632, those who are physically and financially able must undertake the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca.
Long March
10,000 km march by Chinese communists, thousands died from hunger/disease/Guomindang forces, inspired many Chinese to join communist side, Mao Zedong emerged as a leader during this
The Hundred Days reform
103 days of reform led by Xang Youwei and Liang Qichao who tried to remake China into an industrial society, Dowager Cixi stopped it and imprisoned the main leaders
Ottoman Empire
1289-1923
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
1441
Songhay Empire
1464-1591
Martin Luther
1483-1546, resented the policies of the Roman church, printed his writings and sparked debates, called for a reform → closed monasteries, translated the Bible, end of the priestly authority (pope), Germany fueled a movement, Holy Roman Empire supported him, followed the Protestant doctrine.
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
Muhgal Dynasty
1526-1858
Council of Trent
1545-1563 meeting of Catholic leaders in response to the Protestant Reformation; laid out in detail beliefs of the Catholic denomination and was the catalyst for the Catholic Counter Reformation
New Kingdom
1570-1100 B.C.E., hyksos were finally driven out along w/ new capital in Thebes. Ambitious pharaohs created armies and great war fleets
Tokugawa Shogunate
1600-1867
Romanov Dynasty
1613-1917, inherited a state that had rapidly expanded it's boundaries since the mid-fourteenth century, tightly centralized government, restricted the freedoms of most Russian peasants and tied them to the land as serfs
Qing Dynasty
1644-1911
Peace of Westphalia
1648: laid foundations for a system of independent, competing states, All European states participated in drafting, treaty's terms regarded one another as sovereign and equal , mutually recognized the rights to organize their domestic and religious affairs, ensured political and diplomatic affairs to states acting in their own interests, did NOT end war
Shang
1766-1122, rulers relied on a large corps of political allies. Authority rested on a vast network of walled towns whose local rulers recognized the authority of the Shang kings. Society revolved around large cities. The capital moved six times and was chosen for political and military reasons, but was also an important social, economic, and cultural center.
Indian Removal Act
1830, United States government determined to move all native Americans west of the Mississippi River into "Indian Territory" (Oklahoma). Many attempted to avoid capture, others were also forced along the Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears
1838-1839, force March of the Cherokee Indians on a 800 mile migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma. Thousands died from disease, starvation, and the difficulties of relocation
The Trail of Tears
1838-1839, force March of the Cherokee indians on a 800 mile migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma. Thousands died from disease, starvation, and the difficulties of relocation
Little Big Horn
1876- Lakota Sioux and their allies annihilated the US forces under the command of Colonel George Armstrong Custer. This is one of the few victories for the Indians
Little Big Horn
1876- Lakota Sioux and their allies annihilated the US forces under the command of Colonel George Armstrong Custer. This is one of the few victories for the indians
Friedrich Engels (1820
1895) same beliefs of Marx with ideals to scorn socialists and believed ideal communities had no hope for resolving problems of early industrial era. Believe social problems of 19th century inevitable results of capitalist economy. Capitalism divided people into two classes with proletariat (wageworkers with only labor to sell) and capitalists (profit from ruthless exploitation of the working class).
The Russo-Japanese War
1904-5 the Russian attempted to expand east and Japanese made war in fear. The Japanese won and the loss caused a Russian rebellion.
Armenian Massacres
1915-1917 close to a million Armenians perished, Turkish government rejects the label deaths resulted from communal warfare perpetrated by Christians, Muslims, Disease, and famine
Treaty of Neuilly
1919 Accepted by Bulgaria giving up small portions of land
Treaty of St. Germain
1919 Treaty between Allies/Republic of Austria
Treaty of Sevres
1920 Dissolved empire Surrender of Ottoman Balkan/Arab provinces
Treaty of Trianon
1920 Treaty between Allies/kingdom of Hungary
"the year of Africa"
1960; 13 French colonies won their independence
Intifada
1987 a popular mass movement that initiated a series of demonstrations, strikes, and riots against Israeli rule in the Gaza Strip.
Pepin
1st Carolingian to be Frankish king; son of Charles Martel
Syngman Rhee
1st President of the South Korea; anti-communist
Umayyad Dynasty
1st caliphate; brought stability to the empire through alliances; capital in Damascus; conquered & expanded into other lands using military force; mostly allowed conquered peoples to observe own religion but non-Muslims had to pay a tax (jizya); eventually there was deep resentment among conquered peoples; luxurious living of leaders separated them from even other Arabs; this separation, discontent from conquered people, and resistance of the Shia led to their decline
Song Taizu
1st emperor of the Song dynasty (960-976). Began career as a junior military officer and had a reputation for honesty and effectiveness. In 960, his troops proclaimed him emperor- persuaded generals to retire honorably into a life of leisure so they would not want to displace him. Set up centralized admission that placed military forces under tight supervision. Regarded all state officials as servants of the imperial government. Rewarded rulers handsomely, expanded bureaucracy based on merit and used civil service exams. Placed civil bureaucrats in charge of military forces
Oceania
20,000 to 30,000 islands. These islands were inhabited by ancient people from Australia and New Guinea
Middle Kingdom
2200-1730 B.C.E. "Age of Nobles" b/c power of nobles increased and pharaoh's power declined. Many civil wars. Huge irrigation projects and a large canal that connected Mediterranean and Red seas. In 1730 B.C.E., Hyksos invaded and took over Egypt, Egyptians learned how use chariots and fight on horseback, Egyptians used this knowledge to run the Hyksos out
The Taiping Rebellion
2nd bloodiest war in history; leader-Hong Xiuquan (saw visions & started rebellion); rebels didn't like taxes, oppressive foreign rule (Manchus/Qing); at first a strong leadership fueled rebellion, lots of fighting/death, Xiuqian commits suicide, movement fades
Old Kingdom
3100-2200 B.C.E., huge pyramids built as the tombs of the pharaohs. Khufu (~2900 B.C.E.) had 100,000 people working for 20 years to build Great Pyramid. Khafre (~2850 B.C.E.) made pyramid in Giza and Great Sphinx
Iroquois
5 nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga) emerged from the Owasco society. Women were in charge of administration while the men were expected to gather, hunt, and fight. They built immense burial mounds that had many purposes such as stages and burial sites.
The Middle Ages
5-15th century AD; began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance period, invasion and movement of new people into the Modern world, technology, religion, and agriculture innovations
Roman Republic
509 BCE when the Romans disposed of the last Etruscan Leaders.
Achaemenid Empire
550 - 330 BCE, empire founded by Cyrus the the Shepherd, borders from India to Egypt
Heian Japan
794-1185, power in the hands of the Fujiwara family, no rule of emperors, almost split between imperial authority and a separate agent of effective rule, read, learned, and wrote in Chinese
Nirvana
A Buddhist word describing the perfect spiritual state of enlightenment, in which your soul escapes the cycle of incarnation and is released. It was compared to the Daoist term wuwei, or noncompetition.
Vitus Bering
A Danish explorer commissioned by Russia to undertake two maritime expeditions in search of a northeast passage to Asian ports.
Zheng He
A Eunuch admiral who lead expeditions. He was a Muslim from Yunnan who rose through the ranks.
Ramanuja
A Hindu Philosopher who followed the Bhagavagita. He believed bliss came from salvation and identification of individuals with their gods. His philosophy serves as the foundation of popular Hinduism.
Shankara
A Hindu philosopher who mistrusted emoticons and believed that the only way a human could understand the climate of reality is by logic and discipline.
Shankara
A Hindu philosopher who mistrusted emotions and believed that the only way a human could understand the climate of reality is by logic and discipline.
Khubilai Khan
A Mongolian Leader; Took a special liking to Marco Polo
Ibn Battuta
A Moroccan Islamic scholar who served as a qadi to the sultan of Delhi
Ibn Rushd
A Muslim qadi and philosopher who turned to Aristotle in search of a rational understanding of the world. His works would shape Islamic philosophy and make its way to western Europe where he was known as Averroes. His works also influenced scholasticism, the attempt of European philosophers to combine Christianity and Aristotelian thought.
Prince Henry the Navigator
A Portuguese explorer that sponsored a series of voyages down the west coast of Africa to enter the gold trade, discover profitable new trade routes, gain intelligence about the extent of muslim power, and win converts to Christianity.
Gavrilo Princip
A Serbian nationalist living in Austria-Hungary, he successfully assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo.
Al-Ghazali
A Sufis who believed human reasoning was incapable of understanding the nature of Allah and would only bring confusion instead of understanding. Because of his beliefs, he spoke against Greek philosophy within the dar al-Islam because of its dependency on human reason instead of the Quran.
Sultan Selim III
A Sultan who embarked on a program to remodel his army along the lines of European forces
Timbuktu
A Trading port located in Western Africa
Walt Whitman
A US poet that celebrated himself and his nation's diversity, calling it a nation of nations
The Wealth of Nations
A book by Adam Smith in which he described a system of manufacturing based on each worker performing a single task
The Rule
A book written by St. Benedict with rules on how to live in a monastery
Meiji Restoration
A change in political control of Japan whereby the emperor regained his political power. Followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Geneva Conference
A conference in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to settle outstanding issues on the Korean Peninsula and to unify vietnam and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina.
Reconquista
A crusade that drove islamic forces out of Spain. The fall of Granada was apart of this crusade.
Bhakti movement
A cult which sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam. Began in Southern India and originally was traditional piety and devotion Hinduism. When they saw Islam they were inspired by monotheism and spiritual equality,
Guru Kabir
A famous poet in India who was also considered a saint. His wirting are a major influence on the Bhakti Movement
Anschluss
A forced unification between Hitler's germany and Austria.
The Directory
A group of conservative men of property then seized power and ruled France under a new institution, they were unable to solve economic and military problems that plagued revolutionary France
Philosophes
A group of prominent intellectuals from France.
"made in Japan"
A label that was originally associated with cheap manufacturing, until japan started to make technologically intensive products, and then this label meant high quality.
Pitosi
A large vein of silver was found here and large scale mining took place. the city quickly grew in population.
Ponciano Arriaga
A lawyer who supported equality through property rights. Proposed a law where government takes hacienda and redistributes it to local indians
95 theses
A list written by Martin Luther of his grievances he felt were wrong with the Roman Catholic Church.
Benito Juarez
A mexican lawyer and Politician who served as President of Mexico for 5 terms. He resisted French occupation of Mexico
An Lushan
A military commander of the Tang Dynasty who mounted a rebellion and captured the secondary capital at Luoyang.
Quipu
A mnemonic way to keep track of different things using various cords of different lengths and colors. Was used instead of a language in order to keep records and other important information.
Bartolomeu Dias
A nobleman of the Portuguese royal household and a Portuguese explorer. He was the first to sail around the southern most tip of Africa.
Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression
A pact between Russia and Germany that they would not fight in the act of going to war with a third party
Petrarch
A poet and humanist in Italian Renaissance. He is often called the "Father of Humanisms". He rediscovered Cicero's letter.
Appeasement
A policy proposed where nations outside the revisionist sphere had to deal with expansion by aggressive nations.
Vasco da Gama
A portuguese explorer and the commander of one of the sail from Europe directly to India.
Vasco da Gama
A portuguese mariner who sailed from Spain around Africa to reach India.
Chimu
A powerful kingdom that emerged in the tenth cent. and controlled much of the Peruvian coast. It had a prosperous capital and helped to maintain order in Andean South America. Within 30 years, it fell to the rising Inca Empire
Melaka
A powerful state in southeast Asia that helped spread of Islam in the area; founded by Paramesvara, a rebellious prince from Sumatra. Melaka took advantage of its strategic location in the Strait of Melaka and became a powerful state through the control of maritime trade in Southeast Asia. Melaka began as a Hindu state but became predominantly Islamic and spread the faith throughout the region.
United Fruit Company
A private enterprise controlled mainly by U.S. investors.
The Monroe Doctrine
A proclamation of President James Monroe establishing the rest of the Americas as basically a U.S. protectorate, closing it to further imperialist designs.
La Reforma
A reform led by President Juárez that tried to limit the military and Roman Catholic Church. It made a Constitution that set forth the ideals, such as freedom of speech and male suffrage.
Emiliano Zapata
A ruler of the rebels in the Mexican Revolution, he fought for land and liberty. He redistributed Haciendas to peasants. He was ambushed a few years in and never managed to capture any major cities
Manorial system
A system where a noble (or lord) owned a great amount of land and had peasants working on the land and provided labor services for stay
Han Feizi
A systematic Legalist theorist that carefully reviewed Legalist ideas from throughout China and compiled them in a collection of essays.
Samarkand
A trading port in Western Asia
Kilwa
A trading port located on the Swahili coast in Eastern Africa
The Russo-Japanese War
A war that broke out in 1904 after both Russia and Japan shared territorial ambitions in the Liaodong peninsula, Korea, and Manchuria. It ended by 1905, with Japan winning.
Persian Empire
Achaemenid Empire. This empire was found by Cyrus the Great around the 6th century BCE. It stretched across a large part of central and, today, Eastern Europe and Africa. It is the largest empire the world has seen. At the height of its power it controlled Egypt and aprox. 8 million sq. Kilometers. It fell to Macedonia, conquered by Alexander the Great, around 330 BCE during the Greco Persian Wars.
November Revolution
After Lenin convinced the people to launch a revolt against the winter palace, and when they stormed the palace they took over and put Lenin into power with little bloodshed and violence.
Lusitania
After a German submarine sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 US citizens, US opinion turned against Germany and eventually led to US intervention in WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
After the Bolsheviks took power in Russia, they signed this humiliating treaty on March 3, 1918, ending the Russian role in WWI and giving much territory to Germany; allowed Bolsheviks to focus on internal problems and Germany to focus on Western front
Angkor
After the decline of Srivijaya, the kingdom of Angkor became one of the dominated states in southeast Asia. Angkor was largely an agricultural society with a capital city at Angkor Thom. The design of Khmer temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat showed the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The Khmers abandoned Angkor in 1431 after Thai peoples invaded the capital and left much of it in ruins.
Frantz Fanon
Algerian revolutionary; supporter of a violent revolution. Wrote works such as The Wretched of the Earth.
APRA
Alizanza Popular Revolutcionaria Americana, they advocated rights of indigenous people and supported anti-imperialism among other things
Peter I (the Great)
Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models.
Tokugawa Japan
Also known as the Edo Bakufu, this was the last feudal Japanese military government. The heads of government were the Shoguns and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan. Technically the emperor was still the legitimate ruler of Japan, however the country was controlled by the Shoguns.
Matthew C. Perry
American commander who arrived in Japan in 1853 with a naval squadron, guns pointed at Edo and demanded a treaty for diplomatic and commercial relations and to sign a treaty of friendship
Pan-American Culture
American culture diffusing throughout the world
Tang Expansion
Among largest territorial empire in Chinese history; To north conquered Manchuria and forced Silla kingdom in Japan to submit to Tang overlord, to south conquered Northern Vietnam, to west conquered as far as Aral Sea and portion of Tibetan Plateau; Chinese political theory stated that China had responsibility to bring order to subordinate lands through tributary relationships; neighboring lands and peoples regularly delivered gifts and performed the kowtow (prostration) in return for lavish gifts and confirmation of Tang authority
Walt Whitman
An American Poet and Journalist. Humanist. Part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism.
OPEC
An Economic allliance that quadrupled the price on oil
Charles Darwin
An English biologist who argued in his book The Origin of Species that all species had evolved in a contest for survival. Scientific racists used Darwin's theory of evolution to explain that some individuals and races were stronger and more successful because they had competed better in the natural world.
The Indian National Congress
An Indian reform group founded in 1885 as a forum for Indians to communicate on public affairs with colonial officials. By the end of the 19th century, it openly sought Indian self-rule.
Ram Mohan Roy
An Indian reformer who argued for a society based on both modern European science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hinduism.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian explorer that discovered the continent of North America. He also initiated Spanish colonization in the New World
Funan
An ancient kingdom located in Southeast Asia centered on the Maekong Delta. It has been described by Chinese diplomats visitng the city from the Wu Kingdom in Nanking.
Colonies
An area or country under political control of another country. These helped Great Britain and other powerhouses by providing raw materials for production
Hippodrome
An attraction in the Byzantine empire that was directly across from the imperial palace where forms of entertainment were held such as chariot races, games, and games involving animals and humans fighting against each other
Iconoclasm
An ecclesiastical policy implemented by the Byzantine emperors; a belief that the veneration of icons (painting of Jesus, saints, and other religious figures) was sinful; Religious images destroyed and prohibited in churches; Led to riots and protests because icons were popular among the laity.
ASEAN
An economic partnership that was supposed to accelerate the economic development and political stability of SouthEast Asia
Early Capitalism
An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.
Galileo
An italian scientist who proved that heavens were a world of change and flux, not what the Ptolemaic astronomers assumed to be a perfect space.
Kingdom of Axum
An originally small kingdom that went on to attack Kush and destroy its capital, Meroe, displacing it as Egypt's principle link to the southern regions. After growing into an empire and adopting Christianity, it was able to maintain its independence despite neighboring influence and prosper from trade.
Hieroglyphics
Ancient Egyptian written language
Andean Society
Andean Mountains in, what is now, modern day Peru, Columbia, parts of Chile, and parts of Ecuador; geography discouraged communication; warm & dry climate
Rhineland
Area in germany on the french that was demilitarized after WW I.
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Argentine president that despised the rule of caudillos and worked to develop a society based on European values.
Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
Argentine president, 1811-1888, despised the rule of caudillos, his book: Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism, argued that it was necessary for Buenos Aires to bring discipline to the disorderly Argentine countryside, inspired by Enlightenment, thought that if you dominated the country-side, you will prosper
Little Ice Age
Around 1300, this caused temperatures to drop which led to a decline in agricultural production and increase in famine and starvation.
Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
As a result of the war, the United States gained the French Louisiana territories (France sold it for money.)
Seven Years War
As a result of this war, the colony of New France became British.
722 BCE
Assyrian Conquest of the Kingdom of Israel
Church Hierarchy
At the top: bishop of Rome & patriarchs of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and Constantinople; subordinate to them were bishops who presided over dioceses
Pericles
Athenian statesman, supported the arts, education, and supplied many jobs, made Athens the "education of Greece"
Solon
Athens, forged a compromise between social classes, turned government into a representative democracy
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
Authorized the President of the US to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians
Paul of Tarsus
Became embroiled in dispute between Jews and proponents of Christian religion. Devout Jew from Anatolia accepted Christian teachings and became a zealous missionary seeking converts from outside and within the Jewish community. Principle figure in development of Christianity. Authority of Roman government needed to restore order.
F.W. de Klerk
Became president of South Africa in 1989 and worked with the National Party to dismantle the system of apartheid. He also ended up releasing Mandela from prison in 1990 and made it so that elections were open to all races.
Qin dynasty (book burning, centralization, script)
Began with the state of Qin conquering other Chinese states and unifying them. Legalist policies helped to unify China, but brought criticism of Confucians, Daoists, and others. Qin Shihuangdi ordered for any critics of his policies to be executed and for many books that were not deemed important by him to be burned. Shihuangdi also standardized Chinese script, implemented uniform coinage, standardized laws, currencies, weights and measures, and established roads for military use and commerce. All of these actions aided in the unification and centralization of China.
Allied Powers
Beginning with France, Great Britain, and Poland; By the end of the war, the two superpowers, the U.S. and Soviet Union, joined
Ethiopia
Benito Mussolini and Italy invaded this place to enhance Italian prestige.
Charles Darwin
Biologist who suggested idea of evolution for survival in regards to humans/ many scientists used this idea to justify their racism
Crash of 1929
Black Thursday; worldwide economic slowdown and overvalued stock prices caused a wave of panic selling on the New York Stock Exchange, making prices plummet. Caused 11 suicides.
Adela Zamudio
Bolivian poet who wrote "To Be Born a Man," which demonstrated the sexual inequality brought to talented women.
Caste System
Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), Shudras (slaves)
Maya
Brilliant Central American society known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language
The Opium War
Britain illegally imported Opium for silver coins, China was outraged and went to war with Britain, forced to sign unequal treaties after defeat
Neville Chamberlain
Britain's prime minister at the time of the Munich conference
Ethnic diversity
British and French people saw themselves as founders of Canada, but there were natives and ex-slaves that were segregated and Chinese founded Chinatowns. British and French descendants were the upper classes though
Ethnic diversity
British and French settlers viewed themselves as Canada's founding people; therefore they displaced indigenous peoples such as the blacks who had escaped to Canado through the underground railroad
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe
Gallipoli
British navy conducted expedition to size the approach to Dardanelles Strait in attempt to open a warm-water supply line to Russia through the Ottoman-controlled straight. It was a failure and produced 250,000 casualties. Took 9 months to admit defeat
Rudyard Kipling
British writer who wrote of "The White Man's Burden" and justified imperialism
Mary Wollstonecraft
British writer, says for right of women to education
Westward Expansion
Brought settlers and government forces into conflict with the indigenous peoples of North America, who resisted efforts to push them from their ancestral lands and hunting grounds
Dharma
Buddhist name for the basic Buddhist doctrine, translated as "dao" in China in order to appeal to the Chinese who were familiar with Daoism.
Henry Bessemer
Built a refined blast furnace in 1856 known as the Bessemer converter. Made producing steel cheaply in large quantities possible.
Pyramids
Built during the Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE) as royal tombs. These enormous monuments are located in Giza, as a testimony to the pharaoh's ability to control Egyptian resources. The largest pyramid is the pyramid of Khufu; scholars think that it took 84,000 slave laborers working 80 days per year to build the pyramid in 20 years.
George Stephenson
Built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815. In 1829 his "Rocket" won a contest by reaching a speed of 45 km/hr
Leo III
Byzantine emperor; Inaugurated iconoclasm; Convinced worshiping images was sinful
White Huns
Came from Asia, they took over Bactria and slowly took over northern India until the Gupta Empire couldn't fight anymore
Tenochtitlan
Capital of the Aztec Empire, present day Mexico City that was made on Lake Texcoco
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire, originally Constantinople before the city was captured by Mehmed II, Mehmed II changed it to a wealthy city, city peaked under Süleyman the Magnificent
Hannibal
Carthaginian leader who lead his army over the Alps to fight the Romans, but he succeeded in his first battle, but lost his next battles with Rome
Farming and mining
Cash crops farming was the major part of Africa. Stuff that was suppose to be sold overseas was kept in the hands of the white settlers. With little male labor and minimal wages, it caused rural areas to become impoverished
Catholic Counter Reformation
Catholic movement to try and improve itself and compete with the new Protestant doctrine; began with Council of Trent and attempted to get back to spiritual roots of Catholicism and lessen moral corruption; also had great political impact (Spanish Inquisition)
Crimean War
Caused by Russian expansion, thought of as a threat to foreign European powers; Russia lost on their own territory. Russia's economy was unable to support the war.
Manila
Center of Spanish commercial activity in Asia; in Spanish-controlled Philippines; large population of Chinese merchants, but resentful residents turned to violence against them six times
Guatemala
Central American nation that experienced internal issues of communism vs. anticommunism.
Toltecs
Central American society (950-1150) that was centered on the city of Tula.
Ming dynasty
Centralized state in China after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368. Reestablished the Confucian educational and civil service systems to ensure a supply of talented officials and bureaucrats. All Mongol traces erased.
Meiji Restoration
Chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan under the Meiji emperor. The restoration also resulted in numerous political and social changes, resulting in a more modernized Japan.
Caste system
Changes brought a series of changes to India's caste system. Migrations, the growing prominence of Islam, economic development, and urbanization all placed pressures on the caste system as it had developed during the Vedic and classical eras.
Charlemagne and his elephant
Charlemagne was gifted an albino elephant named Abu al-Abbas by Harun al-Rashid, symbolizing the diplomatic relations of the Byzantine empire and the Abbasid caliphate.
Utopian Socialists
Charles Fourier and Robert Owen worked to establish ideal communities of equality
Sino-Japansese War
China and Japan vied for control over the Korean Peninsula after a foreign rebellion took place their/ Japanese quickly won and took control
Rise of China
China opened its markets to the outside world and moved from a planned economic system to a market economy
Oracle bones
Chinese Shang dynasty means of fortelling the future
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population
Zhou Dynasty
Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Produced a lot of bronze-ware. The modern Chinese script also evolved during this time.
Magnetic compass
Chinese invention, European mariners used compasses to determine their heading in the Mediterranean and Atlantic waters
Equal Field System
Chinese sytem that allotted land to individuals and their families according to the land's fertility and the recipients' needs
Sternpost rudder
Chineses invention that had diffused across the Indian Ocean, increased maneuverability of ships
Anabaptists
Christian group that came out of the Reformation; main difference was view of baptism (infant baptism was considered useless, and to be baptized an older person had to confess his faith); persecuted by Catholics and some Protestants; thought belief was voluntary
Devshirme
Christian-Balkan young boys that became slaves to the Ottoman sultans, formed the Janissaries
Athens
City-state of Greece that was one of the most powerful, and had a very sophisticated society
Sparta
City-state of Greece that was one of the most powerful, very militaristic and cruel
Daodejing (Tao te Ching)
Classic of the Way and of Virtue; the most important Daoist work and basic exposition of Daoist beliefs written by several scholars
Dien Bien Phu
Climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist
Slave trade
Climax of the slave trade came during the 1800th century. The Atlantic slave trade brought about the involuntary migration of about 12 million slaves to the western Hemisphere. slave trade distorted sex ratios in the Americas and Africa. This caused the Angolans to embrace polygamy. Brought turmoil to African societies because it encouraged them to participate in conflicts that occurred because of the slave trade.
Clovis
Clovis- Frankish king who united all Frankish tribes under one ruler; ensured hereditary kingship; founded Merovingian dynasty
Juan Peron
Colonel in the Argentinean army who was elected president because he promoted nationalistic populism, industrialization, support of the working class, and protection of the economy from foreign control.
Types of Imperialism
Colony, Direct Rule, Indirect Rule, the Sphere-of-Influence
HAART
Combination of protease inhibitors and older drugs called highly active antiretroviral therapy that was used that can prolong life indefinitely
Mughal Empire
Comes from Persian term meaning Mongol; Ruled most of India from 16th to 19th century; Origin founded by the successorts of Tamerlane and Chinggis Khan (Zahir al Muhammad aka Babur)
Mathew C. Perry
Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. His most influential role was in the opening of Japan to the western world.
Alexander Dubcek
Communist leader who launched a democratic socialist revolution in Czechoslovakia
Joint-stock companies
Companies that financed the settlement of America.
Kangxi
Confucian scholar and enlightened ruler; organized flood control and irrigation projects; conqueror as well
Xiao
Confucian value of Filial Piety - respect and take care of parents and family elders in life and in death - emphasizes significance of family in China
Ren
Confucian value of kindness and sense of humanity - practice courtesy, respect, and loyalty; emphasized by Confucian scholar Mencius
Li
Confucian value of sense of propriety - treat others in conventional fashion of respect and courtesy; emphasized by Confucian scholar Xunzi
Junzi
Confucius's idea of "superior individuals" who took broad view of public affairs and were not influenced by personal interests; Confucius believed filling government with these well educated, conscientious men was best way to promote good government
Confucian Literary Classics
Confucius's teachings transcribed by students in the Analects; Confucius also examined Zhou literature such as Book of Songs, Book of History, and Book of Rites because of their focus on practical value for administrators
Jawaharlal Nehru
Congress Party leader who agreed with Gandhi in urging all Indians to act and feel as one nation
Java
Conquered by the Dutch whose policy was created by Jan Pieterszoon Coen; served as an entrepot for the VOC. Made alliances with local leaders to maintain order.
Francisco Franco
Contender in the Spanish civil war who overthrew the republican government.
September 11
Coordinated attack on US soil that destroyed the world trade towers and hurt the pentagon that was done by al-Qaeda and Osama Bin Laden
The Witte Syste
Count Sergei Witte (minister of finance); wanted to remove the conditions that were hurting the economy. and design policies that would stimulate the economy. supported infant industries and secured foreign loans.
Cuneiform
Created around 2900 B.C.E., it was one of the FIRST written languages in the world. Developed by the Sumerians. It was the combination of pictographs and other symbols. Babylonians, Assyrians, and others later adapted it to form their written language.
Heliocentric Universe
Created by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who said that the sun stood at the center of the universe, not earth, and all of the other planets revovled around it
Geocentric Universe
Created by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who said that the sun stood at the center of the universe, not earth, and all of the other planets revovled around it Geocentric universe- this theory also stated that the earth was at the center of the revolution of planets
James Watt
Created the first general-purpose steam engine
Bernardo O'Higgins
Creole leader in Chile, help dispose Spanish rulers
Wars of Latin American Independence
Creoles overthrow peninsulares (pretty much the same), Mexico gets independence from Spain, Brazil gets independence from Portugal.
Suez Crisis
Crisis in which Nasser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal. Control of the canal was taken from him by the British, French, and Israeli. Those three failed miserably on the diplomatic level and tore at the fabric of the cold world system.
Nationalism
Cultural - focused on individual communities and relished their uniqueness, valued the study of literature; Political - sought to establish independent states to protect and advance the interests of the national community, strong potential to stir up conflicts between groups of people
Vitus Bering
Danish navigator that was hired by the Russians to undertake two maritime expeditions in search of a northeast passage to Asian ports
Dao
Daoist term meaning "the way," used to describe the basic Buddhist doctrine in order to make Buddhism appealing to Daoists in China.
Xerxes
Darius's successor who was often seen as cruel because of his difficult relations with the people.
1850's
Date of: "La Reforma" in Mexico
1884-1885
Date of: Berlin Conference
1889-1902
Date of: Boer War
1904
Date of: Construction of the Panama Canal
1797
Date of: Eli Whitney introduced interchangeable parts
1861
Date of: Emancipation of Russian serfs by Alexander II
1848
Date of: Marx and Engels publish "Communist Manifesto"
1868
Date of: Meiji Restoration
1911
Date of: Mexican Revolution
1845-1848
Date of: Mexican-American War
1839-1842
Date of: Opium War
1904-1905
Date of: Russo-Japanese War
1848
Date of: Seneca Falls Convention
1857
Date of: Sepoy Rebellion
1859
Date of: Suez Canal
1850-1864
Date of: Taiping Rebellion
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941, Japanese planes bombed US Navy Base in Hawaii, was the reason that the United States entered WWII
The Berlin West Africa Conference
Delegates of twelve European states and the U.S. and Ottoman Empire devised the ground rules for the colonization of Africa here.
Kepler
Demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical
Magyars
Descendants of nomadic peoples who settled in Hungary. They were expert horsemen and attacked from the east.
Adam Smith
Described the new system of manufacture based on each worker performing a single task with a pin factory in his book, Wealth of Nations
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Designed to root out revisionism, this plan was the cause of millions of people being subjected to humiliation, persecution, and death at the hands of the Red Guard
Bubonic Plague
Disease started in the Yunnan region of southwestern China in which fleas transmit the bacillus pathogen to humans. Killed a third of the human population of Europe.
Wuwei
Disengagement from the competitive exertions and active involvement in affairs of the world. It required refraining from advanced education, personal striving, and called for individuals to live simply, unpretentiously, and in harmony with nature.
Pope Innocent IV
Dispatched a series of envoys who invited the MOngol khans to convert to Christianity and join Europeans in an alliance against the Muslims
"warning to humanity"
Document signed in 1992 by Nobel laureates that stated "human beings and the natural world are on a collision course"
Chucuito
Dominated the highlands of Lake Titicaca; depended on domestication of llamas and alpacas as well as the growth of potatoes to survive.
Frederick Lugard
Driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which was largely practiced by British in their African colonies
Marshal Tito
During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian; Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies and was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad
Technology and Industrial Development
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese craft workers discovered a process of making high-quality porcelain that was lighter, thinner, and more adaptable than early pottery, was traded all through the silk roads (came to be known as chinaware.) New techniques made stronger iron and steel, used for weaponry and agricultural tools. Accidentally discovered a mixture for gunpowder while looking for the elixir to prolong life, was used but had limited effectiveness. Printing became common during the Tang, originally with block-printing techniques (pressing inked blocks to paper,) later used movable types but they proved to be less convenient than wooden block printing. Also had stronger ships and used magnetic compasses.
South Africa
Dutch East India Company established cape town as a station for ships, and Dutch migrants occupied land, called boers (farmers)
Java
Dutch Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded Batavia on Java island in 1619; established VOC monopoly over spice trade; took advantage of local tensions to extract concessions in return for aid; by late 1600s, VOC controlled all ports of Java
Java
Dutch Jan Pieterszoon Coen founded Batavia on this island in 1619; established VOC monopoly over spice trade; took advantage of local tensions to extract concessions in return for aid; by late 1600s, VOC controlled all ports of this island
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch Renaissance Humanist and a Catholic Priest. Some people called him the "Prince of Humanists."
Afrikaners
Dutch farmers and ranchers in South Africa
Song Dynasty
Dynasty that restored centralized imperial rule in China after the collapse of the Tang. It survived for more than three centuries but never built a powerful state. Rulers mistrusted military leaders, and they placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts than on military affairs.
Maya
Earliest Heirs to the Olmecs. They created a remarkable society in the region now occupied by southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and, El Salvador. Built TERRACES designed to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the lowlands. Cultivated maize as their staple crop, also cotton for weaving fine textiles, & cocoa beans for money .
The Little Tigers
Earliest and most successful imitators of the Japanese model for economic development; Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan
Mycenaeans
Early Greek society on the Peloponesse that was influenced by Minoans; came into conflict with Troy
Indra
Early Indian god associated with the Aryans; Indra was the king of the gods and was associated with warfare and thunderbolts
Olmecs
Early Mesoamerican society that centered on sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya
Ptolemaic Universe
Earth was the center of the universe, the Sun and other perfect spheres revolved around the earth in a circular path
The Treaty of Versailles
Effectively ended WWI when Allied powers reached peace agreement with Germany; restricted German army and distributed certain German territories
Amenhotep IV
Egyptian king reigning in the 18th dynasty from 1350-1334BCE. He changed his name to be Akhnaton, meaning "the servant of Aten". Akhenaton placed himself as the intermediary between the god Aten and the people. This eliminated the need for priesthood. This ruling of both religion and government is known as theocracy.
Abraham Lincoln
Elected to president, wanted to restore the union and later adopted an abolitionist policy. His election sparked the war between the states
BRICs
Emerging economies, included Brazil, Russia, India, and China
The Safavid Empire
Empire created by Shah Ismail, traced their ancestry back to Sufi-al-Din, had a Sufi religious order
John Stuart Mill
English Philosopher, tried to ensure that powerful minorities would not endanger the poor majority
Act of Supremacy
English act of parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the supreme head of the church of england.
Newton
English mathematician who depended on mathematical reasoning to construct a powerful synthesis of astronomy and mechanics. He outlined his views on the natural world in the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
John Locke
English philosopher who attacked divine right theories that served as foundation for absolute monarchies
William Harvey
English physician who discovered the principles of the circulation of human blood, studied human reproduction
William Harvey
English physician who discovered the principles of the circulation of human blood.
Mary Wolstencraft
English writer and passionate advocate of educational and social equality for women
Mary Astell
English writer, argued that women are born slaves,
Rudyard Kipling
English writer/poet who defined the "white man's burden as the duty of the European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Established a military government "tent government" (bakufu).Last shogunate in Japanese history (1600-1867); founded by him. Notable for unifying Japan
Incas
Established in 1438, it became the dominate power in South America, gaining control of many of the regional empires that surrounded it. In addition to having a very powerful army, its capital served as a spiritual center. Because they did not have the troops, they used captives in order to ensure obedience.
The Berlin West Africa Conference
Europe gathered to decide guidelines for colonizing Africa, no African representatives
Challenges to European Authority
European personnel left colonies. The Africans saw this a their opportunity to strike so there were many revolts against the Europeans in the colonies.
Triangular Trade
European ships often undertook voyages in three legs. The first leg carried European manufactured goods, that they exchanged in sub-Saharan Africa for slaves. Second leg took enslaved Africans to the Americas. Then sold the slaves and brought American items back to Europe.
Infrastructure
Europeans built roads, railways and telegraphs to try to form infrastructures in Africa. They never considered the needs of local African economies.
Vassal (retainer)
Exchanged their loyalty and military service for land.
Aurangzeb
Expanded boundaries; Generated religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims; Demolished several Hindu temples (replaced by mosque); Imposed a tax on Hindus (encourage conversion to Islam)
The Ottoman Empire
Experienced military reverses and challenges to its rule, could no longer ward of European economic penetration or prevent territorial dismemberment
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy
Ngo Dinh Diem
First president of South Vietnam. In the wake of the french withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, he led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam.
John Macdonald
First prime minister of Canada. Moved to incorporate all of British NA into the Dominion.
Cohongs
Foreign merchants could only do business with these specially licensed Chinese firms.
League of Nations
Forty-two members, twenty-six of them outside Europe The league had no power to enforce its decisions Collective security depended on all major powers, but United States never joined
Fast Ripening Rice
Foundation of economic development in Tang and Song. Increased agricultural productivity when discovered fast- ripening rice in Vietnam. Allowed harvest twice per year and expanded supply of food
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Founded Batavia on Java Island in 1619, which was a strategic site near Sunda Strait that attracted Chinese and Malay vessels; architect of Dutch policy by monopolizing spice trade
Ferdinand and Isabel
Founded Spanish Inquisition, funded Colombus
Carolingians
Frankish Empire that began as an aristocratic clan ruled by Charles Martel. Later ruled by Martel's grandson Charlemagne who centralized and expanded his empire.
Clovis
Frankish king who united all Frankish tribes under one ruler; ensured hereditary kingship; founded Merovingian dynasty
Fireside chats
Franklin Roosevelt's radio broadcasts
Emancipation Proclamation
Freed the slaves in states that had rebelled
French Indochina
French colony consisting of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, French officials encourage conversion to Christianity and created many western style schools
Gens de couleur
French for people of color (used in Santo Domingo)
Charles de Gaulle
French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first president from 1959 to 1969
Diderot
French man of letters and philosopher who served as chief editor of the Encyclopédie, one of the principal works of the Age of Enlightenment
Emilie du Chatelet
French mathematician and physician. famed for being the mistress of Voltaire and a talented intellectual in her own right.
Colbert
French politician under King Louis XIV. He became an esteemed minister. Tried to bring France out of bankruptcy.
Colbert
French politician; Minister of Finances under Louis XIV
Influenza Pandemic
From 1918-1919, the "Spanish Flu" killed 20 million people across Europe; either originated or first reported in Spain
FLN
Front de Liberation Nationale
He Ram
Gandhi's last words; roughly translates to "O! God"
Ahimsa
Gandhi's philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence
U Boats
German "Unterseeboote," or submarines, used to battle in the Atlantic against British ships. The Germans tried to cut off Britain's imports using these boats.
Martin Luther
German monk that attacked the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church.
Kepler
German scientist who demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical not circular like the Ptolemaics had them.
Lebensraum
German term meaning "living space"; the term is associated with Hitler and his goal of carving out territory in the east for an expanding Germany
Catherine the Great
German wife of Peter III of Russia and came to power after his murder; ruled Russia 1762-1796; interested in enlightened reforms but didn't do any; had policy favoring landed nobility but this led to worse conditions for Russian peasants and led to rebellion; the rebellion spread across southern Russia but she halted all reform and serfdom expanded into newer parts of the empire; expanded Russian Empire
Battle of Britain
Germans vs. British; Germans used their air force, the Luftwaffe, to bomb London, but was fought off by the Royal Air Force and forced Hitler to abandon plans to invade Britain
Naval race
Germany vs Britain, made dreadnoughts (super battleships), kept trying to make more ships than the other person, thought naval power was imperative for keeping control of trade and to protect merchant shipping
Lin Zexu
Given task to destroy opium trade
Silver
Gold wasn't the most present precious metal in the Americas, but this metal was. It outweighed gold in quantity and value. Spain's conquest of the Americas focused on the mining of this metal. It took place in the Andes and northern Mexico. Large amounts of this metal were found in Potosi, and large scale mining took place.
Bloody Sunday
Government troops killed 130 innocent petitioners with rifle fire
Charlemagne
Grandson of Charles Martel under whom the Frankish realm reached a high point. He reigned from 768-814. Responsible for the more centralized imperial rule and expansion of the Carolingian Empire.
Russian Revolution
Great War undermined the state, disintegrating armies, mutinies, and food shortages provoked a series of street demonstrations and strikes in Petrograd. The inability of police forces to suppress uprisings and the mutiny of troops garrisoned in the capital. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne
Persian War
Greek cities on Ionian coast revolted against the Persians, Battle of Marathon, Persia attacked Ionian Greeks with 1,000 ships, Greek fleet led by Athens defeated shattered Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis (493-480 B.C.E.)
Thucydides
Greek historian noted for the unprecedented objectivity and thoroughness of his critical history of the Peloponnesian War
Herodotus
Greek historian whose writings on the Persian Wars are among the earliest known works of narrative history
Greek Geography
Greek peninsula, western Anatolia, both mountainous
Polis
Greek term for city-state
Etruscans
Group of people who came from Italy from Anatolia, built cities, manufactured bronze and iron goods, as well as gold and silver, they built a fleet and traded around the Mediterranean. They encountered challenges from others in 6th cent. and the greeks defeated them while the Celtic people attacked them from Gaul
Latins
Group of people who lived in and around Rome (most common language was latin)
Chinese Communist party
Growing interest in Marxist thought, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was organized in Shanghai in 1921
Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas
Guatemalan who trained noncommunist Guatemalans to attack President Arbenz's government, and succeeded. He established a military government, redistributed lands to the United Fruit Company, and tortured and murdered anyone who opposed.
Geocentric universe
Having the earth as the center of the universe
Heliocentric universe
Having the sun as the center of the solar system
President Lyndon Johnson
He succeeded to the presidency following Kennedy's assassination, completed Kennedy's term, and was elected President in his own right.
Napoleon's Empire
He tried to extend his authority throughout Europe and occupied the Iberian and Italian peninsulas and he forced Austria, Prussia, Russia to ally with him. However his empire began to fall apart when he decided to invade Russia
Toussaint Louverture
He was a former slave who gained and education. He was smart and formed an army that he led against the oppressors of Santo Domingo and established a constitution declaring everyone equal.
Menes
He was a minor official form southern Egypt (also known as Upper Egypt). He rose to power and extended his authority into Lower Egypt. He founded the city of Memphis (in Egypt), which was located at the meeting point of Lower and Upper Egypt Unified Upper and Lower Egypt
Deng Xioping
He was imprisoned by Mao and ended up taking over after Mao's death. At first, he tried to open up China to more foreign influence, but he ended up revising his decisions.
Augusto Cesar Sandino and his sons
He was murdered by members of of Garcia's Nicaraguan National Guard when he led a guerrilla movement aimed at ending U.S. interference in Nicaragua. Somoza's sons, Luis Debayle and Anastiscio Debayle controlled Nicaraguan politics for more than forty years
Adam Smith
He was the author of "The Wealth of Nations" and is known as the father of modern economics.
Constantine
He was the first Christian emperor and claimed divine favor for his rule. Initiated caesaropapism, which is a way of rule that the emperor rules political and religious affairs. He did not claim a divine status unlike previous rulers. Constantine created the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 330.
Mahmud of Ghazni
He was the leader of the turks in Afghanistan. He was a patron of the arts and built Ghazni. He supported historians, mathematicians, and literary figures. He was also a warrior who spent a lot of time fighting with his army. He had seventeen raiding expeditions into India.
John Calvin
He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the reformation. He composed the institutio Christianae religionis (Institutes of the Christian Religion). He is known for having his own church known as calvinism.
Rajiv Gandhi
He was the son of Indira Gandhi who took over after her death in 1984. He offered reconciliation to the Sikhs, but he was assassinated by a terrorist in 1991 while he was attempting to be elected into office
Agriculture technology
Heavy plows were developed instead of light wooden ones; they made it possible to plow the heavy soil and increased agricultural production.
Tight packers vs. loose packers
Held the idea that if you crammed as many slaves as possible below the deck, the mortality rate might be higher but a higher profit vs. the idea that if one was to pack less people it would give them more room, and the mortality rate would be lower and be a more profitable sale.
Ionian Greeks
Hellenistic people including but not limited to Athens and Sparta, the people that were in the Persian war, lived on the coast of Attica, parts of Asia Minor, and Aegean islands
Pastoralism
Herding animals in a pasture
Moksha
Hindu concept of the salvation of the soul
Karma
Hindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the next life
Ramayana
Hindu epic that tells the story of Prince Rama (the god Vishnu incarnate) rescuing his wife Sita, who was stolen by the demon king Cecylon. The ideal Hindu couple is shown through the relationship of Rama and Sita
Samsara
Hindu term for the concept of transmigratin, that is, the soul passing into a new incarnation
Devotional cults
Hindus embraced the new cults warmly because they promised salvation. The cults became very popular in southern India where individuals or family groups went to great lengths to honor their chosen deities.
German national Socialism
Hitler and the Nazi Party, hated Jews and Marxists
Operation Barbarossa
Hitler has plans to invade the Soviet Union using the largest invasion force in history. The invasion surprised the Red Army and in 1941 the Germans captured Leningrad and arrived at Moscow. The Soviets fought back with help from the US and winter, because the Germans were unequipped for the cold weather.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56) who inherited a spanish and hapsburg empire extending across europe from spain and the netherlands to austria. He struggled to hold the empire together against the growing forces of protestantism, increasing french pressure
Out of Africa
Homo sapiens sapiens emerged in Africa and then migrated from there, and is the most widely accepted theory by scientists.
Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli was the most important reformer in the swiss reformation, and the only major reformer whose movement did not evolve into a separate church.
Slavs
Illiterate lower class peoples who used the Cyrillic alphabet
Hongwu
In 1368 he proclaimed the establishment of the Ming ("brilliant") dynasty. He was an orphan who lived in a Buddhist monastery.
The Paris Peace Conference
In 1919, 27 victorious powers of WWI met in Paris to reach postwar settlements (Russia not invited); ultimately led by Georges Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, and Woodrow Wilson of US
Global depression
In 1929 the world plunged into economic depression that became known as the Great Depression. The old capitalist system of trade and finance collapsed.
Terracotta Army
In Shihuangdi's tomb, over fifteen thousand terra-cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, and weapons can be found that were meant to protect him in death.
Printing Press
In the Ottoman empire, the printing of works in Arabic or Turkish was forbidden (this ban was later removed); In the Mughal empire, Jesuit missionaries printed the Bible into Indian and Arabic; many Muslim scholars preferred elegant handwriting to printed words (esp. with the Quran); many feared that the easier accessibility to printed books could generate dangerous ideas
Fall if the Berlin Wall
In the last two weeks of 1989 the people of Berlin tore this down uniting Germany into a united Nation by 1990.
Racism
Included both scientific racism in which theorists tried to scientifically explain why one race is better or more advanced than another and popular racism in which there was no need for scientific justification.
Specialized production
India and other major regions such as South East Asia each specialized in the production or distribution of specific goods which promoted trade influenced the social and economic culture of the regions. Indian artisans specialized in cotton textiles, China specialized in silk, porcelain and lacquerware, and South East Asia contributed gold, ivory and slaves.
Ram Mohan Roy
Indian activist who supported British and Hindu ways in order to better Indian society
Calicut
Indian port, Vasco da Gama reached it in 1498
Upanishads
Indian reflections and dialogues that reflected basic Hindu concepts
Jati
Indian word for a Hindu subcaste
Bactria
Indo-Greek kingdom that came and took a large territory of land of northern India
Achmad Sukarno
Indonesian Statesman who obtained the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands in 1949 and served as president unti ousted by Suharto in a coup d'etat.
Age of Access
Instant communication, and instant access to any information you could want
Trade in southern India
Internal trade occurred in southern India where they traded things like rice, wheat, barley, iron, salt, etc.
Hyksos
Invaders who seized the Nile delta and helped bring an end to the Egyptian Middle Kingdom
Cult of Isis
Isis is a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. She was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic
Conquest of Sind
Islam was beginning to grow in popularity and spread in numerous ways. One of the ways was by military and they conquered Sind. Sind became controlled by the Abbasid caliphs.
Reconquista
Islamic conquest ended in 1492 after conquest of Granada
The Qu'ran
Islamic holy book compiled by devout Muslims that is believed to contain the divine revelations of Allah as presented to Muhammad
Sufis
Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules
Santo Domingo
It was a Spanish colony in modern day Dominican Republic and the French colony in modern day Haiti and it was one of the richest of all European colonies (sugar, coffee, cotton)
War in Africa
It was a war during the first World War. It was the Allies, with the help of some Africans, against German colonies in Africa in hoping that the Allies would get the colonies if they won. Germany held off defeat until the end of the war.
Gupta Dynasty
It was based in Magadha, had allies take care of the local government,
Hacienda
It was the largest site of agricultural and craft production. They distributed food for its own use and local markets. It means estate
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
Italian Renaissance philosopher. He proposed to defend the 900 theses.
Cesare Beccaria
Italian criminologist and economist whose Dei delitti e delle pene was a celebrated volume on the reform of criminal justice
Cesare Beccaria
Italian philosopher who was known for his treatise On Crime and Punishment, which condemned the death penalty and torture
Ahisma
Jainist practice of showing extreme non violence towards all other living things; devout practitioners would sweep the ground in front of them to avoid killing unseen insects and would not make sudden movements to avoid killing invisible souls in the air
Wannsee Conference
January 20, 1942, 15 leading Nazi bureaucrats gathered to discuss and coordinate the implementation of the final solution
The Twenty One Demands
Japan made a list of 21 demands from China, which would have completely weakened China and would have empowered Japan in China's place. While China agreed to some, the British intervened and did not allow the 21 demands to actually go through.
Japan's entry into the war
Japan told Germany to hand over the German colony Jiaozhou and to bring back the German warships in Japanese waters, to which Germany declined and Japan entered the war with the Allies. Japan also did this to obtain German colonies in the Pacific (they succeeded).
Axis Powers
Japan, Germany, and Italy; all fighting against the Allied Powers
Emperor Hirohito
Japanese emperor, persuaded to surrender after the atomic bombing and the USSR declared war on Japan
The Mukden Incident
Japanese forces blew up a railroad in Manchuria and accused Chinese of doing it, pretext for Chinese-Japanese war, the war was stopped by the League of Nations
1937 Invasion of China
Japanese invaded China after invading Manchuria. Japanese campaign through China killed many Chinese men, women, children, and soldiers. This included the Rape of Nanking
Manchuria
Japanese invaded Manchuria after the Mukden Incident.
Shogun
Japanese military leader who ruled in the place of the emperor
Unit 731
Japanese military unit that conducted excruciating and deadly medical experiments like vivisection and amputation without anesthesia
Asia for Asians
Japanese slogan to get European imperialists out of Asia, should have been "Asia for Japanese"
Rape of Nanjing (Nanking)
Japanese soldiers went through Nanking killing 350,000 people and rape of about 8,000 women.
Matteo Ricci
Jesuit missionary who introduced self-ringing clocks to China with hopes of wowing the Chinese and then converting them to Christianity
Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller created an industrial empire of American petroleum through his company's (Standard Oil Company and Trust) control of almost all oil drilling, processing, refining, marketing, and distribution in the US; he became one of the wealthiest men in history
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Joint resolution that the united states congress passed in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
The Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776 document written primarily by Thomas Jefferson that formally declared the United States an independent country; took many ideas from Enlightenment thinkers (all men are entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness")
Battle at Midway
June 4, 1942, turning point in the Pacific war, was possible because of the code breaking operation "Magic"
D-Day
June 6, 1944, British and U.S. troops landed on the french coast of Normandy, overwhelmed the Germans
Justinian and Theodora
Justinian reigned 527-565 CE with his wife Theodora. Born into a Macedonian peasant family, Theodora was the daughter of a bear keeper in the circus. Justinian mastered the intricacies of Byzantine finance and lavished the resources on the imperial capital. He built the domed church of Hagia Sophia ("holy wisdom"). Made a contribution to the codification of Roman Law.
Otto von Bismarck
King Wilhelm I of Prussia's prime minister; master of Realpolitik ("the politics of reality"); used force to unify Germany; started three wars with Denmark, Austria, and France and crushed them all
James II
King deposed during the glorious revolution that led to cooperation between king and parliament
Charles I
King during the English civil war 1642-1649/ against parliament and was captured and beheaded 1649
James I
King of England, commissioned King James Bible, ruled during the Gunpowder plot
Philip II of Spain
King of Spain who was a devout Catholic; made Spain very powerful prior to sending out the Spanish Armada
Louis XIII
King with Cardinal Richelieu as first minister, was king when France became a tightly centralized monarchy with absolutism.
Taipings
Kingdom establish by Hong Xiuquan, heavenly kingdom of great peace, believed in the equality of men and women before god
Mahmud II
Launched his own reform program, remodeled Ottoman institutions along Western European lines, proposed a new European style military and his government created a system of secondary education for young boys
Napoleon
Leader of France after the "reign of terror", (1769-1821), studied at French military schools and became an officer in the army of King Louis XVI, a brilliant military leader, became a general at the age of 24. He was also a supporter of the revolution and defended the Directory against popular uprising in 1795. In 1799, he overthrew the Directory and set up a new government known as the Consulate
Nelson Mandela
Leader of the African National Congress; sentenced to life in prision for his involvement in the nationalist group. Released by de Klerk in 1990 and became the first black president of South Africa.
Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. He became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor,led nonviolent demonstrations against British colonial rule, and was jailed many times. Soon after independence he was assassinated for attempting to stop Hindu-Muslim rioting.
Kim Il Sing
Leader of the North Koreans
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the soviet union in the 1920's.
Imre Nagy
Led the Hungarian rebellion, was the leader of Hungary
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Led the Spanish forces in the conquest of the Philippines and overcame local authorities in Cebu and Manila in almost bloodless contests. He named them after King Philip II of Spain.
James Cook
Led three expeditions to the Pacific and died in a fight with the people of Hawai'i. He charted eastern Australia and New Zealand, and added New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawai'i to European maps.
Hungary
Liked de-stalinization, but many protested for democracy. Soviets crushed the rebellion
Mahd-e Olya
Limit the power of the qizilbash
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang restored order throughout China after the end of the Qin dynasty, creating the this; Lasted for 400+ years; divided into two categories: Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) and Later Han (25-220 CE); Run based on Legalist principles, but established a confucian imperial university that prepared young men for government service
Feudalism
Lords provided grants of land to their vassals (retainers) in return for loyalty and military service. Scholarship has undermined that view of medieval society.
Sun King
Louis XIV, powerful and absolute king of France
Hinduism
Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara
Role of women
Managed Islamic empires; Enjoyed special privileges/authority
Five Year Plan
Mao's plan in 1955 to improve in infrastructure and expand heavy industry at the expense of consumer goods. It was meant to speed up economic development
Great Leap Forward or "giant Step Backward"
Mao's plan to overtake the industrial progress of other countries by completely abolishing private ownership and making both farming and industry largely rural. However, as a result, not enough people were able to meet their farming quotas and ended up starving to death. Mao's idea was to blame the birds, but when they were killed, insects destroyed the rest of the crops.
Priesthood of all believers
Martin Luther's ideal that anyone could have a relationship with God, and to be saved, you do not need a priest. "Everyone is a priest"
Justification by faith alone
Martin Luther's ideal that believers do not need to buy indulgences to be saved. Believers just need to have faith and a belief in God and they will be saved.
Fidel Castro
Marxist/Leninist, dictator of Cuba, overthrew the autocratic gov that was on friendly terms with the US and made alliances with the Soviet Union
300-1100 CE
Maya Society
Chichen Itza
Mayan city that would integrate captives into society rather than killing them. Between the 9th and 11th century they had formed a loose empire.
Empress Dowager Cixi
Member of the Manchu Yehenara clan who effectively, yet unofficially, controlled the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China. She was firmly against Western models of government, but was a firm believer in technological and military reforms and the Self Strengthening Movement.
Plebeians
Members of Roman lower class. Often lead revolts and forced change upon the laws created by the Roman leaders and higher class (patricians)
Patricians
Members of Roman's social elite and the group of citizens who ran the city. Often did not take into account the plebeian voice when making laws.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
Mexican political party that dominated the country's political institutions by experimenting with various economic strategies dealing with foreign dependency.
Benito Juarez
Mexican politician who resisted French occupation of Mexico, restored a republic in Mexico, and served as president
Mexican revolution
Middle and Lower classes joined together against dictator Porfirio Díaz. Followed leaders like Zapata and Francisco Villa
Hyksos
Mixed group of people originating from West Asia, who took over the Nile Delta, ending the thirteenth dynasty and initiating the second intermediate period. They first appeared in Egypt c. 1800BCE, during the eleventh dynasty. brought numerous technical advancements for the Egyptians, such as the horse and chariot, compound bow, improved battle axes, and advanced fortification techniques, which the Egyptians eventually used to run them out at the start of the new kingdom in 1570BCE.
Gunpowder
Mongols learned strategy from Chinese military engineers and began using it in battle in 1214. Spread across Eurasian landmass.
John of Montecorvino
Most active of the Roman Catholic missionaries in China. In 1291, he became the first archbishop of Khanbaliq. Translated new testament and the book of psalms into turkish, a common mongol language. Took in orphans, taught them Christian rituals, and supposedly baptized 6,000 people.
European Union
Most famous and integrated trading bloc, includes France, West Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, And luxembourg.
Anabaptists
Most known for their practice of a second adult baptism, these people are the ancestors of modern day baptists. They also believed strongly in the separation of church and state.
The Trail of Tears
Movement of Cherokees on a 800 mile migration from the eastern woodlands to Oklahoma. Thousands died from disease, starvation and the difficulties of relocation.
Enlightenment
Movement that sparked discovery in science and philosophy, including great thinkers such as John Locke
Granada
Muslim kingdom that fell to Spanish Christian forces
sugarcane
Muslim merchants began large scale cultivation in southwest Asia and north Africa. Europeans appreciated convenience of refined sugar.
Zheng He
Muslim traveller; took an armada of ships with him that were all a lot larger than the ships in the Indian Ocean; led voyages all throughout the Indian Ocean
MAD
Mutual Assured Destruction - if either Russia or the US sent nukes at the other, the other could respond in time that both countries would be destroyed
Chavin cult
Mysterious but very popular South American religion
King Farouk
Nasser and other officers staged a bloodless coup that ended the monarchy of this ruler of Egypt.
The racial state
Nazis wanted to have a purity of race, women were encouraged to be wives and not to work. Eugenics were policies to try to purify the German race
Neolithic
Neolithic era was the time where cities began to form, people began to specialize, and crops were grown and harvested (among other things)
NEP
New Economic Policy implemented by Stalin after the civil war and war communism to show how he could compromise and allow private enterprise in Russia
Jomo Kenyatta
New Elite. Led Kenya to independence.
Neolithic era
New Stone Age, which was marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture
English Civil War
New taxes, religious and political tensions started the civil war. The parliament was against King Charles I
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Nicknamed "the Restorer of Laws". A politician, army officer, and Cuadillo who ruled the Argentine Federation.
Kristallnacht
Night of the Broken Glass; violent anti-semitic pogroms that took place November 9, 10 1938. Broken Glass refers to glass broken in streets from Jewish businesses, synagogues, etc.
Sharia
Official law of Islam; Prescribed religious observances and social relationships based on the Quaran
Paleolithic era
Old Stone Age, a long period of human development before the development of agriculture
Marc Antony
Only friend of Caesar, opposed the murder of him, lost in a battle against Octavian
St. Basil
Organized a monastic movement which helped spread Christianity by increasing its efficiency.
Harappa
Organized city on the Indus river with complex sewage system, organized buildings, and irrigation
Mohenjo-daro
Organized city on the Indus river with complex sewage system, organized buildings, and irrigation
Charles Martel
Originally the leader of aristocratic clan known as the Carolingians who dramatically extended Frankish power by defeating the Muslim army at the Battle of Tours (732 AD). Also the grandfather of Charlemagne.
Piri Reis
Ottoman man, produced large scale maps and wrote The Book of Seafaring
Cecil Rhodes
Oxford University graduate who migrated to South Africa, and gained control of the diamond and gold trade; he had aspiration to conquer all of Africa
Tripartite Pact
Pact that established the Axis Powers; signed in Berlin, Germany on September 27th, 1940.
Japanese Neutrality Pact
Pact with Russia to ensure neutrality between the two nations while they fought WWII
James II
Parliament deposed King James II and told Mary his daughter and her husband William to take the throne. They made an arrangement that kings would cooperate with parliament.
Indian Removal Act
Passed in 1830,it allowed the U.S. government to move all native Americans west of the Mississippi River into "Indian Territory" (Oklahoma)
Islamism
People began to seek (sometimes violently) the revival of Islam. Some Islamic thinkers called for enforcement of the sharia and emphasized pan-Islamic unity
La Reforma
Period that was characterized by Liberal Reforms to modernize Mexico and make it a national state.
Qanat
Persian underground canal
PEMEX
Petróleos Mexicanos. A national oil company in control of Mexico's petroleum products.
Iliad
Poem written by Homer that talked about the war against Troy.
Odyssey
Poem written by Homer that talks about the hero Odysseus and his journies
Copernicus
Polish astronomer who argues that sun and earth are at the center of the universe and earth revolves around the sun.
Muslim League
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan.
Edmund Burke
Political philosopher, condemned radical or revolutionary change
Hinduism
Polytheistic religion; that is a mixture of Aryan & Dravidian culture & beliefs; Cow is their sacred animal; practice of Hinduism VARIES from person to person; usually tolerate of others
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer, first European to reach India by sea linking Europe and Asia through an ocean route, carried letters of introduction from the king of Portugal and gold, pearls, wool textiles, bronze ware, iron tools, and other goods to exchange for pepper and spices, founded wealthy society in Calicut
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese merchant who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean
Hittites
Powerful empire in Anatolia, or modern day turkey. They conquered the babylonian empire, they invented horse-drawn carriages, and refined iron metallurgy. They had their own language and used cuneiform writing.
Daimyo
Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan; "great names", ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (Batista)
Predecessor of Fidel Castro, who overthrew him. Fulgencio had good relations with the US
The Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe made doctrine that said Europeans could not colonize in the western hemisphere, but the U.S.A could intervene if necessary
The Panama Canal
President Theodore Roosevelt supported a rebellion against Colombia in 1903, leading to the creation of the state of Panama. In return, the U.S. was given permission to build this canal to facilitate communication and transportation
JFK
President during the cold war and the Cuban Missile Crisis, was able to avoid MAD
President Eisenhower
President during the conclusion of the Korean War and the 1st leader of NATO; created the "domino theory"
Getulio Dornelles Vargas
President of Brazil first as dictator from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years
Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
President of Guatemala who seized thousands of acres of land from private companies to redistribute to the peasants in order to gain back control of the economy.
Saddam Hussein
President of Iraq in 1979, launched an attack on Iran in 1980 hoping to become the new leader of a revived pan-Arab nationalism
Lazaro Cardenas
President of Mexico who brought land reform and redistribution to a peak in Mexico, returning forty-five million acres to peasants, and wrested away control of the oil industry from foreign investors.
Anastacio Somoza Garcia
President of Nicaragua, anticommunist, and ally of the U.S. He helped the rebels overthrowing President Arbenz in Guatemala.
Winston Churchill
Prime minister of Great Britain, said that the Cold War separated the European continent with the "iron curtain"
Vladimir
Prince of Kiev; converted to Christianity in order to gain wealth/support from Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire
POWs
Prisoners of War, used in the war to provide labor for Japan and Germany, huge mortality rate, treated horribly, went through medical experiments
Pope Leo III
Proclaimed Charlemagne as emperor of the Carolingian Empire.
The Calico Acts
Prohibited imports of printed cotton cloth and restricted the sale of calicoes (textiles imported from India) at home in Britain
King Wilhelm I
Prussia's king; appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister; proclaimed himself Second Reich; adopted national flag and national anthem
Ptolemaic Universe
Ptolemy wrote the Almagest, which synthesized theories about the universe. He envisioned a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow, concentric spheres that revolved around it. Seven of the spheres had one of the observable heavenly bodies (sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) embedded in its shell. The eighth sphere held the stars and the ninth sphere was empty but provided the spin that kept the others moving
Great Wall
Qin Shihuangdi ordered for workers to link existing defensive walls which resulted in a massive defensive barrier that was the beginnings of this, a huge wall that discouraged raids by nomadic peoples.
Katherine of Aragon
Queen of England from 1509 - 1533, first wife of King Henry VIII
Causes of Imperialism
Raw materials, spread Christianity, colonial consumption and goods, strategic sites on sea lanes, haven for migrants, harbors, denying land to competitors, civilizing mission, "order and enlightenment"
Voltaire
Real name being François-Marie Arouet, he is a famous French philosopher and Enlightenment writer that fought against the Catholic Church
Mao Zedong
Reassumed control of China after WWII. Went about creating programs that would enhance China. For example, he worked to make it so that all classes were financially equal and instituted the Five Year Plan, as well as several others
The Taiping Rebellion
Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan that called for the destruction of the Qing dynasty and radical transformation of Chinese society. They campaigned throughout China and gained followers. Qing forces repelled them at Beijing, but they attacked Shanghai 5 years later and were put down by regional armies using European advisors and weapons.
Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)
Red cross, and international humanitarian agency
Caudillos
Regional military leaders in Latin America
1792-1750 BCE
Reign of Hammurabi
Romulus
Remus's brother, founded Rome- was abandoned on side of the Tiber River, found by she-wolf- founded city in 753 BCE, establish himself as first king
Confucian Ideals
Ren: humanness, Yi: righteousness or justice, Li: proper rite, Zhi: knowledge, Xin: integrity
The Factory System
Replaced the putting-out system, rising demand and the use of water and wind power led to the formation of prototindustrial factories, where workers performed specialized task under one roof.
Marcus Garvey
Representative of Pan-Africanism, preached black pride, called for black people to go "Back to Africa"
Liu Bang
Restored order throughout China after the end of the Qin dynasty; established the Han dynasty (named after his native land); consolidated tradition of centralized imperial rule the Qin began; the capital was originally at Chang'an, but later was moved to Luoyang
Meiji reforms
Restored power to emperor. Japan opened up to industrialization and foreign trade
Yalu River
River in which China boarders North Korea;when the US and SOuth Korean troops approached this river the Chinese became involved with the Korean War
Indus and Ganges
Rivers that influence the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations
Scipio
Roman general who defeated Hannibal in Second Punic War
Serfdom in Russia
Romanov tsars restricted the freedom of Russian peasants and tied them to the land as serfs. This required them to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving away without permission.
Remus
Romulus's brother who jointly helped him to found Rome- was abandoned on side of the Tiber River, found and raised by she-wolf
The New Deal
Roosevelt's proposal for dealing with the national economy. He wanted legislation to prevent banking system crashes, to provide jobs and farm subsidies, to give workers the right to bargain collectively, guarantee minimum wages, and provoide social security to the elderly. The government was justified in intervening to protect the welfare of the people
Assyrians
Rose to power after the collapse of the Babylonian empire. Used iron weapons to strengthen their army. their territory included most of southwest asia. Followed laws the the code of hammurabi, which was preserved along with a great deal of literature in large libraries. King Assurbanipal had a library of thousands of texts, and included the Epic of gilgamesh. Empire was brought down by internal unrest and external assault in 612 BCE.
Kushan Empire
Ruled a sizable empire embracing much of northern India and central India from 1 to 300 CE, located in modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northern India, played crucial role in the silk road networks, helped made Ghandara style- early development of Buddhist art
Cuban Missile Crisis
Russia put nuclear missiles on Cuba, so the US made a naval and air blockade around Cuba. An agreement was made for the Soviets to pull out of Cuba with the missiles, if the US would remove missiles from Turkey and leave Cuba alone
Crimean War
Russia vs. Europe, Russia was defeated on its own territory (embarrassing)
Siberia
Russian expansion to NE Asia began in 1581, and by 1639 reached Pacific Ocean; 26 different groups of native peoples had different reactions to Russian demands of tribute; Russians often used military violence to quell rebellions, and introduced diseases to natives; gradual filtering of Russians into Siberia led to creation of trading posts and increasing of Russian population; by 1763, 420,000 Russians in Siberia
Leonid Brezhnev
Russian leader who invaded Czechoslovakia under the Brezhnev Doctrine
Soviets
Russians during the Soviet Era
St. Scholastica
Saint Benedict's sister; a nun; Influenced an adaptation of the Benedictine rule which provided guidance for the religious life of women living in convents.
Copernicus
Scientist, argued that sun was the center of the universe and planets including Earth revolve around it
Galileo
Scientist, showed that spheres (planets) were not perfect using the telescope, universe was larger than suspected, velocity depends on height of the fall not the weight
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher, said that society would prosper when individuals pursue their own economic interests
American Revolution
Secession of the British North American colonies into their own independent country; unhappy with British treatment, especially over taxes, colonists went to war and eventually won their independence
Romanov Dynasty
Second imperial dynasty to rule over Russia. 1613-1917.
Shia
Section of Islam that believed the descendants of Ali should be caliphs
Sunni
Section of Islam that believed there should be a chosen caliph
Satrapies
Sections of the empire; there were 23.
Akkadians
Semitic group led by Sargon the great; invaded, conquered and unified Sumerian city-states; apart of the Akkadian empire. Cultural diffusion introduced Sumerian ways
Serfdom in Russia
Serfdom became the dominant form of relation between peasants and nobility in the 17th century. Serfdom only existed in central and southern areas of the Russian Empire. It was never established in the North, in the Urals, and in Siberia.
Shang Yang
Served as chief minister to the duke of the Qin state in Western China. Legalist doctrine emerged from some of his insights among others. His policies survive in The Book of Lord Shang. He was clever and efficient, but also feared because he was powerful and ruthless.
Isfahan
Shah Abbas's capital, big city with lots of architecture
Mumtaz Mahal
Shah Jahan's wife, he created Taj Mahal for her as a tomb
vasco de gama
Skirmished with local forces at mozambique and Mombasa 1497-1498, in 1502 he made the ruler of Kilwa to pay tribute
Manilla Galleons
Sleek, fast, heavily armed ships capable of carrying large cargoes.
Manilla Galleons
Sleek, fast, heavily-armed Spanish ships capable of carrying large cargoes; regularly traveled through Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco on west coast of Mexico
Cast System
Social class system in Hindu culture
Minoans
Society located on the island of Crete that influenced early Mycenaean societies
Hammurabi's Code
Sophisticated code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi
Simon Bolivar
South America's liberator. Worked for the establishment of a large confederation that would give Latin America the power to resist encroachment by foreign nations. "I fear peace more than war"
SEATO
Southeast Asian Treaty Organization; Alliance between US and noncommunist governments in Southeast Asia
Assyrians
Southwest Asian people who built an empire that reached its height during the eighth and seventh century B.C.E; it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet Premier who reached an agreement with JFK during the Cuban missile crisis
Peninsulares
Spanish and Portuguese migrants born in Europe; top of social hierarchy
Cortes
Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec empire and brought large portions of mexican land under spanish control.
Cabeza de Vaca
Spanish explorer of New World who was one of the four survivors of the Narvaez Expedition; published La Relacion which accounted his journey
American Food Crops
Spanish merchants coming to the Philippines introduced American food crops to China which were cultivated in soil that would have otherwise not been used; the new crops drastically increased the food supply in China which encouraged a huge population growth
St. Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish soldier, who, after being wounded, founded the Society of Jesus; supposedly saw a vision of Mary and founded the society after intense sessions of prayer
Mandarins
Special class of powerful Ming officials sent out as emissaries of the central government to ensure that local officials implemented imperial policy.
Cohongs
Specially licensed Chinese firms which dealt with foreign merchants.
William Wilberforce
Spokesman of the End Slavery Movement, made English Parliament to end slavery.
Sufi missionaries
Spread Islamic values without facing the resistance that unyielding and doctrinaire campaigns would likely have provoked
Five year plan
Stalin's plan to replace the NEP with a five-year plan which would transform the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural country to a leading industrial power
Mexican revolution
Started in 1910 in Mexico. A revolt against established order that changed to a multi sided civil war. Often called the most important event in Mexico and one of the greatest Upheavals of the 20th Century.
Constitutional States
States that had limited power and recognized rights individuals had. Examples are England and the Netherlands
Foot binding
Strengthened patriarchal authority: tightly wrapping feet of young girls with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of bones, resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet. Women could not walk easily or naturally- canse or carried around. Believed enhanced attractiveness and allowed control of girls behavior. Allowed women to statu under tight supervision
Self
Strengthening Movement - raise troop numbers and taxes go up to run the bureaucracy; "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use" was the slogan; not enough change to make a difference
Tiananmen Square
Students went away to other places in order to learn about the democratic systems there. When they returned, they met in Tiananmen Square in order to protest the current government situation. Deng ended up violently putting down the revolts.
Abd al-Hamid II
Sultan installed by the Ottoman bureaucracy, suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, and ruled autocratically in an effort to rescue the empire from dismemberment by European powers
Three Principles of The People
Sun Yatsen's basic ideology, called for elimination of special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, and democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
Features of a civilization
Surplus of production, specialization of labor, centralized government, shared values, and writing
The Reign of Terror
Suspended the Constitution and all rights to man. Whoever committed an unconstitutional action was quickly tried and executed
Harsha
Temporarily restored unified rule in most of northern India and sought to revive imperial authority. He became the king at the age of sixteen in the lower Ganges Valley. He had a reputation for piety, liberality, and scholarship. He did not restore permanent centralized rule.
Glasnost
Term referred to the opening of the SOviet Society to public criticism and admission of past mistakes
Oceania
Term referring to the Pacific Ocean basin and its lands
Qin Shihuangdi
The "First Emperor" of the Qin Dynasty. Used Legalist policies, standardization of units, laws, and roads to further unify China.
Pu
The "Uncarved Block" that symbolizes the natural and original form that humans should strive to return to.
Triple Alliance
The Alliance of the Mexica with the people of the Texcoco & Tlacopan to make the Aztec Empire
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire truly began in 330 AD when the capital of Constantinople was established. It flourished after the fall of the Western Roman Empire and lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. The empire saw amazing leaders such as Justinian. The theme system was created in order to give soldiers land when they returned from war. These themes caused an agricultural surplus, which also caused an economic stimulation. Their long-distance trade also benefitted their economy. This economic boost caused the Byzantines to be the most urbanized in all of history. They had huge buildings and mansions. The Byzantine Empire was christian with a patriarch leader. The Byzantine Christianity became known as Eastern Orthodox.
Hapsburgs
The Hasburg family owned much of the Holy Roman Empire and accumulated a lot of land. Charles V became emperor over this land, but this did not last.
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 in European controlled India. This was formed by a group of Western-educated natives who wanted the independence that they had been promised for enlisting in WWI. However, they mainly worked for the betterment of the Indian upper class. This political group did not have a real source of power, so they mainly just petitioned the British government. The congress, though it did not have power, was able to rally the Indian people together, creating a bond between all the people.
Persian Wars
The Ionian states rebelled and it cause conflict with Persia and Greece, this led to Darius and Xerxes attempting to conquer Greece. They both could not overcome the Greeks.
Aztecs
The Mexica who overcame thier neighbors (Oaxaca) and demanded tributes their subjects & allied with the Texcoco & Tlacopan to make the Aztec Empire
Granada
The Muslim kingdom that fell to Spanish Christian forces during the crusade "Reconquista"
OAU
The Organization of African Unity, created in 1963 by thirty-two member states, which recognized some of the problems of decolonization leading to civil wars and revolts and attempted to prevent conflict
Post-Great War Peace
The Paris Peace Conference; meeting of Allied victors after WWI
The Republic
The Qing empire fell, Sun Yatsen proclaimed China a republic in 1912, the republic soon plunged into political anarchy and rule by warlords
U.S. Civil War
The South viewed themselves as self-sufficient, and wanted to keep slaves, while the North viewed the South's secession as illegal and wanted to keep the union whole. Northern states won the war due to their industry and railroads.
Tokugawa Japan
The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration. Little interaction from trade with others.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S Government sent 1500 Cubans to overthrow Castro, but the American air support never came, and it was over in three days
Anschluss
The annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938. Hitler had forced the resignation of the Austrian chancellor by demanding that he admit Nazis into his Cabinet. The new chancellor, a pro-Nazi, invited German troops to enter the country on the pretext of restoring law and order
Afonso d'Alboquerque
The architect of the aggressive military policy of the portuguese vessels, he sought control of Indian Ocean trade by forcing merchant ships to purchase safe conduct passes and present them at portuguese trading posts
Janissaries
The backbone of the imperial armed forces since the fifteenth century, Christian boys who became soldiers
Little Big Horn
The battle in 1876 where thousands of Lakota Sioux and their allies annihilated an army under the command of Colonel George Armstrong Custer in southern Montana
Persepolis
The capital during Darius's reign. It was an administrative center and a bustling metropolitan city.
Floating worlds
The centers of the urban culture were ukiyo, entertainment and pleasure quarters where teahouses theaters, brothels, and public baths offered escape from social responsibilities and rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior in Tokugawa society
Dao
The central concept of Daoism meaning "The Way." Envisioned by the Daodejing as a passive force and spoken of in mostly negative terms. Living in harmony with this means being passive and yielding. ("Go with the flow")
Predestination
The christian doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save. Predestination has been especially association with the reformer John Calvin.
Spheres of influence
The claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control of a specific, territorial region.
Indira Gandhi
The daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, she became the leader of the Congress Party in 1996 and served as prime minister of India from 1966-1977 as well as 1980-1984. She tried to enact laws that included forced abortions and other forms of birth control after closing the government from voting for a new prime minister. She ended up getting ousted from office again once she held elections in 1977. She ended up being assassinated by Sikh extremists because she had the army attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
Iranian Revolution
The demonstration of the power of Islam as a means of staving off secular foreign influences in 1979, Shia Muslims overthrew the shah and forced him out of the country
Enlightenment
The effects of newton's vision of the universe launched an international project to transform human thought and use reason to change the world.
Boris Yeltsin
The elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (the largest and most prominent of the Soviet Republics.)
Scientific Revolution
The emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.
Evita Peron
The first lady of Argentina who ministered the needs of the poor and sick; known as a saint.
Bandung Conference
The first large scale Asian-African conference. It was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, in Bandung, Indonesia.
Colombian Exchange
The global diffusion of of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher Colombus and other European mariners.
Missionary efforts
The goal of Europeans included spreading Christianity because the New Testament urges Christians to spread their faith throughout the world. Prince Henry the navigator promoted voyages to Africa in order to strengthen Christianity.
Munich Accord
The goal of France and Britain to achieve peace in europe.
McDonalization
The homogenizing aspect of world culture
Theory of Progress
The idea that natural science would lead to greater human control over the world while rational sciences of human affairs would lead to individual freedom and the construction of a prosperous, just, and equitable society
Hong Kong
The island that was given to the British in the Treaty of Nanjing.
Cahokia
The largest surviving burial mound; stretches 300 meters long, 30 m high, and 200 m wide. It is the third largest structure in the western hemisphere before the arrival of Europeans. 38000 people used to live in the vicinity of the mound (estimation)
Adolf Hitler
The leader of the Nazi Party in WW2 germany.
GATT
The main vehicle for the promotion of unrestricted Global Trade. The General Agreement on TArrifs and Trade
Inti and Viracocha
The major gods of the Incas: Inti was the god who was the most important. He was the embodiment of the sun. Viracocha was the creator of the world and humanity, which is why he was favored by people like Pachacuti.
Putting-Out System
The method of getting around a guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for them to complete it.
Theme system
The most important system in the Byzantine Empire that strengthened the empire. An imperial province was placed under a general and was in charge of the military and civil administration. The emperor gave the governor rules to follow and peasants that fought in the military under the general was granted land to live on in that province.
Huguenots
The name given to any of the protestants in France who suffered severe persecution for their new faith.
Catholic Counter Reformation
The name given to the policies implemented by the Roman Catholic Church after the council of trent as a response to the Protestant Reformation. The four main ideas were the strengthening of the catholic doctrine, reclaiming of the lands lost to the protestants, preventing the further spread of protestantism in catholic areas, and spreading catholicism to new lands and people.
NLF
The name taken by nationalist insurgent groups of South vietnam. It was a political organization formed by the vietcong in South Vietnam in 1960
Tupac Amaru rebellion
The natives of Peru revolted in the name of the last incan emperor's (60,000 people revolted). It lasted for two years.
The Haitian Revolution
The only successful slave revolt in history that took plaec of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola
Prehistory
The period before the invention of writing
Colonial Conflict
The policies of imperial powers and officials often forced people of different societies to deal with each other, often leading to conflict. Examples include the sepoy rebellion against the British in India, and the Maji Maji rebellion.
Ferdinand Magellan
The portuguese navigator that began the reconnaissance of the Pacific Ocean Basin, he visited ports throughout the Indian Ocean basin and believed that asian markets were fairly close to the western coast of the America
Cuzco
The religious, administrative, and ceremonial center of the Inca empire. Was turned into the great city by Pachacuti and was considered to be the navel of the universe. The city was not densely inhabited (about 40000), but there were about 200,000 people living in the immediate vicinity.
Jihad
The right and duty to defend Islam and the Islamic community that was used by terrorists in order to justify their attacks against others
Shah Reza Pahlavi
The ruler of Iran that the CIA helped bring to power in 1953, forced to flee the country in 1979 during the Iranian revolution
Montecuzoma II
The ruler of tenochtitlan from 1502-1520. He was the first of the american rulers to come in contact with europeans, and was killed during the spanish conquest of the americas. During his reign, the Aztec Empire reached its height due to his strong military expansion.
Pachacuti
The ruler who united several of the South American people into the Inca empire. Ruled from 1438-1471 and was known as Earthshaker because he was so vicious as a warrior and a general. He entrusted military affairs to his son and implemented taxes to support the government.
Neo-Confucianism
The shoguns patronized scholars who advocated neo-Confucianism views, which figured prominently in the educational curriculum. All those who had a formal education--including officials- received constant exposure to neo-Confucianism values. By early 18th century, neo-Confucianism had become the official ideology of the Tokugawa bakufu.
Allah
The singular god of the people who practiced the Muslim faith
Arms race
The soviet union got involved in building a nuclear bomb, so that it could compete with the US, and it was a race for both sides to build up their arsenal as quickly as possible
Migration
The spread of humans, plants and animal species, and disease pathogens during the period 1500-1800.
University protests
The students demanded reforms and the wanted more representation, they followed after examples of previous revolutions
The Caliph
The supreme ruler of the Islamic world: head of state, chief judge, religious leader, and military commander; the successor to Muhammad
The "November Crime"
The term hitler uses to describe the signing of the armistice in 1918.
Unequal Treaties
The treaties that legalized opium trade, permitted the establishment of Christian missions throughout China, and opened additional treaty ports.
Muhammad Ali
The ultimate victor of an invasion in Egypt, built a powerful army modeled on European forces, rule Egypt from 1805-1848, launched a program of industrialization, concentrating on textiles and armaments, established himself as the effective ruler of Egypt
Sudetenland
The western portion of Czechoslovakia occupied mostly bu ethnic Germans.
"Peace For Our Time"
The words Neville Chamberlain used when retelling the happenings of the Munich conference.
Administrative system
There was a balance between central and local administration. There were governors over the 23 satrapies. There were also military officers, tax collectors, and imperial spies.
Roman Catholic vs. Eastern Orthodoxy
There were disagreements in certain matters involved with Christianity that caused the two churches to split. The Roman Catholic church was located in Western Europe and the Eastern Orthodoxy was located in the Byzantine Empire. \
Space Race
There were these monkeys and they wanted to see who could get to space first so they got in their cars and tried to see who could drive around the solar system first
Spanish Inquisition
They got rid of practioners of Judaism and Islam and sometimes Protestants in Spain.
Civil Code
This affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which people qualified for education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing
The Chinese Empire
This empire had more difficulties than the Ottoman and Russian. Faced internal as well as external challenges. Tried to enact reforms, but they had little effect.
Peace of Westphalia
This ended the thirty years war and laid a foundation for independent competing states. All states recognized each other as equals. However, it did not bring an end to war.
UN Resolution 242
This resolution was adopted by the UN after the Six Day War. It said that the Israelis should remove all their armed forces from newly occupied lands and live in peace with their neighbors.
Pizarro
This spanish conquistador toppled the Incan empire during his conquest of latin america.
Treaty of Tordesillas
This treaty broke up the land in the americas between the spanish and portuguese, in order to avoid a territorial conflict.
Treaty of Nanjing
This treaty gave Hong Kong Island to Britain, opened up 5 new ports to commerce and residence, compelled the Qing government to extend most-favored-nation status to Britain, and made British not subject to Chinese laws.
Thirty Years' War
This war started out as a religous conflict when the Holy Roman Emperor tried to force the Bohemian subjectsto return to the Roman Catholic Church. Spainish, Dutch, French, German, Swedish, Danish, Polish, Bohemian and Russian forces were involved in the war by the time it was finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia. The war hurt economies throughout Europe.
The Hundred Days reform
This was a failed 104 day political, cultural, and educational reform that took place in the late Qing Dynasty. It was undertaken by the Guangxu Emperor and his reform minded supporters. It was ended by the powerful conservative supporters of Empress Dowager Cixi.
Vietnam War
This was the longest war in American history and the most unpopular American war of the 20th century
Mita system
To mine, the Spanish relied on voluntary labor, but they used this system to get people to do jobs no one else would. Each year, villages had to send 1/7 of their males to mine for four months.
Treaty of Waitangi
Treaty between the Maori leaders of New Zealand and Great Britain, placing New Zealand under British colonial control
Lateen sails
Triangular sails that were very maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well from behind.
Indo-Europeans
Tribal groups from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia
qizilbash
Turkish followers "red heads" supported Shah Ismail's conversion to Twelver Shiism
Cyril and Methodius
Two brothers from Thessaloniki in Greece. Conducted missions in Bulgaria and Moravia. Created the Cyrillic alphabet for the illiterate Slavic peoples. Helped the spread of Christianity.
The Panama Canal
U.S.A supported rebels to establish Panama, which was a part of Columbia in order to build canal to facilitate trade between coasts
War of 1812
US declared war on Britain, and Canada united against the US
US Intervention
US declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917; US was initially neutral though it sold munitions and gave loans to Allied Powers; after the Germans sank the Lusitania, public opinion turned against Germany and Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare led to the US intervention
The Mexican-American War
US migrants moved to Texas, and wanted to run their own affairs. The US then accepted Texas as a new state, and Mexican protest led to the Mexican-American War. America defeated Mexico and forced the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on them.
Joseph McCarthy
US senator who started the Red Scare in the US
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
US took possession of half of Mexico's territory, paying little money in exchange.
The Kitchen Debate
US vs. USSR debate regarding capitalism and women's rights
COMECON
USSR resisted the Marshall plan and created their own counterpart COMECON which helped increased trade with the Soviet Union
The Chinese Empire
Under the Qing dynasty, multiple defeats against European powers, Internal rebellions, seriously weak condition
The Chinese Empire
Under the Qing dynasty, multiple defeats against European powers, internal rebellions, seriously weak condition
3100 BCE
Unification of Egypt
VOC
United East India Company, the Dutch joint-stock company
Westward Expansion
United States began to extend rapidly to the wester after the American Revolution. Britain gave the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi river and France donated the Louisiana Territory. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark mapped the territory and settlers began to flock west in search of cheap land to cultivate
President Reagan
United States president who took office in 1981 who was a fervent anti-communist. He halted aid to Nicaragua over fear that communists were influencing their political decisions
Global Terrorists
Use violent means- from hijackings and hostage taking to assassinations to mass murder- to magnify their influence with the aim of advancing political, religious, or ideological causes
Vedas
Vedas "knowledge"; collection of Indian writing in sanskrit; contains the scriptures for early Hinduism
1500-500 BCE
Vedic Age in south asia
Marco polo
Venetian traveler to Asia, who traveled to the Mongol court of Khublai Khan in China; created a narrative of his travels
VOC
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie) Also known as the United East India Company est. in 1602, it was the dutch counterpart of the powerful joint-stock companies.
Haya de la Torre
Victor Raul Haya de la Torre (1895-1979)- began his political activism as a student protester and as a supporter of a worker's movement. He was exiled. This impacted his views to the APRA, including both staunch anti-imperialism and a plan for capitalist development
V-J Day
Victory over Japan Day, August 15, 1945, after bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975
Boxer Rebellion
Violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement which took place in China between 1899 and 1901.
King Henry VIII
Wanted to divorce his wife, but the pope did not allow him to do so. Because of this, he cut his ties with the Roman Catholic Church and made himself Supreme Head of the Anglican church.
South African War (Boer War)
War between British and africans when tensions increased, and a war started and Africans were defeated
The Opium War
War from 1839-1842 between Europe and China over the trade of opium. British military and navy were more powerful than China. British travelled up Grand Canal which prompted Chinese to ask for peace.
French and Indian War
War in N. America between Britain and British colonists against France and their Indian allies
Prince Henry the Navigator
Was an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese. Was the third child of King John 1 and founder of the Aviz dynasty.
Rabban Sauma
Went on a mission to Europe in 1287; sent by Ilkan Ghazan of Persia to win allies against Muslims
Monsoons
Were essential for an agricultural society; In the spring and summer, moisture laden winds came from the southwest and in the fall and winter, dry winds came from the northeast
Indentured labor
What most migrants from Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands traveled as. Planters relied primarily on this to replace slaves.
WTO
What the GATT signed as an agreement to establish the World Trade Organization
Sino-Japansese War
When antiforeign rebellion broke out in Korea against Japan, Qing rules stepped in but were not recognized by the Meiji leaders. In August 1894, Japan declared war on China, which they won. Korea became independent but was essentially a dependency of Japan with unequal treaties between them.
Congress of Victors
When the Great Purge occurred, Stalin purged ⅔ of the delegates and put on people accused of still being loyal to the Bolsheviks
Berlin Blockade
When the Soviet Union blocked all roads, railroads, and water links between Eastern Berlin and West Berlin & Western Germany after the Allies decided to merge their three sectors of Germany; the allies then responded by airlifting supplies and food to the people in West Germany
38th parallel
Where Korea was divided; North Korea was communist with capital at Pyongyang and Sout Korea was capitalist with capital at Seoul
Munich Conference
Where europeans consolidated the policy that came to be known as the appeasement.
The Great Schism
Where the church based in Rome and church based in Constantinople excommunicated each other and formed the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church
Katherine of Aragon
Wife of Prince Arthur
Balfour Declaration
With this declaration of 1917, the British government committed itself to the support of a homeland for Jews in Palestine.
Wilson's 14 points
Woodrow Wilson's goals for peace at the end of the war 1.Treaties of peace openly arrived at 2.Freedom of the seas 3.Removal of international trade barriers (tariffs) 4.Reduction of arms 5.Re-adjustment of colonial claims with regard to the interests of the native peoples 6-13—adjustment of European boundaries in accordance with the principle of nationality 14-establishment of the League of Nations
Eunichs
Worked solely for their emperors and could not generate families and build power bases that might challenge ruling houses.
Heiroglyphics
Writing appeared in Egypt c.3200 BCE. The earliest writing was pictographic, but was soon replaced by symbols representing sounds and ideas, hieroglyphics. In Greek they mean "holy inscriptions". They were a formal type of writing for the Egyptians because they were cumbersome. Everyday life relied on hieratic script.
Collection of Books
Written by Kangazi; smaller than the Yongle Encyclopedia, but it was more influential because the emperor had it printed and distributed, whereas Yongle's compilation was available only in three manuscript copies.
Cuneiform
Written language of the Sumerians, probably the first written script in teh world
Gathas
Zarathustra's works/hymns, teachings say that good would eventually prevail and all evil things would disappear forever; also individual judgement & rewards or punishments according to the holiness of their thoughts/words/deeds
1122-256 BCE
Zhou Dynasty
Magi
Zoroastrian priests that transmitted Zoroastrian teachings orally; eventually preserved religious texts in writing, and gradually made scriptures in a holy book
Nalanda
a Buddhist religious site that doubled as an educational center that taught about Buddhism and Hinduism as well as math and sciences.
Sima Qian
a Chinese historian from the Han Dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese history. His history book is called Records of the Great Historian and it contains more than two thousand years of Chinese history.
Magnetic compass
a Chinese invention that diffused through the indian ocean basin, which European marinier to determine their heading in Mediterranean and Atlantic waters.
Fabian Fucan
a Christian who later converted to Japanese Zen Buddhism and wrote tacts comparing Christianity to other religions of Japan
Diderot
a French philosopher who was prominent in the Enlightenment
Ponciano Arriaga
a Mexican liberal who argued against the division of land
Bernal Diaz del Castillo
a Spanish soldier who described Tenochititlan at its high point and saw both the wonderful culture and the bloody ways of human sacrifice.
The Umma
a cohesive community, "community of the faithful". Provided Islam with a comprehensive legal and social code.
Analects
a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to Confucius.
Arabian Nights
a collection of stories written in Persian about adventures and romance within Harun al-Rashid's court in the Abbasid empire.
Solidarity
a combined trade union and nationalist movement which put pressure on communists
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
a conservative president who took office in 2005 who touted Iran's nuclear program and his antipathy to the state of Israel
Ayatollah Khanenei
a conservative supreme leader who aroused international concern
Cash crops
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower, sugar, rice, and tobacco
Tyrant
a cruel and oppressive ruler and a ruler who seized power without legal right.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
a declaration promulgated by the National Assembly that stated that classes should be destroyed because all men are equal; king wasn't mentioned. King Louis XVI agreed to sign it.
Warsaw Pact
a defense treaty between the communist countries against the capitalist nations
Sternpost rudder
a device used to steer a ship
Mauryan Dynasty
a dynasty and empire that captured most of northern India including the Indus valley and the Ganges.
Antigonid Empire
a dynasty of Hellenistic kings descended from Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed").
Sappho
a famous female poet; fell under moral suspicion for referring to women in an inappropriate way so only a few of her works still exist
Limited Monarchy
a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written, unwritten or blended constitution.
Seneca Falls Convention
a gathering of feminists that issued a "declaration of sentiments" based off the Declaration of Independence
Belisarius
a general of the Byzantine Empire. A general under the empror Justinian. Helped Justinian attempt to conduct his ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Roman Empire, which had been lost.
Seven Year's War
a global conflict brought about by commercial rivalries combined with political differences that took place in Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America involving Asian and indigenous American peoples as well as Europeans. In North America, it merged with the French and Indian War that was already under way.
Dutch Republic
a group of Dutch provinces formed an anti-Spanish alliance when King Philip II of Spain sought to suppress the Calvinist movement in the Low Countries; the Dutch Republic built off of this alliance and was eventually recognized by Spain as a country after the Thirty Years' War.
Missi dominici
a group of imperial officials that Charlemagne sent out to travel yearly in order to attend all jurisdictions and review the accounts of the local authorities
Shogun
a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country
English East India Company
a joint stock company of England that, alongside the VOC, reached immediate financial success and contributed to the early formation of a global network of trade.
Poverty
a lack of basic human necessities that 100s of millions of people struggle with daily
Brown vs. Board of Education
a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional
Robespierre
a law student that knew Louis XVI as a teenager, read in Latin to the king, and later killed Louis XVI
Indentured servitude
a legal obligation to work for someone/ often for agricultural purposes
Indentured servitude
a legal obligation to work for someone/ often for agricultural purposes/ African slaves replaced indentured servitude
Viet Cong
a member of the communist guerilla movement in Vietnam that fought the South Vietnamese government with the support of the north vietnamese army during the Vietnam War.
Battle of Salamis
a naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in September 480 BC in thestraits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf nearAthens. It marked the high-point of the second Persian invasion of Greecewhich had begun in 480 BC
The Convention
a new legislative body elected by universal manhood suffrage, which abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic
Sun King
a nickname for Louis XIV
Uighurs
a nomadic Turkish people invited to Tang China to aid in defeating rebellious forces. In return for their services, they demanded the right to sack Chang'an and Luoyang after the expulsion of the rebels.
Self-Strengthening Movement
a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers
Metis
a person of mixed Native American and Euro-American ancestry
Stoics
a philosopher who believed in not seeking to withdraw from pressures of the world unlike other philosophies
Epicureans
a philosopher who believed pleasure is the greatest good
Skeptics
a philosopher who doubted the possibility of certain knowledge
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
"United Front" policy
a political organization in Russia that was carried out by communist political regimes.
Colonialism
a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world.
Tezcatlipoca
a powerful divine figure in Aztec religion who was the giver and taker of life and the patron deity of warriors
Parthian Empire
a powerful empire based in Iran that extended to wealthy Mesopotamia, also retained many of the customs and traditions of nomadic peoples, ruled until 224 C.E.
Yemelian Pugachev
a pretender to the Russian throne who led a great Cossack insurrection during the reign of Catherine II.
Agora
a public open space used for assemblies and markets
Mehmed V Rashid
a puppet sultan after Abd al-Hamid II was dethroned
Maji Maji Rebellion
a rebellion in Tanganyika to expel German colonial authorities. The rebels sprinkled themselves with "magic water" to protect themselves from German weapons, which failed.
NATO
a regional force consisting of capitalist world powers against the Soviet Union for defensive measures/ North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Velvet revolution
a revolution in Czechoslovakia. It swept communists out of office and restored democracy in 1990.
Versaillies
a royal hunting lodge near Paris where Louis XIV moved French court to. Louis's palace there was the largest one in the world. It had 230 acres of gardens and 1,400 fountains. He ordered 25,000 fully grown trees to be dug up and replanted at Versaillies because he couldn't wait for trees to properly grow there.
Jesus of Nazareth
a savior believed to be both God incarnate and a human being. He is also known as Jesus Christ, "Christ" meaning anointed or chosen one.
Astrolabe
a simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon.
Macedon
a small kingdom to the west of the Persian empire, just north of Greece. It was the birthplace of Alexander the Great
Bob Marley-Get up Stand UP
a song written while the rastafarian was in Haiti
Monasticism
a spiritual way of life focused on piety
United Nations
a supranational organization dedicated to keeping the world safe and secure and preventing WW's/ this organization unlike the League of Nations had actual military power and could act directly if needed
Era warring states
a time in China in which their was no centralized or unified government and many civil wars. It is often stated to have started in 475 BCE, and officially ended with the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE.
Calicut
a trading post in India established by Vasco da Gama
Jati
a type of sub-caste, regularly organized courts, they discipline guild members, resolved differences, and regulated community affairs
War of 1812
a war between the United States and Great Britain over issues that arose as a result of the French Revolution, socially unified French Canadians and British Canadians against a common enemy (the United States.)
Peloponnesian War
a war fought for supremacy in Greece from 431 to 404 bc, in which Athens and her allies were defeated by the league centred on Sparta
The Cold War
a war with no battles between the Soviet Union and US about politics, economy, and power in the world/ the war included an arms race that resulted in the creation of many nuclear bombs
Mary Wolstencraft
a woman who was an English writer, philosopher, and supporter of women's rights
Seneca Falls Convention
a women's movement arose here; feminists issued a "declaration of sentiments" modeled after the Declaration of Independence
Tsar Alexander II
abolished serfdom
Olaudah Equiano
abolitionist cause; published an autobiography detailing his experiences as a slave and a free man.
Manifest Destiny
according to this idea, the U.S. was destined, even divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific and beyond
President Reagan
advocated military spending who zeroed in on communism and the USSR, which he called the "evil empire"
The Mexican American War
after Texas seceded from Mexico and the United States claimed Texas, Mexico and The United States had a war over the territories. It ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave The United States about half of Mexico's land at the time.
The Mexican-American War
after Texas seceded from Mexico and the United States claimed Texas, Mexico and The United States had a war over the territories. It ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave The United States about half of Mexico's land at the time.
British Hegemony
after the Seven Years' War, Britain emerged victorious across the world in its many colonies; although Britain was not the undisputed master of the world or even of Europe, it was placed in position to dominate world trade
Israel
after the civil war in Palestine between the Jews and Muslims, the Jews proclaimed the creation of this independent state
Glorious Revolution
after the deposition of King James the II inviting his daughter Mary and her Dutch husband to rule ensuring that parliament would rule in cooperation with the king/ allowed people to get involved with the government
Trojan War
against Mycenae and Troy that caused chaos and a lot of damage
Erick Honecker
aging leader of East Germany. He objected to Gorbachevs ideas and clung to Stalinist policies.
Absolute Monarchs
all authority lies with king and the king only, kings had divine right
Dar al-Islam
all lands in which a Muslim government rules and the Holy Law of Islam prevails
Fighting in Africa and SW Asia
all of the sub Saharan Africa (except Ethiopia and Liberia) consisted of European colonies. Germans controlled Togoland, Cameroons, German Southwest Africa, and German East Africa
Delian League
alliance of ancient Greek states formed in 478-77 bc to fight Persia
Sulla
allied with the conservative and aristocratic classes, appossing Marius, he took Marius's place after he died, initiated a slaughter of all of his enemies, Sulla executed about 10,000 individuals in that 5 year reign of terror
Prince Henry the Navigator
also Dom Henrique of Portugal, promoted voyages of exploration in west Africa to enter gold trade, discover new trade routes, gain intelligence on Muslim power, win converts to Christianity, and make alliances against Muslims
Louis XIV
also known as the "Sun King" le roi soleil, best epitomized royal absolutism, stated that he was the state "l'etat, c'est moi", built magnificent palace at Versailles (largest building in Europe) and a hunting lodge near Paris, court members served him, nobles moved to city in Versailles, patronized painters, sculptors, architects, and writers, had large army, supported establishment of new industries, building roads and canals, abolishing internal tariffs, and encouraging exports, established France as prominent power in Europe
Seven Years War
also known as the French and Indian War. As a result of the war, the United States gained the French Louisiana territories (France sold it for money.)
Yang Jian
ambitious ruler in northern China; military campaigns brought all of China under one centralized imperial rule; imposed tight political discipline on state similar to Qin Shihuangdi; 580, his patron died, leaving a 7 year old son as his heir; let the 7 year old rule for one year and then forced his abdication and took the throne
Francis Ferdinand
an archduke and the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne. He was assassinated on a trip to Sarajevo by the Serbian nationalist and terrorist Gavrilo Princip.
Estates General
an assembly that represented the entire French population: the nobility, the clergy, and the common people; last time it had been called was in 1614
Boddhisatva
an enlightened being in Mahayana Buddhism
Mahabharata
an epic about a civil war between two cousins, the poem is about Vishna
Operation Iraqi Freedom
an international action against terrorism under President Bush; a multinational coalition force some three hundred thousand strong, largely made up of U.S. and British troops but also including those from two dozen other nations, carried out an invasion of Iraq designed to wage further war on terrorism by ousting the regime of Saddam Hussein and creating a democratic state
Tribunes
an official elected by the lower social classes to protect their interests
Burkas
an outer garment used by Islamic women
Treaty of Nanjing
an unequal treaty between China and the British; the British forced the Chinese to open more ports, lower tariffs on British goods, give extraterritorial rights to British visitors in China and surrender Hong Kong to British rule
Book of the Dead
ancient collection of incantations from elaborate funeral rituals from the ancient Egyptian. There were nearly 150 chapters of papyrus text that were buried with each person's body to assist them in their journey to the afterlife. It includes the negative confessions.
Lidians
ancient kingdom in modern day Turkey; defeated by King Croesus and made a part of Achaemenid empire
Chaldeans
ancient people who lived in Chaldea circa 800 BC and ruled Babylonia 625-539 BC. They were renowned as astronomers and astrologers
Domestication
animals become both dependent of humans and humans use their qualities for personal gain
Mexica
another named for the Aztecs who settled to make the capital at Tenochtitlan
Protests
anti government movement during the last three decades of the 19th century. Social tensions were heightened from industrialization fueled protest by groups whose aims became radical. Center of it were university students known as intelligentsia.
Richard Nixon
anti-communist; US president who debated against Kruschev using the "kitchen" as a way of proving capitalism is better than communism
Boxer Rebellion
anti-foreign uprising with Cixi's support; attacked foreign embassies but failed miserably--> foreign countries attacked them back and killed rebels; made Qing Dynasty seem weak; "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" was another name for them
Protests
antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity arose in the late nineteenth century
Cardinal Richelieu
architect of French absolutism, prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII, worked to undermine power of nobility and enhance authority of the king, destroyed nobles' castles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists
French Indochina
area in which the French introduced European culture and attempted to spread Christianity; modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
Fertile Crecent
area of extremely fertile land that stretched from the Nile river valley, through Mesopotamia, and ends at the Persian gulf.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
areas that were important to Japan, Japanese introduced "kamikazes" who sunk dozens of ships and killed more than five thousand U.S. soldiers.
Waffen SS
armed wing of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel (Protective Squadron), police force at home
Garibaldi
army of 1000 men outfitted with distinctive red shirts; not ambitious to rule
King Pedro IV of Kongo
arrested Dona Beatriz on suspicion of heresy. An army of twenty thousand Antonians challenged him and said he was an unworthy ruler
Buddhism in China
arrived as early as 2nd century BCE over silk roads, but was rather unpopular in comparison to religions such as Confucianism and Daoism. Mahayana Buddhism eventually become popular during Tang and Song China. Large Buddhist communities formed in Dunhuang, along with cave temples and libraries. Attractive because of its morality, sophistication, and promise of salvation. Several schools of Buddhism formed, including Chan (Zen) Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism. Daoists and Confucians fought to expel Buddhism from China during the late Tang dynasty.
Demographic transition
as industrialization transformed societies, fertility began a marked decline due to voluntary contraception; in short run, mortality fell faster than fertility and populations continued to increase; over time, declined birth rates led to lower population growth and relative demographic stability
Council of Trent
assembly of bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials that met to reform Catholicism from 1545-1563
The Communist Manifesto
asserted that all human history has been the history of struggle between social classes. The future lays with the working class because laws dictate that capitalism would stop. Crisis of overproduction, underconsumption, and diminished profits would collapse the capitalist order.
Peloponnesian League
association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 to 173, under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece
Monopolies
associations between business firms whose purpose was to restrict markets and dominate an industry; vertical organization sought to dominate all facets of a single industry, while horizontal organization involved the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business
Cartels
associations between large-scale business organizations whose purpose was to control the supply of a product and thus its price in the marketplace; involved the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business
Trusts
associations between large-scale business organizations whose purpose was to control the supply of a product and thus its price in the marketplace; sought to dominate all facets of a single industry
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms
attributed to Luo Guanzhong, is a historical novel set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 169 and ending with the reunification of the land in 280.
Mien Kampf
autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler which outlines his political ideologies and plans for the future of Germany
Millet
autonomous religious communities in the Ottoman empire where conquered people retained their own laws, language and traditions
Propaganda
bad news was censored (on both sides) and the enemy side was villainized. The idea of losing the war was made to look like complete horror in order to entice people to support the war effort.
The Songhay Empire
based in Gao, governors instituted a heirarchy of command. Imperial navy that patroled the Niger River. Fell due to the attacks from the Moroccan Army.
Vijayanagar
based in northern Deccan, owed origin to sultans of Delhi, means "city of victory" and named by Harihara and Bukka, dominant Hindu kingdom, Muslim merchants ruled trade, political division and conflict between states characterized politics, coherent and distinctive society based on trade, common social structures, inherited cultural traditions
Nationalist People's party (Guomindang)
based on Yatsen's ideology, members of the CCP made up ⅓ of the memberships, both were helped by the Soviets, and both became part of the new political system in China
Twelve Tables
basic law code for citizens of early republic; came about because of the tension between the Patricians and Plebians
James II
became king of England when parliament restored the monarchy, but was disposed of in favor of his daughter after he refused to cooperate with parliament.
Imperial Japan
became one of the "big five" powers in the League of Nations, tried to patch up conflicts in Asia and the Pacific, the Great Depression affected them
Tojo Hideki
became prime minister of Japan and set in motion plans for war against Great Britain and the United States. The Japanese hoped to destroy the American naval capacity in the Pacific with an attack on Pearl Harbor
Norse expansion
because of the increase of agricultural surplus the population in Scandinavia rose so vikings (Norse people) invaded France during the Carolingian Empire. The vikings traveled in boats that were shallow, rugged,had oars, and sails so that they could sail through rivers.
Industrialization in Russia and Japan
began to industrialize in 19th century, became need of industrial powers in tools, technologies, business organization, financial influence, and transportation networks
Antonian Movement
began when an aristocratic woman named Don Beatriz proclaimed that St. Anthony had possessed her and chosen her to communicate his messages.
Buddhism
belief system stating that a life of material goods will lead to suffering; a moderate lifestyle, quiet meditation, and staunch self-control would decrease earthly desires; complete detachment from the material world would lead to salvation, an escape from the cycle of incarnation, and ultimately the attainment of nirvana- perfect spiritual independence; these philosophies are laid out in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, and the basic doctrine is known as dharma
Jainism
belief system that states every piece of matter has a soul, including inanimate objects. These souls undergo constant suffering, but purification from selfish behavior would lead to a release from this suffering and allow them to reach a state of bliss
Predestination
belief that all things are controlled by God; people have little to no free will and are destined to go to either heaven or hell; heavily supported by John Calvin
Popular sovereignty
belief that government should be with the people; one of the driving philosophies of the revolutions
Deism
belief that reason and observation of the world determines the existence of God
Mandate of Heaven
belief the the emperors ruled through the approval of heaven depending on their ability to look after the welfare of the population & if the ruler was not doing that the people had a right to replace them
Monotheism
believe of one god instead of multiple gods
Ferdinand Magellan
believed Asian markets were fairly close to the western coast of the Americas. He left Spain in September 1519, found a strait near the southern tip of South America, and sailed almost four months before taking on provisions in Guam. Many died of scurvy, and he himself died in the Phillippine islands. The survivors continued to spain, completing the first circumnavigation.
Deism
believed in existence of a god but denied Christianity's supernatural teachings, such as Jesus's virgin birth and supernaturality; believed that God created the world but didn't take personal interest in its development
British Imperial Rule
believed in indirect rule; had control of India, Burma, Malaya, South Africa, Egypt
Louis XIV
best representation of royal absolutism, king of France. Moved royal court to Versaillies, causing most nobles to also move to Versaillies. Lavishly patronized the arts. Gave nobles luxury. Promoted economic development by building new roads and canals, abolishing internal tariffs, and encouraging exports.
Betty Friedan—The Feminine Mystique
book that sparked the "second wave" of American feminism
Second Treatise of Civil Government
book written by John Locke that furthered the argument for popular sovereignty; people give of themselves to help better society, therefore they should be able to have a say in government
Pastoralism
branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock
Sui Dynasty
built the Grand Canal which was the most elaborate project of the dynasty; Canal finished construction during Sui Yangdi's rule as emperor; placed enormous demands on subjects in course of building strong, centralized government; Sui Yangdi levied high taxes and his forced labor generated hostility toward his rule; late 610s some rebellions broke out in northern China when Sui Yangdi sought additional resources for his Korean campaign; 618, a disgruntled minister assassinated emperor and brought the dynasty to an end
Urbanization
by 1900, 50% of population in industrialized lands lived in towns of 2,000 or more and 150 large cities emerged in N. America and Europe combined; industrialization increased number of jobs in cities as well as water and air pollution; by late 1800s, governments began to improve cities' water supply, sewage systems, and building codes
New International Economic Order
called for by the coalition of of developing nations, sought a more just allocation of global wealth by guaranteeing prices and markets for commodities
Seleucid Empire
called the Achaemenid empire; Greek influences reached its maximum in and around this empire; one of the three empires split up after Alexander the Great
Sasanid Empire
came from Persia and claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids, ruled until 651 C.E.
Interment camps
camps that the Japanese Americans were put into after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Gao
capital of Songhay Empire, trading city
Santo Domingo
capital of Spanish Caribbean, est. 1498
Khanbaliq
capital of the Yuan dynasty, established by Khubilai Khan
Spanish Civil War
caused by the electoral victory of Popular Front that was followed by an anti-government insurrection of the Spanish army. Fought between Republicans and Nationalists; Nationalists won and their leader, Francisco Franco ruled Spain for 36 years
Tula
center of trade were weaving, pottery, and obsidian were made that was made by the Toltecs
4 noble truths
central beliefs of Buddhism- 1) all life involves suffering; 2) earthly desire is the cause of suffering; 3) eliminating earthly desires leads to an elimination of suffering; 4) strictly adhering to the Noble Eightfold Path is the way in which one eliminates desire
Kongo
centralized state, kings converted to christianity as a way to establish closer commercial relations. Relations with Portugal eventually led to the destruction of the kindgom
Cash crops
certain crops that were only sold (tobacco, rice, indigo, and later cotton) posed serious threats to North American societies and brought lots of slave labor
Louis XIII
chief minister was Cardinal Richelieu
Osman
chief of the seminomadics who migrated to Anatolia in order to become Muslim religious warriors; essentially began the early Ottoman Empire
Priesthood of all believers
christian doctrine stating that ordinary christians share a common priesthood, exact definitions varies with the different cultures, no priest had all the power and all can have a close relation to God
Kiev
city around which Kievan Rus flourished; Vikings from the land of Sweden settled there
Hong Kong
city in China that was surrendered to the British in the treaty of Nanjing
Pasargadae
city of the Achaemenid empire
Fatehpur Sikri
city planned and build by Akbar, Mughal capital from 1569-1585, buildings had Indian elements and housing for ruler
The Papacy
claimed spiritual authority; based in Rome
Dona Beatriz
claimed that she had been possessed by St. Anthony and had been chosen to communicate his messages. Gained reputation for performing miracles and curing diseases, promoted an African form of Christianity. Taught that Jesus has been a black African man and Kongo was the true holy land. Was burned at the stake for suspicion of heresy
Ali i nui
classes of high chiefs in Hawai'i who intermarried and ate the best fish and foods
Taiwan
client state of the US that became independent
Abu Bakr
close friend and advisor to Muhammad, became the first caliph after the death of Muhammad, as well as chief judge, religious leader, and military commander
Magic
code breaking operation, enabled a cryptographer monitoring Japanese radio frequencies to discover the plan to attack Midway
Peninsulares
colonial officials from Spain and Portugal
Anastacio Somoza Garcia
commander of U.S. National Guard in Nicaragua; fought against and killed Sandino; became president and wanted the trust of the U.S.
African National Congress
committee formed to protest apartheid; Nelson Mandela was one of the young leaders.
Todor Zhivkov
communist head of state of the PRB (Peoples Republic of Bulgaria). The longest surviving communist dictator of Eastern Europe
Calpulli
community groups that lived together & cultivated thier own land
Caeseropapism
concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church-versus-state controversy in medieval Europe. Constantine initiated this policy whereby the emperor not only ruled as a secular lord but also played an active role in ecclesiastical affairs
Witch Hunting
condemnation and occasional execution of people accused of witchcraft; convenient way to explain problems that arose; all types of people were accused, but single women (unmarried, widows) were the majority of "witches"
Colonial Conflict
conflicts between the colonizers and the natives that broke out all over the globe due to differences beyond just nationality
The Indian National Congress
congress brought together to discuss the colonial rule of British over Indians and the poor treatment of the Indian people/ over a few decades it became a fight for independence and in 1947 they finally gained independence from colonial rule
The Son of Heaven
considered this because the people thought the emperor was chosen to be emperor by divine powers to maintain order on Earth; similar to Mandate of Heaven; people who had a single audience of the emperor had to perform the kowtow before the performance
Central and Southeast Asia
controlled by France, Great Britain, the Dutch, and the US
Global corporations
corporations that treat the whole world as a single market and act as if international bariers don't exist.
Status of Islamic Women
could legally inherit property, divorce husbands on their own initiative, and engage in business ventures; Quran portrayed women not as the property of their menfolk but as honorable individuals
Gauchos
cowboys who lived in South America
Dependency Theory
crafted by Raul Prebisch, stated that developed and industrial nations dominated the international economy and profited at the expense of less developed and industrialized nations burdened with the export-oriented economies which were remnants of colonialism.
Divine Faith
created by Akbar, Islamic + incorporated different religious traditions + focused attention on the emperor as the ruler of religious, ethnic, & social groups
Shah Ismail
created the Safavid Empire, laid claim to the ancient Persian imperial title of shah, proclaimed that the official religion of the region would be Twelver Shiism
Simon Bolivar
creole elite, he led the movement for independence and he took up arms against Spanish rule. He wanted to form all the colonies into one separate state from the Spanish
Cult of Dionysus
cult of mainly women who danced, sang, and performed goat sacrifices; they're religious beliefs focused on morality
Agriculture
cultivation of plants to use for food or other purposes that improve human life. The first evidence of agriculture was in 9000 BCE in Southwest Asia. Agriculture was used as a way to feed more people for a growing population. With the ability to have surplus crops, humans could focus on the specialization of labor and eventually led to cities and city-states.
Emancipation Proclamation
declared that all slaves were free in the southern states (although did not apply to Northern states, which was corrected with the Thirteenth Amendment.)
Population
decreasing mortality rate as result of vaccines, improved diets, and improved sanitation led to sharp increases in population across industrial world in 1800s
Marcus Aurelius
defeated the Parthians under his rule, Roman emperor
US Civil Rights Act of 1964
demanded equality for African- Americans; influenced the women's movement and provided a training ground for many women activists
Portuguese Brazil
dependent on mostly the cultivation of sugar cane for exports; land given to Brazil due to the Treaty of Tordesillas
Nuremburg Trials
designed to bring Naxi leaders to justice, challenged the notion of unlimited national sovereignty and created the concept of "crimes against humanity," which warranted international judgement and punishment
Treaty of Waitangi
designed to place New Zealand under British protection
Democracy (direct vs. representative)
direct democracy - people vote for what they want, representative - people vote for a person to represent them who then votes for what their people want
Aristotle
disciple of Plato but came to distrust his theory; explored the nature of reality which deeply influenced European/Islamic traditions
Plato
disciple of Socrates; created Theory of Forms or Ideas and elaborate to Socrates' ideas
Hawai'i
discovered by James Cook, traded with him for pigs and provisions for iron ware
The Young Turks
dissident organization, Ottoman society for union and progress
Zemstvos
district assemblies where the people elected representatives
Catherine the Great
divided her vast empire into fifty administrative provinces and promoted economic development, restricted the punishments that noble landowners could inflict on the serfs
Quetzalcoatl
divine figure of the Aztecs who supported the arts, crafts, and agriculture of Mexica society
Convention on the rights and duties of States
document signed by U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, which said that no state had the right to interfere with the internal affairs of others
Imperialism
domination by a powerful nation over the political, economic, and cultural affairs of another nation or region
Missionary efforts
drove Europeans into the larger world, wanted to expand Christianity, not always peaceful, crusades and holy wars began in the eleventh century
Siberia
due to Russian expansion; originally home to 26 ethnic groups, some who resented the demands for tribute and resisted the Russian forces, so the Russian forces resorted to punishing raids led to a revolt against the Russian oppression. Government sent missionaries to the "small peoples" to try and convert them to Orthodox Christianity.
The Corporation
during 1850s and 60s, British and French authorities laid foundations for this, and it quickly became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies.
War communism
during the the government annulled private property and controlled banks, industries, and other privately owned commercial businesses
Maji Maji Rebellion
east African rebellion against the German powers with the victors being the Germans after two years of fighting 1905-1907
Causes of Imperialism
economic growth, military/political strategy, spread of culture
Pater familias
eldest male in the family made most of the decisions, ruled (arrange marriages, determine the work or duties his children, punish them, sell them into slavery, and even execute them)
President Barack Obama
elected in 2008; shifted the war on terror away from Iraq and toward afghanistan and bin Laden
Sunni Ali
embarked on a campaign to conquer his neighbos and consolidated the Songhay empire
Sultan Selim III
embarked on a program to remodel his army along the lines of European forces, this threatened the Janissaries who then had a revolt and killed everyone in the reform
Manila
emerged as a multicultural port city and the hub of Spanish commercial activity. Chinese merchants were prominent and they aroused suspicion, so the Spanish and Filippino residence massacred Chinese merchants. Spanish sought to spread Catholicism: opened schools that taught the doctrine.
Taliban
emerged out of the disorder and devastation of the Afghan-Soviet war. Promoted itself as a new force for unity and determined to create an Islamic state according to its own austere interpretation of Islam
Shah Jahan
emperor of Mughal India who ordered the Taj Mahal to be built; went crazy and son disposed of him; obsessed with his wife; had many luxuries while he was emperor like the Peacock throne
Voltaire
epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment; published writings that included some ten thousand letters and filled seventy volumes; championed individual freedom and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies; waged a long literary campaign against the Roman Catholic church, which he held responsible for human suffering
Delhi Sultanate
established Islamic state in Hindu Kingdoms of northern India, had a large army and was ranked among most prominent states in Islamic world, built mosques/shrines/fortresses and were patrons of art/literature, had no permanent bureaucracy or administrative apparatus, never overcame Hindu resistance but prominently sponsored Islam
Guardo National
established and trained in Nicaragua; state military forces, in part equipped, trained, and quartered by the U.S. government, and paid by the U.S. government, that become an active component of the army when called into federal service by the president in civil emergencies.
King Leopold II of Belgium
established colony as his own, treated people badly, when they didn't do enough work, he was known for cutting limbs off of people
Thomas Peters
established free slave society at Freetown
Columbian Exchange
exchange of diseases, animals, plants, and people between East and West Hemisphere; ultimately led to increase in world population
Darius
expanded empire east and west, population of 35 million, largest empire yet, 70 ethnic groups, created capital at Persepolis, attempted to take all of Greece which started Persian wars
Cavour
expelled Austrian authorities from most of northern Italy; turned his attention to southern Italy where Giuseppe Garibaldi led the unification movement
The Russian Empire
experienced battlefield reverses that caused economic and technological disparity. Wanted to preserve its status as a great land power, so the tsarist government embarked on a program of reform. Social reform paved the way for industrialization, which transformed society.
Hapsburgs
extensive dynastic holdings in Austria, dominated Holy Roman Empire. Through marriage alliances with princely and royal families, the Habsburgs accumulated rights and titles to lands throughout Europe. Charles V inherited authority over Austrian domains as well as the duchy of Burgundy and the kingdom of Spain. He became emperor in 1519 and acquired authority over Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland and N. Italy.
Homer
famous poet who may not have existed, wrote Homer and Illiad.
Vaishya
farmers, merchants, artisans (3rd highest)
The Ottoman Empire
fell during this period, not able to have an industrial revolution, did the worse out of the 4 societies
Soldaderas
female soldiers or supporters of soldiers who demonstrated extreme forms of activism during the Mexican revolution.
Soldaderas
female soldiers or supporters of soldiers, demonstrated the most extreme form of activism during the Mexican revolution
Soldaderas
female soldiers or supporters of soldiers, demonstrated the most extreme form of activism during the Mexican revolution,
Simone de Beauvior-The Second Sex
feminist novel regarding the treatment of women
Olympe de Gouges
feminist, (1748-1793), was a victim of the Jacobins, who did not appreciate her efforts to extend the rights of freedom and equality to women
Railroads
financed largely by British investments, railroads to more than 200,000 miles of tracks after the civil war, compared to the 30,000 beforehand. Railroads provided cheap transportation, which helped internal trade stay cheap, and helped the steel industry grow because of all the steel needed for tracks. it also standardized time zones for America
Paleolithic
first era in human history where humans relied on hunting and gathering to survive
Kwame Nkrumah
first leader of Ghana; in favor of pan-African unity
Peace of Augsburg
first permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg
Chandragupta Maurya
first ruler of the Mauryan Empire and helped build it and form a government within it. Many of the things implemented can be found in the political handbook called the Arthashastra
Explorer I
first satellite of the United States, launched as part of its participation in the International Geophysical Year. The mission followed the first two satellites the previous year; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 and 2, beginning the Cold War Space Race between the two nations
Hebrews
first to practice monotheism on a large scale
Legalism
focused in the Warring States period. It was the ideology that the Qin Dynasty was run by. Han Fei was the best known contributor to this ideology. It focuses a lot on law and creates a harsh and controlling government.
Zapatistas
followers of Emiliano Zapata, women who served in the Mexican Revolution, provided food or sometimes were actual soldiers
Constitutional states
following struggles, the constitutional government strengthened the state and provided a political framework that enabled merchants to flourish as never before in European experience. Ruler in England and the Netherlands shared authority with representative institutions and created constitutional states.
Spheres of influence
foreigners dismantled Chinese territories who were powerless to resist; the different countries governed the powerless territories
Dutch Republic
formed from a rebellion 1579-1581 against Spain for suppressing a Calvinist movement/ not recognized as republic until end of thirty years war 1648
Mazzini
formed the Young Italy group; promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule to form an Italian national state
Dhows and junks
forms of transportation over the sea - Dhows were favored by Persian, Indian, and Arabian sailors and weighed 100-400 tons -Junks- were sailed by southeastern Asians
U.S. Civil War
fought between the Union and the Confederacy in the United States after the southern states seceded. It was fueled by debates over slavery and the economy, as well as the betrayal felt by the Union when the southern states seceded.
Carthage
fought with Rome over Sicily for first Punic War; located in modern-day Tunisia; Phoenician colony
Charles I
fought with church in the English Civil War. Was captured and beheaded by oliver Cromwell.
Cyrus
founded Achaemenid Empire, wily leader and good strategist, in 20 years: minor regional king to ruler of empire
Ferdinand and Isabel
founded Spanish Inquisition in 1478, obtained papal license to operate the institution as a royal agency
Ming dynasty
founded after the Yuan Dynasty by Hongwu, tried to get rid of all Mongol influence, rebuilt Great Wall all around the borders of the dynasty, fell when Manchus captured the capital (Beijing)
Seleucid Empire
founded and ruled by Seleucus, the former commander of Alexander's elite guard. He ruled Persia, and kept the Persian infrastructure. Many of the Satraps opposed him, and the Parthian empire fought with them too. They were eventually conquered by Rome
Abbasid Dynasty
founded by Abu al-Abbas who led a rebellion that destroyed the Umayyad Dynasty; very cosmopolitan; not a conquering dynasty; focused on trade/administration/education; used regional governors to keep control of empire; capital moved to Baghdad; Ulama (scholars) & qadis (judges) set moral standards in the communities; civil wars over succession rights, rebellions/uprisings, and finally the Mongols invading destroyed the empire
Qing dynasty
founded by Manchus; civil service exams; shaved front of heads and grew back out; encouraged Confucian schooling and education in general
The Qing dynasty
founded by Manchus; civil service exams; shaved front of heads and grew back out; encouraged Confucian schooling and education in general
Zionism
founded by Theodor Herzl; Jewish people sought to constitute a nation and the right to own their own national homeland
Benito Mussolini
founded fascism in Italy, had the Blackshirts who were armed fascists squads that terrorized socialists
Siddhartha Gautama
founder of Buddhism; born a kshatriya, he left his life of luxury behind after being appalled at the suffering he saw around him; he led an ascetic life and found enlightenment after meditating under a bo tree for forty-nine days; his beliefs and doctrine led to the founding of Buddhism
Muhammad
founder of Islam; born a merchant in Mecca who was shortly orphaned; based his beliefs off of revelations given to him in a cave by the angel Gabriel; fundamental beliefs included monotheism and helping the poor/widowed; respected the teachings of Christian leaders such as Jesus and Moses, but thought that he was the prophet whose job it was to reveal Allah's final message; amassed a cult following in Medina, upon which he returned to his native Mecca and conquered it, thus beginning the exponential growth of Islam
Hongwu
founder of the Ming dynasty; drove Mongols out; extensive use of mandarins and placed great trust in eunuchs
St. Ignatius of Loyola
founder of the Society of Jesus who put his time into religious work after a leg injury from battle
Theodor Herzl
founder of the Zionist movement; migrated with the Jews to Palestine which was renamed Israel
Xia
founder the sageking Yu. One of the first efforts to organize public life in China on a large scale. The dynasty came into being about 2200 B.C.E. in roughly the same region as the Yangshao society. Established a precedent for hereditary monarchical rule in China. Encouraged the founding of cities and development of metallurgy.
The Manchus
founders of the Qing dynasty; pastoral nomads; Nurhaci turned Manchu tribes into centralized state; outlawed intermarriage and the travel of Chinese to Manchuria; ruling elite schooled in Confucian thought and Chinese language
Free Trade
freedom from state imposed limits and constraints on trade across borders
John Calvin
french lawyer, 1509-1564, converted to Protestant and fled to Geneva, composed treatise - Institutes of the Christian Religion that codified Protestant teachings and presented them as a package, Geneva became a missionary center with most success are in Netherlands and Scotland
Metis
french word for "mixed"
Chola Kingdom
from 850-1267 C.E., ruled Coromandel coast, conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, financed by trade profits from powerful navy, didn't have tightly centralized state, requested order and taxes, native Sinhalese revolts led to weakening of Chola realm
The Indian Act
gave India the institutions of a self-governing state. Allowed for the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies, the creation of a bicameral national legislature, and the formation of an executive arm under the control of the British. Proved unworkable because Indian princes did not agree.
Indra
god of rain and thunderstorms in hindu religion
Roman Deities
gods worshipped by the ancient Romans
Zemstvos
government created elected district assemblies in 1864.
Oligarchy
government ruled by a small group of people
Monarchy
government ruled by one person, like a king
Fascism
government system, hostile to liberal democracies, socialism, and communism. It was an extreme form of nationalism
Bloody Sunday
government troops killed 130 workers that were marching to Nicholas II's house with a petition.
Aristocracy
government where the power is held by the nobles (people who own most of the land)
Economic nationalism
governments began turning to their own resources and imposing tariff barriers, import quotas, and import prohibitions. Tried to achieve a high degree of economic self-sufficiency
Angola (Ndongo)
grew from a small chiefdom subject to the kings of Kongo to a powerful regional kingdom, largely because of direct trade with Portuguese merchants
The Vikings
group of Scandinavian people who traveled south from Norway because of population growth. They built shallow boats with sails and oars in order to be able to navigate through rivers so that they could attack people, specifically monasteries.
Zionism
group of people dedicated to combating the violent anti-Semitism prevailing in central and eastern Europe by establishing a national Jewish state.
Examination system
grueling ordeal; battery of tests administered at district, provincial, and metropolitan levels; children went to every length to cheat; children confined to small concubines bareilly able to fit one man; no interruptions between the test takers and anybody else
Examination system
grueling ordeal; battery of tests administered at district, provincial, and metropolitan levels; children went to every length to cheat; children confined to small concubines barely able to fit one man; no interruptions between the test takers and anybody else
Charles V
habsburg family dominated the Holy Roman Empire and Charles inherited authority over them, became emperor in 1519 and acquired authority over Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, and Northern Italy, devoted attention to Lutheran movement, ruled each land according to their own laws and customs
Saddam Hussein
had a stockpile of chemical and biological weapons, otherwise termed "weapons of mass destruction"
South African War (Boer War)
happened because of tensions between British authorities and the Afrikaners
Jose Carlos Mariategui
he castigated Peru's leaders in journals and newspapers for not helping the poor and unfortunate (suffered exile)
Aung San Suu Kyi
he emerged as leader in Myanmar; also deriving her political authority from her father; assassinated in 1947
Megasthenes
he was a greek ambassador to the indian subcontinent who wrote a book called the Indika which talked about his perspective of India while living there between 4th-3rd centuries B.C.E.
Kautala
he was a political advisor to Chandragupta and helped come up with the procedures for ruling the empire.
Nicholas II
he was the end of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia after the March Revolution caused him to step down
Louis the Pious
he was the only living son of Charlemagne (made him next heir) but he lacked military skills and had very little control of local authorities. He had three sons that caused war between the next ruler so the empire split into three.
Osama bin Laden
head of al-Qaeda who aided mujahideen who fought soviet forces in Afghanistan
May Fourth Movement
headed by the youth intellectuals, protested foreign (especially Japanese) inference in China
Fabius
helped the Roman army to create a way to tire down Hannibal's army called the Fabian strategy; put the enemy through a war of attrition
John Locke
highly influential Enlightenment thinker whose detailed arguments for popular sovereignty were the basis for both the American and French Revolutions; all men are entitled to "life, liberty, and property"
Charles II
his father was executed, marking the end of the English monarchy. Parliament of Scotland declared Charles II to be king of Great Britain, but the English parliament disagreed. Charles II was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in the Battle of Worcester, and he fled to France to live in exile while Cromwell controlled England.
Abraham Lincoln
his presidency was the beginning of the U.S. Civil War. While he claimed originally that the war was not over ending slavery, he was a major proponent of the abolition of slavery, and the abolition of slavery became a core issue in outcome of the war.
Laozi (Lao-tse)
historical (possibly fictional) sage living during 6th century BC; ascribed with writing Daodejing, even though it was most likely written by several authors
Mecca
holy city of Islam and birthplace of Muhammad; once a center of polytheistic society before being forced to convert to Islam; it is required for all Muslims to make a pilgrimage here and see the city, and all prayer is conducted facing it; houses relics such as the Ka'ba
Sharia
holy law that all Muslims follow
multiregional
homo sapiens sapiens emerged simultaneously throughout the world and descended from earlier hominid groups that had already left Africa.
Anti-semitism
hostility or prejudice against Jewish people
Confucianism
how to get into the civil service exams; what the civil service exams tested children on; what the children studied to prepare for the exams
Spanish Armada
huge flotilla that had 130 ships and 30,000 men
Racism
idea that one race is superior than another
Sigmund Freud
identified a conflict between conscious and unconscious mental processes that lay at the root of neurotic behavior; the existence of a repressive mechanism that keeps painful memories or threatening events away from the conscious mind; this theory is called the psychoanalytic theory and it provided the keys to understanding all human behavior
Filial piety
implied duties of children toward fathers and loyalty of subjects toward emperor; veneration of ancestors; strengthened authority of patriarchs
Theory of Progress
improvements in science, social organization, and technology can improve the human condition
Spanish Armada
in 1588, Spanish fleet sent to England to displace Elizabeth and revert the country to Catholicism; Spanish fleet completely destroyed, in part due to a storm, and England expanded its power
Citizens
in Athens only adult males
Missionaries
in South America spanish missionaries able to help native community and convert any people although the native religions still stayed/ North American missionaries not at all as effective/ natives did not want new religion/ English didn't care about converting, French did but did not get many converts
Thomas Malthus
in his famous Essay on the Principle of Population, he insisted that poverty and distress are the inevitable consequences of unchecked population growth
Dutch Learning
in order to keep Christianity out, Tokugawa shut off almost all communication with the world except for the Dutch; few learned Dutch in order to communicate and get information about the outside world along with new technological findings
Cook
in search for northwest passage found Hawai'i, able to communicate with Hawaiians, got along well with Hawaiians trading with them on first trip, tried to protect Hawai'i from diseases but failed, on return a conflict between his crew and the Hawaiians killed him
Ptolemaic Empire
in the Egypt region; wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires; capital was Alexandria which brought great prosperity; one of the three empires split up after Alexander the Great
Pompeii
in the triumvirate, very strong in military power
Greek theater
included drama and sometimes comedic dramas
Encomienda
institution in which the Spanish had the right to make the native Taino people work hard and brutally. In return, the workers were looked after and encouraged to convert to Christianity
Madrassas
institutions of higher education; appeared c, 10th century, taught students an advanced education in Islamic theology & law for administrative positions.
Oracle bones
instruments of foretelling the future used by fortune-tellers during the Shang dynasty; a question was inscribed on the bone and it was then placed into a fire, and the heat caused it to crack. The cracks were then read by the fortune-teller and they determined an answer to the question.
Birth control
introduction of latex condom in mid-1800s led to decline in birth rates in industrial societies
Kuwait
invaded by Saddam Hussein in 1990, began the Gulf War
Eli Whitney
inventor of the cotton gin who also developed the technique of using machine tools to produce interchangeable parts for firearms. This method was soon adopted to the manufacture of other products.
Confucianism
is a ethical and philosophical system. It is a method that was created by the teachings of a Chinese philosopher, Confucius. It was the official state ideology of the Han Dynasty. There are Five Constants: Ren, Yi, Li, Zhi, and Xin. Confucianism focuses largely on filial piety and the Five Relationships: ruler to people, father to son, husband to wife, brother to brother, and friend to friend.
Crete
island in Greece were the Minoans started
Indentured labor
it was basically a legal form of slavery for those who fell into debt
Expansion of Islam
it was militaristic (jihad) it spread to Spain, the Byzantine empire it appealed to merchants and people who were poor or members low in the caste system, it promised them equality with all and salvation, mostly in the Umayyad dynasty
Literature
it was very depressing to illustrate the horrors of the war; postwar pessimism; they were works overflowing with images of meaningless death and suffering
Iran-Iraq War
killed as many as one million soldiers, war of attrition between Iran and Iraq
King Afonso I
king of Kongo who sought to convert all his subjects to Christianity
Alexander the Great
king of Macedon, who conquered Greece (336), Egypt (331), and the Persian Empire (328), and founded Alexandria
Xerxes
king of Medes and Persians who fought against the Ancient Greeks in the Persian War
Darius
king of Persia
Philip of Macedonia
king of the Greek kingdom of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336 BC. He was the father of Alexander the Great and Philip III
Louis XVI
king who was beheaded during the French Revolution; initially didn't feel ready to be king, and he was believed to be too young to rule; he married Marie-Antoinette, which was a political union between Austria's and his own; it symbolized the end of an ancient rivalry; during his reign, he didn't pay attention to the people or their needs
Absolute Monarchs
kings who rule by absolute power and call upon divine right to rule/ they take support from nobles, but in the end are the absolute ruler
Mehmed II
known as Mehmed the Conqueror because he conquered Constantinople in 1453 and created a new dynamic for Ottoman expansion; it became to Ottoman capital where he laid down foundations for a tightly centralized monarchy; he continued to conquer and even captured the pope until his successors abandoned his plans for expansion
serfs
laborers bound by the land
Peter I (the Great)
lad a party of Russian observers on a tour of Europe to learn about western European administrative methods and military technology, reformed the army be offering better pay and drafting peasants who served for life as professional soldiers, constructed navy with an eye toward domination of the Baltic and other Northern seas
Kikuyu
large ethnic group in Kenya; radicals created a violent campaign against the Europeans.
Huguenots
large group of French Protestants inspired by John Calvin; harsh critics of the Roman Catholic church and faced persecution because of it; some migrated to different countries in Europe and spread their ideas
Teotihuacan
large theocratic agricultural village; rapidly expanded to fifty thousand; had pyramid of the sun & for the moon; all citizens lived in the city; had fine orange pottery workers
The Great Wall
largely Ming dynasty project; started in earlier dynasties but the Ming just about finished it; ran 2500 kilometers and 10 to 15 meters high; emperors hired hundreds and thousands of laborers for the project
Qing
last Chinese imperial dynasty that was overthrown by revolutionaries
Cleopatra
last of the Ptolemaic rulers, gained forces with Mark Antony (married each other)
Sandinista Front for National Liberation
launched guerrilla operations aimed overthrowing the Somozas and they finally took power in 1979.
Yongle
launched naval expeditions that sailed throughout Indian Ocean; moved capital to Beijing to keep watch on Mongols
Mahmud II
launched reform program, killed the Janissaries so they couldn't kill his army, put most of his energy in reorganizing the army, education policies, made Ottomans strongest they'd been since 17th century
Knossos
lavish palace in Minoa, nerve center of Minoa
Karma
law of order of cause and effect based on the morality of one's actions
Harun al-Rashid
leader during the high point of the Abbasid dynasty. His two sons feuds for who should succeed him led to civil war and the eventual downfall of the dynasty.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
leader of Egypt that opposed Israel, began a political revolution and reform through militarism. Took control of the government from Egypt's King Farouk in 1954.
Zwingli
leader of Reformation in Switzerland; attacked Catholic ideas such as fasting during Lent; contemporary of Martin Luther; killed in battle while trying to blockade Catholic cantons; also clashed with Anabaptists; wanted union of church and state
Heinrich Himmler
leader of SS and chief of the German police, gave a three hour speech to an assemble of SS generals in the city of Posen, Poland, justified Nazi anti-Jewish policies
Sargon of Akkad
leader of a semitic group that conquered and unified the Sumerian city-states and founded the Akkadian Empire, established cities ruled by kings rather than priests, secured loyalty from soldiers by giving them land
George Washington
leader of the American Revolutionary army; served as British general during the French and Indian War; eventually won the struggle against Britain and was named first President of the United States
Sun Yatsen
leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), 1st president of China, created the New Three Principles of the People
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
leader of the Guomindang after Sun Yatsen's death, young general trained in Japan and USSR, launched political and military offensive known as the Northern Expedition that aimed at unifying China, suddenly turned against CCP, a former ally
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
leader of the Islamist movement that took power after the Iranian Revolution
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
leader of the Muslim League in India, founder of Pakistan (Muslims wanted their own country in northeastern India (Pakistan today)).
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
leader of the Muslim League, promoted the division of India into Hindu and Muslim in India, desired foundation of Pakistan
Louis Riel
leader of the Métis and indigenous people of western Canada, a métis himself, assumed the presidency of provisional government in 1870, captured Fort Garry and incorporated province of Manitoba into Canadian Dominion, exiled and wandered around US, led the Northwest Rebellion against the railroad and British Canadian Settlement 1885, then executed for treason
Oliver Cromwell
leader of the parliament forces during the English civil war
Revolution of 1905
led to the establishment of the Duma, Russia's first parliamentary institution
Donation of Pepin
legal basis for Papal States
King Minos
legendary king of ancient Crete, Minoans were named after him
Act of Supremacy
legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII supremacy, which means he was declared supreme head of the Church of England
Sakk
letters of credit, root of the modern word check, merchants could draw letters of credit in one city and cash them in another with the new bank system
Prague Spring
liberal movement that promised socialism with a human face
Samsara
life cycles of reincarnation
Ottoman empire
located in Anatolia by seminomadic Turks who migrated there in the 1200s; expanded by capturing big areas like Bursa and Gallipoli; unusually successful frontier state which lasted almost 700 years
Manchuria
located in China, 1931 Japan's military forces acted to assert control over the region
Tigris and Euphrates
located in modern day Iraq; known as the first cradle of civilization; where Mesopotamia developed; River would flood irregularly so irrigation systems had to be put into place to control and obtain water for agriculture, and the banks of the river were very rich so early settlers could plant successfully.
Phoenicians
located on the Western Coast of the Fertile Crescent (or Lebanon). were centered around the Mediterranean Sea, and did most of the trading by sea (they were called sea people). They built very useful sea vessels that made traveling a lot faster. These people also invented the first alphabet that is based off the one we use today. fell to Cyrus the Great (which he conquered for the Persian Empire) about 539 BCE. The whole empire lasted 1200- 539 BCE.
Pax Romana
long era of peace, 2 ½ centuries, facilitated trade and communication
Persians
loose subjection to Babylonians, spoke Indo-European languages, pastoralist, limited agriculture, organized by clans, payed tribute to Mesopotamia, warriors with great equestrian skills
Harijans
lowest Hindu social group and ritual status, hereditary (born into this group/class)
Simon Bolivar
major figure in the fight for independence in Latin America against the Spanish. He wanted to organize a group of united states similar to that of the United States, but found it to be impossible with the divisions between Latin American states.
Postwar pessimism
majority of European intellectuals rallied enthusiastically to the Great War; postwar writers lamented the decline of Western society; all societies pass through a life cycle of growth and decay comparable to the biological cycle of living organisms(Oswald Spengler)
Occupation
majority of people resented occupation forces but usually went on with life as much as possible, collaboration, workforce of war supplying goods, resistance
Scramble for Africa
many Europeans wanted to colonize the lands of Africa and many arguments happened
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
marched to Seneca Falls, New York; argued for voting rights, ability to attend public schools, ability to have professional jobs; and be involved in public affairs; limited success
Amritsar
massacre of Indians by British soldiers. The British shot protesters that were protesting British presence in India
Kapu
means taboo to commoners
Marie Antoinette
member of the Austrian royal family who married King Louis XVI; was beheaded by members of the French Revolution; her hair was believed to represent all that was wrong with her, and Versailles; nicknamed "Madame deficit"
Jesuits
member of the Society of Jesus (S.J.), a Roman Catholic order of religious men founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, noted for its educational, missionary, and charitable works, once regarded by many as the principal agent of the Counter-Reformation, and later a leading force in modernizing the church. They made China known in Europe
Brahman
member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus
Jesuits
members of the Society of Jesus; demands poverty, chastity, obedience to Church and Christ; attempted to spread teachings far and wide but faced some persecution
Medes
migrated with Persians from central Asia to Persia before 1000 BCE
Types of Imperialism
military, political, economic, and cultural
Metis
mixed society, always got the lower half of the deal, not as low as the slaves or indigenous, but not as high as the creoles and European-born people, often rebelled
Metis
mixed society, always got the lower half of the deal, not as low as the slaves or indigenous, but not as high as the creoles and european-born people, often rebelled
King Henry VIII
monarch, dissolved monasteries and confiscated church wealth in England → poor relief and support for orphans
Islam
monotheistic religion founded on the Arabian peninsula; doctrine based off of the teachings of Muhammad and written laws/lessons are found in the Quran; eventually encompassed nearly all of the Arabian peninsula and allowed Muslims to expand Islamic territory to include North Africa and parts of Spain; contributions included the preservation of ancient societies' ideas/art
Hammurabi's Code
most extensive and most complete code of law at the time it was written by the babylonian king Hammurabi. People who broke the laws suffered punishments resembling their violations, but the code took into account your social status.
The Franks
most successful/ influential of the Germanic peoples; conquered most of Gaul; gained popular support by converting to Christianity; greatest rulers were the Carolingians
Yemelian Pugachev
mounted a rebellion in the steppe lands of the Caspian Sea
Civil Rights Movement
movement for total equality of rights; un-equal rights exploited by the USSR
Enlightenment
movement over the purely rational analysis of the human world
Caudillos
name for important charismatic leaders for the people
Sandino
nationalist and liberal general who refused to accept any peace settlement that left Marines on Nicaraguan soil; led the opposition to Nicaraguan conservatives and the occupation of Nicaragua by US Marines
Jomo Kenyatta
nationalist leader in Kenya; jailed
Lazaro Cardenas
nationalized Mexican oil industry and was a shrewd diplomat with the U.S. and Britain
Revisionist Powers
nations who were not content with the status quo after WWI
Dona Marina
native that gave Cortés diplomatic and linguistic services; alerted him to impending danger; was called La Malinche (the traitor) by her people
Holocaust
near destruction of Jews European Jews by Germany, caused by anti-Semitism, moved into ghettos, work and concentration camps, genocide
Octavian (Augustus)
nephew and protégé of Caesar, 45 years of unopposed rule, created a monarchy disguised at a republic, ruled until death, made smart decisions when ruling, stabilized land and enabled institutions of empire take root
Julius Caesar
nephew of Marius, Sulla didn't consider him to be a threat at the time, built a good reputation with people by sponsoring public events or spectacles, led Roman army for a while, turned his army against Rome and made himself dictator for life, helped to plebeians, attacked Caesar and stabbed him to death, part of the triumvirate
New weapons and technology
new weaponry with old tactics, began developing defense tactics with barbed wire, trenches, and machine guns that tore down enemies before they got close. Mustard gas was well known for being used in the war, and had excruciating effects that caused death in 4-5 weeks. The British developed tanks for the war, although they were not all that effective in turning the tides of the war, and the Germans developed tanks soon after. Planes were also used in the war, although not so much for fighting in air (which came to be known as dog fighting). The Germans also used submarine warfare.
The People's Republic of China
newly unified communist China led by Mao Zedong
Xiongnu
nomadic people from the steppes of central Asia that spoke a Turkish language; their strengths were mobility and superb horsemanship; the Chinese feared them, so they tried to maintain peace with them by arranging marriages with their people and giving them food and finished goods
Bedouin
nomadic people who kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels and migrated through the deserts to find food for their animals; organized themselves into family and clan groups, thus developing a strong sense of loyalty to their clans
Nomads of Australia
nomads who lived in Australia and unlike their neighbors to the north, they did not turn to agriculture and changed their ways relatively little over the centuries
Reconstruction
northern forces occupied the south to enforce slaves' civil rights and voting rights. the reformation failed shortly after the northern troops went back.
Reconstruction
northern forces sent armies of occupation to the southern states and forced them to extend civil rights to freed slaves
Juan Manuel de Rosas
notable caudillo, restored order through terror in Argentina, where city people and countryside people could not reconcile their differences.
Alfred Dreyfus
of Jewish background; convicted of treason and trial became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French history; debate ensued when Dreyfus was found innocent about anti-Semitism; still remained a traitor but then his army titles were returned to him as a major in the French artillery
The First Republic
officially the French Republic, was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon I
Divine Right
on which Absolutism stood, kings derived their authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants upon earth", no divine right of commoners or even nobles only kings
Ihara Saikaku
one of Japan's most prolific poets who helped create a new genre of prose literature, the "books of the floating world", which revolved around the theme of love
Alliances
one of the causes of WWI, if your ally went to war, then you would as well, got lots of countries involved
Timbuktu
one of the cities that Sunni Ali brought under his control, used the wealth to dominate the central Niger Valley
Trafficking
one of the fastest growing enterprises in the world that involves forcing captives into bonded labor or the commercial sex industry
Nile
one of the four cradles of civilization developed; located in Egypt; flows north from Lake Victoria (its source) to Upper Egypt and then Lower Egypt and then to the Mediterranean Sea; On its path silt is deposited into the river making the banks fertile; longest river in the world.
Taxation without representation
one of the main slogans of the American Revolution; colonists thought it to be highly unfair that the overseas Parliament could tax them, despite the fact that they had no say in Britain's decisions
James Cook
one of the most important of the Pacific explorers, led three expeditions to the Pacific and died in a scuffle with native Hawaiians, charted European maps of the Pacific
Crassus
only in the triumvirate because of his money
Alexander the Great
or Alexander of Macedon, he came from the west and conquered Persia. He burned Persepolis, the Persian capital, but kept the Persian government infrastructure.
Estado novo
or the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933. It evolved from the Ditadura Nacional formed after the coup d'état of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic
Taj Mahal
ordered by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died in childbirth; the structure represents the day when Allah would cause the dead to rise and undergo judgement while the gardens represent the gardens of paradise with four water channels like the four rivers of the heavenly kingdom; one of the most prominent of all Islamic edifices
Luddites
organized bands of English handicraft workers who destroyed textile machines in Britain. Called their leader King Lud, after legendary Ludlam. Avoided violence, got popular support, government suppressed.
The Fulani
originally a pastoral people who lived in West Africa. Settled in cities and observed a strict form of Islam and led a series of military campaigns to establish Islamic states in west Africa. Founded powerful states in Guinea, Senegal, Mali, and northern Nigeria and promoted spread of Islam. Established schools in towns to teach Quran and Islamic doctrine.
Central powers
originally called the Triple Alliance (excluding Italy), Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turks), Bulgaria, ultimately lost WWI
The allied powers
originally called the Triple Entente because of Britain, France, and Russia's participation, it became the allied powers during the war and, at one point or another, consisted of Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the US. They won the war.
Newton
outlined his views in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, work symbolized the scientific revolution
Taira and Minamoto
overshadowed others which lead to war between the two and Minamoto was victorious
Janissaries
part of the Ottomans, Christians, revolted against Selim III because he wanted to convert to European ways, they were killed by Mahmud II
Olympic Games
part of the panhellenic festivals; communities sent their best athletes to compete in speed, strength, and skill
Afrikaner National Party
party dedicated to quashing any move toward black independence
Thermopylae
pass in E Greece, between the cliffs of Mt. Oeta and the Gulf of Lamia: Persian defeat of the Spartans 480 b.c.
Satyagraha
passive resistance in India
Edmund Cartwright
patented a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving
Serfdom
peasant workers; serfs who were bound to their lords lands.
Creoles (Criollos)
people born in the Americas of Iberian parents
Migration
people migrated between East and West hemisphere during Columbian exchange; slaves moved to West Hemisphere and settlers to West Hemisphere, South Africa, Australia, and Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
people settled in these lands in a time period when seas were very low and sailing distances were very short.
Aryans
people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples
Taino (Arawaks)
people that lived in the Caribbean in small villages headed by chiefs; most prominent people in the region; first group of people that Spanish mariners interacted with; exhibited little initial resistance to Spanish mariners.
Maori
people who populated New Zealand. Sweet potatoes were an important crop for them
Zambos
people with native and African parents
Hellenistic Era
period of ancient Greek and eastern Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC
Scramble for Africa
period of time in the late 19th century where different nations attempted to gain colonies Africa because of its valuable resources
Security Council
permanent body of the UN consisting of five countries like the US, China, France, Soviet Union, and England/ this was the actual power behind the UN which had the power to use military force/ all five votes are needed for any decision of the UN
Hajj
pilgrimage to Mecca; began when Muhammad first made a trip to conquer Mecca; one should make this trip at least one time during a lifetime as part of being a Muslim
Kamikaze pilots
pilots whose purpose was to fly their planes into carriers out at sea in order to sink them
Socrates
pivotal figure in development of philosophy; decided to focus attention on human affairs and suggested human beings could lead honest lives- honor was more important than wealth or fame
Nan Madol
place on Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands where the Sandeleur dynasty built a powerful state and organized construction of a massive stone palace
Marshall Plan
plan in order to rebuild the economy of the European countries by capitalism
Jose Hernandez
poet who offered a romanticized of the gaucho life and protested its decline in an epic poem, The Gaucho Martín Fierro 1873
Jose Hernandez
poet who wrote The Gaucho Martin Fierro that displayed a romanticized version of gaucho life
Fidel Castro
political leader of Cuba, transformed country into a communist state
Zoroastrianism
polytheistic religion (Ahura Mazda, Angra Mainyu, 6 lesser deities); teachings say that good will prevail/evil will disappear and at the end of the world there will be individual judgement > "good words, good thoughts, good deeds"
Hong Xiuquan
poor with potential, failed his civil service exams, claimed to be Jesus's brother, part of the Taiping rebellion
Chiquita Banana
popular character used in ads by the united Fruit Company; resembled Carmen Miranda; helped soften the United States perception of Latin Americans
Pulp Fiction
popular fiction novels which were looked down upon by Confucian scholars because of crude content; printed on cheap paper in order to produce quickly
Bhagavad Gita
portion of the Mahabharata in which Vishnu speaks to Arjuna about fighting his own cousin and lays out several tenets of Hinduism, including the eternal soul, duty to one's caste, and the worship of Hindu gods (mainly Vishnu in this passage)
Paul Gauguin
postimpressionist painter; fled to central America and Tahiti; inspired by the primitive art he found there, claiming that it held a sense of wonder that civilized people no longer possessed
Sasanid Dynasty
powerful Persian empire that toppled the Parthians in 224 CE and ruled until 651 CE. "King of kings" provided strong rule from Parthia to Mesopotamia. During the reign of Shapur I, they stabilized their western frontier and created a series of buffer states between themselves and the Roman empire
Wang Mang
powerful and respected Han minister who undertook a reform program; served as a regent for a little Han boy, and when people claimed that he would be a better emperor, he took their advice and seized the throne; he was known as the "socialist emperor" because he made many social reforms, such as limiting the amount of land a family could own; however, his plan backfired, and the people rebelled and murdered him
Marius
powerful general and politician; fought with Sulla in a civil war and failed to stop Sulla from taking Rome by force and becoming emperor of Rome
Prehistory
prehistory is the period before the invention of writing
United Nations
premier international governmental organization; superseded the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and to deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity
Franklin Roosevelt
president from 1933-1945 (four consecutive terms), created the New Deal, called Pearl Harbor "a date which will live in infamy"
Oscar Arias Sanchez
president of Costa Rica, was influential in promoting a negotiated end to the Contra war in Nicaragua.
President Carter
president of the United States of America who recognized the Sandinistas as a legitimate party
Roosevelt
president whose administration was most closely associated with the "Good Neighbor Policy"; although he was well-intentioned in his exercise of this policy, events in Nicaragua highlighted the limits of the U.S. "neighborliness"
India Act of 1935
pressed toward Indian self-rule, but faced challenges due to calls for independent yet separate Hindu and Muslim states
Brahmin
priests (highest social class)
Inukai Tsuyoshi
prime minister of Japan, assassinated, his assassination culminated a campaign of targeting political and business leaders
Early Capitalism
private parties make their goods and services available on a free market and seek to take advantage of market conditions to profit from their activities.
Specialization of Labor
process that uses division of labor to produce large number of goods at the lowest cost
Hunting and gathering
process to obtain food in the Paleolithic era, where tribes would hunt for their meat and forage for fruits and berries
Samurai
professional warriors, served the provincial lords of Japan, lords supported agricultural surplus and labor services of peasants,
The Witte System
program of railway construction including the trans-Siberian railway, remodeling of the state bank, establishment of saving banks and infant industries, secured high loans from Western Europe to finance industrialization
Philosophes
prominent intellectuals collectively known as philosophers, center of Enlightenment
Philosophes
prominent intellectuals that were the center of Enlightenment
Land and Freedom Party
promoted the assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reform
Christopher Columbus
proposed sailing to the markets of Asia by a western route. He was denied funding for his proposal by the Portuguese court, but Fernando and Isabel of Spain agreed to sponsor him. He left in August of 1492, stopped in the Canaries, and reached the Bahamas on the 12th of October 1492. He reported to his sponsors that he had reached Asia, when he had, in reality, reached the western hemisphere.
Al-Andalus
prosperity of the Islamic, Spain. Governors of Al-Andalus were Umayyads who didn't recognize the Abbasid Dynasty.
St. Benedict
provided regulations for monasteries and an asceticism lifestyle
Mehmed V Rashid
puppet sultan of the Young Turks
Self-Strengthening Movement
raise troop numbers and taxes go up to run the bureaucracy; "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use" was the slogan; not enough change to make a difference
Ayllus
ranged in size from small villages to larger towns. Consisted of several families who lived together, sharing land, tools, animals, crops, and work
Taipings
rebellions in China, second bloodiest thing after WWII
Warriors
received public honors and rewards, as they exercised a high position in the Mexica hierarchy; those who were most successful formed a council whose members selected the ruler, discussed public issues, and filled government positions
Tang Taizong
reconquered the northern and western land that China had since the decline of the Han Dynasty; started the achievements of the Tang Dynasty
The Mandate System
redistributing German colonies and Ottoman Turk Arab land to the League of Nations; divided Mandates into three classes based on their populations; mandates fell to the Allied powers; nicer term than colony; Germans viewed it as division of colonial booty by the victors; making of mandates in former territories of the Ottoman empire violated promises by French and British leaders during the war; Jews did not get Palestine like they were promised before the war
Ramses
regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire
Qianlong
reign marked height of Qing dynasty; cancelled tax collections of four occasions
Queen Victoria
reigned 1837-1901 and assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the newly established office of secretary of state for India
Moksha
release from samsaraSocial class system in Hindu culture
Spanish Inquisition
relied on religious justifications to advance state ends, founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478, task to ferret out those who secretly practiced Judaism and Islam, changed by Charles V to detect Protestant heresy in Spain, served political/religious purposes
Chavin cult
religion that spread throughout modern day Peru in 1000 B.C.E., vanished in 300 B.C.E., and used discovery of maize 2 promote fertility & specialization of labor
Vichy Government
remained the civilian authority in the unoccupied southeastern part of France, provided a prominent place for those French willing to collaborate with German rule
The Congress of Vienna
representatives of the "great power" that defeated Napoleon; returned rule to royal families and returned thrones to those that were lost; censored publications to prevent the talking of seditious ideas and relied on spies to identify nationalist and republican activists
Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
resources from Asia during the "Asia for Asians" campaign, advocated Japan's expansion in Asia and the pacific
Good Neighbor Policy
revamped US approach to relations with Latin America; approved "sweetheart treaties" that guaranteed US financial control in the Caribbean economies of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Dr. Martin Luther King
revolutionary civil rights leader who was assassinated
Jacobins
revolutionary political movement that had been the most famous political club of the French Revolution. The club was so called from the Dominican convent where they originally met, in the Rue Saint-Jacques in Paris.
8-fold path
right belief, right resolve, right speech, right behavior, right occupation, right effort, right contemplation, right meditation
Yangtze and Yellow
river valleys were rich with river silt and were good for agriculture, unlike much of the other land in China; were prone to irregular flooding; served as starting place of civilization in China
Bartolomeu Dias
rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, but did not continue on because of storms and a restless crew. He did, however, succeed in opening up a route to India, China, and the spice-bearing islands of southeast Asia.
Romanovs
royal family of the Russian Empire
Muhammad Ali
ruled Egypt from 1805-1848, built a powerful army based on European forces, launched program of industrialization
Zhou
ruled by proclamation or decree, battled Shang and nomadic raiders from the steppes. Overtook the last Shang city and made it their own in 1122 B.C.E. Ruled by the mandate of heaven. Zhou rulers relied on decentralizing administration, they entrusted power, authority, and responsibility to subordinates who in return owed allegiance, tribute, and military support to the central government.
Silla Dynasty
rulers in Korea, halfway defended against the Tang invasion and set up a tributary relationship with China, in which they performed kowtow (kneeling an bowing), gave gifts, and received better gifts. It also opened up trade routes
Slums
run down societies that have people who were seeking relief from rural areas
Maroons
runaway African slaves who built their own self governing communities
Daoism (Taoism)
said to be created by Laozi. Its teachings are found in the Daodejing. focuses on action through inaction. Dao means "the way" or "the path".
Pope Gregory I
saved Rome and the Church from Germanic primacy; reasserted claims to papal primacy; emphasized penance
Humanists
scholars who were highly interested in morals & literature; believed that Christians could live moral lives while still actively participating in society
The Planet's carrying capacity
scientists and concerned citizens have become increasingly convinced that human society can not infinitely expand
King Leopold II of Belgium
sent Henry Morton Stanley to establish colonies in Congo
Philip II of Spain
sent the Spanish Armada to England to try to force them to come back to the Roman Catholic, but the fleet was scattered
Upanishads
series of Hindu sacred treatises written in Sanskrit expounding the Vedas in predominantly mystical and monistic terms
Smallpox
serious epidemic that reached the Caribbean in 1518; led to enslavement of the Taíno people; forced native societies out of existence
Helots
servants of the Spartan state, their role was to provide agricultural labor and proveide Sparta with food, from neighboring lands the Spartans conquered, allowed to have families, could not leave land
Shudra
servants/laborers (lowest class)
Cardinal Richelieu
served as chief minister to Louis XIII, architect of French absolutism. Worked to enhance the authority of the king instead of nobility, crushed aristocratic power against king. Responsible for the tightly centralized monarchy of France.
Stalin
served as general secretary until he became dictator and implemented the 5 year plan; ruthless ruler who ordered the Great Purge in which he killed millions
W.E.B. Dubois
shared in the advancement of the NAACP, sociologist, white- american
Hatshepsut
she ruled jointly with Thutmose III who had ascended to the throne as a child one year earlier
Mohandas Gandhi
shot 3 times by Hindu extremist; promoted a united India, undivided by religious differences
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
sights that the United States targeted with the atomic bombs
Kellogg-Briand pact
signed by Japan in 1928, renounced war as an instrument of national policy
Astrolabe
simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determinde the latitude by measruing the sun or the pole star above the horizon
Carmen Miranda
singer and dancer in Brazil who gained fame in the United States; helped bridge cultural gaps between the U.S. and Latin America
Emporia
sites where maritime merchants could exchange their current cargo for goods to bring home during the next monsoon. They were most prominent in the Indian Ocean Basin, with merchants from all over Asia, Africa, and Persia.
African-American Cultural traditions
slaves introduced African foods to Caribbean and American societies that added variety to their diets, as well as west African houses, clay pots, and grass baskets
Yellow Turban Uprising
so named because of the distinctive headgear worn by the rebels; a particularly serious revolt that raged throughout China and tested the resilience of the Han state during the late second century CE; causes: all land was owned by a few individuals with large estates and the weakening of the Han dynasty
Ideologies—Conservatism
society is an organism that changes over time, Liberalism- allowed change to happen.
Justification by faith alone
sola fide, Christian theological doctrine, distinguishes protestant denominations from Catholicism, have to have a true deep faith and not just do good works
Charles II
son of Charles I/ battled with Cromwell, but lost and went into exile/ returned after his death to England to rule as monarch
Ali
son-in-law and cousin of Muhammad, 4th caliph who only served for 5 years, Shia believe the caliphs should be descendants of Ali, Umayyad Dynasty established after his assassination
Trade unions
sought to advance the quest for just and equitable society.Illegal associations whose purpose was to restrain trade, went on strike and employers continue to hire replacement workers. Gradually improve lives of working people
Peloponnesus
southern part of the Greek peninsula
Bernardino de Sahagun
spanish missionary who helped to preserve the Mexican history before the arrival the spanish/ things such as language, customs, literature, and history
Audiencias
special court of appeals in the spanish empire. In overseas territories, served as a governing body of that colony or territoy for the mother country.
Nirvana
spiritual perfection or independence achieved by detaching yourself from worldly desires in accordance to the Buddhist doctrines.
Joint-stock companies
spread the risks attached to expensive business enterprises and also took advantage of extensive communications and transportation networks.
Civilization
stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced
Adolf Hitler
started Nazi party, took over as chancellor
Communism in Russia
started as the Bolshevik party who started a civil war and put Lenin into power; during this war a new policy known as war communism came about where the government annulled private property and controlled banks, industries, and other privately owned commercial businesses; represented by the Russian Communist Party which operated out of Moscow and made the Red Terror Campaign (later reversed)
British Imperial Rule
started when the British government abolished the Mughal Empire and the East India Company
Truman Doctrine
stated that the US was the help free people and contain the growing communism
Serfdom
status of peasants under feudalism in the Russian Empire, lasted until the mid-19th century
Steam power
steam engine created in 1765 by James Watt, burned coal to boil water to create steam which drove mechanical devices. Made greater productivity, enhanced transport, etc.
History
study of past events following the invention of writing
Jati
subcaste of the Hindu caste system
The fall of the Ottoman Empire
successfully fending off Allied forces on beaches of Gallipoli and Mesopotamia, the armies slowly retreated. Turkish troops unable to defeat the empire against invading British.
The Engenho
sugar mill that combined agricultural and industrial enterprises/ often involved slave labor
Abd al-Hamid II
sultan, accepted constitution that limited his power, continued the Tanzimat principles, generated many liberal opposition groups
Church of England (Anglican)
supported by Charles I, went against Parliament
Einstein
symbol of revolution in physics; theory of relativity - showing that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe; e = mc2
Chinampa
system of agriculture marked by fertile soil acquired by the dredge from Lake Texcoco
Putting-out system
system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England
Huitzilopochtli
taken as the patron deity of Mexica warriors; as military success continued, the people began to believe the god especially favored the Mexica, thus causing the priests of the god's cult to demand numerous sacrificial victims to keep the war god pleased
Pueblo and Navajo
tapped river waters to irrigate their crops of maize, creating agricultural economy, and thus supporting settled societies with large populations
Lin Zexu
tasked with destroying the opium trade in China.
Jizya
tax that dhimmi had to pay to practice a religion other than Islam
Parthenon
temple dedicated to Athena built by the Athenians
The Spanish-American War
tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico, the last places where Spain still possessed colonial power in America. The U.S. easily defeated them, claiming Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
Ghazi
term for Muslim religious warriors
Globalization
term that can be defined in a number of ways. refers to the reduction or removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate the flow of goods, capital , and labor.
Land and Freedom Party
terrorists in Russia who began to promote the assassination of prominent officials as a means to pressure the government into political reform.
Angra Mainyu
the "destructive spirit" or the "hostile spirit", evil and malign spirit engaged in cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda,
Yom Kippur War
the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1973 that started on the first day of an important Jewish holiday.
Retreat at Dunkirk
the British engineered this retreat in an attempt to rescue the Allied troops from the Germans before the fall of France
Cash and Carry
the British paid cash and carried the materials (supplied by the US) on their ships
English East India Company
the English counterpart of the joint-stock companies; est. in 1600. Experienced major financial success and contributed to the early formation of global networks of trade.
Christopher Columbus
the Genoese mariner that proposed sailing to the markets of Asia by a Western route, was funded by Fernando and Isabel of Spain, and landed in Central America rather than India
Luftwaffe
the German air force used in the Battle of britain
Blitzkrieg
the German style of rapid attack through use of armor and air power that was used in Poland, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France in 1939-1940
MAIN
the MAIN causes of WWI: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism
The Young Turks
the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, formed by exiled Ottomans living in Paris, vigorously promoted reform and made effective use of recently established newspapers to spread their message
Storming of the Bastille
the Parisian common people, fearing that the king wanted to undo events of the previous weeks, stormed this place in search of weapons; they hacked defenders to death and paraded around the streets with the garrison commander's head on a pike; later dug in with bare hands and took this building down, brick by brick; represented the dismantle of the past itself
Mithradates I
the Parthians' greatest conqueror, came to the throne about 171 B.C.E. and transformed his state into a mighty empire
Revolution of 1905
the Russian revolution starting with Bloody Sunday, containing the establishment of the Duma, and ending with the fall of the Romanov dynasty.
Muhammad ibn Tughluq
the Turkic sultan of Delhi who interacted with Ibn Battuta
Lend-Lease program
the United States "lent" destroyers and other war goods to the British in return for the lease of naval bases
Afonso d'Alboquerque
the architect of the aggressive Portuguese policies. Sought to control Indian Ocean trade by forcing merchant ships to purchase safe-conduct passes. If they were caught without one, their ships were subject to confiscation and violators may be executed or have their hands cut off.
Palestine
the area claimed by both both Muslims and Jews. The Jews claimed this as their homeland.
The Final Solution
the attempted murder of every Jew living in Europe, would move all Jews to camps in Poland where they would be worked to death and exterminated
Iron Curtain
the boundaries between the communist nations of East Europe and the Western European countries
Stalingrad
the city where the Soviets and the Germans came face-to-face and Stalin ordered a "patriotic" war for Russia
Third Estate
the common people of France who realized they weren't being heard by the king
Mithraism
the cult of the god Mithras, which became popular among Roman soldiers of the later empire
Hominid Development
the development of human beings from Australopithecus to homo sapiens sapiens
African Diaspora
the dispersal of African peoples and their descendants
Frederick Lugard
the driving force behind the doctrine of indirect rule, which British employed in many of their African colonies. Wrote "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa"
"Socialism with a human face"
the driving ideal behind Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia
Han Wudi
the dynasty's greatest and most energetic emperor; pursued two policies: administrative centralization and imperial expansion
Dollar Diplomacy
the effort of the United States—particularly over President William Howard Taft—to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
Acropolis
the elevated fortress that overlooks Athens
Scientific Revolution
the emergence of modern science when developments in math, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine, and chemistry transformed views of society and nature
De-Stalinization
the end of the rule of terror and partial liberation within Russia
Vardhamma Mahavira
the father of Jainism; a former kshatriya who left his lifestyle and other worldly goods behind to become ascetic and teach the Jainist doctrine; he formed a group of followers who would promote Jainism
Abu al-Abbas
the first Abbasid caliphate. Descendant of Muhammad's uncle; allied with Shias and non-Arabs. Annihilated Umayyad clan in 750. (also the name of elephant given by Harun al-Rashid to Emperor Charlemagne)
Sputnik
the first artificial Earth satellite
Bolsheviks
the first communist party in Russia started by Lenin after he took over. They were considered to be the the representation for the working class people of the Soviet Union during the Russian Revolution
John Macdonald
the first prime minister of Canada
Apristas
the followers of the APRA
Divine Right
the foundation of absolutism, the idea that kings derived authority from God and served as "God's lieutenants upon earth." Got support from nobles but maintained complete authority with the king.
Economic Problems
the governments of Austria and Germany relied on U.S. loans and investments capital to pay reparation payments to France and England. Then British government's used those reparations to pay back the U.S. IN the summer of 1928, U.S. lenders and investors withdrew capital from Europe, over-stressing the financial system. There was demand for raw materials, and a depressed state of agriculture
Containment
the idea of "containing" communism from spreading to newly independent countries; policy of the US
Manifest Destiny
the idea that the United States was destined, or divinely ordained, to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific and beyond. It was often invoked to justify U.S. annexations
Taino
the inhabitants of the island in the Bahamas reached by Christopher Colombus.
Collectivization
the integral to the drive for industrialism; farms would collectively share profits because communist ideologies call for the abolition of private property; the increasing of efficiency of agricultural production
Creole languages
the languages that the native African spoke, a mixture of several African and European languages
Mass tourism
the largest industry on the planet
Lech Walesa
the leader of the Solidarity movement and became president of Poland
Louis Riel
the leader of the metis and indigenous peoples of western Canada
Pablo Picasso
the leading proponent of cubism that displayed the influence of African art forms
Mean People
the lowest class on the social hierarchy including slaves, indentured servants, entertainers, prostitutes, and other marginal groups
The different fronts
the main front were centered around Germany. The Eastern front was between Germany and Russia, and this had constantly changing lines. The Western Front was between the Allies (minus Russia) and Germany, which was mostly a stalemate and fought in France. The Southern Front was fought between Italy and Austria-Hungary/ Germany. There were also fights in East Asia with Japan fighting Germany and in Africa.
Tribute
the main objective behind the triple alliance of the Aztecs
Old Regime (ancient regime)
the monarchic, aristocratic, social and political system established in the Kingdom of France
Marae
the most distinctive architecture of early Pacific societies and was the ceremonial precinct and temple structure. Often had several terraced floors with rock or coral wall.
John Maynard Keynes
the most influential economist of the twentieth century. Wrote The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, which said the the central problem of the depression was that millions of people were willing to work but couldn't find employment.
HIV/AIDS
the most serious epidemic threat that comes from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 25 million people have died
Maodun
the most successful leader of the Xiongnu; his empire stretched from the Aral Sea to the Yellow Sea
Encomenderos
the name for the Spanish conquerors in the encomienda system
Count Alfred von Schlieffen
the namesake of the Schlieffen Plan, which was Germany's plan to win the war. Germany would attack France and try to take the capital quickly through Belgium, and defend the Eastern Front against Russia.
Taino
the native inhabitants of the Bahamian island that Columbus discovered, nicknamed "Indians"
Viceroys
the officials who ruled in the americas as representatives of the royal monarch
Guam
the only Pacific Islands that attracted substantial Spanish interest, manilla galleons called regularly to Guam, peaceful trade with indigenous Chamorro people, Spanish tried to consolidate under their control but Chamorro opposed, smallpox epidemic severely reduced numbers and fell under control of Spanish
Kalinga
the only major region independent of the Mauryan Empire when Asoka began his reign. Was actively hostile towards the spread of the Mauryan Empire. This caused difficulties for Asoka, because this kingdom had control of principal trade routes. As a result, Asoka brutally conquered them.
Partition of India
the partition of the British Indian Empire which led to the creation of the sovereign states of Pakistan and India.
Vietnamization
the process of turning the war over from US control to South Vietnamese control
An Inconvenient Truth
the prodigious growth of the human population is at the root of many environmental problems such as global warming
Attica
the region around Athens
Dharma
the religious teachings of the Buddhist doctrines
The Great Purge
the removing of all persons suspected of opposition to Stalin who are then put in labor camps or "cleansed"; resulted in millions of deaths
The French Revolution
the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799; uprising of the French commoners who were starving but not receiving any help or attention
Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty (Brezhnev Doctrine)
the right to invade any socialist country that was deemed to be threatened by internal or external elements "hostile to socialism"
Romanovs
the second imperial dynasty to rule over Russia
Colonialism
the sending of colonists to settle in new lands, as well as the formation of creation of political, social, economic, and cultural structures
Haitian Revolution
the slaves of Saint-Domingue declared independence from France, renamed the land Haiti, and established a self-governing society
Metallurgy
the study of metals; the extraction of metals from their ores, then purified, and made into useful objects and tools
Quinto
the system the Spanish government used; they claimed 1/5 of profits from silver for itself
Kong Fuzi (Confucius)
the teacher that created Confucianism. He tried for a long time to be a government official but was turned down each time.
"domino theory"
the theory that if one country fell to communism, then the neighboring countries would soon become communist as well
Hong Xiuquan
the third son of a poor family, heavenly king, showed intellectual promise and village teacher who believed that God had revealed to him that his destiny was to reform China and pave the way to the heavenly kingdom, proclaimed his own dynasty, the Taiping
Middle Passage
the transatlantic journey aboard filthy, crowded slaves ships. Conditions were so bad that many slaves attempted to starve themselves to death or mounted revolts.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War, giving the Americans about half of Mexico's land.
Lij Iyasu
the uncrowned, pro-Muslim boy emperor of Ethiopia, sided with Turkey and eventually overthrown by pro-christian nobles in 1916
Pan Slavism
the union of all slavs and slavic people, active in Austria-Hungary and Ottoman empire, Russians helped the Slavs gain their freedom in order to get those people on their side
Seven Year's War
the war of Britain and Prussia against France and Austria, resulting from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France and from the conflict in Germany between Prussia and Austria
The Home front
the war was off the battlefields as well, it became a war between entire societies and required citizen support. Economic measures were taken, such as wage controls and price controls. There were quotas in what had to be made, and military service was extended so that more people could serve.
Nicaragua
their economy was long influenced by US financial interests, and those investments was justification for US intervention when revolts broke out; trained the national guard here, and the US even supervised elections for this country's president
Association of Women Concerned about National Crisis or later AMNLAE
their slogan "No revolution without women's emancipation: no emancipation without revolution". This states the duality of their goals. They also had over 80,000 member by the mid-1980's
Twelver Shiism
there were 12 infallible imams (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th imam was in hiding to escape persecution and would return one day to take back his power
Comfort Women
they were women forced into prostitution by the Japanese army/ the reason they created this operation was to prevent atrocities like the Rape of Naking
Punic Wars
three devastating wars; conflict first arose over Sicily; war between Rome and Carthage; rivalry ended after Rome burned down city and subjected them to a long siege
Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite
three words that represent the revolutionary cause
Footbinding
tightly constrained and deformed by strips of linen, bound feet so they could not grow naturally and so would not support the weight of an adult woman
Abolition
to formally put an end to something, effort to end commerce in human beings
Ottoman Turks
took over Constantinople in 1453 and changed it's name to Istanbul.
French and Indian War
took place in North America; the 7 years' war contributed to the pre- existing conflict. The British and the French made alliances with the indigenous people to try and outmaneuver each other.
March Revolution
took place in Russia where all the peasants were unhappy and they took to the streets for demonstrations. They also started strikes and it forced Nicholas II to step down from power ending the Romanov Dynasty.
Queen Victoria
took responsibility of Indian rule from the East India Company
Council of Chalcedon
took up the difficult and conscientious issue of Jesus's nature; decided that Jesus possessed only a single, divine nature
Concept of total war
total war was the government taking and optimizing the whole country for war, especially industry.
Neolithic Revolution
transition of hunting and gathering to agriculture cities began to form, animals were domesticated, and people no longer had the need to move about to find their next meal
Peace of Augsburg
treaty between Charles V and Lutheran Princes which ended the struggle between the two groups and made the legal division of Christendom permanent within the Holy Roman Empire
Nuremburg Trials
trials held after WWII to punish Nazis
Lateen sails
triangular sails, very maneuverable and could catch winds from the side as well as from behind
Mikhail Gorbachev
tried to address the Soviet Union's deteriorating economy which in turn unleashed a tidal wave of revolution that brought down the Soviet Union
Gracchi Brothers
tried to solve the problem of the tension between the patricians and plebians; worked to limit the conquered land any individual held; wealthy viewed them as dangerous radicals and assassinated Tiberius and executed Gaius
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
tried to take away communal tribal lands on reservations and make them more individual family farms
The Nazi Party
tried to take over Weimar Republic but failed and Hitler was placed in jail, but after he was released and organized a party for legal takeover
The Russian Empire
tsars in charge, fought the Europeans in the Crimean War, government embarked on a program of reform, political liberalization didn't accompany social/economic reform, turned increasingly radical in the late 19th century, early 20th century domestic discontent caused revolution
Algerian War of Liberation
under command of the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN). Relied on guerrilla warfare. Eventually, the Algerians gain independence from France.
Itzcoatl and Montezeuma
under their rule, the Aztecs advanced against and conquered Oaxaca, which then became a stronghold for the Mexica empire
coinage
use of standardized coins with values guaranteed by the state. Coinage was first issued by the kings of Lydia for merchants to have simpler exchanges; spread throughout the empire.
Charles Fourier
utopian socialist who worked to establish ideal communities of equality; spent most of life as salesman, but planned model communities held together by love and personal temperament
Robert Owen
utopian socialist who worked to establish ideal communities of equality; transformed Scottish town New Lanark into model industrial community
Fur trade
very profitable trade between North American tribes and European settlers/ natives trapped animals and often fought with each other over the fur resources
British Hegemony
victory during the Seven Years' War placed Britain in a position to dominate world trade and it paved the way for the establishment of the British Empire.
Berlin Wall
wall build by the Soviets to prevent people from commmunist Eastern Germany from migrating to capitalist Western Germany
Korean War
war between communist North Korea and capitalist South Korea; proxy war for the Soviet Union (w/ N. Korea) & United State (w/ S. Korea); ended in a caese fire
Six Day War
war from June 5-10 1967, Egypt's president, Nasser, proclaimed that he would like to annihilate the Jewish state. With alliances with Syria and Jordan, Israel attacked. The gains from this war doubled the size of Israel.
Gulf War
war in 1991 that began with Iran's invasion of Kuwait, resulted in a decisive military defeat of Iraq at the hands of an international coalition led by the United States
Civil war
war in China, nationalist (Guomindang) vs. communist (CCP), the Long March occured
The Seven Year's War
war mainly between Britain and France for control of land in the New World; resulted in a French defeat and the English were allowed to attain more land; however, the cost of the war forced Britain to raise taxes on its colonial citizens, thus sparking unrest in the colonies
Kshatria
warriors and administrators (second highest)
Montesquieu
was a French social commentator and political thinker and was famous for his theory of the separation of powers
Rousseau
was a Genevan philosopher who influenced the development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought
Kamakura Shogunate
was a Japanese feudal military government. The heads of government were the shoguns.
Cicero
was a Roman philosopher,politician, political theorist, consul, and constitutionalist, assasinated in 43 BC
Zhu Xi
was a Song dynasty scholar, most prominent architect of Neo-Confucianism. Combined moral, ethical, and political values of Confucius with the logical rigor and speculative power of Buddhist philosophy.
Sparticus
was a Thracian soldier who led a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic
Muromachi Shogunate
was a dynasty originating from one of the plethora of Japanese daimyo which governed Japan from 1338 to 1573, the year in which Oda Nobunaga deposed Ashikaga Yoshiaki from office and unified Japan. The heads of government were the shoguns Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan
Emiliano Zapata
was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution (for the peasants). The founder of the agrarian movement Zapatismo. Killed by government forces in 1919.
Miguel de hidalgo
was a parish priest who led a peasant revolt and he became the symbol of Mexican independence
Diego Rivera
was a prominent Mexican painter, His large wall works in fresco helped establish the Mexican Mural Movement in Mexican art
Tacitus
was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire
Juan Batista Sacasa
was elected president of Nicaragua through US-supervised elections; he wanted to be good friends with the US and have a healthy relationship with them
Brunelleschi
was one of the foremost architects in the Italian Renaissance. He engineered the Florence Cathedral. His surviving works found in Florence, Italy. He was also a Sculpture.
Lenin
was put into power after starting an armed revolt against the Winter Palace and taking over with the help of the people
Mohammed Omar
was the leading mullah of the Taliban
Bakufu
was the military government of Japan between 1192 and 1868, headed by the shogun; "tent" government"- temporary government to help stabilize Japan
Ashoka (Asoka)
was the son and successor to Chandragupta. At first he was only focused on expanding, but after one war he decided to change and became more focused on his people. He formed a bureaucracy that would allow for local government officials to have control over their people.
The Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
was written in 1791 by French activist and playwright Olympe de Gouges
Vishnu and Shiva
were two of the most popular deities in the Hindu pantheon. Vishnu was the preserver of the world and Shiva was both the god of fertility and a destructive deity. Shiva was also lord of the dancers.
Self determination
when a country determines its own statehood and government, does it without the influence of others, all on its own, sparked by foreign rule
Glorious Revolution
when parliament restored the monarchy in 1660 with King James II, they resumed conflict and eventually parliament got rid of King James II in favor of his daughter Mary and William of Orange, who both worked well with parliament.
Witch Hunting
when people were persecuted because they were thought to be witches who worshipped the devil; mainly targeted reclusive and/or widowed people
The National Assembly
when the Third Estate met on the tennis court and swore that they wouldn't stop meeting until they had a new constitution; they realized they weren't being heard, so they called a meeting of their own; driving force of the Revolution
The Catholic Church
when the differences between Christian church authorities became too great, the church leaders formerly denounced one another and established two rival communities: the Eastern Orthodox church in Byzantium and this Roman church in western Europe
Central and Southeast Asia
where imperial expansion took place, England and Russia fought for territory
South Africa
where many Dutch and English settlers went, a lot of migrants went because of gold and diamonds
Potsdam Conference
where the US, UK, and USSR decided the punishment for the Nazi's and Germany as a whole
Yalta Conference
where the allies decided to have free elections the the lands freed from Germany after the war except for Stalin who said he make them friendly governments controled by the Soviet Union
Les fauves
wild beasts; the people who used the style of Fauvism for painting; emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over representational or realistic values retained by impressionism
Adela Zamudio
woman Bolivian poet who wrote "To Be Born A Man" 1887, said how smart women couldn't work and incompetent men could just by learning to sign their name
Adela Zamudio
woman Bolivian poet who wrote "To Be Born a Man" 1887, said how smart women couldn't work and incompetent men could just by learning to sign their name
Emilie du Chatelet
woman scientist, translated Isaac's Newton's Principia Mathematica
Empress Dowager Cixi
woman who was originally a concubine before becoming a ruler of China; disliked foreigners in control of her country; shutdown Hundred Days reform because it was too fast of a change for China
Gender roles
women filled jobs where men had left to go off to war. They specifically made bomb shells in munition factories, where many women died due to the conditions of the work. Still, women work was considered liberating and created more equal standards.
Zapatistas
women who were followers of Emiliano Zapata by serving in conjunction with men in the Mexican revolution
John Locke
worked to discover natural laws of politics, attacked divine right theories
Admonitions for Women
written by Ban Zhao, the most famous woman scholar in Chinese history; argued that education should be available to boys and girls; however, agreed with Classic of Filial Piety; one of the most popular and widely read statements on the role of women in Chinese society
The Life of the Man who Lived for Love
written by Ihara Saikaku. This was written about a townsman who devoted his life, beginning at a tender age of eight, to a quest for sexual pleasure.
95 theses
written by Martin Luther in 1517, initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
written by Mary Wollstonecraft, essay that argued that women should have a right to education.
Tale of Genji
written by Murasaki Shikibu, relates experiences of a fictitious imperial prince named Genji,
Classic of Filial Piety
written by an anonymous Confucian during the early Han Dynasty; taught children to obey and honor their parents, superiors and political authorities
Xuanzang
young Buddhist monk wanting to travel to India in 7th century CE; noticed Chinese writings on Buddhism contained many teachings that were confusing or even contradictory to those of Indian Buddhist texts; guide abandoned him in the Gobi desert; lost his water bag and collapsed; lost one third of his party to the Tian Shan, Hindu Kush, and Pamir ranges by starvation and exposure; until death in 664, spent his time translating Buddhist treatises into Chinese and clarifying their doctrines; these efforts helped to popularize Buddhism throughout China
