ARCH 2600 AU Test 1
Temple of Athena Nike
1. 1st Ionic Building on the Acropolis 2. This is evidence of trade with Egypt
Necropolis
1. 1st stone structure 2. 1st Egyptian Pyramid: not the same ole Mastaba 3. City of the dead = tomb 4. Stone structures stand on top of the ground 5. Pharaoh gonna have the biggest tomb 6. Makes it grander 7. Might excavate (dig) the earth for a chamberMeidum Pyramid
Bent Pyramid
1. 3rd pyramid, built by Snefru 2. Snefru wanted a perfect pyramid for his afterlife 3. 1st attempt at classic shape but made too steep & had to be sloped (Epic Fail)
Ancient Roman Temples
1. A 3-Part (tri-partite) cella (3 separate rooms) 2. Oriented in only 1 direction 3. Approached by a single flight of stairs 4. Double row of columns 5. Wider column spacing 6. Lower pitch roof 7. Larger overhang 8. Columns & roof of wood 9. Walls of unbaked brick 10. Set on a higher platform (single set of stairs to main floor)
Multi-View Drawing
1. A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto 2 or more orthographic planes. 2. Right-angled 3. Reveal true size/scale
Pilaster
1. A square or rectangular column, embedded in, & projecting slightly from, a wall 2. Often decorative, not structural
Dome
1. An arch rotated on its center 2. Stacked Stone
Corinthian (3rd Order)
1. Appeared later 2. Most Complex, Slender, & Ornate 3. Proportion of young maiden 4. Ornate Capitals of Leaves & Scrolls 5. Symbol of Status
Common Ground Definition #6 Promotes Human Accommodations
1. Arch. relates to the human scale 2. The goal is to meet basic accommodations for occupying different spaces. 3. Nature has various patterns: Sunflowers, shells, hurricanes, milky-way
7 Ways of Looking at a Building
1. As a witness of history 2. As an object of beauty 3. As an example of style 4. As an example of technology 5. As an emblem of culture 6. As the work of professionals 7. As a statement of social values
Common Ground Definition #5 Public Vs. Private
1. Balance of public and private spaces 2. Public: social 3. Private: peace and quiet
Egypt Architecture
1. Built Pyramids for Pharaoh's tomb for the Afterlife 2. Honoring Royalty 3. Filled with treasures for the Afterlife
Pantheon, Rome
1. Circular, Domed Temple 2. Dome was the world's largest for 1300 yrs. 3. 142 ft. in diameter 4. Dedicated to the Roman Gods
Parthenon, Athens Greece
1. Considered perfect Greek Temple 2. Designed by Iktinos & Kallicrates 3. Phidias = head sculptor 4. Marble type of stone, but less abundant = more scarce 5. Platform stones are held together by iron dowels embedded in lead to resist earthquake forces 6. There are few straight lines 7. Has a Cella
Common Ground Definition #4 Mediation of the Past but of the Present
1. Elevate something to Arch. 2. Mix of modern and ancient Arch. 3. Example: The Louvre
Hadrian's Villa
1. Emperor Hadrian built Pantheon 2. Very interested in exploring new ways to build 3. Libraries, Baths, Hospitals, Theaters, Temples, 4. Ionic Columns 5. Pool is circle 6. Sandals at the Bahamas gained inspo from Hadrian's Villa
Roman Temples
1. Engaged columns around the cella 2. Engaged column: a column attached to, or partly built, into a wall, or pier (pilaster). 3. Built for urban setting with an obvious street façade 4. Raised on a podium accessed by a single flight of steps 5. The Rotunda of University of Virginia similar to Pantheon
Medium Pyramid
1. Expression of Power 2. Pharaoh Snefru 3. He did not use this pyramid for his chamber 4. Deep Entrance
Common Ground Definition #3 Art: Fine Art Vs. Practical Art
1. Fine Art: aesthetic & conveying emotion 2. Practical Art: functional art 3. Is it meant to be art or to reveal planning. Could it be both?
Baths Ancient Rome
1. Gymnasium 2. Networking 3. Hot & Cold Baths: More like a social gathering spa
Acropolis (450-330 B.C The Classical Period of Athens, Greece)
1. High town; Citadel of ancient Greek city, containing temples & public building 2. Most well-known historical site in Ancient Greece. 3. Pericles: Designed the Acropolis 4. Used to worship Gods & Beliefs
Common Ground Definition #7 Life's Program
1. How we live life 2. Elevating experience
Site Plan Drawings
1. Illustrate how a building can be related graphically to its site & context 2. Position relative to natural contexts (land) 3. Example: Urban site plan drawing
Section Drawing (Similar to Plan)
1. It is a horizontal view of a building after a vertical plane has been cut through it and the front section removed 2. Vertical Slice = Horizontal View 3. There is a feel for height & size of room
Ziggurat
1. Mesopotamian Temple 2. Sun-dried Mud Brick 3. Solid 4. Fired Mud Brick 5. Vegetation, Temple on Top, Cone Mosaic in Plaster
Pozzolana
1. Mixed with Lime & Water = Harden just like concrete 2. Our concrete is made of cement
Acropolis of Athens
1. Most well-known historical site in Ancient Greece. 2. High town; Citadel of ancient Greek city, containing temples & public building 3. Pericles: Designed the Acropolis 4. Used to Worship Gods & Beliefs
Great Pyramid of Giza (Khufra's Pyramid)
1. Most well-known pyramids in Egypt 2. 7 Wonders of the Ancient World 3. Around 3 million stone blocks 4. Set each block for 2 minutes 5. Built over a 20 yr. period probably took a bit longer
Ionic (2nd Order)
1. Origin: Aegean Islands 2. Column based on proportions of women 3. Has a Base 4. Thinner, Fluted Shaft 5. More Detailed 6. Capital Features Volutes
Doric (1st Order)
1. Origin: the mainland 2. Column based on proportion of a man 3. Simplest no Frills 4. No Base 5. Simple Capital 6. Not smooth because it was difficult 7. Used in Lesser Towns/Temples
Single-View Drawing
1. Paraline Drawings & Perspective Drawing 2. Free-hand & drafting
Perspective (1 pt. 2 pt. & 3 pt. Perspective)
1. Perceiving Depth (Exterior & Interior) 2. Selectively giving value to certain proportions of a scene 3. Vanishing Pt.
Floor Plan Drawing
1. Sectional view looking down after a horizontal plane has been cut through a building & the top section removed 2. It is generally cut through all major vertical elements & all door & window openings 3. See interior of space & thickness of wall 4. See size of space: Doors give hints of how much space their is without measuring
Basilica
1. Served as a central place for public gathering 2. Rectangle building ending in a semicircular space
Fertile Crescent
1. Shaped like a crescent 2. Fertile Soil & Water 3. Middle East: Turkey, Syria, etc.
Common Ground Definition #2 Form Vs. Shape
1. Shapes: have a number of sides or no sides (visual context) 2. Form: Different shapes combined together, re-purpose, 3-D or 2-D 3. Example: Sydney Opera House
Mesopotamia Architecture
1. Temples made of mud bricks not stone 2. Animals/Pigments = sense of status, religious representation 3. Vegetation
The Groin Vault
1. The intersection of 2 barrel vaults of equal span over a square space 2. Used to make huge buildings like the Colosseum
Cella
1. The main room of a temple where the god is house 2. One of the largest interior spaces in Classical Greece 3. Featured a sculptured continuous frieze.
8 Possibilites in Arch.
1. To Protect: Architecture intervenes on behalf of the human body. It becomes a 3rd skin. It creates a sense of place for the senses. 2. To Group: Arch. is the encouragement of accommodating & expressing the spaces for social living. It enhances social life. 3. To Embody Institutions: Arch. has the ability to create the common sense space of daily life (could be secular or religious or both). 4. To Influence Society: influences the quality of life for society. It builds the human city & is the embodiment of political & social ideas. 5. To Influence Character: Arch. expresses a sense of unity, and, as such, encourages virtues, good proportion. Example: is an aesthetic as well as a moral concept. 6. To Communicate Emotions: Arch. is a means communicating feeling 7. Associate with Realities: Arch. by reference, reflection, & imitation of another reality encourages our understanding of other things. 8. Associate with Ideals: Arch expresses the image of the ideal, an ideal nature, and ideal society.
Paraline Drawing
1. Useful in architecture graphics 2. Pictorial View = Lots of Info = Easy to Understand 3. Examples: Obliques & Isometric
Ancient Greek Temples
1. Walls & Columns built in the stone (original temples were of wood) 2. Symmetrical 3. Roofs made of Tile 4. Roof structure remained in wood 5. Not designed for congregational use 6. Entrance on axis from east 7. Columns: were fluted 8. Style of Columns = Known as "the Orders" of Arch. 9. Developed highly-stylized treatments for Columns, Capitals, Entablatures 10. Columns were seen as 3 anthropomorphic parts (Anthropomorphic = human light)
Column
1. Were seen as 3 anthropomorphic parts 2. Has a Capital, Shaft, & Base 3. Used to hold up a building
Common Ground Definition #1 Arch Vs. Construction Place
1. What do you think when you think of a place? travel 2. What makes a place good or bad? well-known, comfy, lit, history, style, etc.
Red Pyramid
4th highest pyramid in Egypt
Keystone
A central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.
Volute
A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic and the Roman Composite capital.
Triglyph
A triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes
The Barrel Vault
An Arch continued along a longitudinal axis
Mastaba
Ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides, & flat roof
Compression
Applied Load or Force causes compression (put together) & tension (pulled apart) = It bends
Shaft
Body of a column
Ur
Capital of Mesopotamia
Theater at Epidaurus
Famous Greek theater with perfect acoustics (13,000 seats).
Aquedects
For Rome, 11 aqueducts (260 miles) Convey water from fresh sources (mountains)
Common Ground Definition #8 Complexities of Life
Greek Amphitheater: Greeks discovered sound can carry from bottom to top rows
Hypocaust
Heating in which hot air from furnaces circulated through an underfloor & wall system of ducts (Indoor heating)
Entablature
Horizontal elements supported by columns & composed of architrave, frieze, & cornice
Coffers
Indentions inside concrete built to reduce weight
Clerestory
Letting light in through clear windows
Narthex
Lobby or entrance hall
Orthographic Drawing
Most accurate drawings for measurements
Side Aisle
One of the corridors running parallel to the nave of a church & separated from it by an arcade or
Metope
Panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief
Vomitaria
Passageways that open into a tier of seats Example: Roman Colosseum
Rise of Christianity in Rome
Pax Romana: adopted Christianity Mainly Catholicism
Hypostyle
Post & beam Construction (Trabeated)
Insulae (islands)
Roman housing for workers
Caryatid
Sculpted Female Figures used as a column/support
Arch
Semi-Circle Made of Voussoirs
Apse
Semi-circular vaulted space in a church
Base (architecture)
Serve as the foundation for a column
Elevation Views
Side view of a building or object, showing height and width.
Crossing (architecture)
Space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept
Neolithic
Stone Age Period: Associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.
Corbeling
Technique Create patterns & effects in rocks
Scaffolding
Temporary formwork for building buildings & monuments
Centering
Temporary scaffolding used to support an arch during its construction
Nave
The central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation
Architrave
The lowest part of the entablature which extends from column to column
Frieze
The middle section of an entablature
Transept
The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.
Oculus
The round central opening of a dome
Cornice
The topmost part of an entablature
Flute
The vertical grooving on the shaft of a column
Capital
Top part of column
Pediment
Triangular gabled end of a temple (roof above the entablature)
Travertine
Type of limestone distinguished by pores & cavities creating an open texture
Voussoirs
Wedge-shaped rocks used to build an arch