ARCH 2600 AU Test 1

Temple of Athena Nike

1. 1st Ionic Building on the Acropolis 2. This is evidence of trade with Egypt

Necropolis

1. 1st stone structure 2. 1st Egyptian Pyramid: not the same ole Mastaba 3. City of the dead = tomb 4. Stone structures stand on top of the ground 5. Pharaoh gonna have the biggest tomb 6. Makes it grander 7. Might excavate (dig) the earth for a chamberMeidum Pyramid

Bent Pyramid

1. 3rd pyramid, built by Snefru 2. Snefru wanted a perfect pyramid for his afterlife 3. 1st attempt at classic shape but made too steep & had to be sloped (Epic Fail)

Ancient Roman Temples

1. A 3-Part (tri-partite) cella (3 separate rooms) 2. Oriented in only 1 direction 3. Approached by a single flight of stairs 4. Double row of columns 5. Wider column spacing 6. Lower pitch roof 7. Larger overhang 8. Columns & roof of wood 9. Walls of unbaked brick 10. Set on a higher platform (single set of stairs to main floor)

Multi-View Drawing

1. A drawing which contains views of an object projected onto 2 or more orthographic planes. 2. Right-angled 3. Reveal true size/scale

Pilaster

1. A square or rectangular column, embedded in, & projecting slightly from, a wall 2. Often decorative, not structural

Dome

1. An arch rotated on its center 2. Stacked Stone

Corinthian (3rd Order)

1. Appeared later 2. Most Complex, Slender, & Ornate 3. Proportion of young maiden 4. Ornate Capitals of Leaves & Scrolls 5. Symbol of Status

Common Ground Definition #6 Promotes Human Accommodations

1. Arch. relates to the human scale 2. The goal is to meet basic accommodations for occupying different spaces. 3. Nature has various patterns: Sunflowers, shells, hurricanes, milky-way

7 Ways of Looking at a Building

1. As a witness of history 2. As an object of beauty 3. As an example of style 4. As an example of technology 5. As an emblem of culture 6. As the work of professionals 7. As a statement of social values

Common Ground Definition #5 Public Vs. Private

1. Balance of public and private spaces 2. Public: social 3. Private: peace and quiet

Egypt Architecture

1. Built Pyramids for Pharaoh's tomb for the Afterlife 2. Honoring Royalty 3. Filled with treasures for the Afterlife

Pantheon, Rome

1. Circular, Domed Temple 2. Dome was the world's largest for 1300 yrs. 3. 142 ft. in diameter 4. Dedicated to the Roman Gods

Parthenon, Athens Greece

1. Considered perfect Greek Temple 2. Designed by Iktinos & Kallicrates 3. Phidias = head sculptor 4. Marble type of stone, but less abundant = more scarce 5. Platform stones are held together by iron dowels embedded in lead to resist earthquake forces 6. There are few straight lines 7. Has a Cella

Common Ground Definition #4 Mediation of the Past but of the Present

1. Elevate something to Arch. 2. Mix of modern and ancient Arch. 3. Example: The Louvre

Hadrian's Villa

1. Emperor Hadrian built Pantheon 2. Very interested in exploring new ways to build 3. Libraries, Baths, Hospitals, Theaters, Temples, 4. Ionic Columns 5. Pool is circle 6. Sandals at the Bahamas gained inspo from Hadrian's Villa

Roman Temples

1. Engaged columns around the cella 2. Engaged column: a column attached to, or partly built, into a wall, or pier (pilaster). 3. Built for urban setting with an obvious street façade 4. Raised on a podium accessed by a single flight of steps 5. The Rotunda of University of Virginia similar to Pantheon

Medium Pyramid

1. Expression of Power 2. Pharaoh Snefru 3. He did not use this pyramid for his chamber 4. Deep Entrance

Common Ground Definition #3 Art: Fine Art Vs. Practical Art

1. Fine Art: aesthetic & conveying emotion 2. Practical Art: functional art 3. Is it meant to be art or to reveal planning. Could it be both?

Baths Ancient Rome

1. Gymnasium 2. Networking 3. Hot & Cold Baths: More like a social gathering spa

Acropolis (450-330 B.C The Classical Period of Athens, Greece)

1. High town; Citadel of ancient Greek city, containing temples & public building 2. Most well-known historical site in Ancient Greece. 3. Pericles: Designed the Acropolis 4. Used to worship Gods & Beliefs

Common Ground Definition #7 Life's Program

1. How we live life 2. Elevating experience

Site Plan Drawings

1. Illustrate how a building can be related graphically to its site & context 2. Position relative to natural contexts (land) 3. Example: Urban site plan drawing

Section Drawing (Similar to Plan)

1. It is a horizontal view of a building after a vertical plane has been cut through it and the front section removed 2. Vertical Slice = Horizontal View 3. There is a feel for height & size of room

Ziggurat

1. Mesopotamian Temple 2. Sun-dried Mud Brick 3. Solid 4. Fired Mud Brick 5. Vegetation, Temple on Top, Cone Mosaic in Plaster

Pozzolana

1. Mixed with Lime & Water = Harden just like concrete 2. Our concrete is made of cement

Acropolis of Athens

1. Most well-known historical site in Ancient Greece. 2. High town; Citadel of ancient Greek city, containing temples & public building 3. Pericles: Designed the Acropolis 4. Used to Worship Gods & Beliefs

Great Pyramid of Giza (Khufra's Pyramid)

1. Most well-known pyramids in Egypt 2. 7 Wonders of the Ancient World 3. Around 3 million stone blocks 4. Set each block for 2 minutes 5. Built over a 20 yr. period probably took a bit longer

Ionic (2nd Order)

1. Origin: Aegean Islands 2. Column based on proportions of women 3. Has a Base 4. Thinner, Fluted Shaft 5. More Detailed 6. Capital Features Volutes

Doric (1st Order)

1. Origin: the mainland 2. Column based on proportion of a man 3. Simplest no Frills 4. No Base 5. Simple Capital 6. Not smooth because it was difficult 7. Used in Lesser Towns/Temples

Single-View Drawing

1. Paraline Drawings & Perspective Drawing 2. Free-hand & drafting

Perspective (1 pt. 2 pt. & 3 pt. Perspective)

1. Perceiving Depth (Exterior & Interior) 2. Selectively giving value to certain proportions of a scene 3. Vanishing Pt.

Floor Plan Drawing

1. Sectional view looking down after a horizontal plane has been cut through a building & the top section removed 2. It is generally cut through all major vertical elements & all door & window openings 3. See interior of space & thickness of wall 4. See size of space: Doors give hints of how much space their is without measuring

Basilica

1. Served as a central place for public gathering 2. Rectangle building ending in a semicircular space

Fertile Crescent

1. Shaped like a crescent 2. Fertile Soil & Water 3. Middle East: Turkey, Syria, etc.

Common Ground Definition #2 Form Vs. Shape

1. Shapes: have a number of sides or no sides (visual context) 2. Form: Different shapes combined together, re-purpose, 3-D or 2-D 3. Example: Sydney Opera House

Mesopotamia Architecture

1. Temples made of mud bricks not stone 2. Animals/Pigments = sense of status, religious representation 3. Vegetation

The Groin Vault

1. The intersection of 2 barrel vaults of equal span over a square space 2. Used to make huge buildings like the Colosseum

Cella

1. The main room of a temple where the god is house 2. One of the largest interior spaces in Classical Greece 3. Featured a sculptured continuous frieze.

8 Possibilites in Arch.

1. To Protect: Architecture intervenes on behalf of the human body. It becomes a 3rd skin. It creates a sense of place for the senses. 2. To Group: Arch. is the encouragement of accommodating & expressing the spaces for social living. It enhances social life. 3. To Embody Institutions: Arch. has the ability to create the common sense space of daily life (could be secular or religious or both). 4. To Influence Society: influences the quality of life for society. It builds the human city & is the embodiment of political & social ideas. 5. To Influence Character: Arch. expresses a sense of unity, and, as such, encourages virtues, good proportion. Example: is an aesthetic as well as a moral concept. 6. To Communicate Emotions: Arch. is a means communicating feeling 7. Associate with Realities: Arch. by reference, reflection, & imitation of another reality encourages our understanding of other things. 8. Associate with Ideals: Arch expresses the image of the ideal, an ideal nature, and ideal society.

Paraline Drawing

1. Useful in architecture graphics 2. Pictorial View = Lots of Info = Easy to Understand 3. Examples: Obliques & Isometric

Ancient Greek Temples

1. Walls & Columns built in the stone (original temples were of wood) 2. Symmetrical 3. Roofs made of Tile 4. Roof structure remained in wood 5. Not designed for congregational use 6. Entrance on axis from east 7. Columns: were fluted 8. Style of Columns = Known as "the Orders" of Arch. 9. Developed highly-stylized treatments for Columns, Capitals, Entablatures 10. Columns were seen as 3 anthropomorphic parts (Anthropomorphic = human light)

Column

1. Were seen as 3 anthropomorphic parts 2. Has a Capital, Shaft, & Base 3. Used to hold up a building

Common Ground Definition #1 Arch Vs. Construction Place

1. What do you think when you think of a place? travel 2. What makes a place good or bad? well-known, comfy, lit, history, style, etc.

Red Pyramid

4th highest pyramid in Egypt

Keystone

A central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.

Volute

A spiral, scroll-like form characteristic of the ancient Greek Ionic and the Roman Composite capital.

Triglyph

A triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

The Barrel Vault

An Arch continued along a longitudinal axis

Mastaba

Ancient Egyptian mud-brick tomb with a rectangular base, sloping sides, & flat roof

Compression

Applied Load or Force causes compression (put together) & tension (pulled apart) = It bends

Shaft

Body of a column

Ur

Capital of Mesopotamia

Theater at Epidaurus

Famous Greek theater with perfect acoustics (13,000 seats).

Aquedects

For Rome, 11 aqueducts (260 miles) Convey water from fresh sources (mountains)

Common Ground Definition #8 Complexities of Life

Greek Amphitheater: Greeks discovered sound can carry from bottom to top rows

Hypocaust

Heating in which hot air from furnaces circulated through an underfloor & wall system of ducts (Indoor heating)

Entablature

Horizontal elements supported by columns & composed of architrave, frieze, & cornice

Coffers

Indentions inside concrete built to reduce weight

Clerestory

Letting light in through clear windows

Narthex

Lobby or entrance hall

Orthographic Drawing

Most accurate drawings for measurements

Side Aisle

One of the corridors running parallel to the nave of a church & separated from it by an arcade or

Metope

Panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief

Vomitaria

Passageways that open into a tier of seats Example: Roman Colosseum

Rise of Christianity in Rome

Pax Romana: adopted Christianity Mainly Catholicism

Hypostyle

Post & beam Construction (Trabeated)

Insulae (islands)

Roman housing for workers

Caryatid

Sculpted Female Figures used as a column/support

Arch

Semi-Circle Made of Voussoirs

Apse

Semi-circular vaulted space in a church

Base (architecture)

Serve as the foundation for a column

Elevation Views

Side view of a building or object, showing height and width.

Crossing (architecture)

Space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

Neolithic

Stone Age Period: Associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.

Corbeling

Technique Create patterns & effects in rocks

Scaffolding

Temporary formwork for building buildings & monuments

Centering

Temporary scaffolding used to support an arch during its construction

Nave

The central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation

Architrave

The lowest part of the entablature which extends from column to column

Frieze

The middle section of an entablature

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

Oculus

The round central opening of a dome

Cornice

The topmost part of an entablature

Flute

The vertical grooving on the shaft of a column

Capital

Top part of column

Pediment

Triangular gabled end of a temple (roof above the entablature)

Travertine

Type of limestone distinguished by pores & cavities creating an open texture

Voussoirs

Wedge-shaped rocks used to build an arch