Archetypes of Wisdom Study Guide: Test 1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5)

the active involvement of the audience

A vital aspect of Socratic teaching was _____.

casts out the suffering of the soul

According to Epicurus, there is no use in philosophy unless it _____.

Tyranny

According to Plato, ___________________ is the worst form of government.

those currently in power

According to Soccio, the ``right`` view is the view held by _____.

virtue

According to Socrates, _____ is wisdom.

ignorance

According to Socrates, all evil is _____.

an archetypal individual

Another name for a paradigmatic individual is _____.

his Academy or Academos

Around the age of forty, after finishing the bulk of his writings, he founded ________

two

Athenian trials consisted of _____ parts.

knowledge claims

Depending on their nature, evaluating _____ involves logical argumentation, scientific experiments and predictions, or the demonstration of skillful performance.

studies knowledge

Epistemology is the area of philosophy that _____.

knowledge from belief

He also aimed to reconcile the claims of Heraclitus ("change alone is unchanging") and Parmenides ("change is an illusion"). He did both by dividing ____________ and _____________.

functionalist theory of morality

In the _____________________________________ happiness is the result of living a fully functional life (in other words, being good is part of functioning well)

instrumental theory of morality

In the _____________________________________right and wrong are treated as means to, or instruments for, getting something else (in other words, being good for some ulterior motive).

the claim that behavior is always controlled by beliefs about what is good

Intellectualism is _____.

workers, warriors, guardians

Just as there are three parts to the human soul, so there should be three parts to the ideal state. They are:

studies the rules of correct reasoning

Logic is the area of philosophy that _____.

addresses the problem of what is real

Metaphysics is the area of philosophy that _____.

humiliate himself

Once convicted, Socrates was expected to _____ at the next stage of his trial.

reason

Our __________ guides our appetites and spirit, like a charioteer does the horses that pull the chariot, so that things don't get out of control. And reason is the only part of the soul capable of fulfilling this function, because it is the only part that is capable of "knowing", of grasping the big picture.

appetites

Our _____________ cause us to move in order to get things we want, such as food and mates.

spirit

Our ______________ drives us to achieve things, to do better (than others) in school, at work, etc.

Temperance, Courage, Wisdom, Justice

Plato identifies four "cardinal virtue" that are necessary for a happy individual. They are:

skepticism and relativism

Plato was determined to show that ____________ and __________ of the Sophists was mistaken

Perictione (c.450-350 B.C.)

Plato's mother

a dispute with Eulathus over tuition

Protagoras`s wager concerned _____.

the human soul

Socrates believed that _____ is the essence of humanness.

techne

Socrates believed that human excellence was based on a special kind of knowledge that the Greeks referred to as _____.

a midwife

Socrates compared himself to _____.

the conscious self

Socrates identified the soul with _____.

so-called truth is subservient to power

Sophists taught that _____.

Eidos

The Greek root for form

the instrumental and the functionalist

The Republic contrasts two views of morality: the ____________ and the ____________

egoist`s

The Ring of Gyges presents the _____ position.

utopia

The _____________________ that Plato envisioned would avoid such problems (by ensuring that people performed duties dictated by their natural abilities, just as the parts of the soul were controlled to perform their proper functions).

Aristocles

The actual name of Plato (c.427-348 B.C.)

individual relativism

The belief that no matter how far back we push ``ultimate`` reasons, they always reduce to someone`s preference is known as _____.

cultural relativism

The belief that values reflect the preferences and customs of a given culture is known as _____

logical reasoning and written argument

The history of Western philosophy has been dominated by _____.

philosopher-kings

The job of the guardians went to

atomism

The philosophy that reality consists of empty space and ultimately simple entities that combine to form objects is known as _____.

The Allegory of the Cave

The shift from perception to reason is then illustrated by someone leaving the cave entirely (Plato, thanks to Socrates). That person then realizes that they have been in a "cave" all along, and that what they had taken to be most real is simply the limitations of their senses. If they use their minds, they are able to "see" that there is much more to the world than meets the eye. Plato believes that these people - who have escaped the cave of opinion, who think in terms of the Forms - should be the rulers of the state, for they better than anyone are able to rule for the sake of the whole community. They are the ones who genuinely understand "the big picture".

a shepherd and a king

The story of the Ring of Gyges concerns _____.

the group is the center

The term ``ethnocentrism`` derives from Greek roots meaning ``_____.``

lover of wisdom

The word philosophy derives from Greek roots meaning _____.

Republic

This "rule of the wise" is the idea behind Plato's ideal state is presented in the ______________________

is defined as the interest of the stronger party

Thrasymachus tells Socrates that justice _____.

`The unexamined life is not worth living.``

What did Socrates say about the unexamined life?

In any way you like; but first you must get hold of me

When asked how his friends should bury him, Socrates replied ``_____.``

ad hominem

When we reject a philosopher's argument because we object to that philosopher's beliefs, we commit which type of fallacy?

Heraclitus

Which Presocratic philosopher distinguished between appearance and reality in a way that contrasted apparent permanence with hidden reality?

Nothing anyone can say will make me change my mind.

Which expression is a reflection of willed ignorance?

O. J. Simpson`s shabby clothes

Which of the following is an example of a sophistic technique?

Cosmos

Which term was first used by the Pythagoreans to characterize the universe as an ordered whole consisting of harmonies of contrasting elements?

theoretical knowledge

Which type of knowledge involves the accurate compilation and assessment of factual systematic information and relationships?

Psyche

_____ is what we think of today as a combination of the mind and soul.

Protagoras

_____ said that ``Man is the measure of all things.``

Callicles

_____ taught that it is wrong for the superior individual to suffer at all.

Beliefs

___________ is/are gotten through the senses and are about physical change (becoming)

Knowledge

______________ is/ are gotten through reason and is about

A paradigmatic individual is _____.

a rare human being whose very nature represents something elemental about the human condition

The Theory of Forms/ Platonic Forms

independently existin, nonspatial, nontemporal "somethings", kinds, types or sorts that cannot be known through the senses

For Socrates, temperance meant _____.

indifference to both the presence and absence of material pleasures

the mob/ the Thirty

represented by the jury at Socrates' trial, it was irrational and dangerous, always swayed by sophistic appeals to emotion and not reason.

The Socratic Problem

the fact that Socrates himself wrote nothing philosophical

According to Thrasymachus, _____.

the powerful individual is superior

the divided line

to illustrate the relationship of knowledge to opinion, of appearance to reality. He claimed there are levels of awareness - from imagination to perception to reasoning to understanding - and that one can move from the lowest to the highest by thinking in terms of a hierarchy of Forms.

Purpose of the theory of forms

to provide a rational explanation of how knowledge is possible.

Comprehension of the Good

unlike other forms of knowing, in that it is holistic, rather than partial. Plato compares the Good to the Sun in order to give an idea to those at a lower level of awareness: just as the Sun enables vision, so the Good enables understanding and intelligibility.

``barbarian``

was invented to mock people who did not speak Greek