Architectural Structure
Corbel
A projecting piece of timber, stone or brick supporting an overhanging structure, such as an arch or balcony.
Force
A push or pull that tend to move a body to the direction of its action.
Arch
A spanning structure with an all compressive part holding together in a state of equilibrium.
Anchor bolts
A steel bolt usually fixed in a building structure with its threaded portion projecting; used to secure frameworks.
elastic deformation
A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress
Structure
An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. They may be categorized as building or non- building.
moment of inertia
Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed.
50%
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than ____% slope (NSCP 302.3.1)
Exposure D
Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water for a distance of at least 2 km falls on what exposure category for wind loading?
0.30
For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression member, it shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration equal to _______times the overall dimension of the direction of stability is being considered. (NSCP 410.12.20)
0.60 Fy
For box type and tabular textural members that meet the non compact section requirements of section 502.6, the allowable bending stress is ________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
0.66 Fy
For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members with compact sections where the flanges continuously connected to web the allowable bending stress is _________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)
200
For members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should not exceed ________? (NSCP 502.8.1)
300
For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed _________.
0.45 Fy
For pin connected members, the allowable stress on the net area of the pinhole for pin connected members is _________. (NSCP 504.4.1.1)
Cold joint
Formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete is placed
1 Kg*M/s2
One Newton is equal to.
Friction piles
Pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep to attain.
Sheet piles
Piles designed for anchorage to prevent soil erosion during wide excavation.
Bored piles
Replacement piles are classified according to its method of installation.
d/2
Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of non-prestressed member shall not exceed: (NSCP 411.6.4.1)
Deflection
The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it.
Anchor bolts
What is a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes, beam plates and engine heads?
Tendon
What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete?
db but not less than 20 mm and need not exceed 50 mm
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for cast in place concrete?
db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm
What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast manufactured under plant control conditions?
Effective length
The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks.
clear span
The distance between inner faces of the support
span
The extent of space between two supports of a structure
Bond stress
The force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces, such as between concrete and a steel reinforcing bar
Proportional limit
The greatest stress to which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress.
Architectural Structures
The integration of the Architecture profession in collaboration to structural engineering to produce a Work of Art with factors of structural integrity for human habitation.
Development length
The length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength at a critical section
Buckling load
The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression assumes a deflected position.
Yielding stress
The lowest stress in a material (less than the maximum attainable stress) at which the material begins to exhibit plastic properties; beyond this point an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.
Bottom Bar
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the span of a beam.
Top Bar
The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the support of a beam.
Girder
The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system is called:
6.00 M
The max. distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3)
8 diameter of connector
The maximum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________. (NSCP 509.5.8)
30 times
The maximum length of cast in place piles/bored piles shall be _____times the average diameter of the pile. (NSCP 307.2.1)
600 mm
The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and intermittent welds correctly two rolled shapes in contact for a built up section shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.4)
75 mm
The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast concrete pile center to center. (NSCP 307.5.1)
Allowable stress
The maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications
Laittance
The milky layer composed of cement and fine aggregate on the upper surface of the concrete mass during curing process due to an excess amount of water used:
8 db
The minimum bend diameter for 28mm Ø through 36mm Ø bars (NSCP 407.30)
L/10
The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is : (NSCP 409.6.2)
6 diameter of connector
The minimum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________.
20mm
The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab:
25mm
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must be 1.5 db but not less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
0.60 M
The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary line: (NSCP 302.4.3)
Development length
The minimum length of straight reinforcing bar or reinforcing rod which is required to anchor it in concrete
12mm
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 2 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)
16mm
The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)
L/28
The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
L/24
The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
L/20
The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only is: (NSCP 409.6.2)
250 mm
The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used must be? (NSCP 307.6.3)
Truss
The most commonly used spanning structure because of their light weight and high strength in place of solid beam.
Cement
The most important component to determine the strength of concrete mix.
Deflection
The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading.
To allow relatively free end rotation of connection members To make the analysis simpler To allow for better load distribution All of the above
The primary reason for using pinned connection.
200 mm
The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double system shall not exceed ________.
140 mm
The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.80)
Safety factor
The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress when in use.
Height
To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the area of its base by its:
Base Area
To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the height from the base to the overflow by its:
Structure
A body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting loads.
Shear and moment diagram
A design analysis as a basis where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.
equilibrant
A force that act in the opposite direction equal to an action force.
Stress- strain diagram
A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strain for a specific material
moment diagram
A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment
Transom
A horizontal foundation to connect the pile and the vertical supports of the super structure.
Diaphragm
A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting system including the horizontal bracing system.
Pier
A horizontal structural element exposed to weather supporting the elevated railway.
Contraction joint
A joint between adjacent parts of a structure which permits movement between them resulting from contraction
Construction joint
A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet.
Hook's law
A law stating that the deformation of an elastic body is proportional to the force applied, provided the stress does not exceed the elastic limit of the material.
Distributed load
A load which acts evenly over a structural member or over a surface that supports the load.
Admixture
A material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties
Mortar
A mixture composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used as a filter.
Metal Fatigue
A phenomenon of failure or damage that may result in sudden and brittle fracture of a ductile material due to reversals of stresses applied to a body repeatedly or a great number of times.
Sump
A pit dug in the basement floor during excavation made to collect water into which a pump is placed to sewer the liquid.
6 db
(NSCP 407.30) The minimum bend diameter for 10mm Ø through 25mm Ø bars
1.50 db
(NSCP 407.7.3)In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than?
25mm
(NSCP 407.7.3)The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must be db but not less than?
450mm
(NSCP 407.7.5)In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than?
40 db
(NSCP 407.7.6.4) Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least ____ stagger:
75 mm
(NSCP 407.8.1) Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth.
20mm
(NSCP 407.8.1) The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab.
0.90
(NSCP 409.2.1) In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial loads.
0.85
(NSCP 409.4.2.3) In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion.
L/10
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum cantilevered slab thickness.
L/28
(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab.
L/24
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous slab.
L/20
(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only.
50
(NSCP 410.5.10) Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed _______times the least width b of compression flange or face.
300 mm
(NSCP 412.3.1) Development length for deformed bars in tension shall be less than.
1 N/ mm²
1Mpa is equal to?
18 M
(NSCP 207.20) Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof height less than or equal to?
25%
(NSCP 208.5.1.1) In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of_______% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies.
10 days
(NSCP 302.2.4) Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made.
200 mm
(NSCP 305.7.3) In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than _____mm in depth?
Girder
A beam carrying a beam is known as...
Riprap
A revetment consisting of rough stones of various sizes placed compactly to protect the banks or bed of a river from the eroding effects of the flowing water.
Bearing wall system
A shear type structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame.
A wall designed to resist lateral pressure to the plane of the wall
A shear wall is:
Dowel
A short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a concrete foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress.
space frame
A three dimensional structural system without the bearing walls, composed of interconnected members laterally supported so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing system:
Raft foundation
A type of foundation capable of distributing the loads on a wide surface of the ground.
Pile foundation
A type of foundation where the load of building is distributed deep into the soil.
Pier
A vertical supporting element connecting the foundation and the elevated railway.
Pile
A vertically installed structural element to prevent the displacement of a foundation produced by the weight of a structure.
Working stress
Allowable stress; in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications
neutral axis
An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, along which no bending stresses occur.
Pre-drilling
An initial bore is set to correctly identify the exact location of the bore with a rotating bucket.
80%
An open building is a structure having all walls at least _____% open. (NSCP 207)
36mm
Bars larger than ___mm shall not be bundled in beams: (NSCP 407.7.6.3)
10 days
Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)
300 mm
Bolts and rivets connecting stiffness to the girder web shall be spaced not more than ______mm on centers. (NSCP 507.5.3)
0.75
Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: (NSCP 307.4.2)
17.50 Mpa
Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than ______Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1)
Bored pile
Classification of cast in place concrete according to its method of installation
End bearing piles
Classification of piles where most of the resistance is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer or bedrock.
200 mm
Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less than (NSCP 307.7.3)
26.70
Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars and girts, shall be designed to support not less than ________Kn of force. (NSCP 510.10.61)
0.40
Deep continuous flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: (NSCP 410.8.10)
Driven piles
Displacement piles are classified according to its method of installation.
Aggregate
Granular material such as sand, gravel, stone, and iron blast furnace slag used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete.
4
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as one unit shall be united to ___ pieces in one bundle. (NSCP 407.7.6.1)
Tubular System
High rise structural system consisting of the outer walls modified as a structural frame.
Core system
High rise structural system creating interior reinforcement as a form of large hollow column.
90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of the bar
How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed?
Modulus of elasticity
In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the corresponding unit strain.
Modulus of elasticity
In formula e = PL/AE, E stands for:
1.50 db
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)
3.50 Mpa
In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no individual strength test (average of 2 cylinders) falls below fc' by more than _______. (NSCP 405.7.3.3)
Allowable stress
In the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications.
25%
In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ________% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies. (NSCP 208.5.1.1)
0.90
In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial loads: (NSCP 409.2.1)
0.85
In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion: (NSCP 409.4.2.3)
15 Mpa
In using a concrete backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the concrete shall have ultimate strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP 305.7.3)
200 mm
In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than _____mm in depth? (NSCP 305.7.3)
450mm
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than? (NSCP 407.7.5)
40 db
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least ____ stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4)
10%
Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure subjected to seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be capable of resisting in tension or compression a minimum horizontal force equal to _____% of the largest column vertical load. (NSCP 306.20)
75%
Ira composite beam section, the actual section modulus of the transformed composite section shall be used in calculating the concrete flexural compressed stress and for construction without temporary shores, this stress shall be based upon loading applied after the concrete has reached _____% of its required strength.
Moment resisting frame
Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure:
Braced frame
Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)
Lintel beam
It is a beam especially provided over an opening for a door or window to carry the wall over opening.
Live load
It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all is called:
0.87
Large city centers with at least 50% of the buildings having a height greater than 21M. falls on what exposure category for wind loading? (NSCP 207.5.3)
Concentrated load
Load acting on a very small area of a structure.
Stirrup
Loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.
18 M
Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof height less than or equal to? (NSCP 207.20)
Section Modulus
Measure of resistance for flexural or bending stress
75 mm
Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth: (NSCP 407.8.1)
Exposure C
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights less than 9M. Falls on what exposure category for wind loading?
0.60 Fy
Other than pin connected members, the allowable tensile stress shall not exceed _______ on the gross area. (NSCP 504.2.1)
20 Mpa
Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than _____Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1)
35 Mpa
Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength Fc of not less than ____Mpa. (NSCP 307.5.1)
1.50
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist overturning by at least ______times the overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)
2
Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least _______times the lateral force. (NSCP 206.6)
25 mm
Shear connectors shall have at least ________mm of lateral concrete covering. (NSCP 509.5.8)
Temperature bar
Steel reinforcement which is placed in a concrete slab, or the like, to minimize the possibility of developing cracks as a result of temperature changes.
Cantilever
Structural connectivity to the ground of all buildings by theoretical application.
1.50 M
Such piles into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)
3.00 M
Such piles into soft ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)
50 Kpa
Temporary open air portable bleachers may be supported upon wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed ____Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)
L/240
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load only. (NSCP 104.2.2)
L/360
The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2)
Volume
The amount of space measured in cubic units:
effective span
The center to center distance between the supports of a beam.
Driven piles
The characteristic of a steel H-section pile in terms of method of installation.
End bearing piles
The characteristic of an offshore pile in terms of mechanism of load transfer
Friction piles
The characteristic of pile when the founding layers are too deep to attain.
Stress
The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to change the shape of the body
X component
The component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed parallel to the horizon.
50
The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses shall develop the force due to the design load, but no less than _______% at the effective strength of the member unless a smaller percentage is justified by engineering analysis that considers other factors including handling, shipping and erection. (NSCP 510.2.5.1)
moment
The rotational force measured at a given axis at a given point on a beam
Inflection Point
The section at which the moment changes from positive to negative
inflection point
The section at which the moment changes from positive to negative along its longitudinal axis.
50%
The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than _______% slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)
Tensile stress
The stress per unit area of the original cross section of a material which resist its elongation.
Flexural stress
The stress that can cause the bending of a member, as under a load.
Reaction
The sum total of all the external forces measured from the supports of a beam.
Moment
The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis.
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist any change in its rest or motion.
Foundation
The transitional structure of a building to safely transfer the loads to the comparatively weaker ground.
Safety factor
The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working load.
Uplift pressure
The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement floor of a structure or road slab caused by the presence of water.
Construction joint
The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued later
Dead load
The weight of a structure itself, including the weight of fixtures or equipment permanently attached to it.
1.15
The wind load importance factor for hazardous facilities is equal to?
0.87
The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous structures is equal to?
1.0
The wind load importance factor for standard occupancy structures is equal to?
1.15
The wind load importance factor lw for essential facilities is equal to? (NSCP 207.50)
Cased pile
This is done if the soil is loose to avoid collapse of the bore wall during the installation process.
Braced Frame
This is essentially a vertical truss system provided to resist lateral forces of a building.
Driven piles
Timber piles are the most economical but have limited lengths and are classified as.
Studs
Timber walls consist of a series of closely spaced columns known as
Resultant force
Two or more forces acting as a single force on a free body diagram.
Cantilever beam
Type of beam fixed only at one support.
Tensile stress
Type of stress developed along the longitudinal axis of a cable holding a suspended bridge.
Outrigger system
Type of structural system employing truss system to the full height of 1 or 2 storeys at regular intervals along the full height of a high rise structure to increase bending rigidity.
Damper system
Type of structural system where a pendulum is incorporated in the building to act as counter weight for external forces.
Exposure B
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single family dwelling or larger falls on what exposure category for wind loading?
Load-bearing walls
Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight.
Not less than the effective depth of member of 12 db, or 1/16th the clear span, whichever is greater.
What is the minimum requirement for development of at least 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment reinforcement as an embedment length beyond the point of inflection?
2,400 Kg
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete?
900
When formed steel decking is a part of the composite beam, the spacing of stud shear connector along the length of the supporting beam or girder shall not exceed _______mm. (NSCP 509.6.1.2)
150 mm
When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least _____mm on the bottom. (NSCP 305.8)
250 Kph
Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?
200 Kph
Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?
150 Kph
Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?
2 year
(NSCP 403.20) A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for inspection during the progress of work . How many years after completion of the project shall certificates be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect.
Hook
A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length.
Stirrups
A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete beam is called.
Dowel
A deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer
Moment arm
A force measured at a distance from the axis of rotation to the point being considered.
Expansion joint
A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure or concrete work which permits their relative movement due to temperature changes (or other conditions) without rupture or damage
Compression
A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten the object
moment of inertia
A property of a body that defines its resistance to a change in angular velocity about an axis of rotation.
Weak Storey
A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey above is considered as __________.
Shotcrete
A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating admixture with aggregate larger than 10mm originally sprayed under high air pressure of lining tunnels.
Shear wall
A wall which in its own plane carries shear, resulting from forces such as wind, blast or earthquake
Bearing wall
A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame.
Contraction joint
An expansion joint's adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them is called.
Seismometer
An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a stationary point during an earthquake.
Deflection
Any displacement in a body from its static position, or from an established direction or plane, as a result of forces acting on the body
Deformation
Any material changes in shape when subjected to the action of a force.
jack rafter
Any rafter that is shorter than the usual length of the rafters used in the same building; esp. occurs in hip roofs
equilibrium
Condition in which forces are counteracted by a force resulting in a stable balanced force system.
Plasticizer
Constructing a high- rise building requires concrete that can easily be pumped. What type of admixture in concrete the contractor will provide which can reduce the requirement of mixing water and produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and needs very little vibration
Angle of repose
For any given granular material, the steepest angle with horizontal, a heaped soil surface will make in normal condition that will not slide.
Force x Distance
Formula of Moment?
vibrator
Honey comb in concrete can be limited by the use of...
Essential Facilities
Hospitals, Communication Centers, and others, which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake operations, are classified as ___________.
Limit state
If a structure is judged under the condition either to be no longer useful for its intended function or to unsafe, it has reached its __________.
Curtain wall
In a tall building of steel-frame construction, an exterior wall that is non-loadbearing, having no structural function
Slenderness ratio
In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration is called.
Semi-continuous beam
It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller at one end and the other end is projecting beyond a fixed support.
Gerber beam
It is a long, straight beam which by the inspection if two hinges in alternate spans, functions essentially as a cantilever beam.
Hinge
It is a point within the structure at which a member (beam/column) can rotate slightly to eliminate all bending moment in the member at that point.
loads
It is the general term applied for all force which act upon a structure and anything else which causes stresses or deformation within a structure, or part thereof:
Overturning moment
It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a building.
Sway brace
It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a building.
10
Long column refers to the laterally unsupported length along the longitudinal axis not less than how many times its least lateral dimension?
Purlins
Longitudinal beams which rest on top chord, and preferably at the joints of the truss:
Ultimate strength
Maximum Stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rapture.
rafters
One of a series of inclined structural members from the ridge of the roof down to the eaves, providing support for the covering of a roof.
Batter piles
Piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical?
Miscellaneous occupancy
Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to what type of occupancy?
Soil Stabilization
Referring to any artificial method of strengthening the soil to reduce its shrinkage and ensure that it will not move. Common methods are mixing the soil with cement or compaction
10
Short column refers to the laterally unsupported length along the longitudinal axis not more than how many times its least lateral dimension?
150 degrees
Standard hooks are bends made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards. Which of the bends does not belong to the group.
Rupture Strength
Stress at w/c the material specimen breaks.
tension
The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body.
structural analysis
The analysis of the stress, strain and deflection characteristics of structural behavior is referred to as:
Liquefaction
The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry imposed loads when subjected to vibration such as earthquake particularly when water table saturates this layer.
Reflection
The change of direction which a ray of light, sound or radiant heat undergoes when it strikes a surface
Y component
The component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed towards gravity.
Yielding stress
The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively when the material sustain without failure is called.
Ultimate stress
The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively when the material sustain without failure.
Eyebar
The particular type of pin-connected tension member of uniform thickness with forged loop or head of greater width than the body, with is proportioned to provide approximately equal strength both in the head and the body.
Acceleration
The rate of change of the velocity of a moving body.
Creep
The tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material.
movable load
These are lateral loads except one
Force System
Two or more forces acting on a body or on a group of related bodies.
uniformly varying load
Type of load that is increasing or decreasing linearly throughout the length of the beam
uniformly distributed loads
Type of load that produce parabolically varying moments
Retaining wall
Wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, that bears against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and other forces from the material in contact with the side of the wall, thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a lower elevation.
7,850 Kg
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel?
1,000 Kg
What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of water?
one-way slab
When the ratio of the short span to the long span of a slab is less then 0.50, slab.
coplanar force system
Where the lines of action of all the forces in a force system lie in the same plane.
girders
large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length
Essential facilities
Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?
Statics
Branch of engineering mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads.
Hazardous facility
Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances fall to what type of category?
Special occupancy
Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to what type of occupancy?