Architectural Structure

Corbel

A projecting piece of timber, stone or brick supporting an overhanging structure, such as an arch or balcony.

Force

A push or pull that tend to move a body to the direction of its action.

Arch

A spanning structure with an all compressive part holding together in a state of equilibrium.

Anchor bolts

A steel bolt usually fixed in a building structure with its threaded portion projecting; used to secure frameworks.

elastic deformation

A temporary change in the dimensions or shape of a body produced by a stress

Structure

An assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. They may be categorized as building or non- building.

moment of inertia

Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed.

50%

Fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than ____% slope (NSCP 302.3.1)

Exposure D

Flat unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water for a distance of at least 2 km falls on what exposure category for wind loading?

0.30

For a rectangular reinforced concrete compression member, it shall be permitted to take the radius of gyration equal to _______times the overall dimension of the direction of stability is being considered. (NSCP 410.12.20)

0.60 Fy

For box type and tabular textural members that meet the non compact section requirements of section 502.6, the allowable bending stress is ________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)

0.66 Fy

For members bent about their strong or weak axes, members with compact sections where the flanges continuously connected to web the allowable bending stress is _________. (NSCP 506.4.1.1)

200

For members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio kL/r preferably should not exceed ________? (NSCP 502.8.1)

300

For members whose design is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed _________.

0.45 Fy

For pin connected members, the allowable stress on the net area of the pinhole for pin connected members is _________. (NSCP 504.4.1.1)

Cold joint

Formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete is placed

1 Kg*M/s2

One Newton is equal to.

Friction piles

Pile-bearing capacity is developed by shear stresses along the sides of the pile, suitable when harder layers are too deep to attain.

Sheet piles

Piles designed for anchorage to prevent soil erosion during wide excavation.

Bored piles

Replacement piles are classified according to its method of installation.

d/2

Spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of non-prestressed member shall not exceed: (NSCP 411.6.4.1)

Deflection

The deformation of a structural member as a result of loads acting on it.

Anchor bolts

What is a round, steel bolt embedded in concrete or masonry used to hold down machinery, steel columns or beams, casting, shoes, beam plates and engine heads?

Tendon

What is a steel element such as wire, cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of such elements, used to impart prestress to concrete?

db but not less than 20 mm and need not exceed 50 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for cast in place concrete?

db but not less than 15 mm and need not exceed 40 mm

What is the minimum concrete cover for primary reinforcement of beams and columns not exposed to earth or weather for precast manufactured under plant control conditions?

Effective length

The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks.

clear span

The distance between inner faces of the support

span

The extent of space between two supports of a structure

Bond stress

The force of adhesion per unit area of contact between two bonded surfaces, such as between concrete and a steel reinforcing bar

Proportional limit

The greatest stress to which a material is capable of developing without a permanent deformation remaining upon the complete release of stress.

Architectural Structures

The integration of the Architecture profession in collaboration to structural engineering to produce a Work of Art with factors of structural integrity for human habitation.

Development length

The length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design strength at a critical section

Buckling load

The load at which a perfectly straight member under compression assumes a deflected position.

Yielding stress

The lowest stress in a material (less than the maximum attainable stress) at which the material begins to exhibit plastic properties; beyond this point an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.

Bottom Bar

The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the span of a beam.

Top Bar

The main reinforcing bar resisting tension at the support of a beam.

Girder

The major horizontal supporting member of the floor system is called:

6.00 M

The max. distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary: (NSCP 302.4.3)

8 diameter of connector

The maximum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________. (NSCP 509.5.8)

30 times

The maximum length of cast in place piles/bored piles shall be _____times the average diameter of the pile. (NSCP 307.2.1)

600 mm

The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, nuts and intermittent welds correctly two rolled shapes in contact for a built up section shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.4)

75 mm

The maximum spacing of ties and spirals in a driven pre-cast concrete pile center to center. (NSCP 307.5.1)

Allowable stress

The maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications

Laittance

The milky layer composed of cement and fine aggregate on the upper surface of the concrete mass during curing process due to an excess amount of water used:

8 db

The minimum bend diameter for 28mm Ø through 36mm Ø bars (NSCP 407.30)

L/10

The minimum cantilevered slab thickness is : (NSCP 409.6.2)

6 diameter of connector

The minimum center to center spacing of stud connectors along the longitudinal axis of supporting composite beam is ____________.

20mm

The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab:

25mm

The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must be 1.5 db but not less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)

0.60 M

The minimum distance that the toe of fill slope made to the site boundary line: (NSCP 302.4.3)

Development length

The minimum length of straight reinforcing bar or reinforcing rod which is required to anchor it in concrete

12mm

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 2 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

16mm

The minimum nominal diameter of steel bolts when wood plates or sill shall be bolted to foundation wall in zone 4 seismic area in the Philippines. (NSCP 305.60)

L/28

The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)

L/24

The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous slab is: (NSCP 409.6.2)

L/20

The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only is: (NSCP 409.6.2)

250 mm

The minimum outside diameter of pipe piles when used must be? (NSCP 307.6.3)

Truss

The most commonly used spanning structure because of their light weight and high strength in place of solid beam.

Cement

The most important component to determine the strength of concrete mix.

Deflection

The perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading.

To allow relatively free end rotation of connection members To make the analysis simpler To allow for better load distribution All of the above

The primary reason for using pinned connection.

200 mm

The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in double system shall not exceed ________.

140 mm

The ratio L/r for lacing bars arranged in single system shall not exceed ________. (NSCP 505.5.80)

Safety factor

The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of a member or piece of material or equipment to the actual working stress when in use.

Height

To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the area of its base by its:

Base Area

To find the volume of water in a cylinder tank, multiply the height from the base to the overflow by its:

Structure

A body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting loads.

Shear and moment diagram

A design analysis as a basis where the total lateral forces are distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.

equilibrant

A force that act in the opposite direction equal to an action force.

Stress- strain diagram

A graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the corresponding unit strain for a specific material

moment diagram

A graphic representation of the variation in magnitude of the bending moment

Transom

A horizontal foundation to connect the pile and the vertical supports of the super structure.

Diaphragm

A horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting system including the horizontal bracing system.

Pier

A horizontal structural element exposed to weather supporting the elevated railway.

Contraction joint

A joint between adjacent parts of a structure which permits movement between them resulting from contraction

Construction joint

A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet.

Hook's law

A law stating that the deformation of an elastic body is proportional to the force applied, provided the stress does not exceed the elastic limit of the material.

Distributed load

A load which acts evenly over a structural member or over a surface that supports the load.

Admixture

A material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its properties

Mortar

A mixture composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used as a filter.

Metal Fatigue

A phenomenon of failure or damage that may result in sudden and brittle fracture of a ductile material due to reversals of stresses applied to a body repeatedly or a great number of times.

Sump

A pit dug in the basement floor during excavation made to collect water into which a pump is placed to sewer the liquid.

6 db

(NSCP 407.30) The minimum bend diameter for 10mm Ø through 25mm Ø bars

1.50 db

(NSCP 407.7.3)In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than?

25mm

(NSCP 407.7.3)The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer must be db but not less than?

450mm

(NSCP 407.7.5)In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than?

40 db

(NSCP 407.7.6.4) Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least ____ stagger:

75 mm

(NSCP 407.8.1) Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth.

20mm

(NSCP 407.8.1) The minimum clear concrete covering for cast in place slab.

0.90

(NSCP 409.2.1) In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial loads.

0.85

(NSCP 409.4.2.3) In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion.

L/10

(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum cantilevered slab thickness.

L/28

(NSCP 409.6.2) The minimum one way slab thickness for a BOTH ends continuous slab.

L/24

(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness for a ONE end continuous slab.

L/20

(NSCP 409.6.2)The minimum one way slab thickness which is simply supported at the ends only.

50

(NSCP 410.5.10) Spacing for a lateral support for a beam shall not exceed _______times the least width b of compression flange or face.

300 mm

(NSCP 412.3.1) Development length for deformed bars in tension shall be less than.

1 N/ mm²

1Mpa is equal to?

18 M

(NSCP 207.20) Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof height less than or equal to?

25%

(NSCP 208.5.1.1) In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of_______% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies.

10 days

(NSCP 302.2.4) Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made.

200 mm

(NSCP 305.7.3) In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than _____mm in depth?

Girder

A beam carrying a beam is known as...

Riprap

A revetment consisting of rough stones of various sizes placed compactly to protect the banks or bed of a river from the eroding effects of the flowing water.

Bearing wall system

A shear type structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame.

A wall designed to resist lateral pressure to the plane of the wall

A shear wall is:

Dowel

A short steel bar extending from one concrete element to another as for instance a concrete foundation to a concrete column. It may or may not transfer direct stress.

space frame

A three dimensional structural system without the bearing walls, composed of interconnected members laterally supported so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aids of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing system:

Raft foundation

A type of foundation capable of distributing the loads on a wide surface of the ground.

Pile foundation

A type of foundation where the load of building is distributed deep into the soil.

Pier

A vertical supporting element connecting the foundation and the elevated railway.

Pile

A vertically installed structural element to prevent the displacement of a foundation produced by the weight of a structure.

Working stress

Allowable stress; in the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications

neutral axis

An imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam, along which no bending stresses occur.

Pre-drilling

An initial bore is set to correctly identify the exact location of the bore with a rotating bucket.

80%

An open building is a structure having all walls at least _____% open. (NSCP 207)

36mm

Bars larger than ___mm shall not be bundled in beams: (NSCP 407.7.6.3)

10 days

Before commencing the excavation work, the person making the excavation shall notify in writing the owner of the adjoining building not less than _____days before such excavation is to be made. (NSCP 302.2.4)

300 mm

Bolts and rivets connecting stiffness to the girder web shall be spaced not more than ______mm on centers. (NSCP 507.5.3)

0.75

Deep simple span flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: (NSCP 307.4.2)

17.50 Mpa

Cast in place/bored piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than ______Mpa. (NSCP 307.2.1)

Bored pile

Classification of cast in place concrete according to its method of installation

End bearing piles

Classification of piles where most of the resistance is developed at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer or bedrock.

200 mm

Concrete filled driven piles of uniform section shall have a nominal outside diameter of not less than (NSCP 307.7.3)

26.70

Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars and girts, shall be designed to support not less than ________Kn of force. (NSCP 510.10.61)

0.40

Deep continuous flexural members has overall depth to clear span ratio greater than: (NSCP 410.8.10)

Driven piles

Displacement piles are classified according to its method of installation.

Aggregate

Granular material such as sand, gravel, stone, and iron blast furnace slag used with a cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete.

4

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as one unit shall be united to ___ pieces in one bundle. (NSCP 407.7.6.1)

Tubular System

High rise structural system consisting of the outer walls modified as a structural frame.

Core system

High rise structural system creating interior reinforcement as a form of large hollow column.

90 degree bend plus 12 db extension, at free end of the bar

How is a 90 degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement constructed?

Modulus of elasticity

In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the corresponding unit strain.

Modulus of elasticity

In formula e = PL/AE, E stands for:

1.50 db

In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than? (NSCP 407.7.3)

3.50 Mpa

In testing concrete laboratory cured specimens, no individual strength test (average of 2 cylinders) falls below fc' by more than _______. (NSCP 405.7.3.3)

Allowable stress

In the design of structures, the maximum unit stress permitted under working loads by codes and specifications.

25%

In the determination of seismic dead load with a minimum of ________% of floor live load shall be applicable for storage and warehouse occupancies. (NSCP 208.5.1.1)

0.90

In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for flexure without axial loads: (NSCP 409.2.1)

0.85

In ultimate strength design, the strength reduction factor Ø for shear and torsion: (NSCP 409.4.2.3)

15 Mpa

In using a concrete backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the concrete shall have ultimate strength of ____Mpa at 28 days. (NSCP 305.7.3)

200 mm

In using sand backfill in the annular space around column not embedded in poured footings, the sand shall be thoroughly compacted by tamping in layers not more than _____mm in depth? (NSCP 305.7.3)

450mm

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times wall or slab thickness nor farther than? (NSCP 407.7.5)

40 db

Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different points with at least ____ stagger: (NSCP 407.7.6.4)

10%

Individual pile caps and caissons of every structure subjected to seismic forces shall be interconnected by ties. Such ties shall be capable of resisting in tension or compression a minimum horizontal force equal to _____% of the largest column vertical load. (NSCP 306.20)

75%

Ira composite beam section, the actual section modulus of the transformed composite section shall be used in calculating the concrete flexural compressed stress and for construction without temporary shores, this stress shall be based upon loading applied after the concrete has reached _____% of its required strength.

Moment resisting frame

Is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure:

Braced frame

Is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces: (NCSP 208.1)

Lintel beam

It is a beam especially provided over an opening for a door or window to carry the wall over opening.

Live load

It refers to the occupancy load which is either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all is called:

0.87

Large city centers with at least 50% of the buildings having a height greater than 21M. falls on what exposure category for wind loading? (NSCP 207.5.3)

Concentrated load

Load acting on a very small area of a structure.

Stirrup

Loop or reinforcing bar or wire enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.

18 M

Low rise buildings is an enclosed or partially enclosed with mean roof height less than or equal to? (NSCP 207.20)

Section Modulus

Measure of resistance for flexural or bending stress

75 mm

Minimum concrete cover cast against and permanently exposed to earth: (NSCP 407.8.1)

Exposure C

Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights less than 9M. Falls on what exposure category for wind loading?

0.60 Fy

Other than pin connected members, the allowable tensile stress shall not exceed _______ on the gross area. (NSCP 504.2.1)

20 Mpa

Pre-cast concrete piles shall have a specific compressive strength Fc of not less than _____Mpa. (NSCP 304.7.1)

35 Mpa

Pre-cast pre-stressed concrete piles shall have a specified compressive strength Fc of not less than ____Mpa. (NSCP 307.5.1)

1.50

Retaining walls shall be designed to resist overturning by at least ______times the overturning moment. (NSCP 206.6)

2

Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least _______times the lateral force. (NSCP 206.6)

25 mm

Shear connectors shall have at least ________mm of lateral concrete covering. (NSCP 509.5.8)

Temperature bar

Steel reinforcement which is placed in a concrete slab, or the like, to minimize the possibility of developing cracks as a result of temperature changes.

Cantilever

Structural connectivity to the ground of all buildings by theoretical application.

1.50 M

Such piles into firm ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

3.00 M

Such piles into soft ground may be considered fixed and laterally supported at _____M below the ground surface. (NSCP 306.20)

50 Kpa

Temporary open air portable bleachers may be supported upon wood sills or steel plates placed directly upon the ground surface, provided soil pressure does not exceed ____Kpa. (NSCP 305.9)

L/240

The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with dead load and live load only. (NSCP 104.2.2)

L/360

The allowable deflection for any structural member loaded with live load only. (NSCP 107.2.2)

Volume

The amount of space measured in cubic units:

effective span

The center to center distance between the supports of a beam.

Driven piles

The characteristic of a steel H-section pile in terms of method of installation.

End bearing piles

The characteristic of an offshore pile in terms of mechanism of load transfer

Friction piles

The characteristic of pile when the founding layers are too deep to attain.

Stress

The cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to change the shape of the body

X component

The component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed parallel to the horizon.

50

The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses shall develop the force due to the design load, but no less than _______% at the effective strength of the member unless a smaller percentage is justified by engineering analysis that considers other factors including handling, shipping and erection. (NSCP 510.2.5.1)

moment

The rotational force measured at a given axis at a given point on a beam

Inflection Point

The section at which the moment changes from positive to negative

inflection point

The section at which the moment changes from positive to negative along its longitudinal axis.

50%

The slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than _______% slope. (NSCP 302.2.2)

Tensile stress

The stress per unit area of the original cross section of a material which resist its elongation.

Flexural stress

The stress that can cause the bending of a member, as under a load.

Reaction

The sum total of all the external forces measured from the supports of a beam.

Moment

The tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist any change in its rest or motion.

Foundation

The transitional structure of a building to safely transfer the loads to the comparatively weaker ground.

Safety factor

The ultimate strength of the material divided by the allowable working load.

Uplift pressure

The upward pressure against the bottom of the basement floor of a structure or road slab caused by the presence of water.

Construction joint

The vertical or horizontal face in a concrete structure where concreting has been stopped and continued later

Dead load

The weight of a structure itself, including the weight of fixtures or equipment permanently attached to it.

1.15

The wind load importance factor for hazardous facilities is equal to?

0.87

The wind load importance factor for miscellaneous structures is equal to?

1.0

The wind load importance factor for standard occupancy structures is equal to?

1.15

The wind load importance factor lw for essential facilities is equal to? (NSCP 207.50)

Cased pile

This is done if the soil is loose to avoid collapse of the bore wall during the installation process.

Braced Frame

This is essentially a vertical truss system provided to resist lateral forces of a building.

Driven piles

Timber piles are the most economical but have limited lengths and are classified as.

Studs

Timber walls consist of a series of closely spaced columns known as

Resultant force

Two or more forces acting as a single force on a free body diagram.

Cantilever beam

Type of beam fixed only at one support.

Tensile stress

Type of stress developed along the longitudinal axis of a cable holding a suspended bridge.

Outrigger system

Type of structural system employing truss system to the full height of 1 or 2 storeys at regular intervals along the full height of a high rise structure to increase bending rigidity.

Damper system

Type of structural system where a pendulum is incorporated in the building to act as counter weight for external forces.

Exposure B

Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single family dwelling or larger falls on what exposure category for wind loading?

Load-bearing walls

Walls that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight.

Not less than the effective depth of member of 12 db, or 1/16th the clear span, whichever is greater.

What is the minimum requirement for development of at least 1/3 of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment reinforcement as an embedment length beyond the point of inflection?

2,400 Kg

What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of concrete?

900

When formed steel decking is a part of the composite beam, the spacing of stud shear connector along the length of the supporting beam or girder shall not exceed _______mm. (NSCP 509.6.1.2)

150 mm

When grillage footings of structural steel shapes are used on soils, they shall be completely embedded in concrete. Concrete cover shall be at least _____mm on the bottom. (NSCP 305.8)

250 Kph

Zone 1 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

200 Kph

Zone 2 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

150 Kph

Zone 3 of the Philippine map has a wind velocity of ____Kph?

2 year

(NSCP 403.20) A complete record of test of materials and of concrete shall be available for inspection during the progress of work . How many years after completion of the project shall certificates be preserved by the inspecting engineer or architect.

Hook

A bend or curve given to develop an equivalent embedment length, used where there is insufficient room to develop in adequate embedment length.

Stirrups

A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete beam is called.

Dowel

A deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer

Moment arm

A force measured at a distance from the axis of rotation to the point being considered.

Expansion joint

A joint or gap between adjacent parts of a building, structure or concrete work which permits their relative movement due to temperature changes (or other conditions) without rupture or damage

Compression

A longitudinal strain that tend to shorten the object

moment of inertia

A property of a body that defines its resistance to a change in angular velocity about an axis of rotation.

Weak Storey

A storey whose strength is less than 80% of the strength of the storey above is considered as __________.

Shotcrete

A type of gunite mixed with an accelerating admixture with aggregate larger than 10mm originally sprayed under high air pressure of lining tunnels.

Shear wall

A wall which in its own plane carries shear, resulting from forces such as wind, blast or earthquake

Bearing wall

A wall which supports vertical loads in addition to its weight without the benefit of a complete vertical load carrying space frame.

Contraction joint

An expansion joint's adjacent parts of a structure to permit expected movements between them is called.

Seismometer

An instrument which measures the actual displacement of the ground with respect to a stationary point during an earthquake.

Deflection

Any displacement in a body from its static position, or from an established direction or plane, as a result of forces acting on the body

Deformation

Any material changes in shape when subjected to the action of a force.

jack rafter

Any rafter that is shorter than the usual length of the rafters used in the same building; esp. occurs in hip roofs

equilibrium

Condition in which forces are counteracted by a force resulting in a stable balanced force system.

Plasticizer

Constructing a high- rise building requires concrete that can easily be pumped. What type of admixture in concrete the contractor will provide which can reduce the requirement of mixing water and produce a flowing concrete that does not segregate and needs very little vibration

Angle of repose

For any given granular material, the steepest angle with horizontal, a heaped soil surface will make in normal condition that will not slide.

Force x Distance

Formula of Moment?

vibrator

Honey comb in concrete can be limited by the use of...

Essential Facilities

Hospitals, Communication Centers, and others, which are necessary for emergency post-earthquake operations, are classified as ___________.

Limit state

If a structure is judged under the condition either to be no longer useful for its intended function or to unsafe, it has reached its __________.

Curtain wall

In a tall building of steel-frame construction, an exterior wall that is non-loadbearing, having no structural function

Slenderness ratio

In column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration is called.

Semi-continuous beam

It is a beam type supported by a hinge/roller at one end and the other end is projecting beyond a fixed support.

Gerber beam

It is a long, straight beam which by the inspection if two hinges in alternate spans, functions essentially as a cantilever beam.

Hinge

It is a point within the structure at which a member (beam/column) can rotate slightly to eliminate all bending moment in the member at that point.

loads

It is the general term applied for all force which act upon a structure and anything else which causes stresses or deformation within a structure, or part thereof:

Overturning moment

It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a building.

Sway brace

It refers to a piece or pair of diagonal braces to resist wind or other horizontal forces on a building.

10

Long column refers to the laterally unsupported length along the longitudinal axis not less than how many times its least lateral dimension?

Purlins

Longitudinal beams which rest on top chord, and preferably at the joints of the truss:

Ultimate strength

Maximum Stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or rapture.

rafters

One of a series of inclined structural members from the ridge of the roof down to the eaves, providing support for the covering of a roof.

Batter piles

Piles at an inclination to resist forces that are not critical?

Miscellaneous occupancy

Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings fall to what type of occupancy?

Soil Stabilization

Referring to any artificial method of strengthening the soil to reduce its shrinkage and ensure that it will not move. Common methods are mixing the soil with cement or compaction

10

Short column refers to the laterally unsupported length along the longitudinal axis not more than how many times its least lateral dimension?

150 degrees

Standard hooks are bends made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to standards. Which of the bends does not belong to the group.

Rupture Strength

Stress at w/c the material specimen breaks.

tension

The act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body.

structural analysis

The analysis of the stress, strain and deflection characteristics of structural behavior is referred to as:

Liquefaction

The behavior of sandy soil to weaken its capacity to carry imposed loads when subjected to vibration such as earthquake particularly when water table saturates this layer.

Reflection

The change of direction which a ray of light, sound or radiant heat undergoes when it strikes a surface

Y component

The component of a diagonal force assumed to be directed towards gravity.

Yielding stress

The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively when the material sustain without failure is called.

Ultimate stress

The maximum value of tension, compression, or shear respectively when the material sustain without failure.

Eyebar

The particular type of pin-connected tension member of uniform thickness with forged loop or head of greater width than the body, with is proportioned to provide approximately equal strength both in the head and the body.

Acceleration

The rate of change of the velocity of a moving body.

Creep

The tendency of most material to move or deform over time under a constant load The amount of movement varies enormously depending upon the material.

movable load

These are lateral loads except one

Force System

Two or more forces acting on a body or on a group of related bodies.

uniformly varying load

Type of load that is increasing or decreasing linearly throughout the length of the beam

uniformly distributed loads

Type of load that produce parabolically varying moments

Retaining wall

Wall, either freestanding or laterally braced, that bears against an earth or other fill surface and resists lateral and other forces from the material in contact with the side of the wall, thereby preventing the mass from sliding to a lower elevation.

7,850 Kg

What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of steel?

1,000 Kg

What is the weight of 1 cu. m. of water?

one-way slab

When the ratio of the short span to the long span of a slab is less then 0.50, slab.

coplanar force system

Where the lines of action of all the forces in a force system lie in the same plane.

girders

large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length

Essential facilities

Aviation control towers fall to what type of occupancy?

Statics

Branch of engineering mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of loads.

Hazardous facility

Buildings or structures therein housing and supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances fall to what type of category?

Special occupancy

Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity of 500 or more students fall to what type of occupancy?