Architecture Chapter 11-Footings, Foundations, and Concrete

5-1/2

A ___________ wide flange beam (less than 16" deep) is the most economical (lightest) for supporting a uniform load of 55 kips (55,000 lbs.) that spans 14'. Refer to the chart in your text.

trowel

A concrete finishing tool used in a circular motion to further harden the surface and develop a very smooth finish

all of the above

A float is used in finishing concrete to:

float

A foot long board with a handle attached to one of the flat sides

pier foundation

A foundation used in crawl space where the distance is too large for a single span

lintel

A horizontal structural element that supports the load over openings such as windows or doors

Warmer climates where freezing of the ground is infrequent

A wood foundation is particularly suitable in:

Applying two ¼" thick coats of cement-mortar or plaster then a coat of hot tar or a similar water-proofing material

Concrete block basement walls should be damp-proofed to eliminate ground water from seeping through the wall. This is done by:

4" to 6"

Concrete slabs are normally placed on a base of compacted sand _____ thick.

cement

Contains lime, silica, alumina, iron components, and gypsum

6"

Footings should be excavated at least ________ into undisturbed earth and minimum of 6" below the average maximum frost penetration depth

12"

For a wood foundation, the trench excavated for a structure with a crawl space should be __________ deep.

false, t-foundation

Form Boards are made from construction lumber and are used to provide a form for the cast footing used with a Y-Foundation.

s-beam

Formerly called an I-beam

thickness same as the foundation wall, width twice the foundation wall

Generally, how thick and wide should the footing be?

easy to acquire, easy to handle, do not check as much as solid beam

Give three reasons why built-up wood beams are used more often than solid wood beams in residential construction.

12"

How thick should the footing be for a fireplace?

Capping may be omitted

If the wood sill bears on the outer and inner face shells of a block foundation wall:

4"

Lintels should extend at least ______ into a masonry wall on either side of an opening.

all of the above

Nails used in wood foundations should be made of:

less labor, less expense, less time

Name three advantages of a slab foundation.

stronger, fire-resistant

Name two characteristics of solid wood beams.

footings

Only when soil tests prove that the earth is adequately compacted to sustain a building should _____________ be placed in filled or regraded soils

saw kerf

Prevents movement of string along batter board

plot plan

Provides the dimensions to be used when staking out the location of a house on the lot

All of the above

Select common materials used to construct foundation walls.

Post and Pier Foundation, Slab Foundation, T-Foundation

Select three basic types of foundation walls.

lintel blocks precast concrete, steel angle

Select three materials from which lintels are commonly made

max spacing of 20', slab-changes in width, in-line with interior columns

Select three places where contraction joints should be located.

three

Sidewalks, driveways, footings, and basement floors require one part cement, ___________ part(s) sand and five parts aggregate

slab foundation

Sometimes called a thicken-edge slab.

bearing wall

Supports a portion of the load of the building

bottom

The ______ (top/bottom) flange on a steel post is larger.

7-5/8" x 7-5/8" x 15-5/8"

The actual size of a typical "concrete block" (hollow concrete masonry unit) is _____.

concrete

The combination of cement, sand, aggregate and water

control

The corner having the highest elevation is normally selected for the _________ point.

7

The distance from the top of the basement floor to the bottom of the floor joists above should be no less than feet.

plot

The distances used to locate the corners of the house are taken from the ________ plan.

support from crosswalls

The factor(s) that determine(s) the ability of a concrete or masonry basement wall to resist earth pressure include:

8"

The finished floor of the house should be a minimum of __________ above the grade.

Double top plate of the foundation wall

The floor joists or trusses of a wood foundation are placed on the:

true

The foundation wall of a slab foundation should extend below the frost line.

batter boards

The location of the foundation is kept during excavation and construction by the use of __________ _________.

t-foundation

The name of this foundation comes from its shape

all of the above

The posts used in post foundations are commonly made of:

all of the above

To eliminate water damage to basements in wet or poorly drained soils:

plumb bob

To ensure that each stake of the batter boards is placed accurately, a ___________ is used.

15

To lay out square corners, the 9-12- _____ unit method can be used.

codes

To obtain the minimum footing depth for any given area, check the local ____________.

4" x 4" x 3/8"

To support a 4" masonry wall above an opening, the smallest piece of steel angle that can be used for a 10'-6" span is _____. Refer to Figure 11-38 in the textbook.

jointing tool

Used in large areas of concrete to control cracking

contraction joint

Used to cut grooves in freshly placed concrete

tamping

Vibrating or ___________ poured concrete results in a more dense product ad dislodges weak spots caused by air pockets

ACA, CCA

Waterborne preservation salts

interior walls, roof, plumbing fixtures

What are dead loads?

snow, occupants, furniture

What are live loads?

footing size can be increased

What can be done to footings to reduce cracks caused by uneven settling? Remember that the weight of most residential structures lies on two rather than all four walls.

The use of 1/2 " rods horizontal & vertical in the steps

What can be done to prevent cracking where steps are located in horizontal and vertical footings?

climate, local building codes, load bearing capacity of soil

What factors determine the type of foundation to be used? Select all that apply

Increase support capacity of the foundation wall by spreading the load over a larger area

What is the purpose of a footing?

poured concrete

What material is normally used for the footings of residential structures?

25

When ordering concrete, allow __________ cubic feet to the yard

90

When staking out the house location, a surveyor's transit must be used for measuring angles other than _________ degrees.

A basement sump is installed in poorly drained soils

When using a wood foundation for a basement:

when footings are located over soft or poorly drained soil

When would longitudinal reinforcing bars be used in footings?

Extend from footer to the first floor

Where do the foundation walls began and terminate on a residential structure?

6"

Where part of the footings bear on rock, remove approximately _______ of the rock and replace with compacted sand to equalize settling.

w-beam

Which has greater strength, the S-beam or the W-beam?

the difference in compressibility

Why might a difference in settling occur for a structure resting on two different subsoils?

Diagonal

__________ measurements check the position of the corners for accuracy (squareness).

kip

equals 1,000 pounds

screed

used to smooth a concrete surface

AWWF

All Weather Wood Foundation

After the basement floor has cured and the first floor is installed

Backfilling for a wood foundation should be started:

metal tie bars

Basement load bearing crosswalls should be attached to exterior walls by:

4'

Batter boards are placed approximately _____________ outside the footing line.

wood

Beams may be either metal or ___________.

sandy

Excavate a gentle back slope in _________ soil.

clay

Excavation in _________ permits a steep slope.

PWF

permanent wood foundation

aggregate

stone or gravel