Art 1 - Unit 6

The Column of Trajan aka Trajan's Column is almost ___ feet high. Trajan's Column uses the art style of _________ ______ and tells the story of the emperor's war campaigns.

100 narrative relief

Romanesque art was produced from _____________ in Europe.

1000-1300 CE

The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire dates from 330 CE to _______ CE. The empire had seen East vs West splits, but Emperor Constantine united the empire and moved the capital to Constantinople in 330 CE.

1453

The fall of the Western Roman Empire happened over the course of many decades, but is generally dated ________________________ to CE when Germanic barbarians invaded Rome and deposed the last Western Roman emperor. Many factors contributed to the fall of Rome such as incompetent rulers, religious or cultural changes, and climate change. During Roman expansion, a warm period allowed for easier agriculture to support a vast empire. However, from 150 to 450 CE the climate changed and began to cool. In the 6th century, three large ______________________ erupted in different locations on the earth and may have contributed to global cooling. This made it more difficult to sustain agriculture in the Mediterranean, while simultaneously making it easier to grow food in Arabian peninsula. Medieval art includes art created during a ____________-year time-span after the fall of Rome. It includes various movements and cultures such as Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-Romanesque art, Romanesque art, Gothic art, and more.

476 volcanoes 1000

Match the architecture term to the corresponding picture.

Arch

Match the architecture term to the corresponding picture.

Barrel vault

Hagia Sophia is an example of which style of architecture?

Byzantine

A ______ is a decorative cup often used in religious ceremonies. Decorative ___________ were used as decorative centerpieces and symbols of faith. A ____________ is a special case or structure that holds a religious relic. A relic is an item with religious importance; it is something that is believed to have a direct connection to a saint. Pictorial ________ ______ was developed during this time period and became widely used. The figures are typical of the period with little depth and stylized features. Both metal and stone sculpture was also revived during this period.

Chalice Crosses Reliquary Stained Glass Sculpture

Constantine also stopped the government persecution of __________ in the Empire and openly supported the growing religion.

Christians/Christianity

Match the architecture term to the corresponding picture.

Dome

Hagia Sophia was created in the Gothic style of architecture.

False

The ancient Romans created a number of pictorial stained glass pieces.

False

Women did not create visual arts until the mid-19th century.

False

What color background was common in Byzantine paintings?

Gold

Flying buttresses were commonly used in which style of architecture?

Gothic

Ancient Roman culture was heavily influenced by __________.

Greece

The Arch of Titus is a _______________ sculpture.

Greek-influenced Relief

The Arch of Titus is a _____________________ sculpture.

Greek-influenced relief

The representation of human figures in Byzantine art is characterized by _________________________.

Having little to no background so that the figure appear to float in the picture. Being more stylized and less realistic Having large eyes Being flat and without much depth or dimension

What do we call a religious artwork of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint that was used for honoring that figure?

Icon

The Arch of Titus celebrates the conquest of _________ by the Romans.

Jerusalem

The Column of Trajan features what type of art?

Narrative relief

A major artistic development became popular in ancient Rome. _____________ is the idea of creating an artwork that looks like an actual person. It existed before, but the Roman cultural emphasis on individualism may have helped this type of artwork gain popularity.

Portraiture

Early Christianity developed and spread within which ancient empire?

Roman

Some of the earliest Christian art that we know about has been found where?

The Catacombs of Rome

One of the most famous examples of a Roman dome is found on which building?

The Pantheon

A gargoyle is like a waterspout for the building.

True

Arches are structures used to span spaces and support the weight above it.

True

Flying buttresses are a characteristic of Gothic style architecture.

True

Frescoes are wall paintings that are created on fresh plaster.

True

Gothic art is characterized by the integration of art forms, most notably architecture, sculpture, and stained glass.

True

The Byzantine Empire, also called the Eastern Roman Empire, had its capital in which modern country?

Turkey

In 395, Emperor Theodosius split the empire once again, so that his two sons could rule East and ________________ . Over the next several hundred years, the Eastern empire stayed strong and went through its own Macedenonia Renaissance from the 10th-11th centuries. Meanwhile the Western lands were invaded and looted.

West

A _____________________ is usually built into the side of a hill in a semi-circle, funnel shape. This special shape allows sound to travel and amplify (get louder) so everyone in the audience can hear the performance.

amphitheater

The three important Roman architectural structures were the _____, ____, ___ ______ _____

arch, dome, and barrel vault

The Roman aqueducts were made from bricks and used ______ to cut down on material while effectively supporting the weight above.

arches

The third structure ______ ______, are curved ceiling overs a rectangular room.

barrel vaults

Hagia Sophia was originally built in the middle of the 6th century as a Christian _______________ , a type of church. It was the largest cathedral for about a thousand years. In the 15th-16th centuries it was converted into a mosque and the 4 minarets (towers that call the people to prayer) were added. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

basilica

Ancient Rome is also famous for its ____________________. These were public places for the citizens to meet, relax, and also maintain health. They can be found all over Europe and the Mediterranean in places the Romans conquered. For example, there is a famous city in England named Bath because of its Roman baths built around 60-350 CE.

bathhouses/baths

A ____ is a type of sculptural portrait that shows a person's head, heck, and sometimes part of their shoulders.

bust

A death mask is a type of sculptural portrait where a wax or plaster cast image is created from the face of a deceased person.

death mask

Romanesque art has bright colors and little _____. _____________ are either solid colors or an abstracted representation of a building or landscape. _____ works were often made for religious purposes and include chalices, decorative crosses, and reliquaries.

depth Backgrounds Metal

The Pantheon is a famous Roman building with a ____, which is a vaulted ceiling that looks like the upper half of a sphere.

dome

A _____ is like a city's business center. It is where business dealings, speeches, trials, government meetings, and shopping took place.

forum

Byzantine art uses rich colors. The backgrounds are often plain and ______ in color.

golden/gold

During the Macedonia Renaissance, the ban on religious paintings was lifted and beautiful works of art and religious ______________ were created, usually as flat-panel paintings. There were also mosaics, textiles, and stone carvings.

icons

Over the years, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) culture diverged from the Western Roman culture including the preferred language: Greek vs Latin, and the Christian Church doctrine: Orthodox Christianity vs Roman Catholic Christianity. At various points, rulers decided to destroy all religious images depicting people and saints. The act of destroying religious art is called iconoclasm. These rulers, such as Emperor Leo III, argued that all depictions of people were a form of ___________ the worship of false idols.

idolatry

The Romans did not ______ these, but they used them in ways that had never been done before.

invent

One theory for why Roman art and architecture looks so similar to Greek art is because ______________________________.

many sculptors were actually Greek slaves who had been conquered and enslaved by the Romans.

Another popular art style was the historical relief. This art style visually told the stories of Roman achievements. This type of visual story-telling is called _________.

narrative

A _____ sculpture is carved away from a flat surface so that the sculpture elements stick out from the flat surface. (Remember a sunk relief sculpture is carved into the flat surface and sinks down into the flat surface.)

relief

A ______ was the most ornate, tricked-out building in the ancient Roman empire. These spaces were used to honor their many gods and often housed a sculpture of the god called an icon. People would burn incense and bring all different kinds of donations to gain the favor/luck of that particular god.

temple

Romanesque art shows a resurgence of European religious practices. This style was called Romanesque because _______________________.

the architecture was style was copied from Roman style apses, barrel vaults, and leaf decoration