ART 100 Final Exam (CH. 7 - 13) hoefia jup

Similar to the later Aztecs, who centralized power and created a true empire, Maya power remained centralized and consisting of close-range numerous kingdoms.

False

The innovation just mentioned in the previous question took away from the stained glass windows. It did not allow the installation of many windows.

False

The use of 3 portals was a Romanesque invention.

False

What was the most typical object of prestige adornment in the medieval period?

Fibula

What was the original name of the colosseum?

Flavian Amphitheater

What innovative feature of Gothic cathedrals is an external support that counters the outward thrust of the nave vaults?

Flying buttresses

Which of the following elements of Chartres Cathedral has a structural function?

Flying buttresses

The High Gothic nave vault, as developed at Chartres, included which form?

Four-part ribbed vault

In which modern country is Speyer Cathedral located?

Germany

What is the name of this example of the Ottonian revival of large-scale sculpture?

Gero Crucifix

Who of the following coined the term Gothic?

Giorgio Vasari

Which of the following attributes was used to depict Christ after Christianity was officially recognized by Roman authorities?

Imperial purple

What is one major similarity between these two sculptures?

In both images Christ has a halo with a cross. (both as in this image and the image in the previous question)

How is the figure of Jesus depicted here on the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus?

Like a Roman emperor

Who is depicted in this equestrian portrait?

Marcus Aurelius

What monument contains this example of Islamic experimentation with multilobed arches?

Mezquita, Córdoba

Which religion does NOT have strong ties to the site enclosed by the Dome of the Rock?

Mithraism

Which of the following best describes the subject of Fourth Style Roman wall painting?

Mixture of previous styles

Which group was critically important to the revival of learning during Charlemagne's reign?

Monastic communities

The Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia relied on which structural component?

Monumental concrete barrel vaults

Which structure is considered the greatest achievement of the Ottoman court architect Suleyman the Magnificent? (HINT: The architect was Sinan and this was his masterpiece).

Mosque of Selim II

Which decorative forms did the architects experiment with in the Córdoba maqsura?

Multilobed arches

What do the mural paintings at Dura-Europos suggest was a component of the decoration of many Late Antique synagogues?

Narrative scenes

What types of scenes do not appear on the Romanesque sculpted column capitals?

New Testament events

Which of the following has a basilica form?

Old Saint Peter's

The illustrated book had a long history in the ancient world. When did the tradition of placing pictures in manuscripts first begin?

Pharaonic Egypt

Which of the following is the best description of compound piers?

Piers with attached bundles of columns or pilasters

What is the location of this cathedral complex?

Pisa, Italy

Which sequence best describes the vertical lines along which the masonry weight is supported?

Pointed vault ribs to colonettes to compound piers

What activity is it the primary function of Islamic religious architecture to support?

Prayer

What activity is implied by the gestures of the two male figures in this mosaic?

Praying

In contrast to Greek temples, what was the usual architectural scheme of Roman temples?

Pseudoperipteral

Which of the following architectural terms describes the Temple of Portunus, Rome?

Pseudoperipteral

What color are the pages of the Vienna Genesis?

Purple

In the Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux, Mary is shown in her roles as both the mother of Christ and what?

Queen of Heaven

The most noticeable trait of Romanesque architecture are the ________________ arches.

Roman

What do art historians view as the origin of icon paintings?

Roman portraits on wood panels

The round center image of a rose window is referred to by which term?

Roundel

Identify the photograph:

Ruins of the Temple Mayor in Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City)

What pose, associated with the "court style," was most typical of Late Gothic sculpture?

S-curve

What is the name of the lengthy poem that mentions that heroes were buried with items of prestige, such as rings and brooches, as a testament to their greatness?

Saga of Beowulf

What is the name of the person represented here, on the Stavelot reliquary?

Saint Alexander

Whose relics were brought from Egypt to Venice?

Saint Mark

Abbot Suger is credited with remodeling which of the following churches?

Saint-Denis

Which church possesses the essential characteristics of English Gothic architecture?

Salisbury Cathedral

What is the subject of the scene that occupies the left third of the sarcophagus of Santa Maria Antiqua shown here?

Salvation of Jonah

The plan for what church was used as the model for the palace chapel at Aachen?

San Vitale

This is the apse of which Byzantine-era church?

Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna

In this image of Otto III enthroned, what component symbolizes his universal authority and conforms to a Christian imperial iconographic tradition?

Scepter and orb

What do art historians theorize is the explanation for the resurgence of stone sculpture in the Romanesque period?

Sculptural programs were a means to educate and impress an illiterate audience.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Late Antique Christian art?

Shading and tonality

Which of the following names the lowest stone of an arch?

Springing

Which of the following elements of the Palace of the Lions is unusual in Islamic art?

Stone figures of lions supporting the fountain

Where would a squinch most likely be found?

Supporting a dome

Which event in Byzantine history accounts for the loss of much art?

The Iconoclasm

Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to which of the following figures?

The Virgin Mary

What aspect of illuminated manuscripts allowed Christian monks to impress and influence the illiterate Christian population?

The artwork in the manuscripts made words beautiful.

How does the Reims portal sculpture of the Visitation differ from earlier Gothic portal sculpture?

The columns do not restrain the figures' movements.

What is the vault in the Hall of the Abencerrajes meant to symbolize?

The dome of heaven

What do all three figures of Saint Matthew have in common?

The figure is seated as a philosopher or poet reading or writing.

What is one of the most famous Nasca Geoglyphs?

The hummingbird, which measure 300 feet in length

How did one recognize a Christian sarcophagus?

The iconography in its reliefs is predominantly Christian.

In what ways does the Gothic addition to the church (Saint Etienne Caen) most closely correspond to the Romanesque structure?

Tripartite division

Prolific production of pottery vessels suggest that there was a division of labor and a functioning economy (that had some degree of wealth)

True

Some buildings have both Gothic and Romanesque elements within it.

True

The Maya are also known for their advanced understanding of time, which they acquired through their study of astronomy

True

The Triple Alliance had a large and powerful military that conquered many peoples throughout Mesoamerica, which tells us that war was common in the Aztec empire.

True

The reason for the massive walls and piers was to support the massive structure (the vaults) of the new style of church.

True

What is the pattern of column design used in the Colosseum (from bottom to top)?

Tuscan, Ionic, Corinthian

What design element of the exterior architecture of Speyer Cathedral is specifically Ottonian?

Two towers

Of the following characteristics, which was not a major concern of Italian church architecture in the Romanesque period?

Verticality

What is the oldest preserved illustrated manuscript containing biblical scenes?

Vienna Genesis

The persistence of the artistic tradition of which people is evident in the intertwining animal and plant motifs of this object?

Vikings

What narrative scenes appear on this brass vessel?

Virgin Mary and Christ

The Great Mosque at Córdoba has a hypostyle prayer hall with horseshoe-shaped arches adapted from which people? (HINT: The architectural motif was taken from the church that it replaced).

Visigoths

Pompeian wall paintings of the Second Style are characterized by which of the following?

Walls opening up into an illusionistic landscape

What do art historians think was the model for the image of the Archangel Michael on the Early Byzantine ivory diptych?

Winged victory

The Maya left an artistic legacy and are credited for creating the most advanced Mesoamerican what?

Writing system of pictorial symbols of glyphs

Which 11th-century empress has a mosaic portrait in Hagia Sophia?

Zoe

Each city-state was ruled by a divine lord or ___________ who controlled territory around the capital city and frequently fought with neighboring states for preeminence.

ajaw/ahau

Other innovations to the Romanesque church are _______________ and _________________.

barrel vaults and groin vaults

The Inka...

built structures without mortar and were a peaceful people. The Inka created massive geoglyphs. The Inka were also very interested in astronomical observation and their relationship to astronomy.

Which is NOT example of westwork?

lol the one thats not a westwork. this is a westwork.

Which component of the mosque plan appears in this image?

masqura

What did the Aztecs call themselves?

mexica

"Aztec artists worked in a number of different media, from , , and to , , and . .....The combination of naturalistic elements paired with more abstract ones is characteristic of Aztec art in general."

monumental stone sculptures, terracotta sculptures, murals, codices, featherworks, mosaics

Romanesque churches tend to be...

more squat (thick and more spread out)

What is the function of this object?

dish

Gothic churches tend to...

emphasize height (slenderer and taller)

The indigenous people of Mesoamerica were not very advanced and disorganized. Their populations were scarce and divided with only few monuments left behind.

false

What is the name of this architectural element and what period does this new innovation belong to?

flying buttresses / Gothic

What innovation is evident in this nave?

groin vault

One other major characteristic of Gothic art is the ____________________________ as well as ______________________.

heavy use of ornamentation as well as color

The ancient Maya...

were united by belief systems, cultural practices that included a distinct architectural style, and a writing system. The ancient Maya are credited with creating the most advanced Mesoamerican writing system, which was logo-syllabic, meaning that it consists of pictorial symbols or glyphs that represent either entire words or syllables. The Maya are also known for their advanced understanding of time, which they acquired through their study of astronomy and which allowed for the development of a complex calendrical system.

"The oldest of the Nasca Geoglyphs is more than...years old, but, as a group, the Nasca geoglyphs were...centuries, with some later lines or shapes intersecting or overlapping with previously...."

2000, created over several, created lines

The shape of Irish or Celtic high crosses, made of stone, is identifiable by which form?

A circle intersecting the cross arms

The Emperor Trajan commissioned which of the following?

A column of narrative reliefs

How was natural light provided in Early Christian basilicas?

Clerestory windows

What provided most of the illumination of the cathedral interior?

Clerestory windows

What invention greatly aided the distribution of manuscripts during the Early Roman Empire?

Codex

What feature of the choir sculptures of Naumburg Cathedral is most informative to art historians?

Color

Romanesque churches are very well illuminated whereas Gothic churches are very dark.

False

What Early Gothic feature is evident in the Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière?

Armature

What architectural feature is shared by the structures in these images?

A horseshoe arch

How long would completing a manuscript take?

A lifetime

What was the name of the individual responsible for the rise of stained-glass windows and what is the French church he redesigned?

Abbot Suger was responsible for the rise of stained-glass windows, and he redesigned the St. Denis Cathedral.

What architectural element was introduced in the church of Santa Costanza?

Ambulatory

What innovative feature appeared in the east end of Saint-Étienne at Vignory?

An ambulatory and three radiating chapels

Judging from the surrounding scene, what is the setting for this painting?

An outdoor landscapes

What scene from the life of Christ is depicted here?

Anastasis

These fibulae (decorative pins) contain representations of what kind of forms?

Animals

Why are there very few depictions of the crucifixion in early Christian art?

Artists emphasized the divinity of Christ through his life as a teacher and miracle worker.

Why is the term "pre-Columbian" complicated?

Assumes that the Americas was a product of European exploration and does not credit the indigenous people in its name, links directly to Columbus, a European explorer, who never really discovered America, and does not directly reference any of the many sophisticated cultures that flourished in the Americas

​What area of the house is this?/Which component of a Roman house plan is the focus of this image?

Atrium

What is the term that describes the identifying objects or garments accompanying saints and other figures as a means of identifying them to the viewer?

Attribute

What important Roman figure is portrayed here?

Augustus

Name the three sophisticated and prosperous cultures of Mesoamerica upon European conquest?

Aztec, Inka, and Maya

Which architectural form did Christian architects choose to adopt for the first public buildings where the Christian liturgy would be celebrated? (think of Saint Peter's architectural plan)

Basilica

What is unusual in this portrait of a Roman emperor?

Beard

What was emphasized in Flavian portraits, in a departure from Republican portraiture?

Beauty shown through current fashion trends

Which adjective best describes the Beau Dieu statue on the trumeau?

Benevolent

Who is the female figure in the upper left quarter of this image?

Blanche of Castile

What manuscript is commonly considered the greatest of the extant early medieval Irish books?

Book of Kells

In the later Middle Ages, religious books were created for the private devotions of the laity. What term is given to books that contained prayers to be read at specific times during the day?

Books of hours

In the mosaic program of San Vitale, how is the importance of Bishop Maximianus signaled?

By a naming inscription

An ancient Arab proverb proclaims, "Purity of writing, is purity of soul," and describes which of the following?

Calligraphy

The practice of which craft was considered a holy task and required arduous training? (HINT: Think about the Koran and what you find in all mosques).

Calligraphy

Who was a major force in the revival of the classical style in early medieval times?

Charlemagne

The portals of which cathedral appear in this image?

Chartres

How does the central figure of Christ compare to these other figures that surround him?

Christ's calm form contrasts their energy.

What is the unifying theme of the images and symbols found in the mosaic program of San Vitale?

Christ's redemption of humanity

Which aspect of the Temple of Vesta is NOT an Etruscan contribution?

Circular plan

Where have archaeologists found the oldest-known Christian iconographical program?

Community house, Dura-Europos

Which structural material made it possible for the architect of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia to create such a colossal structure?

Concrete

Which emperor chose to recognize Christianity as the official religion of Rome in the early fourth century CE?

Constantine

Who was the founder of the "New Rome" of the East?

Constantine

Which city did the Ottomans conquer in 1453?

Constantinople

What did First Style wall painting at Pompeii imitate?

Costly marble panels

What symbolic form did iconoclasts allow to be used in place of images?

Cross

What was the goal of the architects of Speyer Cathedral?

Develop an aesthetically pleasing masonry vault system that admitted light

What is the effect of the colonettes, pinnacles, and rosettes of the west facade?

Disguise and eliminate the wall

Which of the following is built over the place from which Muhammad began his miraculous journey to heaven?

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

What technique was used to create the hairstyle of this portrait?

Drilling

What is significant about the Lindisfarne Gospels?

Earliest surviving copy of the Gosepels in English

The majority of Roman panel portraits in the encaustic technique come from which country?

Egypt

Which terms describe the line quality used by the artist to depict Saint Matthew?

Energetic and frenzied

The Perpendicular style prevailed in which of the following countries?

England

Which aspect of the statues of the jamb figures of the Royal Portal show the first returning traces of classical naturalism?

Faces

This is an example of what?

Glyphs inscribed on a lintel

In what role was Christ depicted in much Early Christian art?

Good Shepherd

What is the location of these mosaics?

Great Mosque, Damascus

​(What is this vault type called?)/What is the primary support structure here?

Groin vault

The term Roman-like was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on which elements of Roman architecture?

Groin vaults

Which structure allowed the builders of the Romanesque nave to install a stone roof instead of the originally planned wooden roof?

Groin vaults

The palace at Tivoli was constructed for which emperor?

Hadrian

Which emperor was responsible for the construction of the Pantheon in Rome?

Hadrian

What is the name of this building?

Hagia Sophia

What did pilgrims believe that relics could accomplish?

Heal pilgrims in body and soul

What feature of the Crucifixion scene is characteristic of German medieval sculpture?

Heightened emotionalism

Which monuments, because of their large scale, are rare yet majestic artistic productions in Ireland and northern England?

High crosses

This figure is holding portrait heads representing which group?

His ancestors

Which of the following is true of the Bayeux Tapestry?

It depicts an actual event shortly after it occurred.

What constitutes a "pilgrimage type" church?

It has radiating chapels along the transept and ambulatory.

What is the likely origin of the mihrab, the semicircular niche set in the qibla wall?

It marks where Muhammad stood to lead communal worship.

What is the material of this artwork?

Ivory

Who proclaimed Orthodox Christianity the only lawful religion of New Rome?

Justinian

What is the function of this object?

Lamp

Fan vaulting was a common feature in which of the following regions?

Late Gothic England

How did the first inhabitants of America get there?

On foot by crossing the Bering Straight

Huitzilopochtli (an Aztec deity) told them to look for a sign—an eagle on a cactus—that would tell them where to settle when they made their way towards Mexico. On what national entity of Mexico do we find this exact sign?

On the Mexican flag

The alternate-support system is first found in the architecture of which period?

Ottonian

What was the reason for the collapse of Maya cities?

Over population and political unrest, may have resulted from drought and crop failures, though it is not fully understood

What is the name of the building in this image, and where is it located?

Palatine Chapel, Aachen

What building appears in this image?

Pantheon

Which of the following is the closest predecessor for Santa Costanza?

Pantheon

Which of the following facts provides support for the claim that Paris was the intellectual center of Gothic Europe?

Paris was a center for fine book production.

Which architectural component supports the dome of the Hagia Sophia?

Pendentives

Which city remained the Byzantine foothold in Italy for two centuries?

Ravenna

What were the pilgrims who made journeys to faraway churches hoping to see?

Relics

Two silver spoons inscribed "Saulos" and "Paulos," Paul's names before and after baptism, were discovered as part of the Sutton Hoo burial. What might be inferred from these spoons?

The owner's conversion to Christianity

What visual advantage does the painting offer over the photograph?

The painting represents both interior and exterior aspects of the building.

Which factor contributed to the enormous surge in church building during the Romanesque period?

The peaceful conclusion of the first millennium

These two works of art are sculptural representations of Christ. Which statement best describes them?

The representation of Christ on the crucifix (the right-hand image) very closely mimics the true proportions of the human body.

What secular figures are honored in the west choir of the Naumburg Cathedral?

The twelve donors of the 11th-century Naumburg Cathedral

During the Romanesque period, the vision of Christ's second coming was often depicted on which architectural element of a church?

The tympanum

The portrait of which empress appears on the choir wall to the right of the apse of San Vitale?

Theodora

In 380 CE, who declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?

Theodosius I

What is particularly significant about the 14th-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg?

They are convincing images of real people.

Which statement best describes the decorative designs on this pair of fibulae?

They are mostly abstract and conform to the shape of the object.

Which of these choices describes the figures in the quadrants surrounding Christ?

They are moving and energetic.

What was the reason for the height of the Malwiya minaret in Samarra, which was too tall to be climbed to call Muslims to prayer?

To announce the presence of Islam in the Tigris Valley

Why did Constantine locate the earliest public Christian churches on the outskirts of Rome?

To avoid confrontations

Why did many freed slaves order portrait reliefs for their tombs?

To commemorate their status as new Roman citizens

What is the primary function of architectural offering? (Think about the Pantheon and its bulkyness)

To lighten weight of dome or arch

What was the purpose of imperial portrait statues?

To mold public opinion

What is the defining feature of a hypostyle hall?

columns

The Aztecs (Mexica)...

created the stone calendar, and had 2 different calendars. A 260-day ritual calendar called the tonalpohualli (day count), and a 360-day (plus 5 extra days) calendar called the xiuhpohualli (year count). Aztecs used picture-writing rather than an alphabetic script like the one you are reading here. A combination of glyphs and images made up this form of writing. Aztec artists worked in a number of different media, from monumental stone sculptures, terracotta sculptures, and murals to codices, featherworks, and mosaics.

Define "pre-Columbian"

refers to the period in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus

Which component of a monastic building complex is depicted in this image?

scriptorium