ART 3

C. R. Ashbee, Twin-Handled Bowl and Cover, 1903. silver and enamel, mother-of-pearl topped finial, handles set with chrysophrase cabochons

Arts and Crafts movement

Paul T. Frankl, Skyscraper bookcase. ca. 1927. Maple wood and Bakelite

Paul T. Frankl's maple wood and Bakelite bookcase was one of many ideas that influenced Cubism.

Philip Webb, The Red House, Bexleyheath, U.K. 1859.

Philip Webb's Red House was built to contrast the "glass monster" Crystal Palace. It rejected the industrial spirit and was crafted to be intentionally rural.

Byzantium, Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justinian, pendentives, mosaics, tesserae

-An ancient city of Thrace on the site of present-day Istanbul, Turkey. It was founded by the Greeks in the seventh century BC and taken by the Romans in AD 196. -Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire. -The curved, inverted triangular shapes that rise up to the rim of the dome between the four arches themselves -Small pieces of stone, glass, or tile arranged in a pattern or image. -Mosaics are made of small pieces of stone called tesserae

Mecca and Medina

-Born in Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula in about 570 to a prominent family, Muhammad, the founder of the Islamic faith, was orphaned at age six and received little formal education. -he and his followers fled to the oasis of Yathrib, 200 miles north, which they renamed al-Medina, meaning "the city of the Prophet." Muhammad also built a house that surrounded a large open courtyard, which served as a community gathering place, on the model of the Roman forum.

Mosque, mihrab, qibla, minbar; hypostyle prayer hall; Voussoir; horseshoe arches;

-It became known as a masjid, or mosque -A niche commemorating the spot at Medina where Muhammad planted his lance to indicate the direction in which people should pray. -A wall that indicated the direction of Mecca -Stepped pulpit for the preacher -Covered porches featuring many columns -a wedge-shaped or tapered stone used to construct an arch. -arch

Africa: Ife culture: scarification; Shona people: monoliths

-The parallel lines that run down the face represent decorative effects made by scarring -carved tall rocks

Hinduism: Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva; Devi as Durga; lingam of Shiva

-god of benevolence/preservation, was the most popular of the gods -was seen as the world's creator -was the destroyer -Devi is seen in her manifestation as Durga (Fig. 17-23), portrayed as the 16-armed slayer of a buffalo inhabited by the fierce demon Mahisha. Considered invincible, Mahisha threatens to destroy the world, but Durga comes to the rescue. -Here rests the cult image of the Brahman, in this case the lingam of Shiva. Although it is actually almost completely dark, the garbhagriha is considered by Hindu worshipers to be filled with the pure light of Brahman.

Plan and view of Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, 836-875

1. qibla wall2. mihrab3. mihrab dome4 hypostyle prayer hall (where Muslims conduct their prayers)5. nave6. entrance dome7. forecourt8. minaret

Interior, Sanctuary of the mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786-987

A mosque was built on the sit of a Visigoth church. Since the mosque required lofty space, two tiers of arches were built, combining flexible brick with sturdy stone.

Neolithic

Around 8000 BCE, humans began to domesticate animals and cultivate agricultural products; crafts flourished—beginning of Neolithic culture/period. Neolithic cultures produced pottery with decoration.

Victor Horta, staircases in the Van Eetvelde House and the Tassel House, Brussels, 1895

Art Nouveau

Jan Toorop, Poster for Delftsche Slaolie (Delft Salad Oil). 1894. Dutch advertisement poster

Art Nouveau. Women's hair repeats in flattened spirals in Jan Toorop's poster for Delftsche Slaolie, echoing wrought-iron grillework. Art Nouveau in architecture became associated with the subjective and personal, the wealthy and refined; it provided a steep contrast to the geometric designs of Wright.

Worshipers and deities from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq. ca. 2900-2600 BCE. Limestone, alabaster, and gypsum, height of tallest figure 30"

At ziggurats, visitors could bring an offering to be sacrificed to the resident god and often left a statue of themselves in perpetual prayer. Inscriptions on many of the statues state, "May the statue speak my prayers." A group of statues at Tell Asmar have large, ever-open eyes inlaid with lapis lazuli.

Victorian Gothic

Augustus Pugin.

Tomb of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi. 221-206 BCE. Painted ceramic figures

Chinese mastery of ceramic art is exemplified in the warriors found at the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi. More than 6,000 life-size figures of soldiers and horses acted as immortal bodyguards for the emperor.

The Laocoön Group, Roman copy, perhaps after Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. 1st century CE. Marble,

Composition of The Laocoön Group contains a Trojan priest and his two sons overwhelmed by serpents in a theatrical attempt to evoke emotion. This marks a shift from sculptors needing simply to represent a figure realistically.

Gerrit Rietveld, Red and Blue Chair. ca. 1918. Wood, painted

De Stijl

Piet Mondrian, Composition, 1921/Tableua No. II 1921-1925

De Stijl

The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala period, 12th century

Devi is seen in her manifestation as Durga, portrayed as the 16-armed slayer of a buffalo inhabited by the fierce demon Mahisha. Considered invincible, Mahisha threatens to destroy the world, but Durga comes to the rescue. In this image, she has just severed the buffalo's head and Mahisha, in the form of a tiny, chubby man, his hair composed of snake heads, emerges from the buffalo's decapitated body and looks up admiringly at Durga even as his toes are being bitten by her lion. Durga smiles serenely as she hoists Mahisha by his hair and treads gracefully on the buffalo's body.

Plan of Stonehenge and Its Surrounding Settlements. Reconstruction Drawing of Durrington Walls. 2600 BCE

Domain of the living.

Harriet Meserole, Corset, Vogue. October 25, 1924.

During the 1920s, the boyish silhouette became increasingly fashionable. The curves of the female body were suppressed (Fig. 15‑16), and the waistline disappeared in tubular, "barrel"-line skirts. Even long, wavy hair, one of the defining features of Art Nouveau style, was abandoned, and the schoolboyish "Eton crop" became the hairstyle of the day

De Stijl

Dutch, "the style"; an artistic movement associated with a group of early 20th-century Dutch painters who used rectangular forms and primary colors in their works and who believed that art should have spiritual values and a social purpose.

Colossal Buddha, Bamiyan, Afghanistan. ca. 3rd century CE

Early Buddhist art the Buddha was never shown; but by the fourth century, certain standards for the depiction of Buddha were implemented. Two massive Buddhas that were carved into the rock at Bamiyan were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. They would have held up the Dharmachakra mudra, a teaching pose

Restored view of Old Saint Peter's, Rome, begun ca. 320

Early Christian churches basilica plan or longitudinal plan, based on Constantine's basilica, adapted from Trajan's forum held 14000 for worship, burial, pilgrimage shrine to house relics Altar is at the place reserved for Roman authority

(EGYPTIANS) KA

Egyptian culture was dedicated to providing a home for the ka, that part of the human being that defines personality and that survives life on earth after death.

COLOSSAL FIGURE OF AKHENATEN From the temple Gempaaten. Sandstone with traces of polychromy, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Egyptian.

Palette of King Narmer (front and Back), Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt.ca. 3000 BCE. Slate, height 25".

Egyptian. A canon of ideal proportions was developed in art. The Palette of King Narmer applies them with the figure of Narmer, who stands in a typical Egyptian pose with lower body and head in profile and upper body frontal.

Akhenaten And His Family (Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters) From Akhetaten (present-day Tell el-Amarna). Eighteenth Dynasty, c. 1353-1336 BCE.

Egyptian. Limestone

King Khafre, Giza, Egypt. ca. 2530 BCE. Diorite, height 5' 6-1/8".

Egyptian. The statue of Khafre also reflects strict geometric governing and artistic canons. Only the king's face made his statue individually recognizable.

El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge. 1919. Lithograph.

El Lissitzsky's design for Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge presents simple formal elements but a disturbingly sexual implication. Constructivism

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.532-37.

Emperor Justinian assumed the throne in 527 and commissioned the church of Hagia Sophia. Its shape is a dome supported by four curved pendentives. The interior features mosaics, tiles or glass arranged in an image or pattern. Many of these were destroyed when iconoclasts scourged Byzantine art

Virgin and Child Enthroned, (Theotokos) apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia, 867

Example of mosaic

Jean Dunand, Laquered smoking room, 'Ambassade Française' (model French embassy) 'Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes', Paris 1925

Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes. Modernist era

Louis Comfort Tiffany, Water-lily table lamp. ca. 1904-15. Leaded Favrile glass, and bronze, height 26-1/2".

Glassmaker Louis Comfort Tiffany began to produce stained-glass designs, particularly for the new electric lights that began to replace oil lamps of the time.

Annunciation and Visitation (detail), Reims Cathedral. ca. 1225-45.

Gothic Art. Proportions of sculptural figures are much more naturalistic than those of the Romanesque period, almost appearing in-the-round. Details on figures show a step back from generalized "types" and a step toward individualization.

Nike of Samothrace. ca. 190 BCE. Marble, Musée du Louvre, Paris

Greek. Nike of Samothrace displays an animated and dramatic pose.

Le Corbusier, Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau, Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, Paris. 1925.

His "new spirit" of treating a house as though it were a machine for living so horrified the organizers that they gave him a plot of ground with a tree that he had to build into a house.

Great Exhibition

In order to demonstrate to the British the sorry state of modern design in their country, Henry Cole, a British civil servant who was himself a designer, organized the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal palace was designed by Joseph Paxton, who had once served as gardener to the duke of Devonshire and had no formal training as an architect. Constructed of more than 900,000 square feet of glass set in prefabricated wood and cast iron, it was three stories tall and measured 1,848 × 408 feet.

Spouted ritual wine vessel (Guang). Shang dynasty, early Anyang period, 13th century BCE. Bronze

In the Shang period (2nd millennium BCE) in the Yellow River Valley, manufacture of ritual vessels such as the guang pictured was enabled by sophisticated bronze-casting technology.

China: guang, bi,

In the Shang period (2nd millennium BCE) in the Yellow River Valley, manufacture of ritual vessels such as the guang pictured was enabled by sophisticated bronze-casting technology. Bi is a disk

Islam, Koran, "5 pillars of Islam", calligraphy

Islam began with Muhammads writing down recitations from God into the Quran. Islam means submission or surrender as in to all powerful God. Belief in and submission to one god: Allah Prayer performed 5 times daily, facing Mecca Zakat: social tithing to the community Ramadan: month of fasting Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca, enhances community Hajji (a Muslim who has made a hajj) Calligraphy is a prominent feature in Islamic culture.

San Vitale, Ravenna. Dedicated 547. Italy.

Justinian built a new church in Ravenna called San Vitale. Though its exterior is octagonal, its interior is circular, similar to churches in Constantinople. Two elaborate mosaics depict Justinian and the empress Theodora bearing gifts for the Church. Naturalism is lost in their body-obscuring robes and standardized faces.

Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions, from the palace complex of Assurnasirpal II, Kalhu (modern Nimrud, Iraq). ca. 850 BCE. Alabaster, height approx. 39"

Many of its walls were decorated with alabaster reliefs, including a series of depictions of Assurnasirpal II Killing Lions (Fig. 16-8). The scene depicts several consecutive actions at once: As soldiers drive the lion toward the king from the left, he shoots it.

Ashurnasirpal II (883-859): Palace complex of Assurnasirpal II at Kahlu (Nimrud)

Mesopotamia culture. When Assurnasirpal II built the capital at Kalhu, many of its walls were decorated in alabaster reliefs.

White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk, Iraq, ca. 3200 BCE

Mesopotamian culture. In Uruk he built walls, a great rampart, and the temple of blessed Eanna... Look at it still today: the outer wall...shines with the brilliance of copper; and the inner wall, it has no equal...Touch the threshold, it is ancient. Epic of Gilgamesh

William Morris (design) and Edward Burne-Jones (illustration), Opening page of Geoffrey Chaucer

Morris's interest in bookmaking and typography peaked when he used a magic lantern to blow up and modify letterforms. These were culminated into a book with sample proofs. He designed a font modified from Gothic script in an effort to make books "beautiful by force of mere typography." Painstaking effort was put into setting the type by hand.

Prehistoric (Paleolithic and Neolithic) period

Most Paleolithic people (c. 35, 000 - 9, 000 BCE) were migratory hunter-gatherers. They depended on the world- they took what it provided; did not manage it; had passive existence

Funerary mask (Mask of Agamemnon), from Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece. ca. 1600-1550 BCE. Gold, height

Myceneans practiced burial of their dead in beehive tombs that were full of gold and silver. The funerary mask of Agamemnon was found to predate the Trojan War by about 300 years.

Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds, from southwest Iran. ca. 5000-4000 BCE. Baked clay with painted decoration, height 11-1/4".

Neolithic. In Susa on the Iranian plateau, stylized animal forms were found on ceramics. An ibex with exaggerated horns is surrounded by decorative bands.

Mesoamerica; Olmec

Olmec came to inhabit most of the area that we now refer to as Mesoamerica, from the southern tip of Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador. The Olmec built their cities on great earthen platforms complete with pyramidal mounds to house ruler-priests.

Woman (formerly a.k.a. the Venus of Willendorf), Lower Austria. ca. 25,000-20,000 BCE. Limestone, height 4-1/2"

Paleolithic. Abstract style. These figurines may have served purposes such as guardian figures, ancestor cult / ritual; good luck charminitiation effigy; fertility symbol; pregnant woman; communication device.

Wall painting with horses, Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche gorge, France. ca. 30,000 BCE. Paint on limestone

Prehistoric. In 1994, Jean-Marie Chauvet and friends discovered drawings of horses that featured shading, modeling, and perspective in a cave in southern France. The drawings predate other known cave paintings by at least 10,000 years

The Great Wall, near Beijing. Begun late 3rd century BCE

Qin Shihuangdi declared himself "First Emperor" in 221 BCE. The Great Wall of China was built to discourage the Huns from invading. Simultaneously, 4,350 miles of roads were built to connect the Central Plain to the edges of the empire.

Augustus of Primaporta. ca. 20 BCE. Marble, height 6' 8".

Roman World.By the time the Romans conquered the Greeks, accurate portrayal of human features was long established. Augustus of Primaporta shows a pose similar to that of the Doryphoros

Constantine the Great, basilica plan and central plan church (early Christian churches)

Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in the Edict of Milan in 313 ce, Christian art became imperial art. The basilica plan used for public buildings provided a base. Basilica plan mimics Roman administrative and court practice; reinforces authority The central-plan (domed) building previously used for mortuaries, imperial mausoleums, and rarely temples (Pantheon). They had round or polygonal shape. The circle meant perfection and signified eternity and the cosmos.

She-Wolf. ca. 500 BCE. Bronze

Romans imported thousands of Greek artworks and made copies of thousands more. Rome was believed to be founded by twins Romulus and Remus, shown in a bronze statue to be nursed by a she-wolf.

Arch of Titus, Rome. ca. 81 CE. Concrete with marble facade.

Romans perfected the arch, dome, and use of structural concrete. The Arch of Titus was a triumphal arch composed of a barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle. The Column of Trajan features a spiral of relief sculpture 50 inches high and totaling 625 feet long. It features emperor Trajan's successful campaigns in the first century BCE.

Attributed to Apollodorus, Column of Trajan, Rome

Romans perfected the arch, dome, and use of structural concrete. The Column of Trajan features a spiral of relief sculpture 50 inches high and totaling 625 feet long. It features emperor Trajan's successful campaigns in the first century BCE

Romans; triumphal arch;

Romans-one of the several people living on the peninsula and centered around the city of Rome in 8-7 c BCE. During the 4-3rd c. BCE the republic expanded throughout the Italian peninsula and by the 2nd c. conquered. triumphant armies marched through them, composed of a simple barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle, and enlivened with sculpture and decorative engaged columns, would deeply influence later architecture of the Renaissance, especially the facades of Renaissance cathedrals.

Santa Costanza, Rome. ca. 354 CE.

Santa Costanza was a mausoleum built in a circular shape (central plan) with a dome supported with a barrel vault.

Right: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper), Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippus. ca. 350-325 BCE. Marble, height 6' 8-1/2".

Sculptor Lysippus created a canon of proportion to rival that of Polyclitus, giving statues a sense of greater height. Apoxyomenos (The Scraper) showcases this. Sculpture of the fourth century BCE is marked by figures in contrapposto and three-dimensional realism.

Gislebertus, Last Judgment, tympanum, west portal, Autun, ca. 1125-35.

Sculpture reemerged in the tympanum on the facades of churches. Gislebertus's Last Judgment shows a popular subject with figures of humans and animal forms combined.

Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Tamil Nadu, India. ca. 11th century

Shiva was the destroyer. The large bronze edition of Shiva would have been commissioned as an icon for a temple. Since Shiva embodies the rhythms of the universe, he is also a great dancer. It is said that all the gods were present when Shiva first danced, and they begged him to dance again

Paleolithic

Small carved figures of people and animals were accomplished in an abstract style, such as the Woman from Willendorf. These figurines may have served purposes such as guardian figures, ancestor cult / ritual; good luck charminitiation effigy; fertility symbol; pregnant woman; communication device.

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England. ca. 2000 BCE

Stonehenge is the most well known and reflects four major building periods between 2750 and 1500 BCE. The amount of work it would have taken reflects that Neolithic peoples were capable of great cooperation

Sumerians: city-states; Ziggurat

Sumerians developed writing, schools, libraries, and written laws. Ancient Sumer consisted of a dozen or more city-states, each with a population of between 10,000 and 50,000, and each with its own reigning deity. ziggurat, a pyramidal temple structure consisting of successive platforms with outside staircases and a shrine at the top.

The "Toreador" fresco, Knossos, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE

The "Toreador" fresco from the Minoan culture shows not a bullfight, but rather an acrobatic, possibly ritual, activity. The bull was significant to Minoan culture, as was the half-human, half-bull Minotaur of legend. Minoans worshiped one or more female deities

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, Great Exhibition, London. 1851. Iron, glass, and wood, 1,848 × 408'.

The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. Arts and Crafts Movement

The Acropolis, Athens, Greece. Rebuilt in the second half of the 5th c BCE.

The central building of the Acropolis was the Parthenon, dedicated to Athena. A Doric temple composed of marble hosted an enormous statue of the goddess. A relief of Nike at the Temple of Athena Nike exemplifies Phidian style with its sense of body weight and modeling.

Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century

The church at Lalibela was conceived ahead of time by engineers who had to consider decorative designs. The inside was hollowed into rooms for the use of Christian worship and study

The Great Stupa, Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India, view of the West Gateway. Founded 3rd century BCE, enlarged ca. 150-50 BCE.

The Great Stupa at Sanchi was created to house relics of Buddha and related holy persons. Pilgrims circled the stupa clockwise to put themselves in a harmonious state, symbolically walking the Buddhist Path of Life around the World Mountain.

Model of a Multi-Storied Tower. Eastern Han dynasty, 1st c CE

The Han dynasty followed shortly after the death of Qin Shihuangdi. Life in the Han dynasty survives through recorded poetry as well as ceramic models of domestic architecture from a tomb. Prosperity came from the expansion of the silk trade, the route of which reached Imperial Rome. Lady of Dai with Attendants is painted with Han conception of the cosmos.

Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. ca. 13th century. Brass

The Ife culture (along Niger river) produced naturalistic brass sculptures of its rulers by the mid-twelfth century. Head of a King (Oni) shows parallel lines of scarification along with other adornment emphasizing the head as the home of a person's spirit.

Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. ca. 1025

The Kandariya Mahadeva features a garbhagriha, "womb chamber" housing a cult image of Brahman—the lingam of Shiva

Colossal head, Olmec culture. ca. 900-500 BCE. Basalt, La Venta Park

The Olmec people built their societies on earthen platforms complete with pyramidal mounds to house ruler-priests. At La Venta, four colossal stone heads guarded the ceremonial platform; as many as eight have been found at other Olmec sites. three colossal stone heads stood guard over the ceremonial center on the south end of the platform, and a fourth guarded the north end by itself

The Warrior Vase, Mycenae. ca. 1200 BCE. Ceramic, Athens.

The Warrior Vase depicts soldiers marching to war, perhaps to meet Dorian invaders who would destroy Mycenean society after 1200 BCE

Art Nouveau

The art and design style characterized by undulating, curvilinear, and organic (plants) forms that dominated popular culture at the turn of the century, and that achieved particular success at the 1900 International Exposition in Paris.

Queen Nefertiti, Tell el Amarna.ca. 1365 BCE. Painted limestone, height 19-5/8". ÄgyptischesMuseum, Berlin. Acc. No. AM21300

The bust of Queen Nefertiti showed naturalistic features and a relaxed pose.

Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale. ca. 547. Mosaic, each 8' 8" × 12'. [Fig. 17-8]

The haloed Justinian is to be identified with Christ, surrounded as he is by 12 advisors, like the 12 Apostles. And the haloed Theodora, with the three Magi bearing gifts to the Virgin and newborn Christ embroidered on the hem of her skirt, is to be understood as a figure for Mary.

Snake Goddess or Priestess, palace at Knossos, Crete. ca. 1500 BCE.

The identity of the Snake Goddess or Priestess figurine is questionable, as its authenticity as an object of Minoan society. Parts were missing when Sir Arthur Evans excavated it, and were fabricated and attached. There are no other images of snake goddesses in surviving Minoan works.

Aegean (Minoan and Mycenean)

The later Greeks thought of the Bronze Age Aegean peoples as their ancestors—particularly those who inhabited the island of Crete, and Mycenae, on the Peloponnese—and considered their activities and culture part of their own prehistory. The early Aegean cultures were impressive centers of power and wealth. In Minoan culture, the bull was an animal of sacred significance. Myceneans practiced burial of their dead in beehive tombs that were full of gold and silver.

Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). ca1354

The mosaic mihrab from a teaching college in Iran contains three different inscriptions from the Qur'an.

China: Pagoda

The pagoda became a favored architectural form, understood as offering a form of protection.

Greek; polis; contrapposto; Hellenism

The rise of the polis marks a celebration of human strengths and powers in Western culture. Interest toward human behavior and the human form increased, and the concept of democracy arose. Contrapposto is where the majority of the weight is on one leg while the other is relaxed. Hellenism is the culture of Greece, thus came to dominate the Western world.

Ritual disc (bi) with dragon and phoenix motif, Chinese, from Jincun, Henan Province. Eastern Zhou Dynasty, (771-256 BCE). Jade, diameter: 6-1/2"

The ritual bi (disk) of jade created in the fourth or third century BCE could have been an object of shamanic significance. It is said that around this time, such objects symbolized heaven.

Romanesque: Tympanum

The semicircular arch above the lintel over a door, often decorated with sculpture.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Table lamp.1903. Bronze, leaded glass.

The table lamp pictured reflects a geometric rendering of the sumac plant in the surrounding countryside of Illinois, where the house was built.

Arts and Crafts Movement

This movement arose in reaction to mass production decreasing the quality of goods in Britain.

Louis Comfort Tiffany, Peacock Vase. ca. 1893-96. Favrile glass

Tiffany's Favrile glassware features details that are not painted, etched, or burned, but rather built into the glass itself. Formal vocabulary of the Art Nouveau movement consisted of undulating, organic lines as seen in saplings, willow trees, buds, and vines

Morris and Company, Sussex Rush-Seated Chairs. ca. 1865. Wood with black varnish. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.

William Morris, friend to Webb, created the Morris & Co. firm to combat the way the mass-manufacturing process alienated laborers from their work. The Sussex Rush-Seated Chairs are an example of "workaday furniture," and a direct contrast to the embossed velvet Adjustable Chair "state furniture."

India: Stupa

a burial mound, dating from prehistoric times, but by the time the Great Stupa at Sanchi was made it is the earliest surviving example of the form

Art Deco/Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes

began with the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs, which was postponed due to World War I. Designers preferred up-to-date materials such as steel and plastic.

Favrile glass

features details that are not painted, etched, or burned, but rather built into the glass itself.

Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike. ca. 410-407 BCE. Marble, Acropolis Museum, Athens.

goddess of victory, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis in Athens, is a perfect example of the Phidian style. As Nike bends to take off her sandal, the drapery both reveals and conceals the body beneath. Sometimes appearing to be transparent, sometimes dropping in deep folds and hollows, it contributes importantly to the sense of reality conveyed by the sculpture. It is as if we can see the body literally push forward out of the stone and press against the drapery.

Theodora and Her Attendants, San Vitale. ca. 547. Mosaic, each 8' 8" × 12'.

mosaic. In the mosaic, she carries a golden cup of wine, and Justinian, on the opposite wall, carries a bowl containing bread. Together they are bringing to the Church an offering of bread and wine for the celebration of the Eucharist.

Edouardo Benito, Cover of Vogue. May 25, 1929.

shows the designers' turn toward geometric, rectilinear forms. Even the fashion world adopted barrel-line skirts and cropped hair, abandoning female curves and wavy hair that characterized the Art Nouveau style.

Assyrians

the empire under king Assurnasirpal III- from the Tigris to the Nile rivers, from the Persian Gulf to Asia Minor; the peak lasted for about 300 years (9-7c); known for their horrifying brutalities; art always propagates the power of the Empire; main themes: expansion of the empire and the military power of the ruler

Constructivism

took advantage of dynamic space during the Soviet state, where artists were encouraged to be inspired by factories.