Art 4404 Final Exam

Teatro Marittimo Circular Island Suite

Possibly Hadrian or Sabina's private apartment Circular enclosure of 144 ft. in diameter Almost exactly the size of the Pantheon. Surrounding ambulatory with a portico, a moat, and a circular island with a series of undulating convex and concave rooms around a central courtyard with a fountain. Non axial or symmetrical but laid out on a compass. Emphasizing segments of a circle. Creation of space with maximum light, exploration of centrally oriented, curvilinear design and freedom from heavy supporting walls. The structures on the island were positioned to maximize the usable space (Figure 2). After crossing the moat via the wooden drawbridge walkways (labeled B), one would encounter the entrance vestibule (labeled A) (2). It is from the frieze of this structure, decorated with marine images, that the Maritime Theater draws its name (2). Moving clockwise to the east, two cubicula, or bedrooms, provided living space (labeled E). These rooms were classified on the basis of remaining alcoves, upon which a bed would be positioned (1). In the southern position directly opposite the entrance, the structure labeled D may have been a room used by Hadrian for studying and displaying art (tablinum), or a dining space (triclinium). A bath complex (labeled F), consisting of both cold (a frigidarium) and heated regions, occupied much of the west! ern section. In the center stood an atrium with small garden and possibly a fountain structure (labeled C). Even a latrine (unlabeled) was fit into the small circular island Just opened in August to public Really built as a typical Roman house but it is rounded Only way to enter is with draw bridge as an entry way Greek and Latin libraries; Hadrian loved to study ancient texts Open colonnades to direct into space Water as an important feature. Devoted to thought, meditation, reflection. Just reopened to visitors this August after three year restoration project. Water elements; aqueducts send water directly into villa Sits up on a mountain Hadrian had a obsession with planning this

Basilica Ulpia 112 CE

Rectangular with five aisles and apses in the short ends Excedra Entrance is convex Columns of Corinthian order (like Augustus) upper has figures perpendicular to the forum, integral to forum, Greek and latin libraries Northen end not finished, probably would have had a temple one there was bult by Hadrian Coin :Forum Triam One dorway bays with idiculae portraits on shields , looks like an arch with Quadriga, emperor and victory crowning him Upper: captured Datians modern Romania (not carytids) Entrance is seen on design of coin Create a funneling entry for people to get in; give off a grand experience when entering Would of held an equestrian statue on top; Statue of Trajan line of equestrian is idealized for power of Roman emperors Propaganda in mind 6 horse chariot on top; almost like triumphal built Would have been Nike crowing him with laurel wreath Sides= Roman troops coming in with loft and standards from battle Niches= style of small temples with gods being associated with Shields of portraits would have been above it Shows the style of receding with the columns aligned in forward and backward space; appears to be coming out Corinthian columns Statuaries would be on upper level of portico Imperial appearance Flavian tradition of marble multicolored marbles as facing James Packer lots of honorifics statues Marble from all over and covered in it All inspiring space shows off the power of emperor Portraits of shields and top of those are statues of actual people Leads into the basillica Visual entrance; not flat space Basilica (today) Catholic Church layout for bishops and archbishop (Roman) style of rectangular building with 2 or 4 side aisles Family name of Trajan; 5 aisles basilica Used for government; with statues would stand in along with other emperor statues to hear cases and plans Was easy to build Large coffered ceiling Lighted area that brings in light and air into the room Poly-chromed marble that still exists today in it

Farnese Bull Group

Collection of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese Pope Paul II (1543-1549) Made for the baths of Caracalla Largest sculpture from antiquity One block or marble Copy of Greek original Rhodian sculptors Apollonius and Tauriscus Zethus and Amphion tying Dirce to the horns of a wild bull as punishment to the torments she inflicted on their mother Largest piece of sculpture from antiquity that we have Possible Pope Paul III instead of II find later Would've been recognized by Romans back then Beautiful statue Display of education Putting finger in nose and holding horns to hold wild beast

Diocletian 284-305 CE

(Diocles) Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian Soon after he was proclaimed emperor, appointed a colleague, Marcus Aurelius, Valerius, Maximianus to be co -ruler as Augusti In 293 Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus and Gaius Flavius Constantius (Constantius Chlorus) appointed as Caesars They don't actually know who this is Elevated by military to station of emperor He appoints a colleague as a co-ruler Splits empire because he knows one ruler is not enough for such a huge empire Keeps eastern part of the empire Appoints two other men to be Caesars (Two ruling Augusti who are the older, more established rulers. Caesars are the two junior rulers who are kind of in training but rule parts of the empire themselves) Diocletian: Thrace to Egypt Capital at Nicomeia, Maximian: Italy, Africa, Roman West from a center at Milan Contantinius Trier, Galerius in Serbia Diocletian under the protection of Jupiter, Maxtinius under Hercules (affected coin iconography) Becomes important in identifying them because the art of identifying the emperor becomes unimportant Each built lavash palaces, propaganda, renewal of greatness of Rome

Fayum portrait of Eutyches

Freedman of Kasianos ¾ view White Roman tunic with narrow purple clavus (narrow purple stripe) Inscription in Greek Draped on tunic Marking as a Roman citizen (tunic) ¾ view of personalized image Done while they were alive; done usually in young age (not really old people doing this) Renaissance thought process light coming down on face big eyes; almond shape catch-light in eyes shiny and reflective face Ancient sources talk about Greek and Roman paintings are the most excelled and well preserved pieces compared to the multitudes of information of sculptures and architect not much info of paintings

Baths of Diocletian 298-306

Large central building Symmetrically organized rooms Walled enclosure Gardens and exercise grounds Could hold up to 3000 bathers Brick faced concrete Variety of roof systems domes, half domes, barrel, groin vaults Double that of the baths of caracalla One of the largest building projects during that time "It is eennoourmous" Quite a bit still stands today Libraries, gymnasiums, huge gardens Variety of roofing systems Massive vaults and domes and half domes Dome area=associated with Pantheon (reflecting pools) Enormous takes 10 minutes to walk around from point to point Catholic church now Martyrs church

Forum of Trajan

Celebrates military victories in the Dacian campaigns Fifth and largest imperial forum 650 feet in length Would be able to see this area from the ground level 5th forum built and by far the largest Court yard and marble in lays Was built with the spoils for money for paying Idea for the people for this forum Open piazza surrounded by portico Center: Statue of Trajan on horseback Axial symmetry Basilica Ulpia Two libraries Column of Trajan Hemicycles: half circle Deliberately references the forum of augustus, Hemicycles, use of equestrian statue as central decorative element in the piazza Rendering of what it would have looked like Located next to forum of Augustus not only similar in appearance but built right next to show the same greatness as Augustus Exemplifies his military greatness like Augustus; following footsteps Uses of hemicycle seen around Only can enter through one door way; rounded entrance

Civic Forum

Center of Pompeii when the city was first founded Remained the focus of political, economic and religious life Municipal office, Basilica, Temples, Food market Center of Pompeii: when it was founded Center of religious, magisterial, an politcal Double stacked colonnade (never completed from earthquake) Colonnade with solid Doric columns Paved with travertine marble South Basilica, Municipal offices and Comitium East Temple or Lares Publici and Vespasian, Building of Eumachia Bases for numerous statues Temple donated to remember woman donor Grainery than later on in modern times turned into a restaurant

Portrait of Dogmatius

326-333 CE Senator of consular rank Strength of the soldier emperors Eyes, nose curve of mouth, lines of the cheek Abstraction of the Tetrarchy Abstraction of the hair Shape of the head like a block Combination of abstraction and individuality Consul of Constantine Wrinkles; whole psychological of soldier emperors Compared to what was going on in the time of the Constantine statue Squared head abstract view of physical appearance Engaging and looking at you approachable

Fayum Tempera

4th century CE Tempera paints dried quickly and could not be reworked Note pearl earrings Painted in tempera To have time and go back to fix but could not be reworked Curls are more difficult to tell

Basilica floorplan

A) Main entrance B) Nave C) Side aisles D) Tribunal Raised area where magistrates were seated E and F) Side entrances Main entrance on short side, tribunal also on a short wall Different from usual style basilica entrance only through front; 5 entrance way access side entrances; small exit to side streets Magistrates would sit to ask question and make judgements 6 Corinthian columns with Ionic engaged columns with rectangular windows (for light)

Mausoleum of Hadrian 135 CE

Across the Tiber River from the Campus Martius and also a bridge that crossed Already a cemetatry nearby but more importantly not far from the tomb of Augustus Castle of angels Used to be military encampment for t Drum with earth embankments Relates to the Mausoleum of Augustus Square base with circular structure Bronze statue of Hadrian in Quadriga Constructed in 1277, used by popes to escapr the Vatican Covered cross bridge for them to cross Location of theater site

Emperor Addresses his Troops

Adlocutio Stand on a small platform facing frontally Non-classicizing Early example of increasing use of formality in Roman art Standing on small platform Move toward frontally Heads are destroyed over time Chunky pre-Byzantine expression of figures

Hadrian's Villa (after death)

After Hadrian's death, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius continued using the villa. Wall paintings dating from the reign of Septimus Serverus show the villa was used in the early third century. Constantine was the last emperor to "use" the villa by taking work of art and other valuables. After Constantine, the villa fell into ruin and abandonment. Like many Roman monuments, in late antiquity, the site was reprieved of its treasures by different people, which explains why some statues from the villa are found in private collections, museums or have disappeared (3). First, the Barbarians of Totila sacked the site then the city and bishop of Tivoli use it as a quarry. In the XVII century, it was excavated continuously and the treasures found would end up in the private collections of Cardinals and Popes. Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, the governor of Tivoli in the middle of the XVI century, ordered the redesign of Villa d'Este, which incurred the excavation and search for statues and other objects from the ruins of the Hadrian's Villa to be used in the decoration of Villa d'Este (5). This cycle of excavations and extraction of treasures from the site continued until the late 19th century, after the unification of Italy. Since the unification, the government took control of the site and allowed for national and international archeological groups to uncover and restore what we see today in the Hadrian's Villa. It has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Still in use after Hadrian's death Still was used for emperor's retreat When Constantine came into power and moved Capitol it was no longer kept up-to-date and fell into ruins

Arch of Marcus Aurelius (ca 176 CE)

Attic 8 (3x2 m) panels Four on each façade Recut to resemble Constantine South: War North: Civic duties Now lost arch of Marcus Aurelius All the way in the top had to be large if to be experienced from the ground Heads on the image have been recut as Constantine South side= coming into city all relate to war Other side= relate to civic duties Even though images of war it shows more of showing military and generosity; marking the triumph of a civil war Long trench coat beings; barbarians being defeated Extend the meritocracy of the good emperors to include Constantine. Extended dynastic display Themes conform tothos established by Augustus of Reworked and isosephyely Show body under drapery and relief carving Greek, Hellenistic impression Personification of gods and goddesses no Pantheon of sculptures as they are usually stablished 3D background and isosephyly Very Roman Constantine distributes money: generosity Giving generosity donation to populace Tied into Trajan and Marcus Aurelius Revives this back and going back to time when there was prosperity in Rome Even though his head has been redone he still gives off the otherness to him not looking at the soldiers; distant far away look Addressing his troops: harmony between ruler and army Not really making eye contact Sacrificing a bull, sheep and pig to purify the army Purify the army Very classical isosephely Recycling of previous art and absorbing into the Constantine era of though

The Great Hall Markets of Trajan

Basis of the design of the markets is a semi circle that wraps around a hug exedra on the east side of the forum Lower line space into a hill Contained into one big space Combination of market and forum to make it easier for everyone; Rome is growing in populace and its running out of room Combination of open and enclosed spaces Challenge of bringing in light and air to buildings cut into side of Quirinal Hill Commercial element removed from the Roman Forum Aula: two story hall with shops on both floors and large open vaulted space in the center Complex with more than 150 offices and storefronts on three levels. Cut into the side of . Projects for the Roman people. Dense multistory buildings, Concrete to shape spaces Quioin vault (6) light wells provides indirect lighting May have been the headquarters for distribution s of free food allowances o monetary payments Amount of light, give up weight baring wall to let light in Brick substructure then concrete to create form coin vault= two barrel vaults crossing; can take further and higher Series of offices and stores that are further out and let in hallways Second story been stepped back to allowing light into lower region reference of design for Domus Aurea for slanted windows Headquarters for food allowance and payment wouldn't be able to see it from ground level from the outside

Column of Marcus Aurelius

Begun late in his reign or early in that of Commodus Dedicated by Septimius Severus 193 CE Modeled on the column of Trajan Same height (125 ft) Helix design but fewer scenes Heavier border Two campaigns against the German tribes along the Danube Not known when made before or after his death Continuous narrative Borders are heavier represented More columns represent battle against Roman and German barbarians Dedicated more campaign for military Brutality of war Pain and suffering of the enemy Scenes relate to Column of Trajan Location adds more buildings and offices near columns Right smack of center of modern Rome Pain and suffering of enemy can be seen in expression Not far from Trajan column made more in line of Marcus Aurelius brutality of war Not only identifies but participates in the defeat of the barbarians. Intervention by deity. Growing mysticism relates more to nature than a god while fighting Romans were losing to barbarians and a huge storm hit and rain was coming down when a mudslide hit and took out the barbarians in battle Barbarians stacked up in pain; Romans walk in order by evolution of style; away from classical style but still keeps imagery and idea not much for proportions but more for actions

House of the Vettii

Believed to be the home of two brothers and former slaves Renovations after the 62 CE earthquake Patron-client system Social hierarchy Clients received protection, support Patrons given oath of trust and duty Entry to the house was gained from the east by way of a vestibule that granted admission to the larger atrium. The stone-lined basin for collecting rainwater (impluvium) lies at the center of the atrium. This larger atrium communicates directly with the peristyle (an open courtyard surrounded by fluted Doric columns) by means of a set of folding doors. The smaller atrium was the focus of the service portion of the house, while the peristyle and its well-appointed rooms was meant for entertainment and dining. Owned by free slaves Graffiti was all over emperor marked the walls and stated he enjoyed it Came into the wealth and showing off Was in the middle of renovation Met at grand foyer when entering Kept wealth in 2 boxes to show off Excavated 1894-1896 Former slaves or freedmen Final period of city's occupation Displayed strongboxes in the atrium Painting of the god Priapus Excavations are getting better on transporting and discovering

Mausoleum of Diocletian

Built within the palace complex Octagonal building surrounded by a row of columns Roofed with a cupola decorated with mosaics Later becomes the cathedral of Spalato Would have been quite elaborately decorated with a dome ceiling Becomes cathedral Colonnade of open arches Dome top ceiling Had mosaics (ironic becomes cathedral)

Cubiculum of Leonis Catacomb of Commodilla

Burials until the 6th century CE Transformed into a place of worship of martyrdom Pilgrimage site Arched burial areas Sarcophagi would have been 6 popes would have been buried martyr saints; pilgrim site Image in the center is of Christ alpha and omega by head Not vault of heaven but expensive ceiling of basilica or home 4th century imagery Jesus: Alpha and Omega 4th century bust Early image of Jesus as identifiably Jewish origin Full beard, long hair Contrast to young and beardless wearing a short tunic: Good Shepherd, Orpheus Showing first time of Jewish origin of Christ Anti-Roman; appears to be added later on

Constantinopolis 330 CE

Byzantium/Constantinople/Istanbul Permanent move of the capital Fall of the Western Empire 476 CE Fall of Constantinople 1453 CE Originally called Byzantium Changed after his death to Constantinople Powerful move of the capital Lasted for another 1000 years after the fall of Rome Closer to trade and to the East Easy to defend First time for a planned defensive structure

Colossal Statue of Constantine (bronze)

C. 336 CE Bronze Bowl cut hairstyle with bangs Compact mouth Hooked nose Emphasis on the eyes Oversized, well defined Aging over previous sculpture Second colossal statue Same place where the Marcus Aurelius equestrian is also situtated Goes back to Trajan point of origin of Constantine images make it from earlier and later pieces of time Compact closed lip and mouth Bowl haircut and recognizable nose Aging is subtle Wrinkled forehead and lines around the mouth Analogy to Trajanic imagery Largest surviving bronze head of any emperor Demonstrates Constantine's extensive public art program and his control of the resources Deep cut pupils and gazing away Unapproachable

Baths of Trajan 109 CE

Complex built on the Esquiline Hill First of the Imperial Baths Enclosure walls measure over 1000 feet (300 meters) in each direction Open swimming pool: natatio Surrounded by a colonnade Architect is known: Apollodoros of Damascus Partially built on the foundation of Nero" Domus Aurea, followed the general scheme of the baths of Titus. The scale can be appreciated by looking at the two plans Massive building projects Communal bath house with both men and women sharing, but made no interaction between the two Bathing and cleansing oneself was very big and significant part of culture serves the purpose like the UREC Not very expected for such a huge piece immense size Built over Nero's Domus Aurea (Pleasure Palace) Benefits the populace Libraries in it and a swimming pool wrapped by colanndes The Baths of Trajan represent an important step in the monumentalization of the bath complex (Figure 23.20). The principles of public bathing had been established already in the Republic, with rooms of varying degrees of heat, and a cold water pool. Although following the design of earlier baths in the imperial capital, notably those of Titus, Trajan's bath building measured three times the size of Titus's, containing not only bathing facilities but also rooms for a variety of social and recreational purposes, such as lecture rooms, libraries, meeting rooms, and gardens. The layout would set the model for bath complexes of the next several centuries, such as the much better preserved baths of Caracalla (211—216) (Figure 23.21) and Diocletian (ca. 298-306). Water was able to range from hot water to steam to tepid to cold Garden area surrounding it Employed the help of Damascus the architect created really elaborate and big but working as flashy but not too flashy; taken to the extreme measure Semicircle part only remains of Baths

Portrait of Domition/Nerva Shrine of the Augustales

Composition: figural statue and horse Rampant horse Rider is almost completely intact Horses head and forelegs preserved Reflects Domitian's public imagery Rampant horse emperor on the back of a reared horse, l in battle on a rearing charging horse with an enemy solider under Bronze statue most bronze statue didn't survive; Medieval period melted them for other purposes saving grace is they either were lost to sea or lost in time Survived with horse pieces Replace imagery of one emperor to another MA: static, holds the reins in one hand and the other is outstretched like the orator or Augustus of Prima porta Donitian: closes his thighs against the sides of the animal, strongly holds the reins, looks to the ground, would have been holding a lance, expressive force and unusual violence Similar to Marcus Aurelius, but not in body language tranquilly coming through Not believed to battle scene reenactment Horse: flared nostrils, wide eyes, laid back ears, terrified, not trained in battle. Not dressed for battle, breastplace not Roman military armor, Roman senetorials shoes Redefines virtue VIR= man Success in battle, saved Roman citizens, control the city, etc. idea of virtus changes= now portrayed of hunting probably hunting wild animals ; controlling chaos (personification) Gorgeion associated with Athena, personalized to Domitian, right should strap has an image of the infant Herules strangling serpents sent by Hera to kill him, associate found in litereary sources Vespasian as Jupiter adopted Athen/Minerva, center of his forum in Rome Idea of virtus found in wall paintings, maosica, reliefs, sculpture groups 3nd to 5th C Not wearing military garb not wearing curass Similar to Alexander Mosaic, House of Faun not far in location from each other Also took on mythological connection to Hercules baby Hercules strangling snakes; explanation of child

Farnese Hercules

Contemporary art mixing with classical art Neon lights set up in different areas to show a nice mix to the arts Enormous statue Muscular to attention Psychological appearance Hercules draped over post Holding apples of Asperidies Tendons and veins seen in hands Whoever made the arch made a connection to Caracalla Missing his legs Showing his calves Student of Michelangelo to replace the calves

Bust of Commodus as Hercules c. 190 CE

Contrast of the skin of the lion with the smooth face of the emperor Lion skin, Club, Golden Apples of the Hesperides (promise of eternal life) Deranged, considered himself as Herucles and later Jupiter. Incarnation of the god 4 ft tall Buried it to no longer see it; would've been destroyed Surface texture and smooth skin creates variant of texture in lion Makes scene more realistic Shows the apple (labor of last task of Hercules) Not as Hercules but represented Globe: Roman global power Symbols from the zodiac: Taurus, Capricorn and Scorpio Cornucopia: abundance Kneeling Amazonian figure: conquest over the barbarians Down at the base: Amazonians to show conquering barbarians Planet in center with zodiac symbols Show relation to Hercules abundance= cornucopia Usual typical roman imagery seen at base of large heavy statue

Portrait of a young man

Date portrait to the time of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus -Why? Direct frontal view Big poof hairstyle Individualistic lifestyle and appearance Lost art style of detailing in beard Painting in the wax has become a lost art Similarity to fresco painting of Husband and wife from Pompeii

Faustina "the Elder"

Deified by her husband upon her death at 40 (141 CE) Goddess promoted qualities of ideal Roman woman Elegance, respect for tradition, skill in maintaining marital unity Numerous coins throughout the empire Identified by her hairstyle Very involved in his rule Deified as a goddess after her death Hairstyle was recognizable with her daughter and the daughter changed it to differentiate between the two Emphasize stands with curls Very recognizable; found all over the place Glass may be in the eyes to create a more life like appearance

Fayum Portrait of Aline from Arsione

Died at age 35 Hairstyle and inscription dates her to the time of Tiberius Buried with her husband and three children Husband and older child are covered with mummy masks Aline and other children are covered with flat portraits Buried with two of her children girls Portraits done for the children and her for her death Husband and other girl were buried but did not have portraits; masks worn Later on more were buried on top but no portraits but mummified remains Curly hair and fine detail of hairstyle time of Tiberius Aristocratic appearance Done in gesso stands out creating the dimensional effect Gives it more depth

Julia Domna Second portrait type

Different attributes and associations Associated with Livia Same distinct facial features Hair has softer center part Cybele, mother of the gods, origionally Anatolian mother goddess, reinvented as a Trojan goddess and thus ancestral goddess of the Roma people Later, second portrait type Co-ruling of son and changed hair style Livia's hairstyle; classical Greek, smooth skin with calm look Longer hair but softer still in braids and in a bun She was losing hair and this change caused her to have a different style

Colossal Portrait of Constantine the Great, c. 315 CE

Differs from previous emperors Clean shaven First since Trajan Acrolithic: a statue, usually large scale or colossal with body made of wooden framework. Only the head and limbs carved in marble More than 30 feet in height Eyes look upward, emphasized by deeply drilled pupils. Grandiose treatment of features such as the nose and overall simplification of the cap like hair Clean shaven face emphasizes the jaw. Symbolic form of representation like Early Christianity. Seems to be looking beyond us, not the here and now Iconic images of Constantine Clean shaven face and large nose that flips up at the tip father's portraiture had it so he made sure to have it too Cleft chin Acrolithic- different from the classical style Typical of Constantine haircut; bowl haircut with curled edges Full mouth; closed Eyes bring you in to sculpture pupils are looking up and away Christian imagery; distant appearance off to other plain Back of the head flat and uncarved Recut from an earlier statue Hall mark of Constantine monuments Possible recut twice or additions/alterations after 312 and 324 CE Holding a staff Against a wall. So was the right arm. Recut from unknown colossal statue, curls at the higher part of the head, more voluminous like in earlier period Left foot ankle up, right foot flat Back of head is flat and should've been placed on a wall would've have been held up Reuse of something that already existed and recut once or twice for Constantine Peg holes in head to have a crown or laurel wreath around head Very stylized image Found two hands that either was from a previous sculpture and the other remade One is holding a staff and could have been a staff with a cross on top At top in back of head has more of those soldier/emperor curls Degree of divinity: scale. Unclothed parts of the body smooth, to represent exposed flesh, but covered areas less finished. Suggests part of shoulder was covered by a cloak, and the emperor's lap, surviving fragment of the upper right leg had a hole for a dowel "hip mantle" statue drped over left shoulder and across lap In greek art used to represent the senior male deities. First time this was used was for the deifies Caesar set up by Octavian (ne. Augustus).. Therefore not a "totally nude" statue Reconstruction of what it would have looked like Basilica was where it would've been placed

Gradation

Diminishes in thickness Less Building materials as dome rises Travertine-Tufa-Broken Bricks-Pumice Roman concrete mixed with lime Chemical effect of turning concrete to stone Sphere: 141 ft (43.2 meters) Largest concrete dome constructed prior to the 20th Century Largest diameter dome of unreinforced concrete As you go higher the different material is used heaviest at bottom then mixed with different materials then later mixed with travertine marble Cups were added into the concrete and marble Look like niches but are actually buttresses Unknown how it was done; mystery of today's time Can perfectly fit a balloon sphere in building Thinner and lighter as you go up Use to be able to go up and climb on top of dome and look in the oculus Coffers: stepped indentions in this case trapezoidal, decoration but also lightened the load of the dome, weigh less and decrease thickness of the inner face of the dome Spinning feeling; coffered, trapezoids going up Engineering spectacle= ribs of dome; use to have bronze; not caving in Appearance of a celestial heaven Impression that wall and dome are supported by traditional column system Imported marble from various regions of the empire, geometric alternating circles and squares Burial Chambers Raphael Vittorio Emanuele II

Sarcophagus of "Jonah" c. 300 CE

Discovered on the worksite of the New St. Peters Left: sailors cast the prophet from the ship "Big fish" evolves into sea monster Monster rejects the prophet 18th c reduced to the font only Prophet pays the fare but is thrown into the sea. Story of resurrection Located at the new site of St. Peters Jonah paying his fair on getting on the ship Jonah being thrown out of boat and into the mouth of the sea monster Remarkable to have made Peter or mosses striking the rock Jonah is deposited on a rock inhabited by animals Jonah reclines under the shade of a castor oil plant Provided by God to restore Jonah Jonah nakedness also a reference to Adam and man's return to paradise Good shepherd coming out of Roman temple taking religion and making into monotheisitic Resurrection of Lazarus Apocryphal scenes of Peter baptizing his jailors and Peter being arrested or Jonah warning the Ninevites and the Ninevites running to their king Whole idea of Jonah in this pose tie to Adam; nakedness

Centaurs Fighting Wild Beasts

Emblema: center panel Centaurs: mythical creatures with the head, arms and torso of a man and body and legs of a horse Found in situ Part of the floor decoration of the triclinium (dinning room) in the main palace Center piece of room Taken from known contemporary from Greeks and made into mosaics Showing off knowledge and wealth Located in Roman home centaurs=barbarians; symbolism Greeks conquering centaurs; wildness that are not Greek Romans took it as themselves; realistic portrayed strong centaur with rock overt its head Triangulation of movement; active scene No reference for anything; artist would've had to seen it to make the scene be exact in perspective and animal design

Baths of Caracalla

Enormous bath complex Turned into a Catholic Church A little ways out of Rome Unsanitary sick would bathe with healthy poor and wealthy Would go and mix libraries; workout area Show off wealth revenue of people come with you First time steel was used to create domes and arches modern day usage of rebar Bones of the building Only seeing the substructure back then wouldve been covered in mosaics and marble would they be in awe or think this is everyday? Garden areas with importance of water and sound

The Young Centaur

Eros on his back but his happy Meaning of "young love" Catching and hunting love

The Old Centaur

Eros: Goddess of love Hands tied behind his back, facial expression of sufference Eros, cherub was supposed to be riding on back bump on back is where he was supposed to go "mature love" Eros pulling at his hair; reason for pain expression

Marcus Ulpius Trainius CE 98-117

First Emperor born out of Italy Italica, Hispania (Spain) Military career before becoming counsel Era of confidence in the greatness of the empire Optimus princeps "the best emperor" Adopted by his predecessor, old and rather frail Nerva who intended to gain credibility by associating himself with the youthful, energetic, and popular general So successful in the public eye that his era set a standard against which subsequent Roman periods would be judged When Nerva died, Trajan was serving as governor superiaor of Germania and securing power along the Rhine and Danube, Remaianed and active military commander for twenty years Greatest war against the Parthians Anexation of Amenia, and short lived conquest of all of mespotamia including the parthian capitol of Ctesiphon. Many portraits survive, low brow, heavy bangs, pointed nose, wide thin lips 20 years in military Hasn't been in Rome for a while since he is fighting Romania 1st emperor born outside of Italy (Italia) Military mindset of running the empire responsible for infrastructure Memorializing in literature few busts of him which memorialized him in portraiture Republican idea; looked like the person goes back to imagery of Augustus deep heavy brows and heavy set eyes Military haircut; allusion to Augustan imagery

Septimius Severus r. 193-211 CE

First emperor from Africa Lepicus Magna (modern Libya) Uncertainty of his succession Need to establish the position of his heirs First multi generational dynasty based on blood and marriage since the Julio -Claudians Arranged his own posthumous adoption by the long-dead emperor Marcus Aurelius Extend the iconography and attributes of the Antonines Brings Caligula up when he was 10 years old to rule in co-emperor and taught him Extension of iconography; using imagery of successful line why he should be in charge

Aurelian Walls

First time needed to fortify the capital since 4th century BCE 12 miles of walls with square towers every 100 feet Fortified gates on the main roads leading in to and out of the city Original height of 25 feet Anticipates medieval fortifications that would encircle towns, built with astonishing speed using walls of existing buildings and incorporating disused or neglected monuments More of a screen than a protection from protracted siege, comparable to Roman walls in Britian or Germany Shows the determination of the the frightened citizens to defend the city Stand higher now then when Aurelian built them Originally stood around 25ft high The purpose of building around this time was not for luxury (palaces, theaters, triumphal arches, etc) The purpose is to protect the city or Rome Believe now the walls were not really for the protection of Rome, but more of a screen against invaders. Can see them coming but not built for a long siege 12 miles around city of Rome Build fairly fast Near St. John Lateran Took monument and incorporated it into the wall Would have been triumphal arch Rededicated to a pope

Cancelleria Relief

Found in the 1930's datable to 93-96 CE combination of divine and human and subject of imperial procession Classicizing style Domitian setting out on miiitary expidition Use and reuse of imperial state reliefs by successive emperors Propped up against Cancelleria estate displayed then removed Waiting to be reused; just a pile of marble Minerva standing next to bean head Domitian Mercury is the way left while next to Mars Imperial relief but not for public People are barefoot= divinity/sacred

Portrait of Paquius Proculo and his wife, wall painting, before 79 CE

Found in wall in Pompeii Portraits would have been done and in Roman homes also Rome itself More for campaign image than family photo Shown with wax tablet and stylus not just indication of wealth, but of education Write and melt it ancient etch-a-sketch

Sarcophagus of "Jonah" Late 3rd century

Found near Bath England, probably a Grand tour acquisition, partially submerged in the garden of a large estate, probably from one of the greek islands in the agean sea. Johnah cycle is of Jewish oragin, nudity of the figures Formal composition, ram sitting on clearly indicated lamb, pastoral element, boat has sail up for the impending storm, Jonah not in sleep but leaning on his right arm extended as if making a speech (orator) Scenes are bracketed by columns or pillars Country estate near bath Brought back a souvenir Not in scale Covered by gourds no genital seen

Sarcophagus of Agape and Crescentianus c. 325-350 CE

Found near Vatican City. Central: Jesus, Peter and the rooster, two finger blessing denoting forgiveness, looks not at Peter but at the viewer. Left and right: healing the blind man and woman bleding (Matt 9:20-22, Mark 5: 25-34 and Luke 8:43-48) both have references to faith. Old law vs New: Sacrifice of Issac, Gos'd hand stopping Abraham, Parable of loaves and fishes, loaves marked with crosses, God gives law to Moses on Mt Sini, Miracle of St. Peter from the rock of his prision Located in the vatican Feeling more confident of putting religion imagery on sarcophagus Center would be Christ (now imaged) wearing long robe and holding scroll and blessing pose of hand gesture Peter seen as well with a rooster (marking the denial of Peter) recognized usually with keys but he hasn't received them yet More Greco-Roman Miracles of Christ is seen Imagery of loaves and fishes loaves have crosses on them Peter in jail at the end right with small jailers receiving the miracle of St. Peter of the rock in prison "For the dearest wife Agape, who lived with her husband 55 years 1 month and 5 days, laid to rest on the 10th kalends of January [December 23], Crescentianus made this when he was alive." After this, squeezed in using smaller letters, is DP IIII K S¯, which seems to record the later burial (DP for depositus, "laid to rest") of Crescentianus on the 4th kalends of September (August 29). Jonah and the whale Burning Translation of plaque Squeezed the small marking of the burial of the husband added by children or later on age was 111 when passed marking age but uncertain of who's calendar it was based off of marking date of death; not birth

Pompeii

Founded in 6th century BCE City walls and Religious sites Temple of Apollo and Temple of Athena 5th century Thriving port and initial clashes with Romans 2nd century "Golden Age" Homes decorated in the First Style Entrance of House of Faun Sulla founds a colony in 80 BCE Construction of the Amphitheater, baths, roofed theater, temples Earthquake in 62 CE City goes into decline Prestigious residences converted to productive uses Merging communities of Greek and Eruscan with indigenous local settlement. Oldest inscritions in Pompeii written in Etruscan, ruins of a large temple in the triangular forum resemble contemporary Greek temples Doesn't fit the saying "frozen in time" Air pockets were found in the hardened magma then filled with plaster which was found out to be people Founded in 6th century indigenous tribe Walls religious sites were already established Lavish villas= "Golden Age" escape from Rome; resort town 1st style wall painting Earthquake built without knowing on top of volcano they never realized it left Pompeii at this point, but some stayed to rebuild Ex: villa of mystery= used to be a resort house but was changed to a grape house

Christian Stele

Funerary stele of Christian woman Discovered near the Baths of Diocletian Ichthys: fish Anchor: Hebrews 6:18-19 Christ is like an anchor in our lives Cross and crucifixion were not represented until later because crucifixion was the punishment given to common criminals Monotheistic (vs Roman religion) emphasis on baptism, initiation of the convert, salvation and the afterlife, important role of images in greco-roman art, absense of imagry that would dominate later art, no nativity, crucifixion or resurrection Visually represent their faith Monogram of Christ representation of early Christians for Christ= fish miracles of Jesus known by the converts of Christianity Christians would be put to death at the time if showing any difference of faith Image of anchor Christ being the anchor and stability of Christianity Above ground tomb is where it would be located cremated body marker Found near the bath's of Diocletian Diocletian was one of the fiercest of Christianity and would hunt down this new religion Stele for a Christian woman

Equestrian Statue Marcus Aurelius Ca. 176 CE

Gilded Bronze 11' 6" Adlocutio: about to speak Restitutio pacis: restoration of peace Mistaken as representation of Emperor Constantine Use of the statue in Medieval, Renaissance, modern, and post-modern city of Rome Lost wax method, various pieces, light application of the reins (lost) Debate whether he held something in his hand, a scepter, globe, statue of victory but no clear attachment point, civic garb, short sleeved tunic with cloak clasped at the right shoulder, senatorial boots of the patrician class Role of public art in creating and reinforcing cultural identity Some of it retains gold Hall mark for emperors though bronze statues were melted down in Middle ages Survived because it was mistaken for Constantine Orator stance more likely to be calming crowds instead of catching attention May have another image under it The reigns to the horse are missing from the horse Wrinkled neck and turned body he shows he is controlling the horse Uses the lost wax method attention to horses musculature, turns to the right, mouth open slightly, saddled with Persian style sadddlecoth of several layers vs a rigid saddle, horse adds to the dynamism and important in the overall expressive element of the composition Image used so many time periods Horse has pupils too Recycled image used over again and again Drawn over time throughout history

Piazza d'Oro

Golden Court North side of the villa One of the most luxurious sites of the villa Imperial Banquet complex Central courtyard Rectangular open court filled with flower beds and water basin elaborate design Golden Court Long pool of water; reflecting pool Imperial banquet hall Baths and libraries filled the complex Pumpkin Vaults: Apollodorus' reference to "pumpkins" vaults involving pumpkin like concave undulations. Surface, not structure. Pouring concrete againts complex forms and behind and above them were considerable mass of concrete Concave and alternating shell shaped filled with sculptures, mosaics, and paintings Exiled Apollodorus for making pumpkin vaults indentions of inner=pumpkin bumps; going in and out Wasn't structural but appearance was fanciful Underground city and slave tunnels are discovered beneath Emperor Hadrian's Villa Cavers have mapped more than a mile of tunnels beneath Hadrian's palaceIt is thought the tunnels were used to transport slaves, cattle and food The main tunnel is 2.4 metres wide and runs to a 700 metre circular spur Discovered in 2013 Tunnel networks like in Disney World Wide enough for carts to be able to move and turn around in

Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Saint Mary of the Angels and the Martyrs

Gorgeous inside Michelangelo started but died a year into construction Believed his plans were executed more or less The meridian line is a later addition Bathing complex turned catholic church (ironic because he was so anti-Christian) Later astrological meridian line Meridian line (later addition to Church) Michelangelo "asked" to construct Church but died Claim to fame; associated with Michelangelo Bathing complex built by Diocletian which later Christians too it and made it into a Catholic church Ironic because Diocletian was the one who had killed Catholics in his lifetime

Furietti Centaurs

Greek inscriptions by Aristaes and Papias of Aphrodisias Dark grey marble imported from Turkey. Assumed to be copies of a late 2nd century BCE Hellenistic Greek bronze originals. Signed by the sculptors Aristaes and Papias of Aphrodiaias Said that Pope Benedict XIV was so irritated by Furietti's refusal to present the Cantauri to the Capitoline Museum that he passed him over to the rank of cardinal. Purchased by Pope Clement 13 in 1765 Pope Benedict VIII wanted them Black marble which is indigenous in Tuscanny High demand for these statues deal was that the marble can be given to the artist and he could come to make the statues or have the original statues brought to him Pope was able to buy them anyway even though Furietti wouldn't give them to him the Pope was so frustrated with him that he withheld the position of Cardinal from Furietti who was a monseigneur

Arch of Titus c. 81 CE

Inscription on the attic clearly states the Senate and Roman People erected the monument SPQR to commemorate the deified Titus Relatively small with only one arch, damage when the Frangipani family incorporated the arch into their fortress, large holes to make room for beams Representations of Victory on the spandels Underside to the vault Shown on a relief being carried skyward on the back of an eagle Apotheosis of Titus= riding eagle; deified imagery with coffered ceiling Two large panel reliefs, incorporation of both Greek and Italic sculptural tradition into public historical relief sculpture Scenes from joint triumph of Vespasian and Titus following their victory in the Jewish war Feel as if we are spectators to the event

Trebonianus Gallus 251-253 CE

Italic family During his reign, invasions from Mesopotamia and along the Danube (Serbia) Identification of statue from coin portraits 7'6" tall Bronze statue Metropolitan Museum of Art "What a horrible statue" Probably had some in marble He is from old Roman family Empire from his reign was always in battle ...is he wearing...socks?? Jk they shoes Back to orator pose "He's hardly a greek god, I mean come on..." Possible attempt at making it look imposing by maikng the head smaller (illusion)

Base of the Column of Antonius Pius 161 CE (soldier side)

Italic style Squat figures somewhat in the round Illogical point of view Figures are shown above as being further in the distance Vs. Classical reliefs with figures behind Little attempt at scale where figures in the distance would appear smaller Classicism imagery like Ara Pacis with family on one side and soldiers, priests and others on the other Soldiers are not classical style geometric; unidentifiable people Illogical way of creating this piece top are supposed to appear as if they are in the background and far away middle reads as foreground Supposed to be lager than smaller when farther away

Hadrian's Villa Villa Adriana

Largest Imperial Villa in the Roman world Over 30 buildings Retreat from Rome Distinctive gardens Smaller villa from the Republican era, land possibly owned by the family of Hadrian's wife, area twice the size of Pompeii, adequate supply of construction materials, Travertine quarries of Tivoli, tuffa and lime to make cement, four aquaducts leading to Rome, After conquest, Roman's were attracted to the luxury and beauty of Hellenistic art Fascinated with architecture Intimately involved in Pantheon and Villa construction bigger than Pompeii He didn't like Rome dirty place and people didn't really like him either

Sarcophagus of "the three Shepherds"

Late 4th century Catacombs of Pretestato Sculpted on all four sides Central location "Kriophoros" shepherds Standing on pedestals Cupids harvesting Hadrian hair style Putti are holding harvest to bring in Rural scenes on relief continue on the sides of the sarcophagus Back is decorated with a trellis: garden fence Debate about the religious affiliation of the deceased March carved from bottom to top Would have been set out in the middle of the space and people would be able to walk around if it was set to be on the wall how would anyone be able to see the detialing behind it pointless to put on wall if it was

Oculus

Light 27 feet across Only source of natural light Sundial Light circle moves across the building Effect of cosmic forces Compression Ring that distributes the forces of the dome at its apex allowing the dome Giant eye from the sky; god's are watching also works as a sundial Compression ring reduces pressure on dome Built in drain inside building holes inside the ground that act like a drainage system Brilliant colored marbles= victorious conquers with marble Geometrics=squares; squares with circles Emphasis of interior space over exterior

Fayum painting of Antonine woman

Local tunic and elaborate jewelry Green of emeralds is only color that does not conform to the four color palette Light source Hair style similar to Faustina the Younger Difference of hairstyles can affect the time period Following the trends in Rome Faustina the Younger Daughter changed hairstyle to not be confused by mother Light source in image from the left; realistic appearance and puts them in a particular space Buried images with mummy Gold leafy fillet around head

Temple of Venus and Roma, Rome

Located between the Roman Forum and Colosseum Love and beauty goddess and goddess of the city Locations is everything Its enormous Goes back to Greek design/temples columns all the way around, multiple entrances Built in Greek influences Two cellae which back into each other Venus and to the city goddess Roma Greek influences Peripterial: columns encircle the temple Stylobate: top platform is a series of steps instead of a tall podium

House church Dura Europos

Located in Syria Military outpost between Libya and Rome Found a synagogue and a house church Located outer walls and demolished the interior and crumble them into it Initiate into the religion taught about the religion own baptistery Earliest Christian paintings from an identifiable church Earliest image Truly identifiable church Font is seen there imagery but in pagan Roman identifier Seen is the good shepherd ram over shoulder short tunic contrapposto Also seen is Adam and Eve Old Testament reference Christians do not have any imagery to claim as their own Vault of heavens over the barrel vault

Catacombs

Loculi: wall tombs, niches Arcosolium: curved niche Cubicula: burial room with loculi for family Cryptae: chapels decorated with frescoes 500 meters of 170 km are curently open to the public Niches in the wall to put oil lamps; not a lot of light was put in there Rectangular niche box to place body that would seal up with bricks, marble, etc sometimes decorated with designs or buried with something also succumbed to grave robbers to a few Poor would be buried would be buried in the wall niches sometimes 2 people could be buried together Less expensive way of burial Rounded arch niche Burial room

Tondi on the Short Ends: Constantinian

Luna medallion, moon goddess. Depiction associated of eternity Connected with the concept of the eternity of the emperor,, cycle of death and rebirth, light and darkness, emergence of a new age Luna over Constantine leaving Milan, Sol over Entrance into Rome after his victory over Matentius, not only eternity but the protective nature of the God, close relation between the victory the emperor the sun god and a new era. Alignes wi Rising from the east and luna descending Relates to the tondi of Hadrian On quaddriga for a four horse chariot Leg bent and not very imaginative for folds falling and attention of body Cape billowing like the Ara Pacis Beginning of day and end of day= relating to birth and death reviving/rebirth of the empire Imagery speaks to each other all through this monument Sol Invictus Ascending: Four horse chariot Luna Descending: Two horse chariot

Julia Domna as Ceres

Mantle over her head similar toe a priestess Poppies and stalks of wheat Attributes of the goddess Ceres Image associated with Livia Abundance symbolized by Ceres Head draped; priestess Holding stalks of wheat and poppies Iconography of Ceres and associating herself with priestess Ceres but also with Livia

Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Annius Verus R. 161-169 CE Meditations 12 books Concordia Augustorum "The Harmony of the Augusti" First shared ruled by emperors Lucius Verus R. 161-169 Based life and rule on tenants of Greek stoic philosophy development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions. 25 known copies of this portrait type Invasions by Germanic tribes, revolts in Britian and Syria, monetary crisiss, widespread economic problems and and outbreak of plague killing up to a third of the population of the entire empire Very little building and rise in interest in deities whose worship offered personal salvation (Mithras, Isis, Dionysus, Christianity and Hercules Shared by emperors Concordia Augustorum Bright military man like Greek mythology Meditations= personal journal; not supposed to be seen by public 5 different stages of portraiture Very identifiable face but has very super curly hair Long face, hooded eyes, wrinkled forehead Problems during his reign Foreshadowing Use of drill as a marble carving technique Long face Hooded eyes Emotionally connects with what is happening in the empire tired expression; issues with money and plague Reflecting the situation that his happening with his face

Caracalla

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Sculpture is a rejection of Antonine traditions Beginning of style that lasts through the 3rd century Hair and beard greatly reduced Skin is deeply incised Restless energy Twisting neck, apparent internal conflict Simultaneously military and psychological Fierce and looks like he wants to kill you Father adopted by Marcus Aurelius and changed his name propaganda af Unknown if they actually called Caracalla Against tradition Military haircut Instead of hair being cut intricately; his face has deep cut areas to give more details X-incision on face from wrinkles Appears to be unhappy being emperor actually does want it Actually in profile Makes you stop in your tracks when looking at it

Maxentius

Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus Roman Emperor 306-312 CE Son of former Emperor Maximian Son-in-law of Emperor Galerius Construction of the Basilica Nova Claim on the City of Rome as prime residence Grand building plans Location is everything to make association though there is so much land he can use, but luckily he was able to find this land and make the grand basilica (even greater than Trajan) Clean shaven; heavy lided and staring off to space more realistic; define cheeks identifiable at this point Two side aisles: 75' high x 56 'wide roofed with three barrel vaults perpendicular to the nave Nave: 265' high x 83' wide with three groin vaults. Supported by eight piers Warehouses in this part of the city has burned in this area of the forum. Making a statement that he has taken over the rule of the empire as sole ruler, Law court, not a church Piers foour in the corners, four in the center, instead of old fashio line of columns that screen off the side aisles. Trmendous open space with no interveening supports. Nave terminates in west in large semi-circular apse with colossal sculpture of constantine, focal point of the building Coffered ceiling Space was massive and to have thought to be only supported by 8 piers Making his mark in Rome and take over grand building projects and claiming as hi sowb

Philip the Arab 244-249 CE

Marcus Julius Philipus 33rd Emperor of the Roman Empire Born in the Roman province of Arabia (Syria) 50 million sesterce to Persian king Sapur I Extricate himself from war Died in Verona (overthrown) Slight turn of the head but eyes look upward, as if for divine inspiratioin, artist captures a moment in time, fleeting expression, one of the great accomplishments of 3rd C artist Soldiers raise him to emperor as previous emperor falls Imagery follows X: angry looking face Was in war with Persian king of the time and paid him off to end the war Plunged Rome into debt by ending the war this way Proceeded to build a city for himself Captured a moment in time Trabeated toga Broad flat band across the chest Typical dress of the late empire Short cropped hair X created by lines More deeply incised than Caracalla's Hair is chiseled with small incisions Turned head Deep set eyes Drilled pupils Stiff fabric across chest Military cropped hair Very intense (psychologically) Pupils still drilled

Serapeum

Memory, history, and architectural innovation Nymphaeum Summer dining room Gardens, pools, waterfalls Temple of Serapis Partially subterranean Faces a large pool Canopus Temple built partially into the hillside. In the Nile Delta near Alexandria, to Isis and consort Serapis became a famous cult center Obelisk facing the pantheon came from temple of Isis and Serapis Not popular in Rome during time of Augustus (obviously) 3 aspects on Villa Summer dining room Arch area where people would drink and hangout to cool off accommodates 50 people upper level where Hadrian would sit It was a privilege to be invited to come and dine Adds a nice water sound effect for cooling off built on idea based off the Temple of Serapis subterranean; similar to the Egyptian temple of Alexandria which no longer exists Faces large artificial pool, the canopus after the canal at Alexandria in Egypt According to Cassius Dio (Roman History, Book 69, Chapter 4), Hadrian had Trajan's favorite architect Apollodorus of Damascus exiled and executed because he had once insulted Hadrian's penchant for domes. Bringing Egyptian gods and art to Rome showing off educated knowledge in history The subterranean area cut into the side and was brought in replicating in a different way Large reflecting pool (spur of the Nile)

Julia Domna Wife of Septimius Severus

Most powerful imperial woman since Livia Ruled with her eldest son Caracalla Earliest portrait type Beginning of rule of Septimius Severus Based on portrait types of Faustina the younger Heavy helmet-type Direct visual link Second wife death of first wife and had two daughters (no one knows what happened to daughters) Goes into search of a horoscope and finds Julia her horoscope said she would marry a king Heavy braids going back; elaborate bun taking on image of Faustina the Younger associate imagery of Marcus Aurelius' family, mother and daughter Does day to day of running empire while son refused to come home and was off fighting battles Prominent eyebrows

Menorah Procession

Most well known relief images Referencing family battles over Jerusalem and Jews coming with you towards Coliseum with spoils of war progressing with group Prominent: menorah Table with ritual objects and the Menorah, would have been recognizable by the Roman populace, literary descritoions or een display in the Templum Pacis Portrayal of a historic even consistant with Italic traditioin, architecture for context and illusion of space, procession passes through an arch Greek conventions: elongated proportions isccephaly, shallow profile in the background to indicate depth Plaque carried ahead objects to explain objects being carried Greek; Italic (not Italian since it has yet to be discovered as a city state) 3D effect Short togas; represented as attendants than conquered foes Going through same arch as you Nothing around arch; just placed here Most recognizable spoils being carried by attendants Tabula ansata: plaques

Milvian Bridge

October 28, 312 Maxentius Defeated and killed Constantine shares power with Licinius, ruler of the Eastern Empire Constantine defeats Licinius 324 CE Father was a tetrarch father died and steps up Licinius is building to claim he is Roman Constantine comes in and states he was to be the sole ruler Tears down the Milvian bridge and surrounds them and defeats them Constantine decapitates Licinius and parades his head through city after victory Constantine wants to be seen as a new ruler Mother was Christian and pilgrimaged to Jerusalem who came back with the stairs of Pontius Pilate Created with building the old St. Peters

Basilica 120-78 BCE

Oldest and most important public building in Pompeii Best example of Pre-Roman architecture Aisle with 28 brick columns Ionic engaged columns on the side walls Signs of engaged columns Oldest and most important building Not religious; mainly for style May have been Corinthian style columns The Basilica played an important role in both civil and commercial life of Pompeii. Not only was justice administered here, but it was also the focus of the commercial life of the city. Tribunal donated by six Corinthian columns with engaged order on the rear wall Above the tribunal was an upper order of engaged columns framing rectangular windows

Basilica Nova Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

Overwhems with the power of the construction and the power of the emperor. Looks more massive, not the flat coffered roofs of earlier basilicas, but borrows from the arched spaces in the bath complexes (Bath od Diocletian). Three massive Quoin vaults in the main nave, barrel vaults in the side aisles with coffers......why? Where have wee seen this before? Aesthetics but also weight of the arches Sat in the Basilica Nova Some of it still stands Side isle of the basilica remains not even the largest part of it Started by Maxentius and finishing by Constantine Not really a church site at this point but to overwhelm the viewer Wooden coffered roof for most structure we've seen but this one is done with brick concrete

Pantheon 113-125 CE

Pan: all Theon: building of the gods Culmination of architectural revolution in Rome Best Preserved building from Ancient Rome Exterior designed to disguise the interior Largest unreinforced concrete dome Basilica Santa Maria and Martyrs (consecrated in 608 CE) Cassius Dio, Roman senator speculated the name came either from the number of statues of gods placed around the building or the resemblencce of the dome to the heavens, suggests this is a nickname, not the actual name of the building Smack dab in the middle Best preserved building of Ancient Rome Nothing is reinforcing it Able to see the skeleton of the building but would've been covered in marble and bronze statues Not really called "pantheon;" probably had a different name but was given it as a nickname called this nickname due to many references of gods and goddesses More of a dedication than the building being built by Marcus Agrippa possibly finished by Hadrian Front is similar to Roman teple Basilica Santa Maria and Martyrs (consecrated in 608 CE) Cassius Dio, Roman senator speculated the name came either from the number of statues of gods placed around the building or the resemblencce of the dome to the heavens, suggests this is a nickname, not the actual name of the building Marcus Agrippa: Son-in law of Augustus Honorific rather than contemporary, two earlier structures Pediment decorated with relief sculpture, possibly a crowned eagle or a wreath symbolizing Jupiter Walk into it and it looks like the traditional Roman temple Had steps where you could walk in front but due to flooding from Tiber river it created built up of silt and covered the steps Faces North In direct line with Mausoleum of Augustus Replaces an earlier temple that was destroyed in 80 CE 16 monolithic granite columns Not Drums Corinthian Capitals Monolith Imported marble from Egypt 16 granite columns; not stacking drums Vertical feeling when underneath Enormous bronze doors 1 ton a piece made of bronze

Severan Tondo

Portrait of Septemius Severu, his wife, Julia, and sons Caracalla and Geta Discovered in Egypt Frontal with oversized eyes that do not engage the viewer Only painted portrait of Roman Imperial Family First African Roman emperorStandard 4th C seen here in early 3rd. Gaze is to some distant hotizon.Each is identifiable by rank due to the multiple attributes of rank including diadems, gold bordered tunics and cloaks, scepters, and in the case of Julia, pearl earrings and necklace that become a standard for imperial women. His hair is tinged with gray. Emphasis on imperial majesty not civic virtues that bring bounty into the empire Damnation of memory (damnatio memroirae (nero, Domition, Commodus)

Septimius Severus (bust)

Portrait type based on the Antonine Antoius Pius, but more closely to Marcus Aurelius Curly hair and parted beard Recalling time prior to civil war Associate himself with successful emperors of the past Represents the end of the Antonine portrait tradition More similar to Marcus Aurelius with curly hair and parted beard equestrian statue Curls on top of head like priest of serapus family go to Egypt and found a temple to Serapus and fell in love with mystery religion Pupils are deeply cut Changed though with them not looking at you but glancing at an angle appear restless in appearance

Bust of a Tetrarch

Power, distance, and intensity Lest important aspect is individuality Porphyry marble: very hard Lack of detail in face and clothing Enormous eyes Creases in the forehead Stippling for beard That's cute... Very hard marble Imperial purple First among everything (a distancing) Emperor is not touchable Individuality not important, the office is the important part (not the man who holds the office) Don't really know who this is. Easier to sort of stipple the beard Porpouri marble from Egypt Difficult to work with; royal purple Stylized creases Intensity in appearance

Base of the Column of Antonius Pius 161 CE

Previously supported a column Campus Martius Cenotaph: monument or empty tomb for commemoration Apotheosis of the emperor and his wife Parade of soldiers marking occasion of solemn imperial funeral First combination of Classical with Italic style Dedicated by Marcus Aruileius and Lucius Verus in Made by 2 adopted sons after his death Tied to Augustus' monuments; location is everything though wife and Pius are buried at Hadrian's mausoleum Same imagery of soldiers and other side is dedication Classical forms, proportions and features Flanked by two eagles Lifted to heaven by a winged male god (Genius) Personification of eternity found on coinage of Fautina Scene is witnessed by the goddess Roma and the personification of the Campus Martius who supports the obelisk of Augustus Pink Egyptian granite with no relief carving Roma: as on the arch of Titus, wears a helmet and one breast exposed, shield is decorated with the she wolf. Alteration of scale Pink marble obelisk Pius and wife on top on the back and holding staffs to show power in rule Wife's head is covered like a priestess Dressed more governmental leader than a soldier Personification of eternity Roma sitting in profile view hand raised like an orator pose; making statement of scene shield with Capitoline wolf with Romulus and Remus Cover male genitailia

Fayum painting of a priest

Priest of Serapis Fillet with central golden star with seven points Band of grey with cream highlights suggesting silver Hair over forehead in three ringlets Hair is short and well arranged Close set eyes Intense emotion Gold leaf fillet around head More Egyptian; darker skin compared to women Manicured curls around face Groomed beard compared to a wild mess Ringlets; mystic religion Wars and battles in empire means of escape from battles and plagues; things unable to control

Arch of Septimius Severus Panel 2

Procession of the Parthian war From Trajan's victory monuments Trajan organized a campaign against the parthians and this arch as muc an allusion to him as the arch of Augustus the origionally faced this from across the forum. Tarajan: Parthicus while SS was Parthicus Maximus. Trajan's arch only survives in images on coins Many small scale figures fillingthe scene and stand on common ground. Squat and Italic not classical in scale, split perspective combining progile and brid's eye view SS is larger (even though in distance) and frontal rather than profile which makes him very distinctive Procession of Parthian war Line of triumphal arches psychological relation to each other Very geometric and squat represent a group of people than classical appearance

Arch of Septimius Severus Panel #3

Profile images of Roman soldiers lay siege on a city defined by its surrounding wall Raising figures in second rows to show distance vs low relief Disregard for iscocephaly Whole profile image Looking down at the city but all the soldiers are in the middle of it Different perspective of aerial views Strange arrangement of bodies; contorted or severed limbs

Hadrian 117-138 CE

Publius Aelius Hadrianus First Emperor to be portrayed with a full beard Desire to be seen as a Greek Philosopher Acne scars Initiates style followed by emperors for 100 years Found by chance by an American tourist in 1975 while searching for ancient coins with a metal detector. 50 fragments, found in a building located in the center of the camp, perhaps the principia (headquarters). Head was found intact, thought to be made in a Roman workshop, standardized image of the emperor including the unique shape of his earlobe One of the 5 Good Emperors 41 years old when he came to power Wasn't part of the previous lineage; he was a soldier in the military Easily identifiable; 1st emperor to have facial hair in statues Had cap hair; emphasis was on appearing as a philosopher Surviving bronze statue found by a man with a metal detector who was looking for coins Artistic advances Carving of the pupils Makes eyes more expressive Distinctive ear Indicative of genetic heart defect Cuirass with six nude warriors thought to final battle in Vergil's Aeneid be a duel representing Aeneus (Phringian hat) defeats King Turnus but may be an allegory of Hadians defeat of the Jews in Judea (132-135 CE) Final battle over the Jewish territories? Military camp not a victory monument Head made in Rome Distinctive ears Carved out pupils; expressive and life like Cuirass= 6 fighting warriors; not represented as a victorious statue but as a warrior statue Aeneas defeating King Thumus represents Hadrian defeating Jerusalem/Jews Opportunity for sculptors to explore textural distinctions between hair and skin Hair is combed from the crown of his head, follows style of Trajan Appears in portraiture as the age he came into power (41), in the model of Trajan Falls in thick curls at his forehead, one ancient source attribute this to use of a curling iron Distinction between hair and skin rough vs smooth Hair combed from back to front; curls around his face to make halo possibly used a curling iron for his curls; referenced in history Never ages in portraits Medusa on cuirass

Aula Palatina 310 CE

Rectangular 220'L x 90'W x 98' H Largest surviving room from the Roman period Impression of scale Emphasis on large semicircular apse Exterior walls plain brick lined with two superimposed stories of windows with semi-circular tops Similar in design to the palace of Domitian: audience hall, setting for appearance of the emperor, formal space to interact with an audience. Large semicircular apse, framed the seated emperor, exterior appearance of a two story building, the recessed windows make the butresses to project more than they actually do emphasizing the height and vertical lines of the building Wonderful example of what the time and thoughts of building architecture Largest surviving room of the Roman Period Large building Structured of allusion of being larger and more rooms actually all one floor Austere more so than it would have been. Marble on the walls, mosaic in the apse would have further emphasized the importance of the emperor, Hypocaust heating system in the floor, designed to reflect the greatness of Constantine. Plain roof of timber framing and wooden coffered ceiling (Basilica Ulpa in the Market of Trajan. Simpler than vaulted concrete roofing that becomes standard in basilicals built in and after the last years of Constantine's rule Large mosaic in the apse and the inside was supposed to impress later was taken down Assembly room Made the apse shorter and shorter windows to make the room larger and grander Plain roof wooden coffered ceiling

Constantine

Reliefs in a new setting remind people in subsequent centuries of the old classical style and are models for elements that are not classical in style Two long narrow panels showing events leading to Constantine's voctory and his first official acts in Rome Little bits and pieces of art Victory: Spandrels of the central arch Victory Spandrels of the central arch River God in the spadrels of the smaller arches, types seen on the arch of Septemius Severus arch but flatter. Drapery a nod to classical type. Personifications only God in the new relief sculptures is Sol (disregards earlier associations with Hercues Also in Constantantine art in spandrels Carrying standartds Moving more to late antique transition of Roman classicism and Byzantine not whole idea of beauty; no classicizing beauty River gods One of them being the personification of Sol supreme connection to the god Sol

The Good Shepherd

Religiously neutral themes from the 3rd century Philosophical and bucolic scenes Marine idylls Seasonal themes Re-evaluation of symbolic figures Symbolic figures: orant, good shepherd cremateion until the 2nd c Located everywhere Roman idea Roman ideal of death without care or worry Known for pagan religion of afterlife Icon for Christian religion Contrapposto\ Classical image Ram held over shoulder Good shepherd imagery flowing hair and tunic Later idea of Jesus would not look like a Roman Was found and made for a Christian other statue shows Jonah and the whale

Basilica Plan vs. Radial Plan

Rotunda supported by a great concrete drums which appeared as a solid circular wall, but more complex. Eight 25 food deep concrete piers that alternate with seven niches create a rhythum along the interior wall. The eight piers support the entire weight of the structure Became a church; reasons for survival Building style has never been done before A jump of planning styles; radically different Brilliant architectural planning 8 walls that are 20-25 feet thick; travertine marble on bottom (heaviest) to lightest going up Apses= cult statues; offering to gods; burial site as well (famous Raphael and the King of Italy)

Good Shepherd Fresco

San Callixtus 3rd century CE Funerary dining area Metaphor: "the Lord is my shepherd" Bucolic imagery Idealized, clean shaven Classicizing contrapposto, lamb on shoulder, early Geek 6th c BCE, tunic and leggings of a rural agricultural worker In ceiling above Center medallion Christian burial site Ancestor worship is not entirely set aside continued in Christian setting Curly hair and flowing tunic

Iconography and Themes of Column of Trajan

Scenes of actual warfare *new iconography Triumph of civilization Resource for studying Roman military Natural backgrounds and mixed perspective views Actual warfare Triumph over barbarians Weapons, dressed for battle, armor, etc. shows the studying for Roman warfare Actual military campaign= no bridge to cross so made pontoon bridge to cross Trajan is always the largest in imagery Figures turned to look at him; draws eyes to look at Trajan Shows not only war but what they do when not fighting The Emperor (fourth from the lower right) oversees construction (detail), Column of Trajan, dedicated 113 C.E., Trajan and his fleet depart for Second Dacian War—Trajan can be seen at the far left

Septimius Servius (statue)

Second portrait type Associated with the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis Long corkscrew locks of hair Usually four curls Parted beard Deeply drilled carving Incised eyes Looking up and to a distance Imperial family visted the original sanctuary of Serapis during an inspection tour of Egypt in 199-200 Ce Serapis (Remember in the Campois of Hadrian's vill, ayum painting of the Serapis priest) composite diety of Hellenistic and Egyptian deities Made to be put in a niche Different look; orator type of pose power; holding it out holding the symbol of emperorship Parted beard like Marcus Aurellias Psychological is weighing on him

Commodus R. 180-192

Son of Marcus Aurelius Second time since the beginning of the beginning of the Roman empire that an emperor was succeeded by his biological son Co-emperor at 16 Similar features to Marcus Aurelius: heavy eyelids, deep drillling of elaborate curls. Decreed the 12 months be altered to his various titlesor nicknames. No interest in foreign affaris, military gains of his father were wiped out and state left in disarray. Murederd in 192 CE True son of Marcus Aurelius Co-emperor with Margus at age 16 Murdered/assassinated Meglo-maniac Not that many images of him Rome was falling apart and he wasn't helping May have had glass in his eyes for his statue

Arch of Constantine

South Side Erected 315 CE South side Erected 315 CE Constantine's victory over Maxentius on 28th October 312 CE at the battle of the Milcaina Bridge. Largest surviving Roman triumphal arch last great monument of Imperial Rome Political propaganda presenting Constantine as the living continuation of the most successful Roman Emperors, renowned for their military victories and good government Unprecidented: triumphal arch errected to commemorate a victory in a civil war, Date is important for the anniversary of Augustus' rule Location is everything Victorious leaders end Built on idea same as septumius Severus Built on the same ratio Reason for aesthetically pleasing Next to colosseum Mix of styles Inscription on top is the same side on each layout is same on each side but different art Largest surviving piece Created to mark a victory in a civil war like Augustus and the Ara Pacis of promoting peace after the defeat of Marc Antony Augustus never really needed it wanted it to be created Dedicated 25th July 315 CE on the 10th anniversary of Constantine's reign (Decennalia) on Rome's Triumphal route Three separate arches all the same ratio Proconnesian marble. Four detached Corinthian column in yellow Numidiuan marble, each on a pedestal and topped with an entablature North side Each column is detached but on pedastals Constantine era carving Like the market of Trajan free standing sculptures and now repurposed on top of Constantine's arch Inscription in the attic with Dacian prisoners from the time of Trajan Above the entablature as if an extension, four Dacian prisoners. Inscription on both sides, in Latin, originally inlaid with gilded bronze Brass inlay in the lettering Would've had really stood out Faction: same term used by Augustus about Mark Antony in official documents describing their civil war. Early work in Constantine's rule attempting to bolster his right to rule. Location and inscription of the new Flavian dynasty with past. Maximo Augustus: title bestowed upon him by the Senate after his victory in 312 to affirm his seniority over Maxintius and Licinus Faction= same reference for the arch of Augustus now being absorbed and taken over when speaking about Constantine Words choosing carefully First Christian emperor but no Christian art on the arch Sol is the only god seen on the arch Hercules is referenced to show tie to relation to Herculean branch

Diocletian's Palace

Spalatum (Split, Croatia) Retired after 20 years in power Fortress plan (military ) Colonnaded courtyard Ceremonial doorway Where emperor would make an entrance Arched Colonnade becomes a popular element in Christina churches Retires as emperor after 20 years Was also huge, the whole population of Spalatum could live inside these walls He was military, so he built it militarily Absorbed into Christian architecture Whole populace could come live in Towers and wall fortificaiton Based off of previous military encampment that he built upon Actually a street First time seeing columns with arches Ca. 300 CE 650 x 550 feet High walls Small gate in each Square towers on corners Gates with octagonal towers Not a perfect square, more of a perfect rectangle High walls with a gate on each wall Mausoleum built within the walls Not perfect square; rectangle 3 entrances Entry with octagonal tower Square towers on corners

"Great Pastoral" sarcophagus c. 300 CE

Still maintains paint and gilding On the lid: hunting scene and unfinished portrait Scenes of bucolic inspiration in a rural setting Hereafter as a form of detatchment from the worries of life, aristocratic ideal Point of Constantine Maintains some of the gilding and painting Highly painted; no unfinished white piece Some red can be seen on the sheep Same imagery but shepherd now has a beard Plaque would have held about the deceased Unfished figure (probably the deceased)

Tetrarchs ca. 305 CE

Stylistic manifestation of the ideas regarding rule Clarity, uniformity, simplicity of organization, distance from the observer Simple block-like Probably from the imperial palace in Constantinople Porphyry marble from Egypt Similitudo: The office of the emperor is major importance, the man holding that office is secondary Older Augusti (bearded men), embracing younger Caesars All look the same Represents stability of empire Very frontal Very chunky and block like One of them missing a foot Would not have been placed on a corner like this On castle complex Also made of porphyry Shows two Augustans and two Caesars Not really made to be changed art Older leaders look to be embracing young Caesars Look the exact same from each other Represent stability of empire Very frontal Contradicting= wealth of younger showing off but it should be made to be modest Same weird ass eyes About 4 ft tall Pushed in large almond eyes Comcordia: harmony Expressed by the stance of the men

Temple of Jupiter Mid-2nd century BCE

Temple of the Capitoline Triad Cult statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva Doesn't start as capitoline triad One cella and small Head of Jupiter remains High podium style built 2 staircases with platform where alter would have been there were no alters inside but were kept outside; statues were inside Side door to hide wealth underneath Would have had 2 triumphal arches one dedicated to Drusus the other was built then taken down Prostyle with six corinthian columns on the front and four on the sides. In earlier 2nd c form the pronaos and cella were shorter than what this floorplan shows. Cella was origionally without asiles or internal colonnade A) Podium B) Pronaos C) Cella D) Staircase with central platform Location of the altar E) Tripartite podium F) Triumphal arch (Drusus) G) Triumphal arch (Germanicus or Tiberius)

Antonine portraiture Antoninus Pius

Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus R. 131-161 CE Adopted son of Hadrian and married to Fautina the Elder, Hadrian's niece, successful emperor as Trajan and Hadrian but different. His rule was the longest since Augustus but led no armies, invaded not foreign territories and did not travel in the provinces. Not withing 500 miles of a Roman legion but successfully authorized the conquest of Northern Britain Ruled by correspondence First of Antonines Good ruler Military background Line of succession Evolution of portraiture (started with Hadrian look; scruff with beard) deep cuts that causes chiaroscuro Pupil in eyes Emphasis on Classicizing Idealized adulthood Hair with more volume Beard undercut In the round not just relief Carved pupils Classicizing= tie to Augustus calm look but wrinkles on forehead Far away look

Medallions from monument of Hadrian (ca. 130-138 CE)

Tondi= Hadrian location; engraving Tondi High Relief Animal hunts: lion, boar, bear Sacrificial ceremonies: Hercules, Apollo, Diana, Silvanus Courage and moral strength Allegory of good over evil Great contrast of relief carving Long stretched floating figures Animal hunts boar, lion, bear All heads have been recut to to be the head of Constantine Hercules reference family protector; god relationship Defeated the other tetrarchs and is now the singular ruler of Rome Over the side arches. Classical associations recut with image of Constantine, refer to abstract qualities assocoiated with Constantine with virtues transferred from Hadrian to the current emperor Herculean branch of the tetrarchy Contrapposto Movement of body and drapery The lion hunt. Assiciation with the God Sol: raised hand, nimbus (cloud) indicated by a circle around his head God association to Sol Raised arm like orator; gesture broken from time Different imagery also seen on coins halo around head never would have been around time Hadrian New idea to deity for Constantine to show divineness to show support from gods and association from them Divine persona during the rule Sacrifice to Diana Would have been recut Sacrifice to Hercules. Note nimbus Hercules next to the cuirass Represented in that priest mode Never really showed in a military mode always shown as Roman citizen

Trajan: Trajanic Frieze

Trajan's market and basilica Forum of Trajan which are in pieces now Which is in pieces now but the statues of bodacious come from the basilica All lead back to one point: rule of Constantine Not a continuous narrative but sections of it Basilica Ulpia: Trajan's Forum On east and west side of Constantine's arch Fighting foreign enemies from Trajan to show of Constantine fighting in civil war

"Kriophoros" shepherd

Typical of most ancient Christian iconography of Christ Christ as the "good shepherd" and parable of the lost sheep made for a sarcophagus then was made into a free standing statue Ideals taken in by Christian associating qualities with the religion Fragment from a sarcophagus "Kriophoros" shepherd Holding a lamb on his shoulders Icon rooted in classical art as representation of one of the serving faithful and later as a allegory of "philanthropy" Adopted in funerary art Otherworldly bliss Face similar to "Apollo"

Arch of Septimius Severus 203 CE

Victory over the Parthians Foreign campaign to legitimize rule Built over the Via Sacra Seen earlier with Augustus and Vespasian. Development of late Antique style, 4 large panels flank central passage above the side arches. Bronze dynastic group with SS in the center driving a quadriga flanked by his sons on horseback.. Narrow processional first seen on the Ara Pacis and arch of Titus Reliefs on the pedestals have Roman soldiers leading captured Parthian. Placement flanking the passages and at ground level give the effect of re-enacting the triumph Sacred way; march through Forum and pass through this Images in front of columns soldiers with Parthians (barbarians) captives Not in great shape from weathering and pollution not great choice in marble when it was originally made

Column of Trajan

Warfare graphically portrayed Influences future art In situ and mostly intact Three purposes Height records excavation Triumphal monument for the Dacian campaign Tomb for Trajan and his wife, Plotoina Drums of Luna marble stacked 100 Roman feet 23 spiral bands 2,650 figures Continuous narrative Golden urns at the base, three parts, dedicatory base with inscriptions,, 185 spiral staircase, bronze statue (replaced in 1588) Largest continuative narrative Was and still is located in forum today Through open quartico can be seen Remains still intact New iconography, but not new idea No portrayal of battle or war but can be seen on cork screw as continuous narrative Seen Trajan's appearance wrapping around column Serves 3 purposes marks the ground level and how deep they dug (starts at the bronze statue's feet) triumphal movement tomb of Trajan and wife Originally would have statue of Trajan but was taken down and replaced with St. Peter