Art Chapter 16

How does Pieter Bruegel the Elder's painting The Harvesters illustrate the changes in art that were brought about by the Protestant Reformation?

the painting depicts scenes from everyday life and landscape rather than scenes of saints or religious subjects

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa employs ______ technique to create a smoky and gentle hazy atmosphere with softened contours.

sfumato

During the Renaissance, works of art w/ classical greek and roman subject matter were

especially popular and were commissioned for both secular and religious spaces

How does Pieter Bruegel the Elder's painting The Harvesters illustrate the changes in art that were brought about by the Protestant Reformation?

The painting depicts scenes from everyday life and landscape.

The Early Renaissance in Italy produced a well-known sculptor named Donatello. What is one of the works he created?

David

To accurately portray the human body, what did some artists do to study human form?

Dissected cadevers

Many Renaissance artists began sculptural works by creating figure out of clay, they then draped clay-soaked fabric over the figure. After the clay dried they used the resulting model as the basis for a final marble copy. Which Renaissance artist may have invented that technique?

Donatello

Donatello exemplified Renaissance ideals in his sculpture of David by making the hero larger than life in abstract ways.

False

What technique did Michelangelo use to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Fresco

Considered by many to represent the summation of Renaissance art, Raphael's The School of Athens portrays Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. How did Raphael create these idealized figures?

Full bodied and dynamic, More perfect than life

Referred to as the "Renaissance man," someone who could do anything, which artist produced the masterpiece The Last Supper?

Leonardo

In what ways does Tintoretto use the effect of light to aide in visually telling the story of The Last Supper?

Light tells us the relative saintliness of the figures. Christ has the largest bright halo with the lesser apostles emitting a lesser glow. Judas emits no light of understanding. The illusionary angels above have a soft reflective light illuminating from the opening of heavens.

What main purposes did the Limbourgs' illuminated prayer book known as Les Très Riches Heures serve?

Lives of nobility and peasantry, daily devotion

In 1401, what artists won a high-profile competition to design a new set of bronze doors for the Florentine baptistery?

Lorenzo Ghiberti

___ named for the Italian word meaning "style" or "stylishness"-is the school of painting suggesting that the painters practiced an art of grace and sophistication.

Mannerism

Matthias Grunewald's depiction of the Crucifixion is in keeping with the Northern common tradition of showing extreme agony, which is shown through what means?

Mary Magdalene is weeping.Christ's hands are reaching outward in an effort to relieve the pain.Christ's feet are bent inward as if to relieve the pressure of the hanging body.

Upon entering Santa Maria Novella, in Florence and seeing Masaccio's Trinity and the Virgin, what illusions are present?

Masaccio has created the illusion that the sacred scene is really present before them by using linear perspective.Due to Masaccio's using a vanishing point in his composition, the illusion of actually viewing this sacred scene in person seems a reality.

The plan of Leon Battista Alberti's church Sant'Andrea in Mantua recalls examples found in the architecture of which ancient culture?

Rome

Why did the Church of Rome strike back against the Protestant Reformation movement in Northern Europe and begin the Catholic Counter-Reformation movement in the second half of the 16th century?

The Catholic Counter-Reformation movement focused on southern Europe in hopes that they would not lose more parishioners. The Protestant Reformation movement drew large numbers of people away from the Roman Catholic Church.

Why did Italy emerge as the home of the Renaissance?

The Middle Ages brought chaos to many areas. Italy economy was one of the first to recover. Banking had developed due to power city-states which engaged in extensive trade. An important part of the arts was the Church which was centered around Italy.

Why did Italy emerge as the home of the Renaissance?

The Middle Ages brought chaos to many areas. Italy economy was one of the first to recover.Banking had developed due to power city-states which engaged in extensive trade.An important part of the arts was the Church which was centered around Italy.

What are three characteristics demonstrated in Robert Campin's Merode Altarpiece that would help one classify it as a Northern Renaissance painting?

The use of rich detail and precise brush strokes, The use of oil paint on wood panel, The combination of everyday life and the supernatural

What are three characteristics demonstrated in Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece that would help one classify it as a Northern Renaissance painting?

The use of rich detail and precise brush strokesThe use of oil paint on wood panelThe combination of everyday life and the supernatural

How does Tintoretto's painting The Last Supper draw the focus of the viewer to Christ?

There is a dramatic diagonal line created by the table which leads the viewers eyes toward Christ, who stands near the center.

How did Renaissance artists obtain ideal beauty?

They borrowed beautiful features from everywhere

During the Renaissance, what response did works of art with Classical Greek and Roman subject matter receive?

They were especially popular and were commissioned for both secular and religious spaces.

Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello's teacher, was the first to design figures an architecture piece on the same scale so that the images in the foreground would look larger than those in the distance.

True

Macaccio used linear perspective in order to show architectural space for the figures in Trinity with the Virgin.

True

Agnolo Bronzino's painting Allegory demonstrates with Mannerist traits?

- a forbidden or erotic undercurrent- classical subject matter and symbols- fondness for elaborate or obscure subject matter- shallow, compressed, or illogical space- elongated forms and twisted poses

How can scholars tell that Rogler van der Weyden's St. Luke Drawing the Virgin is, at least in part, a painting about looking?

- everyone in the painting in act of looking at something- the artist's careful rendering of precise detail

Due to the protestant reformation, what subjects became popular in painting?

- landscape- everyday world

What are three characteristics demonstrated in Robert Campin's Merode Altarpiece that would help one classify it as a Northern Renaissance painting?

- the use of oil paint on wood panel- the use of rich detail and precise brush strokes- the combination of everyday life and the supernatural

What demands did the counter-reformation reformers make of artists?

- they insisted that every depiction of scared subject matter conform exactly to church teachings- they demanded that compositions be arranged to make the lessons of church teaching immediately evident

What do the paintings in the prayer book constructed from the Limbourg Brothers' paintings represent?

A calendar illustrated with activities of the wealthy and peasants

What Renaissance artist is most closely associated with the fusion of Italian concepts of math and science and Northern methods of meticulous detail and observation?

Albrecht Durer

In what ways did portraits portray women's fertility in continuing their families' lineage?

Arms were folded, flowers were placed near the abdomen

The Renaissance artist ______ created works, such as Primavera, from stories about Greek and Roman gods and goddesses.

Botticelli

Appearances of sculptures changed during the Renaissance beginning with Donatello, a first generation Renaissance artist. Gothic sculptors carved exactly what they saw from the model's face, clothing and limbs. Donatello thought that the nude body must be considered first in order to provide a framework for the piece. What did this process involve?

Carving a body in clay and draping clay-soaked linen over it, arranging the folds as the fabric dried

Which of the following characteristics does not define Mannerist style?

Classical and mathematical restrained emotion

Agnolo Bronzino's painting Allegory ("Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time") demonstrates what Mannerist traits?

Classical subject matter and symbols Elongated forms and twisted poses Fondness for elaborate or obscure subject matter Shallow, compressed, or illogical space A forbidden or erotic undercurrent

Which is NOT a characteristic of the Renaissance style?

Complex, abstract forms that represent an idea rather than an observed form

The Limbourg Brothers' February from Les Tréss RIches Heures du Duc de Berry shows enormous surface detail in their work. What does this detail indicate?

How important creating details of the visible world had become in the late Middle Ages

Which statements apply to Venetian painter Tintoretto's The Last Supper?

In order to focus on Christ's position, less focus was placed on the halos of the disciples which was in the distance. The artist uses a diagonal line of the table to move our eyes toward Christ.

Why is The Last Supper by Tintoretto considered an excellent example of Counter-Reformation artwork?

It conforms to the teachings of the Church.

What was the cause of the Northern Renaissance?

It developed from the growing fascination with the details of the visible world.

What aspects are unusual about Sandro Botticelli's Primavera when it was created?

It displayed nude figures that were not seen at the time.It uses unusual linear style and shallow modeling.

How does Sonfonisba Anguissola's painting of The Self-Portrait at the Easel portray characteristics of Mannerism?

It had elongated bodies with a questionable meaning.

Why is the Creation of Adam of the Sistine Chapel noteworthy?

It hinted at, rather than showed, the consummation.

What is significant about the subject matter of Sandro Botticelli's Primavera?

It illustrates a renewed interest in Greek and Roman mythology.

Why did the Counter-Reformation Catholic church see art as one of their strongest weapons?

It understood arts ability to engage the emotions and intellect of the faithful.

What aspects are unusual about Sandro Botticelli's Primavera when it was created?

It uses unusual linear style and shallow modeling. It displayed nude figures that were not seen at the time.

The Medici circle appreciated Botticelli's unusual linear style and shallow modeling. What was the Medici circle, and why were they important?

It was a group of humanist scholars and artists who met to discuss Classical culture and its relationship to Christianity. Due to this group's reconciliation, a new philosophy arose called Neo-Platonism, after the Greek philosopher Plato.

The High Renaissance occurred during from 1500 to 1520. Who are two of the most famous High Renaissance artists?

Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci

In The Last Supper, what technique did Leonardo use to organize the realistic figures and show deep space?

One point line perspective

Albrecht Durer had many accomplishments, including which of these items?

Published his philosophy of art by writing Treatise on MeasurementPublished his philosophy of art by writing Four Books on Human Proportions

Leon Battista Alberti designed the interior of which church?

Sant'Andrea Mantua

How does Donatello's David show the celebration of the new era in its style?

The full round male nude body stands in contrapposto and is in perfect proportion. David's stern face and body are expressive and shows confidence.The new style reflected ancient Roman and Greek art to be full round and naturally proportioned. This reflects the new style.

What can be concluded about the period known as the Renaissance based on the role of the arts during that time?

The identities and influences of patrons played a larger role in the production of art.

What demands did the Counter-Reformation reformers make of artists?

The insisted that every depiction of sacred subject matter when directly commissioned by the Catholic Church.They demanded that compositions be arranged to make the lessons of Church teachings immediately evident.

What did Michelangelo feel summarized the noblest of creations worthy of art?

The nude body

How were portraits, such as Leonardo's Mona Lisa, instrumental in aiding the family line?

The portraits of women represented their wealth, beauty, good nature and hints of the babies she may produce.

In what ways is Michelangelo's David different from ancient Greek and Roman sculpture?

Vast knowledge of human anatomy is displayed. Expression is communicated on the face. There is tension and energy.

In interpreting Mannerism artist Agnolo Bronzino's painting Allegory, in what ways was the work considered unsettling?

Venus and Cupid were also mother and son. Their relationship with each other is unusual. Their bodies are intertwined with each other. Scholars were unable to interpret it due to the large amount of people in the scene.

How was Raphael able to reflect the worldly splendor of the Church in Rome?

With painted fabric, jewelry, family symbols

What is the diagonal shape at the bottom of Hans Holbein's The Ambassadors, and what does it represent?

a skull representing that everyone dies

Installed in a hospital for illnesses of the skin, the graphic depiction of pain and suffering in Matthais Grunewald's Isenheim Altarpiece was intended to

increase the faith of patients, inviting them to identify their own suffering with Christ's

What is The Last Supper by Tintoretto considered an excellent example of counter-reformation artwork?

it conforms to the teachings of the church

In Giorgione's Adoration of the Shepherds, what element is emphasized with Joseph's head and body?

light

The details in Northern Renaissance paintings show the ability of the painters to render the natural world and emphasize that Northern paintings are about ______.

looking

In Agnolo Bronzino's Allegory, Venus and Cupid are in the foreground, as mother and son, and suggests an unusual relationship. The elongated and S-shaped poses are reflective of

mannerism

During the Renaissance, in order to promote the family, along with the safety of their lineage, ____ were used.

portraits

What period of art history is most closely associated with a revived interest in the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome?

the renaissance

Which characteristics would NOT be classified as a trait of Northern painting from the Renaissance period?

use of linear perspective