Art HST Final

Armory Show

1913 - The first art show in the U.S., organized by the Ashcan School. Was most Americans first exposure to European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, and caused a modernist revolution in American art.

Romanticism

A Western cultural phenomenon, beginning around 1750 and ending about 1850, that gave precedence to feeling and imagination over reason and thought. More narrowly, the art movement that flourished from about 1800 to 1840.

chromatic abstraction

A kind of Abstract Expressionism that focuses on the emotional resonance of color, as exemplified by the work of Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko.

Impressionism

A late-19th-century art movement that sought to capture a fleeting moment, thereby conveying the elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions

Synthetic Cubism

A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

daguerrotype

A photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre

Still life

A picture depicting an arrangement of inanimate objects.

Minimalism

A predominantly sculptural American trend of the 1960s characterized by works featuring a severe reduction of form, often to single, homogeneous units.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Neoclassicism

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the late 18th century as part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures. Neoclassical artists adopted themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

genre

A style or category of art; also, a kind of painting that realistically depicts scenes from everyday life.

Rococo

A style, primarily of interior design, that appeared in France around 1700. Rococo interiors featured lavish decoration, including small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, easel paintings, tapestries, reliefs, wall paintings, and elegant furniture. The term Rococo derived from the French word rocaille (pebble) and referred to the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors.

pointillism

A system of painting devised by the 19th-century French painter Georges Seurat. The artist separates color into its component parts and then applies the component colors to the canvas in tiny dots (points). The image becomes comprehensible only from a distance, when the viewer's eyes optically blend the pigment dots. Sometimes referred to as divisionism.

Pop Art

A term coined by British art critic Lawrence Alloway to refer to art, first appearing in the 1950s, that incorporated elements from consumer culture, the mass media, and popular culture, such as images from motion pictures and advertising.

fleur-de-lis

A three-petaled iris flower; the royal flower of France.

color-field painting

A variant of Post-Painterly Abstraction in which artists sought to reduce painting to its physical essence by pouring diluted paint onto unprimed canvas and letting these pigments soak into the fabric, as exemplified by the work of Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Louis.

odalisque

A woman in a Turkish harem

Clement Greenberg

American art critic who wrote about the revolutionary art movements of the decades following World War II (see "Greenbergian Formalism,"

Post-Painterly Abstraction

An American art movement that emerged in the 1960s and was characterized by a cool, detached rationality emphasizing tighter pictorial control. See also colorfield painting and hard-edge painting.

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Fauvism

An early-20th-century art movement led by Henri Matisse. For the Fauves, color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning.

Dada

An early-20th-century art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of World War I. Dada embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive. A disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy, is characteristic of the art the Dadaists produced.

Cubism

An early-20th-century art movement that rejected naturalistic depictions, preferring compositions of shapes and forms abstracted from the conventionally perceived world. See also Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.

Symbolism

An image that stands for another image or encapsulates an idea

silk-screen printing

An industrial printing technique that creates a sharp-edged image by pressing ink through a design on silk or a similar tightly woven porous fabric stretched tight on a frame

fête galante

French, "amorous festival." A type of Rococo painting depicting the outdoor amusements of French upper-class society.

Surrealism

Incorporated the improvisational nature of its predecessor into its exploration of the ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious. Biomorphic Surrealists, such as Joan Miró, produced largely abstract compositions. Naturalistic Surrealists, notably Salvador Dalí, presented recognizable scenes transformed into a dream or nightmare image.

en plein air painting

Painted out of doors. A practice used by the Impressionists.

tenebrism

Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio. The term derives from tenebroso.

sublime

Related to the imaginative sensibility was the period's notion of the sublime.

formalism

Strict adherence to, or dependence on, stylized shapes and methods of composition. An emphasis on an artwork's visual elements rather than its subject.

The Enlightenment

The 18th-century Western philosophy based on empirical evidence. The Enlightenment was a new way of thinking critically about the world and about humankind, independently of religion, myth, or tradition.

Japonisme

The French fascination with all things Japanese. Japonisme emerged in the second half of the 19th century.

Abstract Expressionism

The first major American avant-garde movement, Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York City in the 1940s. The artists produced abstract paintings that expressed their state of mind and that they hoped would strike emotional chords in viewers. The movement developed along two lines: gestural abstraction and chromatic abstraction.

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole.

Primitivism

The incorporation in early-20th-century Western art of stylistic elements from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, and the native peoples of the Americas.

action painting/gestural abstraction

The kind of Abstract Expressionism practiced by Jackson Pollock, in which the emphasis was on the creation process, the artist's gesture in making art. Pollock poured liquid paint in linear webs on his canvases, which he laid out on the floor, thereby physically surrounding himself in the painting during its creation.

combines

The name that American artist Robert Rauschenberg gave to his assemblages of painted passages and sculptural elements

Naturalism

The style of painted or sculpted representation based on close observation of the natural world that was at the core of the classical tradition.

Post-Impressionism

The term used to describe the stylistically heterogeneous work of the group of late-19th-century painters in France, including van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, and Cézanne, who more systematically examined the properties and expressive qualities of line, pattern, form, and color than the Impressionists did.

the Factory

Warhol in a culture of mass production that he not only produced numerous canvases of the same image but also named his studio "the Factory." Kleiner, Fred S.. Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume II: 2 (p. 849). Wadsworth Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Grand Tour

a cultural tour of Europe formerly undertaken, especially in the 18th century, by a young man of the upper classes as a part of his education.

portraiture

a painting or drawing of a person

Salon

a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

Performance Art

a work involving the human body, usually including the artist, in front of an audience

readymade

an everyday object presented as a work of art

history painting

based on historical, mythological, or biblical narratives, and conveyed high moral/intellectual idea

impasto

broken brushstrokes and rough, uneven patches of pigment built up like paste

the "male gaze"

explores gender as a socially constructed concept.

impasto

features broken brushstrokes and rough, uneven patches of pigment built up like paste

André Breton

founder of surrealism. Wrote surrealist manifesto

feminist art

is the art of the 70's which focused on the power that kept women in a subordinate place in society and the arts.

Realism

movement that emerged in mid-19th-century France. Realist artists represented the subject matter of everyday life (especially subjects that previously had been considered inappropriate for depiction) in a relatively naturalistic mode.

landscape

scenery

Sigmund Freud

the founder of psychoanalysis, began the age of psychiatry with his Interpretation of Dreams (1900), an introduction to the concept and the world of unconscious experience.

hôtel

town house