Art of Public Speaking chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade
speech to gain passive agreement
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
speech to gain immediate action
a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. (usually organized in topical order)
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action (usually organized topically).
mental dialogue w the audience
mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
method for organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. 5 steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action
problem-solution order
organization of persuasive speech in which the first main point deal with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to said problem.
comparative advantage order
persuasive speech organized by each main point that explains why a speaker's solution is preferable to other proposed solutions
problem-cause-solution order
persuasive speech organized by three main points: identify problem, analyze the causes of the problem, presents solution to problem
target audience
portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
question of policy
question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
plan
second basic issue in analyzing question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Need (in analyzing questions of policy)
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
practicality
the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems?
example of assurance in practicality
to show that a plan similar to yours has been successfully implemented elsewhere.