Art of Public Speaking FINAL
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
Creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
dialect
a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
plagiarism
presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own
reasoning
process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
Reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
Causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
what are the 7 methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of the audience
relate to the audience, state the importance, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity, question, begin with a question, tell a story
procedural needs
routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group
ethical decisions
sound decisions that involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own
Degrees of Persuasion
strongly opposed, moderately opposed, slightly opposed, neutral, slightly in favor, moderately in favor, strongly in favor
Comparative advantages order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.
Problem-solution order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Brainstorming
A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.
symposium
A method of group presentation in which group members take responsibility for delivering different parts of the presentation.
Speech of introduction
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
Manuscript speech
A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.
Commemorative speech
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or a idea.
Speech of presentation
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
preview statement
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
Extended Example
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
Panal discussion
A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.
How do brief notes help?
Brief notes are there to remind you of the points you intend to cover.
small group
A limited number of people (three or more) gathered for a specific purpose
adrenaline
A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
3 Basic Issues with Question of Policy
-Need -Plan -Practicality
Organization of Questions of Policy
-Problem-Solution order -Problem-Cause-Solution -Comparative advantages order -Monroes motivated sequence
ethics of persuasion
-ethical goals -ethical methods
Enhancing Credibility
1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
What are 2 methods of developing your speech?
1) Focusing Your Topic 2) Developing Your Topic
What do you need to accomplish in your conclusion?
1) Let the audience know you are about to finish. 2) Reinforce your central idea.
What 2 things should you do when rehearsing your speech?
1) Practice out loud 2) Get feedback
Methods of delivery
1) reading from a manuscript 2) reciting from memory 3) Speaking impromptu 4) Speaking extemporaneously
What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?
1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?
What are the 3 major traits of a good acceptance speech?
1. Brevity 2. Humility 3. Graciousness
What three examples used for support?
1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples
What are the 3 purposes of a speech of introduction?
1. Build enthusiasm for the speaker. 2. Build enthusiasm for the topic. 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.
What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?
1. Commit yourself to goals of the group. 2. Fulfill Individual assignments 3. Avoid interpersonal conflicts 4. Encourage full participation 5. Keep discussion on track
What are the stages of the reflective-thinking method? Explain the major tasks of a group at each stage.
1. Define the problem (1. phrase into a question; 2. make answers open ended) 2. Analyze the problem (1. How severe is the problem; 2. what are the causes) 3. Establish criteria for solutions (1. Establish standards of fixing problem) 4. Generate potential solutions (1. Brainstorming; 2. Piggyback) 5. Selecting the best solution (Reach a consensus)
Guidelines when presenting visual aids
1. Display them where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing them among the audience 3. Display them only while discussing them 4. Explain them clearly and concisely 5. Talk to the audience, not to their screen, prop, etc.. 6. Practice using them when rehearsing the speech 7. Check room and equipment prior to speaking to ensure the aids will work properly.
What are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?
1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I Accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?
Advantages of visual aids
1. Enhance a speaker's credibility 2. Improve a speaker's persuasiveness 3. Can help a speaker combat stage fright 4. Increase the interest of a speaker's information
What are the 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?
1. Full sentence 2. Not a question 3. Avoid figurative language 4. Not be vague or overly general
Guidelines for Ethical Listening
1. Listen courteously and attentively. 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker. 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.
Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation
1. Logical organization of thoughts. 2. Message tailored to the audience. 3. Story told for maximum impact (e.g., building up to the punchline). 4. Adaptation to listener feedback (e.g., elaborating when a listener looks confused).
What are the 4 kinds of leadership that may occur in a small group?
1. No specific (Equal influence) 2. Implied (rank, expertise) 3. Emergent (Comes up during meeting) 4. Designated (Elected or appointed)
Four Causes of Poor Listening
1. Not concentrating. 2. Listening too hard. 3. Jumping to conclusions. 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance (i.e., judging the speaker).
What are the 3 methods for presenting orally the recommendations of a problem-solving group?
1. Oral Report 2. Symposium 3. Panel Discussion
Explain the 3 kinds of needs fulfilled by leadership in a small group.
1. Procedural "Housekeeping" 2. Task "Substantive" 3. Maintenance "Interpersonal relations"
What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.
1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase
Basic guidelines when creating visual aids
1. Should be prepared well in advance 2. Keep them simple (Should be clear, straightforward and uncluttered. Should include only what is needed to make the speaker's point.) 3. Make them large enough 4. Use limited amount of text 5. Use fonts and colors effectively 6. Use images strategically
What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?
1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing. 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic. 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.
What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?
1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?
1. Use stats to quantify your ideas 2. Use stats sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends
What are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?
1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment. 2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question. 3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement. 4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.
subheads and other text
32-24 size font
titles and major headings
44-36 size font
Extemporaneous Speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
Extemporaneous speech
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
Font
A complete set of type of the same design.
Monotone
A constant pitch or tone of voice
reflective-thinking method
A five-step strategy for group decision making: (1) define the problem, (2) analyze the problem, (3) establish criteria for solving the problem, (4) generate possible solutions, and (5) select the best solution
panel discussion
A form of group presentation in which group members engage in discourse with one another, observed by the audience
Pie Graph
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.
Line Graph
A graph that uses one or more lines to show a trend
Bar Graph
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons amount two or more items.
Consensus
A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.
Implied leader
A group member to whom other members defer because of rank, expertise, or other quality.
Emergent leader
A group member who emerges during the groups deliberations.
Dyad
A group of 2 people
Problem-cause-solution order
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem,and the third presents a solution to the problem.
Monroe's motivated sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
Topical Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
Chronological Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
Pause
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of speech
Central Idea
A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
panelist
A participant in a panel discussion
designated leader
A person chosen by an authority figure to help a group move quickly forward with its mission.
Designated leader
A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.
implied leader
A person with preexisting authority or skills that make him or her likely to be recognized as a leader by a group, even if leadership has not been formally assigned
Speech to gain passive agreement
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
Speech to gain immediate action
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of the given policy
What is identification?
A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
Symposium
A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.
question of fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion -Informative in non-partisan -persuasively is partisan -advocate for facts -organize topically -persuade audience to accept certain view of facts
Question of value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action -organized topically
Question of policy
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
Hidden agenda
A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.
Specific Purpose
A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech.
What is a small group?
A small group is from 3-8/12 and its important that the group allows free discussion among all members. All participants must be speakers and listeners.
Brief Example
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
Example
A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech prep? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?
A specific purpose allows you to focus in on one sub-topic to worry about. It helps by relating to your audience to capture their attention.
Impromptu speech
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Ice Breaker Speech
A speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible.
Oral report
A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group.
Acceptance speech
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
Dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
Chart
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.
Graph
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.
Transition
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
Hypothetical Examples
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
Vocalized pause
Apposite occurs when the speaker feels the silence between words vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um".
What is situational audience analysis?
Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting, the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and occasion.
Why is it easy to lie with stats?
Because one can manipulate numbers in anyway they want.
When should you adapt to the audience?
Before and during the speech
Inflections
Changes in the pitch or tone of the speakers voice
Vocal variety
Changes in the speakers rate pitch and volume that give the voice variety expressiveness
Small group responsibilities
Commit to group goals Fulfill individual assignments Avoid interpersonal conflicts Encourage full participation Keep discussion on track
Maintenance needs
Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.
What is stereotyping?
Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
Eye Contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Eye contact
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
How to enhance your credibility
Explain your competence Establish common ground with your audience Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
What are the emotional appeals - pathos
Fear Compassion Pride Anger Guilt Reverence page. 349
What does it mean to focus your topic?
Focus your presentation sharply so it conforms to the assigned time limit.
attention
Get the attention or your audience. This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quote, etc. This is part or your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them).
What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?
Guidelines when preparing; 1. Be brief (2-3 min long) 2. Make sure remarks are accurate 3. Adapt remarks to occasion, main speaker and audience. 4. Create a sense of anticipation and drama.
moderator
In a panel discussion, the person who introduces the panelists and facilitates the discussion
Commemoration guidelines
Inspire audience Heighten appreciation Adjust content, delivery to fit situation Use language creatively
What factors influence the disposition to the topic?
Interest, attitude, and knowledge.
What is audience centeredness?
Keeping the audience in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
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Gestures
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. Don't over do it! Make it seem natural.
reasoning from principle
Moving from general principle to specific conclusion
What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?
Not to inform but to INSPIRE your audience. A commemorative speech is like an impressionist painting, because its designed to capture a mood and a moment.
Statistics
Numerical data
action
Offer alternatives to your audience that they can do personally to help solve the problem you have shown exists. Again, be very specific and very realistic. Motivate us to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating your thesis, and then conclude the speech.
satisfaction
Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need.
emergent leader
One who comes to be recognized as a leader by a group's members over time
The speakers body
Personal appearance Movement Gestures Eye Contact
What are 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ from each other?
Pou1. To inform (you act as a teacher/lecturer) 2. To persuade (you act as a advocate/ partisan)
How to answer audiences questions?
Preparing for the question and answer session Formulate answers to possible questions Practice the delivery of your answers Managing the question and answer session Approach the questions with positive attitude Listen Carefully Direct Answers to the Entire Audience Be Honest and straightforward Stay on Track
Conversational quality
Presenting the speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
Policy Organization
Problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantages, Monroe's motivated sequence.
What are fixed alternative questions?
Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more options.
Testimony
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
Quoting out of context
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
Analogical reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case
Reasoning from principle
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
What should you do when starting your speech?
Relax!
Procedural needs
Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.
need
Show the problem exists, that it is a significant problem, and that it won't go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc.
Types of speeches on questions of policy
Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action
Criteria
Standards on which a judgement or decision can be based.
Task needs
Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.
Why do we use supporting material in speeches?
Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.
Visualization
Tell us what will happen if we don't do something about the problem. Be graphic.
What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what 2 other themes might you include in your speech?
Tells the audience why the recipient is receiving award. You may also explain the award if people don't know about it and you might need to praise well known losers before presenting the winner.
Peer Testimony
Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
Expert Testimony
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
Direct Quotation
Testimony that is presented word for word.
Leadership
The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.
Pronunciation
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
Leardership
The action of leading a group of people or an organization
Mean
The average value of a group of numbers
General Purpose
The broad goal of speech.
The psychology of persuasion
The challenge of persuasive speaking How listeners process persuasive messages The target audience
groupthink
The tendency of the members of a group to accept ideas and information uncritically because of strong feelings of loyalty or single-mindedness within the group
practicality (policy)
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
appeal to novelty
fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
practicality
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Well it create new and more serious problems?
group dynamics
The ways in which the members of a group relate to one another and view their functions.
Conclusion
The final section of a speech.
Pitch
The highness or lowness of the speakers voice
Volume
The loudness or softness of the speakers voice
Body
The main section of a speech.
Main Points
The major points developed in the body of a speech.
Supporting Materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are , examples, statistics, and testimony.
Median
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
What should your notes consist of?
The notes should consist of key words or phrases, rather than complete sentences or paragraphs.
Mode
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
burden of proof
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
Introduction
The opening section of a speech.
Articulation
The physical production of particular speech sounds
Target audience
The portion of whole audience that the speaker most wants to Persuade.
Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
plan (policy)
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Plan
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Rate
The speed at which a person speaks
Egocentrism
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being.
What factors influence the disposition to the speaker?
Their competence and belief that the speaker has their best interests at heart.
What are open ended questions?
They allow respondents to answer however they want.
What are scale questions?
They require answers at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
What does it mean to develop your topic?
Thinking of ways to structure the speech so it will be interesting and meaningful to your audience.
What is the purpose of the introduction?
To get the interest and attention of the audience.
Paraphrase
To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.
What questions should you keep in mind when working on speeches?
To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?
How do transitions help?
Transitions will help your audience keep track of your main points.
Voice during a speech.
Try to use your voice as you would in a normal conversation.
Generating emotional appeal - pathos
Use emotional language Develop Vivid examples Speak with sincerity and conviction
tips for evidence
Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use credible evidence Make clear point of evidence
Tips for using evidence
Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use evidence from credible sources Make clear the point of your evidence
The speakers voice
Volume Pitch Rate Pauses Vocal variety Pronunciation Articulation Dialect
Residual message
What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.
Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
What are questions of fact Analyzing questions of fact Nonpartisan- when the situation is informative Partisan- when the speaker acts as an advocate Organizing speeches on questions of fact
1. Attention 2.Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
What are the steps involved in Monroe's motivated sequence
How can you make your topic more interesting/meaningful?
You could add mystery or suspense or humor.
Speaking to persuade
You need the skills of speaking to inform plus new skills that take you from giving information to affecting listeners attitudes, beliefs and actions
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
commemoration
a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something
appeal to tradition
fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence - page. 44
False cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
Ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Either - or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist - either/or
Red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion - distraction
Bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
Appeal to tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
problem solving group
a group that meets to seek a solution to a problem and achieve a goal
pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
vocalized pause
a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with "um," "er," and "uh"
hearing
a psychological process involving the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electro-chemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system of the brain
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
rhetorical question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
hidden agenda
a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole
What is a problem-solving group
a small group formed to solve a specific problem
impromptu speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
manuscript speech
a speech that's written out word for word and read to the audience
what is a preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
slippery slope
fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
motivated sequence
attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
What is demographic audience analysis
audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.
Invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike - ex. comparing a car to a bike
Fallacy
an error in reasoning
key-word outline
an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
invalid analogy
analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
what are the major functions of a speech conclusion
announce ending to audience, reinforce central idea
stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
interference (The Speech Communication Process)
anything that impedes the communication of a message
vocal variety
changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
inflections
changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
font guidelines
clear & easy to read, avoid all CAPS; no more than 2 fonts per slide;
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
nonverbal communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
maintenance needs
communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group
The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility
competence- how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject character- how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation
immediate action
convinces audience to act in support of policy
what are two ways you can signal the end of your speech
crescendo, dissolve
question of fact
deals with truth or falsity of assertion
eye contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
The two major elements of logos
evidence and reasoning
incremental plagiarism
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people To avoid ___________ __________, use quotations for the necessary parts of the speech and/or paraphrase.
hasty generalization
fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
false cause
fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
ad hominem
fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
either-or
fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
red herring
fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
bandwagon
fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about things such as the relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion ________ ________ is, to some extent, a matter of logic—being able to spot weaknesses in others' arguments and avoid them in your own. It also involves skills like being able to distinguish fact from opinion, judge the credibility of sources, and assess the soundness of evidence.
consensus
general agreement
what are the four objectives of a speech introduction
get the attention of the audience, reveal the topic, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view
fallacies
hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty
color guidelines
high contrast; easy to see; limit to 3; slides consistent
nonverbal message
how the message is said by the speaker
external interference
interference external to the audience (e.g., when talking on the phone, the call is interrupted by static)
internal interference
interference that comes from within the audience (e.g., one audience member has a toothache; he/she may be distracted by the pain, taking their attention away from the presentation)
special occasion speech
introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemoration
what are the 6 tips for your introduction
keep it brief, recognize introduction materials when researching, determine main points before introduction, work out intro in detail, don't start talking too soon
video usage
keep short; cue to start of clip; integrate smoothly; avoid low resolution; copy right laws.
appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
empathetic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
comprehensive listening
listening to understand the message of a speaker
visualization
mental imagery in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation
gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
Gestures
motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech
Policy Issues
need, plan, practicality
what are the four tips for your conclusion
notice concluding materials when researching, end with a bang, keep it short, work it out in detail
types of visual aids
objects, models, graphs, charts, powerpoint, photos, video, drawings, the speaker
listening
paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
guidelines for discussion questions
pose single questions avoid bias make clear and specific allow for many answers
task needs
substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task
what are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech
summarize, quote, dramatic statement, refer to introduction
Evidence
supporting material used to prove or disprove something
evidence
supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
creating common ground
technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
Credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all others As society becomes more diverse, it is important as a speaker to avoid _____________.
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
specific purpose Vs. central idea???
the central idea sharpens the specific purpose and is not the same thing.
Terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech - end of speech
Initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak - before speech
Derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech - mid speech
spare "brain time"
the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute)
What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?
the expert establishes credibility
need (policy)
the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious need or problem that requires a change from current policy?
pitch
the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
volume
the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
channel (The Speech Communication Process)
the means by which the speaker communicates the message
mental dialogue
the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
feedback (The Speech Communication Process)
the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
Logos
the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker - evidence -use specific evidence -use novel evidence -use evidence from credible sources
Ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility (perception of credibility)
Pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
speaker (The Speech Communication Process)
the person who is presenting an oral message to an audience
listener (The Speech Communication Process)
the person who is receiving the message from the speaker
articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
target audience
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Persuasion Speech
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
kinesics
the study of body motion a specific mode of communication
kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
frame of reference
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitude Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener's _____ __ _________.
situation (The Speech Communication Process)
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
name-calling
the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups
why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech
to gain the full attention of the audience
why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction
to help the audience listen and pay attention.
paraphrase
to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words
powerpoint guidelines
use strategically; use to enhance specific points; don't overpower presentation; don't read from screen
verbal message
what is said by the speaker
Need - is there a serious problem or need that requires change from current policy?
what is the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy?
message (The Speech Communication Process)
whatever the speaker communicates to the audience