Art of Public Speaking FINAL

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

reasoning

process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

what are the 7 methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of the audience

relate to the audience, state the importance, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity, question, begin with a question, tell a story

procedural needs

routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group

ethical decisions

sound decisions that involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Degrees of Persuasion

strongly opposed, moderately opposed, slightly opposed, neutral, slightly in favor, moderately in favor, strongly in favor

Comparative advantages order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Problem-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Brainstorming

A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.

symposium

A method of group presentation in which group members take responsibility for delivering different parts of the presentation.

Speech of introduction

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.

Manuscript speech

A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

Commemorative speech

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or a idea.

Speech of presentation

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

Extended Example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

Panal discussion

A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.

How do brief notes help?

Brief notes are there to remind you of the points you intend to cover.

small group

A limited number of people (three or more) gathered for a specific purpose

adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

3 Basic Issues with Question of Policy

-Need -Plan -Practicality

Organization of Questions of Policy

-Problem-Solution order -Problem-Cause-Solution -Comparative advantages order -Monroes motivated sequence

ethics of persuasion

-ethical goals -ethical methods

Enhancing Credibility

1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

What are 2 methods of developing your speech?

1) Focusing Your Topic 2) Developing Your Topic

What do you need to accomplish in your conclusion?

1) Let the audience know you are about to finish. 2) Reinforce your central idea.

What 2 things should you do when rehearsing your speech?

1) Practice out loud 2) Get feedback

Methods of delivery

1) reading from a manuscript 2) reciting from memory 3) Speaking impromptu 4) Speaking extemporaneously

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?

1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

What are the 3 major traits of a good acceptance speech?

1. Brevity 2. Humility 3. Graciousness

What three examples used for support?

1. Brief examples 2. Extended Examples 3. Hypothetical examples

What are the 3 purposes of a speech of introduction?

1. Build enthusiasm for the speaker. 2. Build enthusiasm for the topic. 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.

What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?

1. Commit yourself to goals of the group. 2. Fulfill Individual assignments 3. Avoid interpersonal conflicts 4. Encourage full participation 5. Keep discussion on track

What are the stages of the reflective-thinking method? Explain the major tasks of a group at each stage.

1. Define the problem (1. phrase into a question; 2. make answers open ended) 2. Analyze the problem (1. How severe is the problem; 2. what are the causes) 3. Establish criteria for solutions (1. Establish standards of fixing problem) 4. Generate potential solutions (1. Brainstorming; 2. Piggyback) 5. Selecting the best solution (Reach a consensus)

Guidelines when presenting visual aids

1. Display them where listeners can see them 2. Avoid passing them among the audience 3. Display them only while discussing them 4. Explain them clearly and concisely 5. Talk to the audience, not to their screen, prop, etc.. 6. Practice using them when rehearsing the speech 7. Check room and equipment prior to speaking to ensure the aids will work properly.

What are 5 questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2. Can I Accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5. Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

Advantages of visual aids

1. Enhance a speaker's credibility 2. Improve a speaker's persuasiveness 3. Can help a speaker combat stage fright 4. Increase the interest of a speaker's information

What are the 4 guidelines for an effective central idea?

1. Full sentence 2. Not a question 3. Avoid figurative language 4. Not be vague or overly general

Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Listen courteously and attentively. 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker. 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation

1. Logical organization of thoughts. 2. Message tailored to the audience. 3. Story told for maximum impact (e.g., building up to the punchline). 4. Adaptation to listener feedback (e.g., elaborating when a listener looks confused).

What are the 4 kinds of leadership that may occur in a small group?

1. No specific (Equal influence) 2. Implied (rank, expertise) 3. Emergent (Comes up during meeting) 4. Designated (Elected or appointed)

Four Causes of Poor Listening

1. Not concentrating. 2. Listening too hard. 3. Jumping to conclusions. 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance (i.e., judging the speaker).

What are the 3 methods for presenting orally the recommendations of a problem-solving group?

1. Oral Report 2. Symposium 3. Panel Discussion

Explain the 3 kinds of needs fulfilled by leadership in a small group.

1. Procedural "Housekeeping" 2. Task "Substantive" 3. Maintenance "Interpersonal relations"

What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

Basic guidelines when creating visual aids

1. Should be prepared well in advance 2. Keep them simple (Should be clear, straightforward and uncluttered. Should include only what is needed to make the speaker's point.) 3. Make them large enough 4. Use limited amount of text 5. Use fonts and colors effectively 6. Use images strategically

What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing. 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document. 3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic. 4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use stats to quantify your ideas 2. Use stats sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your stats 4. Explain your stats 5. Round off complicated stats 6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends

What are 5 tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment. 2. Express your purpose as a statement, not a question. 3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement. 4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea.

subheads and other text

32-24 size font

titles and major headings

44-36 size font

Extemporaneous Speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Extemporaneous speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Font

A complete set of type of the same design.

Monotone

A constant pitch or tone of voice

reflective-thinking method

A five-step strategy for group decision making: (1) define the problem, (2) analyze the problem, (3) establish criteria for solving the problem, (4) generate possible solutions, and (5) select the best solution

panel discussion

A form of group presentation in which group members engage in discourse with one another, observed by the audience

Pie Graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

Line Graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show a trend

Bar Graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons amount two or more items.

Consensus

A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.

Implied leader

A group member to whom other members defer because of rank, expertise, or other quality.

Emergent leader

A group member who emerges during the groups deliberations.

Dyad

A group of 2 people

Problem-cause-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the cause of the problem,and the third presents a solution to the problem.

Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Topical Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

Chronological Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

Pause

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of speech

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

panelist

A participant in a panel discussion

designated leader

A person chosen by an authority figure to help a group move quickly forward with its mission.

Designated leader

A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.

implied leader

A person with preexisting authority or skills that make him or her likely to be recognized as a leader by a group, even if leadership has not been formally assigned

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

Speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of the given policy

What is identification?

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.

Symposium

A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.

question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion -Informative in non-partisan -persuasively is partisan -advocate for facts -organize topically -persuade audience to accept certain view of facts

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action -organized topically

Question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Hidden agenda

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.

Specific Purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his speech.

What is a small group?

A small group is from 3-8/12 and its important that the group allows free discussion among all members. All participants must be speakers and listeners.

Brief Example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech prep? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

A specific purpose allows you to focus in on one sub-topic to worry about. It helps by relating to your audience to capture their attention.

Impromptu speech

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

Ice Breaker Speech

A speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible.

Oral report

A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group.

Acceptance speech

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

Dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

Chart

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

Graph

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Hypothetical Examples

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.

Vocalized pause

Apposite occurs when the speaker feels the silence between words vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um".

What is situational audience analysis?

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting, the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and occasion.

Why is it easy to lie with stats?

Because one can manipulate numbers in anyway they want.

When should you adapt to the audience?

Before and during the speech

Inflections

Changes in the pitch or tone of the speakers voice

Vocal variety

Changes in the speakers rate pitch and volume that give the voice variety expressiveness

Small group responsibilities

Commit to group goals Fulfill individual assignments Avoid interpersonal conflicts Encourage full participation Keep discussion on track

Maintenance needs

Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.

What is stereotyping?

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Eye Contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

Eye contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

How to enhance your credibility

Explain your competence Establish common ground with your audience Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction

What are the emotional appeals - pathos

Fear Compassion Pride Anger Guilt Reverence page. 349

What does it mean to focus your topic?

Focus your presentation sharply so it conforms to the assigned time limit.

attention

Get the attention or your audience. This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quote, etc. This is part or your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them).

What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?

Guidelines when preparing; 1. Be brief (2-3 min long) 2. Make sure remarks are accurate 3. Adapt remarks to occasion, main speaker and audience. 4. Create a sense of anticipation and drama.

moderator

In a panel discussion, the person who introduces the panelists and facilitates the discussion

Commemoration guidelines

Inspire audience Heighten appreciation Adjust content, delivery to fit situation Use language creatively

What factors influence the disposition to the topic?

Interest, attitude, and knowledge.

What is audience centeredness?

Keeping the audience in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

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Gestures

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. Don't over do it! Make it seem natural.

reasoning from principle

Moving from general principle to specific conclusion

What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?

Not to inform but to INSPIRE your audience. A commemorative speech is like an impressionist painting, because its designed to capture a mood and a moment.

Statistics

Numerical data

action

Offer alternatives to your audience that they can do personally to help solve the problem you have shown exists. Again, be very specific and very realistic. Motivate us to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating your thesis, and then conclude the speech.

satisfaction

Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need.

emergent leader

One who comes to be recognized as a leader by a group's members over time

The speakers body

Personal appearance Movement Gestures Eye Contact

What are 2 general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ from each other?

Pou1. To inform (you act as a teacher/lecturer) 2. To persuade (you act as a advocate/ partisan)

How to answer audiences questions?

Preparing for the question and answer session Formulate answers to possible questions Practice the delivery of your answers Managing the question and answer session Approach the questions with positive attitude Listen Carefully Direct Answers to the Entire Audience Be Honest and straightforward Stay on Track

Conversational quality

Presenting the speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Policy Organization

Problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantages, Monroe's motivated sequence.

What are fixed alternative questions?

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more options.

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case

Reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

What should you do when starting your speech?

Relax!

Procedural needs

Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.

need

Show the problem exists, that it is a significant problem, and that it won't go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc.

Types of speeches on questions of policy

Speeches to gain passive agreement Speeches to gain immediate action

Criteria

Standards on which a judgement or decision can be based.

Task needs

Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.

Why do we use supporting material in speeches?

Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good one.

Visualization

Tell us what will happen if we don't do something about the problem. Be graphic.

What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what 2 other themes might you include in your speech?

Tells the audience why the recipient is receiving award. You may also explain the award if people don't know about it and you might need to praise well known losers before presenting the winner.

Peer Testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

Expert Testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Direct Quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

Leadership

The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.

Pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

Leardership

The action of leading a group of people or an organization

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

General Purpose

The broad goal of speech.

The psychology of persuasion

The challenge of persuasive speaking How listeners process persuasive messages The target audience

groupthink

The tendency of the members of a group to accept ideas and information uncritically because of strong feelings of loyalty or single-mindedness within the group

practicality (policy)

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

appeal to novelty

fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Well it create new and more serious problems?

group dynamics

The ways in which the members of a group relate to one another and view their functions.

Conclusion

The final section of a speech.

Pitch

The highness or lowness of the speakers voice

Volume

The loudness or softness of the speakers voice

Body

The main section of a speech.

Main Points

The major points developed in the body of a speech.

Supporting Materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are , examples, statistics, and testimony.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

What should your notes consist of?

The notes should consist of key words or phrases, rather than complete sentences or paragraphs.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Introduction

The opening section of a speech.

Articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds

Target audience

The portion of whole audience that the speaker most wants to Persuade.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

plan (policy)

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Rate

The speed at which a person speaks

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being.

What factors influence the disposition to the speaker?

Their competence and belief that the speaker has their best interests at heart.

What are open ended questions?

They allow respondents to answer however they want.

What are scale questions?

They require answers at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

What does it mean to develop your topic?

Thinking of ways to structure the speech so it will be interesting and meaningful to your audience.

What is the purpose of the introduction?

To get the interest and attention of the audience.

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

What questions should you keep in mind when working on speeches?

To whom am I speaking? What do I want them to know, believe, or do as a result of my speech? What is the most effective way of composing and presenting my speech to accomplish that aim?

How do transitions help?

Transitions will help your audience keep track of your main points.

Voice during a speech.

Try to use your voice as you would in a normal conversation.

Generating emotional appeal - pathos

Use emotional language Develop Vivid examples Speak with sincerity and conviction

tips for evidence

Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use credible evidence Make clear point of evidence

Tips for using evidence

Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use evidence from credible sources Make clear the point of your evidence

The speakers voice

Volume Pitch Rate Pauses Vocal variety Pronunciation Articulation Dialect

Residual message

What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

What are questions of fact Analyzing questions of fact Nonpartisan- when the situation is informative Partisan- when the speaker acts as an advocate Organizing speeches on questions of fact

1. Attention 2.Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

What are the steps involved in Monroe's motivated sequence

How can you make your topic more interesting/meaningful?

You could add mystery or suspense or humor.

Speaking to persuade

You need the skills of speaking to inform plus new skills that take you from giving information to affecting listeners attitudes, beliefs and actions

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

commemoration

a ceremony to honor the memory of someone or something

appeal to tradition

fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence - page. 44

False cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Either - or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist - either/or

Red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion - distraction

Bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

problem solving group

a group that meets to seek a solution to a problem and achieve a goal

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with "um," "er," and "uh"

hearing

a psychological process involving the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electro-chemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system of the brain

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

hidden agenda

a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole

What is a problem-solving group

a small group formed to solve a specific problem

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

manuscript speech

a speech that's written out word for word and read to the audience

what is a preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

slippery slope

fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

motivated sequence

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action

What is demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike - ex. comparing a car to a bike

Fallacy

an error in reasoning

key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

invalid analogy

analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

what are the major functions of a speech conclusion

announce ending to audience, reinforce central idea

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

interference (The Speech Communication Process)

anything that impedes the communication of a message

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

font guidelines

clear & easy to read, avoid all CAPS; no more than 2 fonts per slide;

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

maintenance needs

communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group

The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility

competence- how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject character- how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

immediate action

convinces audience to act in support of policy

what are two ways you can signal the end of your speech

crescendo, dissolve

question of fact

deals with truth or falsity of assertion

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

The two major elements of logos

evidence and reasoning

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people To avoid ___________ __________, use quotations for the necessary parts of the speech and/or paraphrase.

hasty generalization

fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

red herring

fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

bandwagon

fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about things such as the relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion ________ ________ is, to some extent, a matter of logic—being able to spot weaknesses in others' arguments and avoid them in your own. It also involves skills like being able to distinguish fact from opinion, judge the credibility of sources, and assess the soundness of evidence.

consensus

general agreement

what are the four objectives of a speech introduction

get the attention of the audience, reveal the topic, establish credibility and goodwill, preview the body of the speech

active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

fallacies

hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty

color guidelines

high contrast; easy to see; limit to 3; slides consistent

nonverbal message

how the message is said by the speaker

external interference

interference external to the audience (e.g., when talking on the phone, the call is interrupted by static)

internal interference

interference that comes from within the audience (e.g., one audience member has a toothache; he/she may be distracted by the pain, taking their attention away from the presentation)

special occasion speech

introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemoration

what are the 6 tips for your introduction

keep it brief, recognize introduction materials when researching, determine main points before introduction, work out intro in detail, don't start talking too soon

video usage

keep short; cue to start of clip; integrate smoothly; avoid low resolution; copy right laws.

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathetic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

visualization

mental imagery in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

Gestures

motions of a speakers hands or arms during a speech

Policy Issues

need, plan, practicality

what are the four tips for your conclusion

notice concluding materials when researching, end with a bang, keep it short, work it out in detail

types of visual aids

objects, models, graphs, charts, powerpoint, photos, video, drawings, the speaker

listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

guidelines for discussion questions

pose single questions avoid bias make clear and specific allow for many answers

task needs

substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task

what are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech

summarize, quote, dramatic statement, refer to introduction

Evidence

supporting material used to prove or disprove something

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

creating common ground

technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all others As society becomes more diverse, it is important as a speaker to avoid _____________.

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

specific purpose Vs. central idea???

the central idea sharpens the specific purpose and is not the same thing.

Terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech - end of speech

Initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak - before speech

Derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech - mid speech

spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute)

What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

the expert establishes credibility

need (policy)

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious need or problem that requires a change from current policy?

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

channel (The Speech Communication Process)

the means by which the speaker communicates the message

mental dialogue

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

feedback (The Speech Communication Process)

the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker - evidence -use specific evidence -use novel evidence -use evidence from credible sources

Ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility (perception of credibility)

Pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

speaker (The Speech Communication Process)

the person who is presenting an oral message to an audience

listener (The Speech Communication Process)

the person who is receiving the message from the speaker

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion Speech

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

kinesics

the study of body motion a specific mode of communication

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitude Everything a speaker says is filtered through a listener's _____ __ _________.

situation (The Speech Communication Process)

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech

to gain the full attention of the audience

why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction

to help the audience listen and pay attention.

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

powerpoint guidelines

use strategically; use to enhance specific points; don't overpower presentation; don't read from screen

verbal message

what is said by the speaker

Need - is there a serious problem or need that requires change from current policy?

what is the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy?

message (The Speech Communication Process)

whatever the speaker communicates to the audience