ASB 102 LESSON 2
the ______ can be anywhere the people are
"field"
Before ethnography was a fully developed research method, anthropologists in the _____ and early _____ centuries used techniques that were much less reliable to gather data about people throughout the world
19th 20th
early and discredited method of anthropological research that did not involve direct contact with the people studied
Armchair anthropology
foreword to Coming of Age in Samoa, ______ (1928) described what he saw as the key insight of Mead's research
Boas
First and foremost, anthropologists must ensure that their involvement with a community ____ _____ _____ or embarrass their informants
Do No Harm
T/F anthropologists do not conduct interviews
False
T/F anthropologists do not observe the participants
False
T/F anthropologists do not record audio and video
False
T/F anthropologists do not administer questionnaires
Falseee
_____ review research plans to ensure that the proposed studies will not harm human subjects and aware of the challeneges and research
IRB
malinowski discovered importance of _____ ______ and participate in it
Kula Ring
coming of age in samoa (1928)
Margaret mead
1925, Mead went to American ________, where she conducted ___________ research on adolescent girls and their experiences with _________ and growing up
Samoa ethnographic sexuality
the ceremonies were at the center of _________ life and represented the culmination of an elaborate _________ venture called the Kula Ring that involved dangerous expeditions and careful _______
Trobriand multiyear planning
T/F Ethnographers gather data from many different sources
True
T/F anthropologists collect data
True
T/F anthropologists learn the language
True
anthropologists must always make their final research results _____________ to their __________ and to other researchers.
accessible informants
Boas encouraged Mead to travel to Samoa to study _________ _________ there and to compare their culture and behavior with that of adolescents in the ________ _______
adolescent behavior United States
to understand people fully one cannot look solely at biology, culture, history, or language; rather, _____ __ _____ things must be ________________.
all of those considered
Wilhelm Schmidt and Sir E. B. Tylor sifted through ______ and stories brought back by _______ or missionaries and ________ the ones that best ____ their frequently preconceived ideas about the peoples involved
artifacts travelers selected fit
understanding the ________, perspectives, and _________ of cultural insiders is at the _______ of anthropology
attitudes motivations heart
descriptions help readers better understand the internal logic of why people in a culture ______ as they do and why the behaviors are _______ to them.
behave meaningful
1914, he traveled to the Trobriand Islands and ended up spending nearly four years conducting fieldwork among the people there.
bronislaw malinowski
changed the relationship between ethnographers and the people under study
bronislaw malinowski
1973 book the interpretation of cultures
clifford geertz
term "thick description" coined by
clifford geertz
Researchers often include life histories in their ethnographic texts as a way of intimately _________ the reader to the lives of the informants.
connecting
thick description explains not only the behavior or cultural event in question but also the ______ in which it occurs and __________ interpretations of it
context anthropological
The book encouraged American readers to reconsider their own _______ assumptions about what _________ in the United States should be like
cultural adolescence
While interacting on a daily basis with a group of people, ________ __________ document their observations and perceptions and adjust the focus of their research as needed
cultural anthropologists
idea that behavioral differences are a result of cultural, not racial or genetic, causes
cultural determinism
idea that one's cultural upbringing and social environment, rather than one's biology, determine behavior
cultural determinism
guiding philosophy of modern anthropology is _______ ____________
cultural relativism
idea that another person's beliefs and behaviors should be understood from the perspective of his or her culture and not one's own
cultural relativism
idea that another person's beliefs and behaviors should be understood from the perspective of his or her culture rather than one's own
cultural relativism
important methodological consideration when conducting research.
cultural relativism
When anthropologists conduct fieldwork, they gather _____
data
Anthropologists in the first half of the 20th century actively ____________ anything and everything they could about the ________ they viewed as _________
documented cultures endangered
_____ lens gives an alternative perspective that is essential when constructing a comprehensive view of a people.
emic
_______ perspectives refer to descriptions of behaviors and beliefs in terms that are meaningful to people who belong to a specific culture
emic
essential for anthropologists' efforts to obtain a detailed understanding of a culture and to avoid interpreting others through their own cultural beliefs
emic
ethnographers talk to people, observe what they do, and participate in their daily activities with them
emic
from the perspective of the studied culture-_______
emic
how people perceive and categorize their culture and experiences, why people believe what they do, how they imagine and explain things
emic
perspectives that refer to descriptions of behaviors and beliefs in terms that are meaningful PEOPLE WHO BELONG TO SPECIFIC CULTURE
emic
Participation informed an _______ perspective of the culture, something that had been _________ in _________ social science research
emic missing earlier
ethnographers include both _____ and _____ perspectives in their research and writing
emic etic
it is _____________ that others have the opportunity to review and benefit from the research, especially those who ______________ in its creation.
essential participated
tendency to view one's own culture as most important and correct and by which to measure all other cultures
ethnocentrism
An important tool for gathering anthropological data is _______
ethnography
_____________ is cultural anthropology's distinctive research strategy
ethnography
in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people
ethnography
what PRODUCES a detailed description of the studied group at a particular time and location?
ethnography
____ perspectives refer to explanations for behavior made by an outside observer in ways that are meaningful to the observer
etic
from the perspective of the observer-_______
etic
perspectives that refer to explanations for behavior made by an outside observer in ways that are meaningful to the observer
etic
typically arise from conversations between the ethnographer and the anthropological community
etic
T/F anthropologists do not take their ethical responsibilites seriously
false
T/F ethnographers did not document in great detail
false
T/F field sites are only located in far flung isolated nonindustrialized societies still
false
T/F participation is not optional
false
T/F reign of armchair anthropology was long
false
T/F personal reflections cannot be as important as field notes
false
Ethnographers keep ____ _________ that document their _____ and reflections as well as what they do and _______ when participating in activities with the people they are studying
field notebooks ideas observe
detailed descriptions of everything the ethnographer observes and experiences
field notes
form the primary record of one's observations.
field notes
indispensable when conducting ethnographic research.
field notes
most important method by which cultural anthropologists gather data to answer their research questions
fieldwork
spend a few months to a few years living among the people they are studying
fieldwork
By relying on this _______ data, they often drew inaccurate or even ______ conclusions
flawed racist
_____ _____ and Alfred Cort Haddon typically traveled to the remote locations where the people in question lived and spent a few weeks to a few months there
franz boas
mead's mentor, anthropologist... strong proponent of cultural determinism
franz boas
Had he done so, he might have been able to appreciate that all human groups at the time (and now) could be equally pragmatic, thoughtful, intelligent, logical, and "evolved.
frazer
he did not do any research himself and none of the information he relied on was collected by an anthropologist
frazer
never spent time with the people he researched. He never observed the religious ceremonies he wrote about and never participated in them
frazer
Hopi contained no ______ or _______ tenses
future past
method that documents connections of kinship, descent, marriage, and the overall social system
genealogical method
used to collect data on important relationships that form the foundation of the society and to trace social relationships more broadly in communities
geneological method
four-field approach, or simply as ____________ _________________
general anthropology
his method was that it required the researcher to _____ _____ the veranda to _______ with and even live among the _______.
get off interact natives
taking a broad view of the historical, environmental, and cultural foundations of behavior
holism
hallmark of the four-field approach is its _______ perspective
holistic
anthropologists are interested in studying everything that makes people human
holistic perspective
From the comfort of their ______ and library ________, early scholars collected others' travel accounts and used them to come to conclusions about far-flung cultures and peoples
homes armchairs
Today, anthropologists are __________ taking a more deductive approach to ethnographic research. Rather than arriving at the field site with only general ______ about the goals of the study, they tend to select a particular _________ before _________ and then let that problem guide their research.
increasingly ideas problem arriving
Before fieldwork begins, researchers from universities, colleges, and institutions usually must submit their research agendas to an ________ ________ _____
institutional review board (IRB)
essential for anthropologists' efforts to obtain a detailed understanding of a culture and to avoid ________ others through their _______ cultural beliefs
interpreting own
holistic perspective helps us to appreciate that culture, language, and physical and cognitive capacities for language are ____________ in complex ways
interrelated
cultural specialists, also referred to as key cultural consultants
key informants
particular individuals who are more knowledgeable about the culture than others and who may have more detailed or privileged knowledge
key informants
Malinowski learned the native _______, which allowed him to _______ himself in the culture
language immerse
ethnographers record the conversations or simply engage in the conversation and then ______ write down everything they _______ about it
later recall
following theory implied that some people were _____ evolved and _____ primitive than others
less more
Although they did at times venture into the community without a guide, they generally did not spend significant time with the _______ ______
local peopl
Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922)
malinowski
described his research techniques and the role they played in his analysis of the Kula ceremony,
malinowski
reports typically came from ___________, _____________, adventurers, and business travelers and were often incomplete, _________, and/or ___________
missionaries colonists inaccurate misleading
combine ethnography with other types of research methods
mixed method
integrate qualitative and quantitative evidence to provide a more comprehensive analysis
mixed method approaches
among an isolated indigenous tribe of the Amazon, the Yanomami, is a well-known example of ethical problems in anthropological research
napolean chagon
portrayed the Yanomami as an intensely violent and antagonistic people.
napolean chagon
help people think in _____ ______ about aspects of their ______ culture by comparing them with other cultures
new ways own
members of a culture are unlikely to view the things they do as _________ or _______
noteworthy unusual
collects ethnographic data by using methods such as _________ individuals and groups as they go about their daily lives and noting _________, conducting __________ with one or more participants, and __________ events and activities using audio and video.
observing behavior interviews recording qualitative research
marine biologists spend time in ______ to learn about marine animals geologists travel to a _______ to observe rock formations anthropologists go to where ______ are
ocean mountain people
Ethnographers keep field notebooks that document their ideas and reflections as well as what they do and observe when participating in activities with the people they are studying
participant observation
_________ _________ is central to anthropological research today.
participant observation
type of observation in which the anthropologist observes while participating in the same activities in which his or her informants are engaged
participant observation
_________ ________ involves ethnographers observing while they participate in activities with their informants
participant observaton
spent many years living among the Pirahã tribe of Brazil learning their language and culture
peter gordon
Surveys are also useful for gathering specific data points within a large ___________
population
heir observations were primarily conducted from the relative comfort and safety of a _______-from their _______.
porch verandas
key informants can also help researchers by directly observing others and reporting those observations to the researchers, especially in situations in which the researcher is not allowed to be_______
present
three stages:
primitive magic----religion---- science
Maintaining _______ and _______ is an important way for anthropologists to ensure that their involvement does ____ ______.
privacy anonymity no harm
aims to comprehensively describe human behavior and the contexts in which it occurs
qualitative research
research that aims to describe human behavior and the contexts it occurs in
qualitative research
Surveys are a common quantitative technique that involve closed-ended questions where respondents select their responses from a list of predefined choices (degree of agreement/disagreement, multiple-choice answers, rankings of items)
quantitative research
easy to code numerically and, as a result, can be easier to analyze
quantitative research
research that uses statistical analyses, maps, charts, graphs, and textual descriptions
quantitative research
seeks patterns in numerical data that can explain aspects of human behavior
quantitative research
uses statistical analyses, maps, charts, graphs, and textual descriptions
quantitative research
ethnographers must live with or spend considerable time with their informants to establish a strong ________ with them.
rapport
sense of trust and a comfortable working relationship in which the informant and the ethnographer are at ease with each other and agreeable to working together
rapport
anthropologists today seek to uncover the historical, political, and cultural ______ behind peoples' behaviors rather than ________ that one culture or society is more advanced than another
reasons assuming
anthropologists must continually monitor their work to ensure that their research design and methods minimize any _____
risk
She documented instances of socially accepted sexual experimentation, lack of _______ ______ and ______
sexual jealousy rape
In his most famous book, The Golden Bough, he described similarities and differences in magical and religious practices around the world and concluded that human beliefs progressed through three stage
sir james frazer
young women in Samoa experienced a _______ _______ to adulthood with relatively ______ stress or difficulty
smooth transition little
cultural anthropologist's goal during fieldwork is to describe a group of people to others in a way that makes ______ features of the culture seem _______
strange familiar
Mead studied 25 young women in three villages in Samoa and found that the _______, _________, and ________ of American adolescence were not found among Samoan youth
stress anxiety turmoil
anthropologists must temporarily _________ their ____ value, moral, and esthetic judgments and seek to understand and __________ the values, morals, and esthetics of the _______ culture on their terms
suspend own respect other
primary technique for gathering ethnographic data is simply ________ with people-from casual, _____________ conversations about ordinary topics to _________ scheduled interviews about a particular topic
talking unstructured formal
anthropologists are conducting ethnographic research in complex, _____________ advanced societies such as the United States and in _______ environments elsewhere in the world.
technologically urban
description that explains the context in which the behavior or cultural event occurs and anthropological interpretations of it
thick description
detailed description of the studied group at a particular time and location
thick description
Words may not force people to ______ a particular way, but they can influence their _______ processes and how they view the _______ around them.
think thought world
the language one speaks plays a critical role in determining how one thinks, particularly in terms of understanding ______, ________, and _______
time space matter
they use multiple approaches to understanding humans throughout ______ and throughout the ______.
time world
Reports can be _________, or the results can be converted into a more accessible format.
translated
concern about the ethical __________ of people who take part in studies has been an important consideration.
treatment
T/F Anthropologists must continually reevaluate their research and writing to ensure that it does not harm the informants or their communities.
true
T/F Chagnon of encouraging the violence he documented, staging fights and scenes for documentary films and fabricating data
true
T/F Informed consent is the informant's agreement to take part in the study
true
T/F Malinowski did more than just observe people from afar; he actively interacted with them and participated in their daily activities
true
T/F Pirahã have only three words for numbers: one, two, and many.
true
T/F anthropologists do not judge other cultures
true
T/F anthropologists must obtain informed consent from all of their informants before conducting any research.
true
T/F life histories are meaningful to an individual and focus on individual lives
true
T/F participants are allowed to stop participating at any time
true
T/F Ethnographers are trained to pay attention to everything happening around them when in the field-from routine daily activities
true
T/F quantitative research methods complement qualitative approaches.
true
T/F some anthropologists insisted that one should spend time observing and talking to the people studied.
true