ASP Exam
Conversion of Fahrenheit to Rankine
Rankine = Fahrenheit + 460° (Rankine is to Fahrenheit as Kelvin is to Celcius).
Types of building construction & fire resistance (NFPA 220)
Type I: Fire Resistive (most resistive of all) Type II: Non-combustible Type III: Ordinary (least resistive of all) Type IV: Heavy Timber Type V: Frame
Alcohol is a...
Vasodilator (expands blood vessels), which leads to more rapid loss of heat from surface of the skin.
Chrysotile
Also called "white asbestos." The most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the US.
Purpose of a circuit breaker
Prevent overheating ("excessive or dangerous temperature") of conductors or insulation.
Frequency of human hearing
20Hz to 20,000Hz
Specific gravity
Also called "relative density." Normally in relation to water.
Hydrostatic test minimum pressure required by ASME code
150% of maximum operating pressure
Average # of hours for 1 worker for a year
2,000 (This is 40 hours / week; 50 weeks / year)
TLV, PEL, IDLH for carbon monoxide
TLV of 50 ppm (ACGIH); STEL of 400. IDLH of 1500 ppm (NIOSH) PEL of 35-50 (OSHA); ceiling is 200, instantaneous is 1500.
CDL - N endorsement
Tank vehicle with capacity of 1,000 gal or more.
How long does an employer have to contest an OSHA citation?
15 working days from receipt
Convert 62.4 lb/ft3 to psi
0.433 lb/ft2 (or psi) 62.4 lb/ft3 / (12 in x 12 in)
Carbon dioxide - when is it dangerous?
Above 9%.
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA permit)
Key management terms
Planning, organizing, leading (activating), controlling
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ears
Types of radiation
alpha, beta, neutron, gamma & x-ray
Molecular weight of air
around 30
CosA =
b/c
Limit for ionizing radiation per person per year (NRC)
5 Rem
Face ventilation
Used in mining. Effective method of reducing methane levels and controlling respirable dust.
CDL - P endorsement
16 or more passengers (including driver); Bus is 11+
Standard deviation v. POPULATION standard deviation
(Sample) Standard deviation: When you have a sample and want to extrapolate it. POPULATION standard deviation: used if (1) you have the entire population or (2) you have a sample of a larger population, but you are only interested in this sample and do not wish to generalize to the population.
Trench
-- Narrow excavation -- Deeper than it is wide -- No wider than 15 ft
3 barriers to active listening
1) Word barriers - death, liar, IRS, etc. 2) Emotional barriers - bias, boredom, fatigue 3) Distractions - phone
Employee rights under OSHA
1. Request an inspection. 2. Have a representative present at an inspection. 3. Have dangerous substances identified. 4. Be promptly informed about exposure to hazards and be given access to accurate records regarding exposure. 5. Have employer violations posted at work site. 6. Appeal the abatement date. 7. Be notified is exposed at or above PEL.
Continuous improvement in behavior-based safety
1. Specify standards 2. Measure compliance 3. Provide feedback on improvements
Grade D breathing air
19.5%-23.5% oxygen <5 mg/m3 of oil <10 ppm CO <1000 ppm CO2.
Strain Index
A simple risk assessment method evaluating risk at upper extremities, hands, fee, wrists, forearms and elbows.
Dosimeter (noise)
A sound meter useful for mobile worker that records noise exposure.
Gas
A state of matter with no definite shape or volume. A substance in gaseous form at room temperature and pressure.
AQL
Acceptable Quality Level. Satisfactory process average.
Bacteria v. virus v. protozoa
Bacteria: single-celled, but not parasitic Protozoa: single-celled AND parasitic Virus: does not have all the components of a cell
Arc Flash Boundary
Based on incident energy. -- Source/Prohibited Space -- Prohibited Boundary -- Restricted Approach (must be QUALIFIED) -- Limited Approach -- Flash Protection - preventing any more than 2nd degree burns
How often should sound level meters be calibrated?
Before & after each survey
Dry chemical fire extinguishers
Bicarbonates, potassium chloride, monoammonium phosphate. They work by separating the 4 parts of the fire tetrahedron, preventing chemical reaction.
Color of Hazard Class 8 placards (corrosives)
Black and white
Class IA Liquid
Boiling: <100 Flash: <73
Most economical way to prevent internal corrosion in tanks
Cathodic protection. Only maintenance is infrequent replacement of a charged anode.
CHEMTREC
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. 24-hr phone center operated by American Chemistry Council to provide assistance in response to HAZMAT incidents in transportation.
CBRNE
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive
Distance to fire extinguisher based on type of fire
Class A: 75 ft Class B: 50 ft Class C: based on pattern of A/B Class D: 75 ft
Class I, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 1: Normally explosive & hazardous
Monoammonium Phosphate
Common dry chemical extinguishing agent for A-B-C fires. Quick cleanup is important: when combined with water will corrode most metals.
Elements of a contract
Competent parties, subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, mutuality of obligation. A contract does NOT include monetary duty.
Data logger
Device usually connected to a computer that collects digital data, to be used later. Examples: temperature, velocity, current, pressure, displacement.
Types of workers not covered under worker's compensation laws
Domestic workers; maritime workers; farm workers; temporary laborers.
Wavelength sizes according to type of electromagnetic radiation
From long to short: Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma
Dry Chemical vs. Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers
Dry Chemical: Used on Class A-B-C fires (ordinary combustibles; flammable liquids; electrical fires) Dry Powder: Used on Class D fires (combustible metals). They smother the metal, often with a foam that sticks to it.
Types of sprinkler systems
Dry pipe
Name the terms in E = I x R or (V = I x R)
E = energy (volts) I = current (amperage) R = resistance (ohms)
6 principles of auditing
Evidence-Based Approach Fair Presentation of Evidence Objectivity Confidentiality Due Professional Care Integrity
Number prefixes from greatest to smallest
Exa, Peta, Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo, Hepta, Deka Base = 0 Deci, Centi, Milli, Micro, Nano, Pico, Femto, Atto
ERV
Expiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can breathe out.
Standard deviation places great value on what kind of values?
Extreme values, since all individual deviations are squared.
Name the parts in F = μN.
F = Force required μ = Coefficient of friction N = Normal weight
Major types of guards
Fixed, interlocking, self-adjusting, adjustable, automatic
Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms
Flu-like symptoms -- headache, dizziness, weaknesses, vomiting, chest pain, confusion; you would NOT get blue lips & skin (cyanosis).
Arrhenius' Equation
Formula for temperature dependence of reaction rates.
Frostbite
Frozen skin tissue. First symptoms are pins & needles, then numbness, hard & pale skin; when thawed, red & painful; can cause gangrene.
X-ray equipment biggest risk
High voltages required to generate X-rays.
Description of a management system audit
ISO 19011: systematic, independent, documented, process for obtaining audit evidence & evaluating it objectively to determine how well audit criteria are being fulfilled. (Are they following the plan?)
What are the formulas for heat stress, both indoors and outdoors?
Indoor (no solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT Outdoor (with solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB WBGT = wet bulb globe temperature WB = wet bulb temperature GT = globe temperature DB = dry bulb temperature
ICS
Incident Command System
Hydrotest requirement for compressed air bottles (ASME)
Must be tested at 150% of maximum OPERATING pressure.
P2
Pollution Prevention -- this means Source Reduction
Hot-mill or aluminized gloves
Reflective & insulating protecting. Used for welding, furnace & foundry work.
CDL - H endorsement
Regular vehicle transporting hazardous materials in placardable amounts.
Rules on steps & ramps (OSHA)
Riser: 6" - 7.5" Width: 22" min Tread: 12" plus or minus 2" Ramps: 30 degrees
REM
Roentgen Equivalent Man. The dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays. NRC limit is 5 REM/year.
SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW
SMAW = shielded metal arc welding = "stick" GTAW = gas tungsten arc welding = TIG = tungsten inert gas GMAW = gas metal arc welding = MIG = metal inert gas FCAW = flux core arc welding
Anthropometry
Scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.
3 components of successful communication
Sender, message, receiver. Must deal with FACTS, not opinions.
Single system v. parallel system v. series system
Single system: one component only and its failure shuts down system. Parallel system: all parts must fail to shut down system. Series system: any one part can fail and shut down the system.
Most important factors in determining whether an employee will work safely
Team spirit, recognition, attitude. Important to reinforce positive employee actions.
What is t(sub)g?
Temperature globe = radiant temperature
What is t(sub)wb?
Temperature wet bulb
Strict liability
The legal responsibility for damage or injury even if you are not negligent.
Chain slings
Used in rigging, winches, etc. Standard material is alloy steel (includes bronze, stainless steel & Monel metals). High resistance to abrasion and failure.
Most important aspect of training program
Training objectives
Jockey pump
Used to maintain static pressure in sprinkler systems.
Smoke
Visible suspension of carbon and other particles, usually from a burning substance.
VPP Star Requiremenets
Voluntary Protection Program. 3-yr TCIR & 3-yr DART must be below at least 1 of the 3 most recent years of specific industry averages at the most precise level.
Treating exposure to liquid oxygen
Warm water. Never rub or use dry heat. Frozen tissue is painless but will be swollen & painful when thawed.
descriptive epidemiology
What, who, where and when. Concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person. They generate hypotheses.
Color of Hazard Class 3 placards (flammable gases)
White on red background
Presbyopia
impaired vision as a result of aging, difficulty focusing
Difference in "Right to Know" and HAZCOM
"Right to Know" are state standards. HAZCOM, 1910.1200 is Federal OSHA, which applies in states without an approved state plan. So if a state has a "Right to Know" program but no approved state plan, HAZCOM prevails where applicable.
Res ispa loquitur
"The thing (negligence) speaks for itself." --> Obvious negligence. The principle that the occurrence of an accident implies negligence. One is presumed to be negligent if they had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury and if they had exercised care, the accident would not have happened (ex. piano falling from a window and landing on an individual, a sponge is left inside a patient following surgery).
Res ipsa loquitur
"The things speaks for itself" -- "thing" being negligence. Negligence is considered very obvious. The accident would not have happened if the defendant had exercised proper control. Example: a piano falling out of a window and injuring a person.
Smallest wire for 20 amp branch circuits (NEC)
#12 gauge wire
Fleet Incident Calculation
(# of Accidents x 1,000,000 miles) / Miles Driven Substitute 1,600,000 for km.
Types of foam fire extinguishers
AFFF = aqueous film-forming foam AR-AFFF = alcohol-resistant AFFF FFFP = film-forming fluoroprotein (motorsports) CAFS = compressed air foam system Arctic Fire = liquid extinguisher, quicker than water (steel industry) Foam is good for fuel fires - blankets with no flashback.
Lecture method (advantages & disadvantages)
Advantages: can communicate a lot of information quickly; good for a large group; control of content. Disadvantages: little audience participation; hard to pay attention; no hands-on.
Mist
Aerosol of liquid particles from condensation from a gas to a liquid.
Industry credited with development of system safety
Aerospace
Hematoxins
Affect the blood or bone marrow (which is the course of most components of the blood). Examples: arsenic, bromine, methyl chloride, benzene. Chemicals that affect platelets include benzene, aspirin, tetrachloroethane. Chemicals that affect white blood cells include naphtalene, tetrachloroethane.
Nephrotoxins
Agents poisonous to the kidney. Examples: heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lithium), chlorinated organic compounds, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, methanol, toluene, ethylene glycol
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. But damage cannot be passed on to further generations. Examples: thalidomide, dioxins, lead, cadmium
1910.1000
Air contaminants. Performance standard & horizontal standard.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Air pollution that is a product of combustion of fossil fuels. Flammable, colorless, odorless, poisonous. Chemical asphyxiate. Does NOT harm red blood cells, but reduces their oxygen-carrying capacity.
Noise control barriers - most effective method
Air-tight enclosures
To protect against product liability claims, how long should records be kept?
As long as possible / indefinitely. most important is consideration of product safety during production.
Forward blades in centrifugal fan
Blades are curved in the direction of rotation. Used whenever a large air volume has to be moved in a tight space. Requires more power, which can overload motors.
Backward blades in centrifugal fan
Blades are curved in the opposite direction of rotation. More efficient than forward blades.
Active retention v. passive retention
Both are forms of self-insurance (or no insurance). Active retention: knowingly taking the risk. Passive retention: ignorant or neglectful of the risk.
Incident Command System principles
Common terminology, modular organization, management by objective (MBO), incident action planning, span of control, predesignated facilities, resource management, integrated communications, establishment and transfer of command, chain of command, unified command, accountability, dispatch & deployment, information management.
Emissivity of unpolished surfaces
Close to 1.0, which is high, meaning not great for reducing radiant heat.
Most common cause of sprinkler system failure
Closed post-indicator valve (PIV).
CWP
Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. From breathing in coal dust.
Acetone
Colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest and smallest ketone. Used in paint thinner and nail polish remover. High evaporation rate.
CDL - T endorsement
Combination vehicles with double or triple trailers
Combined audit vs. Joint audit
Combined: 2+ disciplines are being audited. Joint: 2+ auditing agencies are jointly conducting the same audit.
Back disability
Comes from whole body vibration. Exposure: drivers, subway operators, warehouse workers, nurse aides, baggage handlers.
What functions are similar in compliance, safety, health environmental and quality programs?
Common underlying objectives, use common approaches to achieve objectives, sharing common measurements.
Deductive v. Inductive Reasoning
Deductive: Starts with a general statement/hypothesis and leads to a logical conclusion, using facts, rules, definitions or properties. General to specific. Inductive: Makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Uses patterns to arrive at a conclusion/conjecture. Specific to general.
Deflagration v. detonation
Deflagration: subsonic combustion; propagates through explosive material Detonation: supersonic; propagates through shock
Radiant heat
Energy radiated or transmitted as rays or waves, in the form of particles. Longer wavelength than light. Comes from red-hot metal, the sun, open flames. It does NOT heat the air, but it does heat the object it touches. Opaque shields offer protection. (Ventilation will not reduce radiant heat.)
NFPA 704
Diamond with 4 diamonds inside. For fixed installations. Top diamond - Red - Flammability Hazard Left diamond - Blue - Health Hazard Right diamond - Yellow - Instability hazard Bottom diamond - white - special hazard.
Byssinosis
Disease from inhaling cotton fibers. Also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever". Reaction against cotton, linen, hemp products in textile/fabric industry.
Types of pneumoconiosis
Diseases of the lung. Anthracosis: coal dust Siderosis: iron oxide (foundries, welding, ore mining) Silicosis: silica dust Silicodiserosis: silica & dust
Restricted Approach Boundary
Entered only by qualified persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE.
Prohibited Approach Boundary
Entered only by qualified persons requiring the same protection as if in direct contact with the live part.
Limited Approach Boundary
Entered only by qualified persons, or unqualified persons when advised and escorted by a qualified person.
2 basic procedures of performance measurements for safety
1 - Scheduled safety audits 2 - Benchmarking
Conversion of pound to grams
1 lb = 454 g
Convert atomic weight to moles
1 mole is the amount of grams in the atomic weight.
mph to ft/s
1 mph = 1.47 ft/s
When double-handle tools are used for PRECISION, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)?
1" closed, 3" open
Physiological responses to cold
1) Blood circulation is reduced, to use skin as an insulating layer. 2) THEN, shivering It is HARDER for the body to deal with cold than with heat. Cold puts more stress on the body.
Components in fishbone diagram
1) Equipment/Supplies 2) Environmental 3) Rules/Policies/Procedures 4) Staff/People
3 types of fail-safe designs & examples
1) Fail passive: reduced system to lowest energy state 2) Fail active: stays energized in safe mode until overriding action or alternate system activated (battery powered smoke alarm beeping) 3) Fail-operational: functions continue until corrected
3 most often recommended basic training courses for workers in general industy
1) First Aid 2) Fire Extinguisher 3) Contingency (Emergency)
HAZMAT tractor-trailer operators must know what 3 things?
1) First aid 2) Nature of the cargo 3) manifest location.
Adult learning principles
Explain purpose, share outline of session, show respect for learners, acknowledge learners' experience, allow choices, demonstrate relevance to their work, allow questions and interaction.
Intermittent noise
Exposure to a given broadband sound-pressure level several times during a normal work day. (Example: a supervisor who is normally in a quiet office visits the production floor several times a day.)
Trigger finger
A type of tenosynovitis where the tendon becomes nearly locked, pulling the finger toward the palm. Exposures: meatpackers, poultry workers, carpenters, electronic assemblers.
Express warranty
A written explanation of the producer's responsibilities in the event that a product is found to be defective or otherwise unsatisfactory. Implies a product will perform in a specific manner; contains safety provisions; is suitable for a specific use.
FMEA
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Reliability tool. Ranks possible failures by probability. Very good at identifying single point failures. Good for systems with no redundancy. Inductive analysis. Cause --> effect model. NOT good for identifying failures in a system with multiple failures.
Negligence
Failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care.
Heat Syncope
Fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels
NFPA 1500
Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program
Class G hard hat
General use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from low voltages. Proof-tested at 2,200 volts.
Butyl gloves
Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals (acids, alcohols, water vapors)
Butyl/neoprene gloves
Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals -- acids, bases.
NFPA 10
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Holter monitor
Portable device for recording an electrical activity of the cardiovascular system over an extended time period, at least 24 hours.
What 2 primary actions influence behavior change the most?
Positive reinforcement and immediacy of feedback.
Positive vs. negative correlation
Positive: bottom-left to top-right (when x goes up, y goes up) Negative: top-left to bottom right (when x goes up, y goes down)
PHA
Preliminary Hazard Analysis. Used in pre-design stages; creation of an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation.
PSD
Presence-sensing device. "Light curtain." Creates a field that deactivates the press when an object/hand enters the area. Cannot be used on full-revolution clutches (part-revolution but not full revolution). Can be photoelectric, radio frequency or electromechanical.
critical pressure
Pressure at which no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs at any temperature.
Vapor pressure
Pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature; the ability of the liquid to evaporate.
Dynamic or velocity pressure
Pressure of a fluid (such as air) that results from its motion. It is the difference between total pressure and static pressure.
In a pre-action sprinkler system, system piping is what?
Pressurized. These systems are used when there's a danger of series water damage to the protected area.
Benzene
Primary aromatic hydrocarbon. Component of all gasoline and diesel. Association with leukemia & benzene = carcinogen.
Nitrile / natural rubber gloves
Good for chlorinated solvents. Resist abrasions, cuts, etc.
To improve noise absorption through engineering controls, what properties do you want?
Good porosity, thickness, air gaps
ASME B31 required discharge piping to be...
Greater than or equal to the full area of valve outlets discharging.
Per NFPA, the max size (gallons) for dry pipe systems, gridded & non-gridded
Gridded: 500 gallons Non-gridded: 750 gallons During inspection, dry pipe systems must deliver water within 1 minute. (yes, 1 minute!)
Safe distance between point of operation and slide or ram (which would cause injury) is based on what 2 things?
Hand speed & the stopping time of the ram. Distance rule is 63" (5.25 ft) per second.
Leading cause of all work-related fatal injuries
Highway traffic incidents
Black globe thermometer
Hollow copper sphere painted black to measure radiant energy from direct sunlight or other sources, such as machinery or hot structures. Have to wait 20 min for the transfer to take place.
Different types of standards
Horizontal: broadly applicable (most of OSHA) Vertical: specifically applicable to one industry Performance: tells what but not how Consensus: developed by industry-wide organizations through consensus votes Proprietary: from professional experts, societies for an industry (but not through consensus votes)
experimental epidemiology
Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments. Investigators are actually causing exposure in some. (E.g., clinical trials). Very expensive.
Standby systems
Increase system reliability by having an inoperative or idling standby unit that can take over if an operational unit fails. (e.g., emergency electrical generators).
Best indicator of training effectiveness
Increased effectiveness of job performance
Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Leading cause of blindness in America.
Variations in the types of effects when 2 chemicals react.
Independent Effect: 1 Additive Effect: 3+5=8 Synergistic Effect: 3+5=30 Potentiating Effect: 0+5=15 Antagonistic Effect: 4+6=8
Laser classifications
Industry and international system for grading laser energy according to its ability to cause injury. Class 1: No eye injury Class 2: Visible light; blinking will protect (1 mW max) Class 3A: Hazard with binoculars (5 mW max) Class 3B: Eye injury, but not skin (500 mW max) Class 4: Eye & skin injury, also fire hazard (500+ mW)
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon. (Ex. Rotator cuff tendonitis can come from working with one's hands overhead.)
Tenosynovitis
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. Exposure: core making, poultry processing, meatpacking.
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin. Also defats the skin.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Inflammation of the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel of the wrist. From repeated exposure without time to recover. Affects the median nerve. Exposure: cashiers, meat & poultry workers, upholsterers.
Epicondylitis
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow. Carpenter's elbow.
Two-hand tripping device (or two-hand control)
Keeps operators hands away from hazard area since both hands are required on controls to activate machine.
Privity
Knowledge shared with another or others regarding a private matter. In safety, direct relationship between injured party and party whose negligence cause an accident. Basically the idea is that one who committed negligence cannot be held liable for injury to a consumer for a manufacturing defect if there are parties in between (wholesaler, retailer). But this is no longer the case.
Communication barriers for trainers (would make them less effective)
Knowledge: thinking you know everything Prejudice: opinion not based on reason or experience Attitude: favor/disfavor toward a person or thing Nonverbal: saying one thing, doing another
First event in an event tree analysis
Initiating event
IRV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can suck in (breathe in).
Purpose for safety posters
Instructions on how to use safety equipment; helps maintain awareness; reminds employees of specific hazards.
Pitot tube
Instrument used to measure turbulent air. Also can be used to measure water.
Lifting index calculation
LI = Load Weight / Recommended Weight Limit
Flash boundary
Linear distance to prevent any more than 2nd degree burns from a potential arc flash. Typically 4 ft. 1.2 cal/cm2 is the amount of heat needed to cause 2nd degree burns.
Natural rubber gloves
Liquid-proof. Protects against acids, caustics & dye stuffs.
Combustible metals (common ones)
Lithium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, potassium
OSHA Form 300
Log of work-related injuries and illnesses. Must be maintained in workplace for 5 years. Investigation findings must be maintained for 30 years.
NFPA Low Hazard
Low: apartments, churches, homes, office buildings.
Sprays & mists will do what to a liquid or gas
Lower the flash point & lower the LEL.
Wire rope inspection components
Lubrication, kinking, corrosion, loose/broken wires, wear of crown wires, high strands, nicks; cross-section measurements.
Calculation for moment
M = W x D M = moment W = weight D = distance. Distance to the fulcrum. With 2 support points, go half way (effectively the fulcrum)
Calculation for Maximum Use Concentration (MUC)
MUC = APF x TLV Maximum Use Concentration = Assigned Protection Factor x Threshold Limit Value
3 dB rule
Machines. If you add machines of the same noise and distance away, you add 3 dB for each new machine. (Example: 3 machines combined produce 98 dB. Add a 4th machine the same noise & distance. Will be 101 dB.)
Minimum elements of fire prevention plan (1910.39)
Major fire hazards, handling & storage, potential ignition sources, fire extinguishing equipment, controlling accumulation of flammables, safeguards against heat-producing equipment, those responsible for: maintaining equipment, controlling fuel source hazards.
MORT
Management Oversight & Risk Tree. Extremely complicated and detailed way of analyzing the causes and contributing factors of incidents. So time-consuming, really only useful for major incidents. Came from the Atomic Energy Commission.
Types of grounding electrode systems
Metal underground water pipes, building steel, concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer grounds) and ground rings.
Does a GFCI need a ground to function?
No - no ground is required. GFCIs protect even when the grounding conductor becomes inoperative.
Do circuit breakers offer protection from shock?
No - they are too slow. You can put a 200% load on them for 2 minutes before it will act!
Is dilution ventilation good for heavy particulates?
No -- this is better for local exhaust ventilation.
What is the formula for noise dose?
Noise dose = (C1/T1) + (C2/T2) + (C3/T3) C = calculated exposure time T = authorized exposure time
Behavior sampling
Observing workers' behavior at random intervals and classifying behaviors as safe or unsafe.
Sensorineural
Occupational exposure; permanent hearing loss that results from damage or malformation of the middle ear and auditory nerve.
Ways to improve reliability of a system
Parallel components (all work independently), Series design, Redundancy
What is the main factor with risk-taking?
Perceived control over the risk.
3 path types for robots
Point-to-Point, Controlled and Continuous
Wet scrubber
Polluted gas is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid to remove pollutants. Advantages: Can handle high temperatures and moisture, smaller size, can remove gases & particulates, can neutralize corrosive gases. Disadvantages: can form highly corrosive solutions, requires a lot of power, expensive, creates water pollution, difficult product recovery.
PVA gloves
Polyvinyl Alcohol. Good for strong solvents (chlorinated & aromatic). PVA gloves are water-soluable, so they cannot be used in water or water-based solutions. "Alcohol will not SOLVE your problems"
PVC gloves
Polyvinyl Chloride. Resistant to abrasives, especially materials coated in grease, oil, caustics. "C - same EE sound as grease"
Gamma & X-rays
Gamma rays are natura), X-rays are man-made. Far faster and stronger than alpha and beta rays. These rays easily penetrate through the human body. Shielding: lead or thick concrete
Simple asphyxiants
Gases that dilute or displace atmospheric oxygen below that required to maintain blood levels sufficient for normal tissue respiration. (Ex. carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, aliphatic hydrocarbon gases such as butane, ethane, methane, and propane, and noble gases such as argon, helium, neon, and radon)
Octave Band Analyzer
Used to determine where noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum. They are used to: -- Help determine adequacy of frequency-dependent noise controls. -- Select hearing protectors (they measure attenuation. -- Analyze frequency content of noise.
Slot hoods
Used to provide uniform exhaust airflow (e.g., over tank suface). Function is to obtain proper air distribution. (Note: Capture velocity involves exhaust volume and slot length but NOT slot velocity.)
Integrating sound meter
Used when noises are variable. It integrates, or averages, the changing noise levels over a period of time to produce an average noise level.
Thermal vane anemometer
Used where exhaust opening is large, air velocities are low --> spray booths or chemical hoods. Heated probe that senses velocity by the amount of heat removed from the probe. Direct reading & accurate.
Paddle wheel or long-shaving wheel
Used with medium tip speed for buffing exhaust, woodworking exhaust or when heavy dust must pass through the fan.
Rotating vane anemometer
Useful for measuring the airflow through large supply and exhaust openings where the air velocities are relatively high.
When to use high velocity ventilation (high fpm)
When dust settling is a concern, from high-density particles.
When an effective hearing conservation program is needed
When noise exposure exceeds an 8-hr time weighted after of 85 dBA.
Heat exhaustion symptoms
White complexion, nausea, headache, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, fatigue, confusion.
analytic epidemiology
Why and how. They text hypotheses an investigate causes and associations between factors or events and health. Key feature is a comparison group.
Silver Shield gloves
Wide range of solvents, acids and bases. Lightweight laminate, flexible but NOT form-fitting. "Gold would be form-fitting; Silver is not"
Stoichiometry
Wide variety of measurements and relationships involving mixtures of chemicals (reactants and products in chemical reactions). Balanced chemical reactions.
Five (5) categories of OSHA violations
Willful = worst Serious Repeat Other than serious De minimis -- no serious threat to employee safety and health
Restraints
Wrist straps, etc. connected to an operator to keep him from reaching into the point of operation (hazard area). Must be adjusted for each operator.
Audiogram
Written record of hearing threshold at specified frequencies.
Tort
Wrongful acts (or failures to provide due care) that do not involve contracts. Example: getting a grocery store floor wet and not notifying customers or barricading the area; someone slips and gets hurt.
Color used for tripping hazards
Yellow
Color of Hazard Class 7 placards (radioactives)
Yellow, Black, White
Does the employers have to post OSHA citations?
Yes, for 3 days or until corrected.
Audiometer
a device that can present tones of different frequencies, from low in pitch to high in pitch, at different volumes from soft to loud
Risk (defintion)
Probability of an accident + Severity of the accident. (or likelihood + consequences)
Poisson distribution: symbol meaning and purpose.
Probability. Good for modelling the number of times an event occurs in an interval of time or space. P = Poisson distribution r = number of observed events (or rate) -- this is what will or may change λ (lambda): expected number of events or baseline t = time e = natural log (2.71) ! = factorial, ex 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 (use PRB on calculator)
closed-loop recycling
Process waste is conveyed through closed systems to tank storage and then recycled in tanks before returning material into production system. Little degradation in the properties of the product
Hepatotoxins
Produce liver damage -- cirrhosis, tumors, fat accumulation. Examples: carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, flotoxin.
At what stage of product development should distributors, deals and field personnel be brought in for familiarization & comment?
Production "go ahead." This is where potential hazards, safeguards and precautions will be discussed.
Definition and types of non-ionizing radiation
Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons. -- Infrared light (IR), visible light, ultraviolet light (UV), microwaves, radio frequency (RF). Lasers commonly operate in UV, visible light and IR frequency.
How does the body mainly exchange heat with its surroundings?
Radiation, convection (air flow) and evaporation of sweat
Dosimeter
Radiation: A device used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation.
How can electrostatic discharge (ESD) be controlled?
Raising humidity (recommended relative humidity is 40-60%), using a static discharger, ion generator
(Data terms) Random, stratified, systematic, cluster
Random: everyone has an equal change. Stratified: separated by layers. Systematic: patterned response. Cluster: confined to a location.
REBA
Rapid Entire Body Assessment. Purpose is to develop a postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk. Uses static, dynamic, rapidly changing/unstable body positions.
RULA
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment. Used to investigate exposure to risk for upper limb disorders. The results go into a wider assessment.
Mesothelioma
Rare malignant tumor (cancer) arising in the pleura (lungs) and associated with asbestos exposure. Also found in abdominal cavities. Comes from insulation, asbestos, especially chrysotile.
Color used to signify danger
Red
Reliability vs. Validity
Reliability: A reliable evaluation will adequately discriminate students based on knowledge level. Validity: A valid evaluation will measure what it is supposed to measure.
Minimum Procedures in an Emergency Action Plan
Reporting the emergency, exiting the facility, accounting for all employees, keeping critical operations running (if any), employees performing rescue or medical duties. And the name of the person to contact for more information.
Viton gloves
Resistance to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), chlorinated solves, gases and water vapors. They CAN be used in water-based solutions. "VT-PCB -- all have the EE sound."
What parts of the HAZCOM label are standardized?
Signal words (Danger or Warning); Pictograms; Hazard statements. There are 9 total parts -- the others are not standardized.
Kinesiology
Study of human movement. Used in biomechanics, orthopedics; strength & conditioning; sport psychology; physical therapy
Pyrophoric
Substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Examples: magnesium, iron sulfide, plutonium, uranium, sodium potassium, cesium, lithium.
Examples of combustible dust
Sugar, flour, grain, wood, metals
Static electricity
The accumulation of excess electric charge on an object. High voltage / low current. Comes from flowing, pouring, pumping, filtering - any forceful separation. The charging rate increases with the speed of separation.
How do you determine the frequency of fan blades in seconds if you have RPMs?
The number of times per second the blades pass a fixed point. Then multiply that by the number of fan blades.
Exclusive remedy
The only solution, or compensation, available to a plaintiff. (Example: worker's compensation)
Primary factor in determining whether a company needs a full-time safety professional.
The potential for accidents or harm within the organization.
The destructiveness of a combustible dust explosion depends on what?
The rate of pressure rise
Physiology
The study of how the body and its parts work or function. The normal function of living systems. It is a subdivision of biology. How organs, systems and cells carry out their functions.
International System of Units
The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter. 7 total. > Luminous intensity: candela > Substance Amount: moles > Length: meter > Temperature: Kelvin > Mass: kilogram > Electric Current: ampere > Time: second
Fibrosis
The thickening and scarring of connective tissue in the lungs, usually as a result of injury. Makes it harder for lungs to expand and contract.
TLV-C
Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not ever be exceeded.
TLV
Threshold Limit Value. All employees can be exposed daily without adverse health effects.
TV
Tidal Volume. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Not considered in a pulmonary function test (PFT).
3 important principles of health physics
Time: less time exposure the better Distance: inverse square law (doubling the distance cuts exposure to 1/4) Shielding: barrier between energy and person (lead apron for dental x-rays)
joule
Unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the force.
Arc flash hazard categories
Units in cal/cm2 Category 1: >1.2 to 4 Category 2: >4 to 8 Category 3: >8 to 25 Category 4: >25 to 40 From NFPA 70E
Otis-Lennon
Used extensively in IQ testing. Not reliable indicators of an employee's ability to do well in safety.
Requirements for concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer) as a ground
Used in dry conditions (started in Arizona), installing 20+ ft of rods or wiring in concrete, then connected to a driven ground.
In probability formulas, what is the μ "mu" and what is σ "sigma" and what is X?
μ "mu" = mean σ "sigma" or σx = standard deviation X = data point
Coefficients of correlation
0 = no correlation + = positive - = negative + or - 0.6 = weak correlation (discounted in safety) + or - 0.7 or greater = strong correlation
Environmental Hierarchy of Controls
1 - Source Reduction 2 - Recycling 3 - Energy Recovery 4 - Treatment 5 - Disposal & other releases
2 INEFFECTIVE methods of reducing ergonomic injuries
1 - lifting belts 2 - medical histories and strength testing Neither has been validated.
What percentages are represented by 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations?
1 Standard Deviation: 68% 2 Standard Deviations: 95.45% 3 Standard Deviations: 99.73% (This goes in both directions, - and +)
Convert gallons to cubic feet
1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons 1 gallon = 0.133 cubic feet
Weight density of water
1 gram/mL (1 mL is also 1 cm3), or 1 kg/m3 62.4 lb/ft3
kg to lb, lb to kg
1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 lb = 0.45 kg
Requirements for firefighting booster pumps (NFPA 20)
1) Can't develop more than 140% of rated pressure at shut off (closed system). 2) Must deliver rated flow at rated pressure. 3) Must deliver 150% of rated flow at 65% of rated pressure. 4) Annual flow test.
3 leading causes of fires
1) Electrical -- 22% 2) Smoking -- 9% 3) Hot surfaces -- 9%
Hierarchy of Safety and Health Controls
1) Elimination 2) Substitution 3) Engineering Controls (ex. LEV) 4) Warnings/Administrative (ex. LOTO, work/rest) 5) Personal Protective Equipment ANSI Z10 puts Warnings as #4 and Admin as #5
When a 2-hand control is used on a part revolution clutch press, how is the safe distance determined?
1) Hand speed 2) Stopping time of slide or ram
Steps in safety sampling
1) Prepare a code. 2) Take the sample. 3) Validate the sample. 4) Prepare the report. Used to verify effectiveness of a safety strategy.
Purpose of hoods on grinders
1) Protect from bursting wheel. 2) Remove dirt, dust, etc. from operations.
Parking lot design principles
1) Provide a separate entry and exit way. 2) Separate lanes should be located where flow can be controlled by a traffic light or merge / acceleration lane. 3) Right turns from and into the lot are preferred.
Minimum clearance distance between cranes (and all parts of the load) & power lines (OSHA)
10 ft for 50 kV or less Add 0.4" for every kV above 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator
Employers with how many employees can verbally communicate an Emergency Action Plan?
10 or fewer. All others must have a written one.
Standpipe systems minimum flow rate
100 gal/min
Relationship of H+ and pH
10^-1 is 1, or a strong acid. 10^-6 is 6 or weak acid. 10^-14 is 14, or a strong base. 10^-8 is 8 or weak base. H is a scale of 0 - 14. 0 = Acidic, 7 = Pure water, 14 = Alkalotic/Basic
OSHA (1910.179) requires proof-testing for cranes at what capacity, if it has been out of service?
125% Ex: 60-ton crane must be tested at 75 tons.
LPG hose bursting pressure rating
1250 psig (working pressure is 250 = safety factor of 5).
Employees should never be exposed to how many decibels?
140 dB
Proper placement of video terminals
15 to 25 degrees below horizontal line of sight.
Sling angle and stress rules of thumb
15° = twice the load 30° = the load 45° = 70% of the load 60° = 58% of the load 90° = 50% of the load Load/#slings/sinA = stress on the sling If there are 4 slings, calculate for 3 only. If there are 3 slings, calculate for 2 only.
How many recent audit reports must PSM employers maintain?
2 most recent
Definition of an enclosed structure
2 walls or more
At what pressure does the ASME Code on Boiler & Pressure Vessels require detailed design by a PE?
3,000 psi
How many biosafety levels are there?
4 (NIH)
What amount of electrical current could kill a person?
70-100 milliamps (mA)
Emergency Management Components
> Preparedness > Response > Recovery > Mitigation
If tanA = x, what is A?
A = tan^-1(x).
Wet chemical fire extinguisher
A fire extinguisher for use on Class K fires that contains a wet chemical extinguishing agent. All begin with potassium. They form a soapy foam blanket. Used in burning oil. Useful for Class A & Class K.
activated carbon
A form of specially treated, porous carbon, used to absorb various odors and vapors. Has a non-polar surface.
Cohort
A group of people from a given time period, or who share a common characteristic or experience.
Case-control study (epidemiology)
Analytic / Observational. A group of people with disease is enrolled. As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls). Exposures between the 2 groups are compared. To study rare diseases, or multiple exposures to one outcome. Less expensive.
Cross-sectional (or prevalence) study (epidemiology)
Analytic / Observational. A representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time -- all in the present. Analyzes the relationship of the exposure agent to disease.
Management grid
By Black & Mouton. X & Y axis 1,1 = Indifferent (bottom-left) 1,9 = Dictator (bottom-right) 9,1 = Country Club Manager (top-left) 9,9 = Team Manager (top-right) 5,5 = Middle-of-the-Road Manager (middle)
Fields that influenced Ergonomics
Bio-engineering, industrial engineering, anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, systems engineering.
Color of Hazard Class 1 placards (explosives)
Black on orange background
Color of Hazard Class 6 placards (toxics)
Black on white background
Color of Hazard Class 5 placard (oxidizers -- main one)
Black on yellow background
Color used to denote information
Blue
Wheatstone bridge
A type of electrical circuit used in combustible gas meters. It's exposed to an unknown atmosphere and when it encounters a combustible gas, resistance is increased, which is measured.
BTU
British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.
How to halon & halon-replacement clean agents and carbon dioxide extinguish a fire?
By displacing oxygen, removing heat from the combustion zone, or inhibiting the chain reaction. They do not leave a resudent -- which is good for electronics, museums, aircraft (255, Vol 1)
Substance most responsible for Greenhouse Effect.
Carbon dioxide, about 20 percent. Water is 50%. Clouds are 25%. The rest is particles and minor greenhouse gases like methane.
Another term for oncogenesis
Carcinogenesis. The creation of cancer in the body.
Ways to treat hazardous waste
Chemical treatment: reduction, neutralization, biological degradation, precipitation Mechanical or physical treatment: filtration, phase separation, centrifugation, adsorption
Irritants
Chemicals that will irritate tissue, causing redness, rashes, swelling, coughing and even bleeding. (Examples: chlorine, ammonia)
Class I, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 2: Not normally present in explosive concentration.
Class II, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class II: Dusts Division 1: Normally in suspension or conductive
Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
Adbuction: increasing angle of arm to body, AWAY. Adduction: decreasing angle of arm to body, TOWARD. Extension: increasing angle of forearm to bicep. Flexion: decreasing angle of forearm to bicep.
Reverse jet baghouse fabric filtration
Air pollution control device from commercial processes or combustion for electricity generation. 1) Very efficient (99%) 2) Expensive and large 3) Require control of moisture in dust 4) Costly to maintain
2 types of hydrocarbon
Aliphatic: propane, butane, methane, ethane Aromatic: benzene & derivatives (e.g., naphtalene)
Parallel redundancy
All components perform the same function at the same time. Used for equipment that is in continuous operation. If one component fails, the other will keep it going.
Fellow Servant Rule
An employer defense that another employee, not the employer, caused a workplace injury. No longer applies now, with worker's compensation laws.
Stereotype
An oversimplified generalization associated with a person or group.
ESD
Electrostatic Discharge
ESP
Electrostatic precipitators. Filtration device that removes fine particles (dust, smoke) from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Sensitive to electrical resistance & particle size distribution. Messy to clean but effecient in energy consumption.
Movable barrier
Encloses the point of operation before a press stroke begins.
Centrifugal fans
Fan axis is perpendicular to flow -- spits air out 90 degrees. Low noise. Suited to high pressures. Low to moderate static pressures; used in heating & air conditioning; workhorse of industrial hygiene; sometimes called squirrel cages; good for lint, wood chips & dust.
FTA
Fault Tree Analysis. Good for highly redundant systems; deductive reasoning; quantitative assessment; starts with an INITIATING event; moves from general to specific; uses Boolean logic; it is the "effect-->cause" model.
Ergonomics
Fitting the job to the worker. Comfort design. Studying how to design equipment to match humans physically and cognitively. Has gotten contributions from psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, anthropometry.
Flash point v. Autoignition temperature v. Fire point
Flash point: lowest temperature at which a substance can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Autoignition point: lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite, with NO ignition source. Fire point: temperature at which vapor continues to burn after being ignited.
Signal word v. Major message
For signage Signal word: designed to quickly get your attention (Ex. "DANGER!" "WARNING!") Major message: main point on specific hazardous condition. (Ex. "Do Not Use." "High Voltage")
FVC / FEV1
Forced Vital Capacity. Most important test in spirometry. Test of expiration as forceful and rapidly as possible. FEV1 is the first second of the FVC.
Hazen-Williams Formula
Formula for determining friction loss in hydraulic calculations that involve fire sprinkler systems. Greatest factor is the diameter of the pipe.
Dry powder fire extinguishers
Formulations developed specifically for use on class D combustibles (metals). They smother a fire and form a crust. -- Sodium chloride -- Sodium carbonate: good for stainless steel -- Copper-based: good on lithium only. Cuts oxygen. -- Graphite-based: good on magnesium and others
Best ways to control driver error
From NSC: 1) Driver selection program 2) Training & supervision 3) Preventive maintenance on equipment
Hazards of welding on stainless steel
Fumes of nickel, chromium & fluorides
HAZOP
Hazard and Operability Study. Analysis methodology to examine how process variations affect a system. (Ex: equipment failures, human error, chemical reactions.) Uses guide words: "none" "more" "less" "as well as" "part of" "reverse" "early" "late" "before" "after." HAZOP is most effective during design. A complex system is broken down into smaller sections, or "nodes."
A Bill of Lading for a hazardous material must have what three things?
Hazard class, ID number and quantity. Does not need to have the 704 placard or label (HMIS).
HMIS
Hazardous Material Identification System. Labels and color-coded bars to comply with OSHA HAZCOM.
OHSAS 18001
Health & Safety Management System Standard. Purpose is to maintain continuous improvement in safety.
Why are halons (halocarbon replacements) no longer used as fire extinguishers?
Health concerns: removed oxygen too well. Environmental concerns: contribute to ozone depletion & last 400 years
Sociocusis
Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources such as household noise, tv, radio, traffic, etc.
Presbycusis
Hearing loss due to old age
Heat transfer by convection
Heat transfer from fluid motion. For example, the exchange of heat between the skin and the surrounding air. Direction depends on what is cooler. Rate depends on temperature difference, the amount of air in motion and clothing.
Oxidizers
High oxygen ratio & release oxygen from thermal decomposition. Never mix these with anything else. Examples: fluorine, chlorine, ozone, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, perchloric acid. Often have the prefix "per" and suffix "ate."
Axial flow fans
High volume and low pressure drop; general & dilution ventilation; NOT good for LEV; NOT used to move air through a duct; sometimes used for comfort.
Coefficient of friction (materials, high & low)
High: wood, rubber, Low: ice, steel Same metal to same metal (brass to brass) is HIGHER than same metal to different metal (brass to steel).
3 classes of occupational noise exposure
Intermittent, Continuous, Impact-type
Metabolic heat
Internal heat -- the energy released during the process of cellular respiration. Produced by biochemical processes and by energy used in physical activity.
Risk transfer
Insurance - reducing costs by transferring to another party.
Colorimetric tubes
Commonly called "Draeger tubes." Change colors when exposed to specific contaminants (e.g., benzene). Quick, on-the-spot measurements and low-cost. Used for toxics and combustibles.
Who must provide scaffold training, and what topics?
Competent person. Fall hazards, procedures for erection, maintenance, proper use, placement, electrical hazards. CP must also supervise erection & disassembly. Scaffolds are DESIGNED by a QUALIFIED person.
CLI
Composite Lifting Index. Used for multi-task manual lifting. Uses the following for each task: -- Frequency-independent weight limit -- Frequency-independent lifting index -- Single-task weight limit -- Single-Task lifting index
Molecular description of hydrocarbons
Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
CGA
Compressed Gas Association
2 types of references for evaluations
Criterion-referenced: evaluating performance against a pre-specified standard. Training must always be criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced: evaluating a trainee based on how others performed. Ex: grading on a curve.
CIT
Critical Incident Technique. A set of procedures used for collecting direct observations of human behavior. Interviewing employees and collecting direct observations of behavior, using data to solve problems and develop psychological principles. Theory is that randomly selecting a sample of incidents can be extrapolated to represent the existence of similar incidents. (Flanagan, US Army Air Forces)
What is t(sub)a
DB -- Dry Bulb
"Power image"
Dark suit, relaxed, closed arm
Most common occupational disease
Dermatitis. Accounts for almost 50% of occupational diseases.
What's the first step in establishing a good quality plan?
Determining customer requirements.
Dilution vs. Local Exhaust Ventilation
Dilution: lowers concentration by adding air, less expensive and less maintenance than LEV, but less efficient. Dilution does not effectively control exposure. LEV sucks air at the source; more expensive but also more effective. Only choice for toxic contaminants.
chemical asphyxiants
Direct chemical action that interferes with the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. (Ex. carbon monoxide, cyanide)
Direct v. Indirect Costs
Direct: actual cash outlays as a result of an incident. Can be delayed but will involve actual money. (Examples: doctor's fees, therapy, w/c costs) Indirect: time spent, spent resources lost production -- no cash. (Examples: fewer widgets, incident investigation, rehiring)
Meniere's disease
Disorder of the inner ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, congestion in the ear. Usually affects only 1 ear.
6 dB rule
Distance. Doubling distance decreases sound by 6 dB. Halving distance increases received signal by 6 dB.
MVV
Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. Max air for 10-15 seconds. This test is rarely performed now, sometimes in athletes.
Envelopes for robots
Maximum: max design reach Restricted: where it could fling something and hurt somebody. Operating: where it typically operates.
Dry bulb thermometer
Measures the air temperature, freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiant heat. By itself, a dry bulb thermometer will NOT measure radiant heat.
Carpal tunnel affects what nerve and what parts of the hand?
Median nerve. Thumb, pointer and ring fingers, NOT the pinky. Inflammation and pain in the wrist. Thenar wasting is sign of advanced disease.
Percentage of men v. women who are colorblind
Men: 5-8% Women: 0.5% Most are "red weak" (protans) or "green weak" (deutans).
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory - SATISFACTION factors
Money, status, relationship with boss, company policy, work rules, working conditions. These things satisfy but do not motivate.
How often to SCBAs need to be inspected?
Monthly
OSHA's jurisdiction
Most private employers & workers. NOT COVERED: self-employed, immediately family farm workers, state & local government employees; workers regulated by other government agencies.
Monel metal
Mostly nickel, but stronger than nickel. Whitish in color, pliable for good adjustment, resists corrosion (like seawater).
Herzberg
Motivation-Hygiene Theory. The idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions. People are satisfied by intrinsic factors & motivated by external factors.
N-DEX gloves
Nitrile -- splash & spill protection for many chemicals. NOT for immersion.
Can a GFCI detect line-to-line faults?
No
Is friction (static or kinetic) affected by the amount of surface area?
No
O&M
Operations & Management. Used in asbestos management programs.
Group most responsible for operations safety
Operations management
Color used to indicate moving machine parts
Orange
Mutagens
Physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations. Can be passed to children if it affects the sperm or egg. Examples: ethylene oxide, benzene, hydrazine
Fire Protection Handbook's rule on piled & stacked storage heights
Piled --> 12 ft Stacked --> 15 ft
Storage heights allowed, for piled and stacked materials (Fire Protection Handbook)
Piled: 12 ft Stacked: 15 ft
Conjunctivitis
Pink eye. Inflammation of the mucous membrane. Arc eye is an example - from UV radiation from welding.
3 forms of money
Present Value (P), Future Value (F), Annuities (fixed sum paid over time)
NFPA 600
Private Fire Brigades
Latex gloves
Protects against acids, alkalis, salts & ketones. Resist abrasions, general purpose. Used in food processing, lab work.
Neoprene-latex gloves
Protects against detergents, salts, acids & caustics
Psig v. psia
Psia = psig + 14.7 (1 atmosphere). Psia = absolute Psig = reading on the gauge
Difference between males & females - manual labor
Pushing: females can perform 80% Lifting: 65% Lowering: 65% Carrying: 50%
In ventilation, what does Q = A x V mean?
Q = volumetric flow rate (cfm) A = cross-sectional area of the duct (square feet) V = duct velocity
Explain how resistance is calculated in a series system versus in a parallel system.
R(series) = R1 + R2 + R3, etc. 1/R(parallel) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3, etc.
Name the terms in S ≅ 6CiEf
Radiation formula S = Roentgens/hour/foot Ci = Curie (whole curies) E is same as MEV = Energy in megaelectron volts F = Fractional yield
Definition and types of ionizing radiation
Radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. -- Particulate energy (e.g., highly energetic protons, neutrons, and α and β particles) -- Electromagnetic energy in the form of photons (e.g., γ (gamma) rays and X-rays)
Emissivity
Ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. A black body is 1.0 (highest), down to 0 (bright, reflective surfaces).
Foresee ability
Reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is likely to result from an act or an omission to act. A normal person would have known the risk to exist and would have taken precautions to prevent. You're liable if you don't take those precautions. Important in product liability cases.
RQ in hazardous materials
Reportable Quantity
SQL, URL, HTML, HTTP
SQL = Structured Query Language (databases) URL = Uniform Resource Locator HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
U-clips always go on what end, and saddles on what end?
Saddle on live end, U-clips on dead end.
Rules on U-clips and saddles on wire ropes
Saddles always on live end; U-clips always on dead end. "Never saddle a dead horse." 1/2" to 5/8": 3 clips 3/4" to 7/8": 4 clips 1": 5 clips 1-1/8" to 1-1/4": 6 clips 1-3/8" to 1-1/2": 7 clips
Most misused hand tool
Screwdriver
Neutron rays
Secondary release of gamma radiation, causing tissue damage in the body. Shielding: carbon or water
Beta rays
Secondary release of gamma radiation; higher energies can cause skin burns Shielding: light metals (e.g., aluminum)
Most damage in the body from neutron radiation is from...
Secondary release of gamma, beta or alpha radiation, which causes tissue damage.
Pullback device
Series of cables attached to the operators hands, wrists and/or arms. When slide/ram is up (safe), he can access point of operation. When slide/ram begins to cycle, mechanical linkage pulls operators hands back. Because it's tied to a person, pullback devices must be adjusted for each operator.
Communication (definition)
Sharing information (not opinion) with others and being understood (not gaining approval).
Impact-type noise
Sharp burst of sound. Requires sophisticated instrumentation to determine peak levels. Generally noises that are less than half a second and repeat no more than once per second.
Who is responsible to complete shipping documents for hazardous materials?
Shipper
Alpha rays
Short range (<4" in air), can collect in kidneys, bones, lungs, etc. Eyes are an internal exposure. Shielding: skin, paper, water
Most common type of computer system error.
Software issues, by far.
Nystagmus
Involuntary rapid eye movements - often reported as horizontal, vertical, or rotary. Most common among miners.
In equations, what do K and Q stand for normally?
K = constant (e.g., disintegration rate) Q = flow rate (e.g., air velocity)
Conversion of Celsius to Kelvin
Kelvin = Celsius + 273°
Requirements for ground rings as a ground
Large diameter (#2+ AWG) steel that circles a facility at 30" deep, connected to driven electrodes.
Particle sizes
Large: silica Small: zinc
Personal protective equipment
Last line of defense Decreases injuries & severity BUT also, decreases efficiency
Below what low threshold do energized electrical conductors NOT need to be deenergized when being maintained?
Less than 50 volts.
NFPA 101
Life Safety Code
LASER
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a form of non-ionizing radiation.
What are OSHA's (1910.28) limits on pounds per square foot for light, medium and heavy duty scaffolds?
Light: 25 psf Medium: 50 psf Heavy: 75 psf
LEV
Local Exhaust Ventilation. Engineering system designed to reduce employee exposure to airborne contaminants (dust, mist, fume, vapor, gas) in the workplace by capturing the emission at source and transporting it to a safe emission point or to a filter/scrubber. More expensive than dilution ventilation, but also more effective.
Types of fire alarm systems
Local: Just those in the building Auxiliary: Provides circuit to fire dept. Remote: Sends to a remote location. Proprietary: Used in commercial buildings - kicks on ventilation, closes doors, etc.
LTPD
Lot Total/Tolerance Percent Defective. Level of quality routinely rejected by the sampling plan.
Emissivity of bright metal surfaces
Low - less than 0.1 (bright metal is a good reflector), meaning it is good for reducing radiant heat.
NFPA's occupancy classifications
Low, Ordinary, Extra
MBO
Management by Objectives. Employees are evaluated on how well they accomplish specific goals. Key result identified, date for achievement, measurable & attainable, specific & quantitative
Series redundancy
Many devices in series, each operated form a different source, must be activiated before an accident can occur. The more items in a series, the lower probability of failure.
NFPA 30
Standard on flammable liquids inside storage locations. -- 1 clear aisle at least 36" wide -- 4" sill to prevent run-off -- self-closing fire doors -- exhaust system
Alternatives to explosion-proof equipment
Supplied-air (positive-pressure) ventilation; enclosed inert-gas-filled equipment; intrinsically safe equipment
DeQuervain's Disease (form of tenosynovitis)
Swelling of tendon sheath of the thumb. Exposures: butchers, housekeepers, seamstresses. From twisting and gripping.
Implied warranty
The implication by a dealer that the product will serve a specific purpose. This implication is made by placing it on sale for that purpose, advertising it for that purpose and indicating in manuals that it will serve that purpose.
Multiplexing
The transmission of multiple signals on one medium or path (e.g., data & voice)
Theory X vs. Theory Y
Theory X - extrinsically motivated (pessimistic) Theory Y - intrinsically motivated (optimistic)
Listed Hazardous Waste
Those specifically listed in Subpart D -- non-specific source, specific source, acute, toxic, mixtures
Arc Eye
Ultraviolet (UV) light from welding. Injures the cornea and surface and mucous membrane of the eye = conjunctivitis. Pain, sand-like feeling, sensitivity to light.
NIOSH duties/missing
Under CDC, which is under HHS. Research, *recommend* regulation changes; testing & certification (esp. respiratory protection), training, investigations. NOT enforcement, but NIOSH has the same right of entry as OSHA.
Relaxation (regarding static electricity)
Usually 30 seconds; allows dispersion and dissipation of static charge.
What is the formula when given Velocity or Velocity Pressure and needing to find the other?
V = 4005 x √(VP) V = Velocity or duct velocity (expressed in lineal feet. fpm = feet per minute) VP = Velocity Pressure (inches of water column)
Calcium carbide should not be used with what?
Water. Can create a violent reaction that will produce calcium hydroxide and acetylene.
Heat transfer by conduction
When 2 objects are touching one another. Heat flows from the warmer body to the cooler. Rate depends on temperature differences, thermal conductivity of the bodies and clothing. (Example: copper pipes in concrete.)
Vinyl gloves
Worn to protect the hands when working with substances that could damage the skin (irritants).
standard deviation
a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
Raynaud's disease
a peripheral arterial disease from cold or stress; affects fingers and hands (fingers white), numbness; most prevalent when using vibrating machinery in the cold (chain saw, jack-hammer, etc.).
Tort
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
Teratogen
an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus. Does not propagate across generational lines.
Factors that affect absorption of noise
angle to noise source, frequency of noise, density, condition/cleanliness, type of mounting, shape of surface
pH greater than 7
base
Components measured in industrial effluents
biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, metal content, temperature.
organic substances
contain carbon
Safety incentive programs should be designed to...
influence & change behaviors (improve)
Lacrimators
local irritants that act primarily on the eyes. Can cause cataracts, optic nerve damage, retinal damage. Examples: Tear gas, MACE, naphtalene, methanol, thallium.
Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis
most appropriate to evaluate the risk for fatigue accumulation in tasks that are performed for an hour or more and where awkward postures or frequent exertions are present. Physiological demands are evaluated against published criteria of acceptable levels of oxygen consumption for body work.
OSHA & NFPA rules on oxygen & fuel gas cylinders
separated by 30-min fire wall that is around 5 ft high; must be stored 20 ft from each other.
Training requirements for HAZWOPER
site workers, spill response, PPE
Melanoma
skin cancer -- most common cause is sunlight.
When measuring sound level, what weight should be used?
"A" weighted, because it represents human hearing. "C" weighting is used for peak & valley measurements "Z" weighting is for flat frequency
Four (4) types of human errors discussed in Human Factors Engineering.
"Errors C.O.S.T. time and money" 1. Commission: doing something wrong 2. Omission: leaving something out 3. Sequence: doing something in the wrong order 4. Timing: doing something out of allotted time, too fast or too slow
Formula for calculating discharge volumes
(CFM1/CFM2) = (RPM1/RPM2) CFM = cubic feet per minute RPM = rotations per minute (of the fan)
ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - exemptions
- Vessel covered by federal government. - Small tanks - 120 gal of water under pressure - Hot water storage tanks - Pipes (ID of 6" or less) - Tanks with pressures 15 psig or less
Training requirements for PITs
- accident or near miss - observed unsafe operation - poor evaluation of operation - different type of equipment - workplace change - 3 years, regardless of the above
Density of water
-- 62.4 lbs for cubic foot -- 1000 kg per cubic meter (one gallon of water weighs 8.34 lbs)
Forklift rules in warehouses
-- Aisles & passageways free from obstructions & appropriately marked where mechanical equipment is used. -- Safe clearances must be allowed for aisles, loading docks, doorways and turns.
Principles of static pressure in ventilation systems
-- Always measured PERPENDICULAR to direction of flow. -- Tends to collapse the duct in an exhaust system -- Acts in all directions -- Static pressure is a part of total pressure
Examples of consensus standards
-- B56.1-1969 on Powered Industrial Trucks (American National Standards Institute) -- 30-1969 on Flammable & Combustible Liquids (National Fire Protection Association)
List the fan laws
-- CFM varies directly as fan speed. -- Total Pressure & Static Pressure vary directly as the square of fan speed. -- HP varies directly as the cube of fan speed.
Revisions to the Code of Federal Regulations
-- Each volume is revised at least once each calendar year. -- Each volume is issued on a quarterly basis.
Examples of proprietary standards
-- Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers (Compressed Gas Association) -- Threshold Limit Values (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists) -- Oil & Gas Well Drilling & Servicing Operations (American Petroleum Institute)
Examples of horizontal standards
-- Hazard Communication -- First Aid -- Respiratory Protection -- Walking & Working Surfaces
3 common types of heat transfer
Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Class C hard hat
Conductive, protects from falling objects, no electrical protection.
What are the 2 basic overcurrent devices?
Fuse & circuit breaker Fuses: release a gas that helps quench the arc.
Class C CDL
GVWR <26,000 lb
Class B CDL
GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer <10,000)
Class A CDL
GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer >10,000 lb)
How does a temperature increase affect a reaction?
Increases it dramatically.
Heat transfer by radiation
Solid bodies of different temperatures have a heat flow from the hotter to the cooler surface, normally through infrared radiation. Rate depends on average temperature of surrounding solid surfaces, skin temperature and clothing. (Example: heat from the sun.) Radiant heat does NOT heat the air, so ventilation is not an effective control method for radiant heat.
Antibodies
Specialized (plasma) proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents. Any of the body globulins that combine specifically with antigens to neutralize toxins, agglutinate bacteria or cells and precipitate soluble antigens.
SPCC
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure. Require signature by a registered professional engineer (PE).
Safest method to determine electrical current
Split-core ammeter
Ductility
The ability to bend without breaking Low: concrete block High: steel, gold, copper, aluminum
Halogenated Hydrocarbons
They are a subgroup of aromatic hydrocarbons. Noncombustible. Example: carbon tetrachloride.
What happens to ethers in storage?
They form ether peroxides. If heated may detonate.
Factors determining QUALITY of illumination
glare, diffusion, direction, uniformity, color and brightness
Characteristics of hazardous waste
ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic
PTS
permanent threshold shift. One theory is that these result from many TTSs.
TTS
temporary threshold shift. Will experience a transient attenuation.
kinetic friction
the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are moving over each other. Not affected by speed.
Static friction
the force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest
population standard deviation
the square root of the population variance
Water pressure per foot (in a column)
0.433 psi per foot of elevation
Conversions: Celsius to/from Fahrenheit
(°C x 1.8) + 32 = °F Example for boiling water: 100°C x 1.8 = 180° + 32° = 212°F (°F - 32) x .445 = °C Example for freezing water: 32°F - 32° = 0° x .445 = 0°C
Value of a "needs assessment"
- Distinguish between training & non-training needs - Identify problem before designing a solution - Saves time & money by ensuring solutions address problems they're intended to solve. - Helps identify factors that will impact training before it's developed. (Needs assessment is NOT to determine the type of training necessary.)
Probability of ignitable dust is governed by
-- Oxygen content & dust accumulation -- Particle size & impurities present -- Type of ignition & enclosure
Examples of vertical standards
-- Pulp & paper, 1910.261 -- Textiles, 1910.262 -- Sawmills, 1910.265 -- Logging, 1910.266 -- Steel Erectors, 1926 Subpart R
Examples of performance standards
-- Respiratory Protection, 1910.134 -- Lockout/Tagout, 1910.147 -- Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132
What components do warning labels have to have?
-- Signal words -- (e.g., Danger, Warning) -- Language understandable by all -- Steps to avoid injury -- Avoidance actions to prevent damage -- Consequences of improper actions (e.g., smoking)
Good accident procedures should do what?
-- determine trends in exposures -- be fact-finding (not fault-finding) -- identify management failures -- suggest corrective actions for both the incident and management
Value of group training
-- helps evaluate information -- sharing ideas -- helps trainees become actively involved in planning and implementation of company policy (Note: it is NOT expected that employees will gain skills in group training.)
Types of dust that can be combustible
-- solid organics: sugar, flour, grain, wood -- metals -- nonmetallic inorganic materials
carbon disulfide (CS2)
-- used as solvent in waxes, rubbers -- flammable (ignited by hot light bulbs, steam lines, static electricity) -- poisonous, absorbed through skin, irritation and CNS depression
HAZCOM standard required training elements
1) HAZCOM standard requirements 2) Operations with hazardous chemicals 3) Locations of HAZCOM program 4) How to detect the presence of hazardous chemicals 5) Physical & health hazards 6) How to protect employees 7) Labeling system & safety data sheets
Conditions necessary for dust explosion
1) High concentration of combustible dust in the air 2) Confinement of the dust cloud 3) Ignition source with some type of oxidant.
Conditions necessary for a dust explosion
1) High concentrations of combustible dust suspended in air 2) Confinement of a cloud 3) Ignition source with an oxidant
Risk analysis & management stages
1) Identification 2) Estimation 3) Evaluation 4) Response 5) Monitoring
Loss control
1) Identify hazards 2) Assess their risk 3) Establish control measures (Goal is not to eliminate risk -- can't be done.)
Major elements of an effective safety management system
1) Leadership 2) Worker participation 3) Hazard identification & assessment
Inspection items for self-closing doors
1) Lubrication on guides & bearings 2) Binders are not bent, thus obstructing door 3) Chains/wire ropes have not stretched. 4) Fusible links are NOT painted.
Requirements for metal underground water pipes as a ground
1) Must be in contact with earth for 10+ ft. 2) Supplemented by system (usually electrode) to ensure continuous ground.
Factors in the destructiveness of a dust explosion
1) Rate of pressure rise 2) Maximum pressure developed 3) Duration of excess pressure 4) Degree of explosion volume confinement 5) Oxygen concentration
Rules on Danger Tags under 1910.145 (accident prevention signs & tags)
1) Readable at 5 ft 2) Must use words, pictures or both. 3) As close as possible to the hazard. 4) Employees must be informed on sign meanings. 5) Positive, concise, standardized.
Grounding basics
1) Rods must be driven into the earth at least 8 ft 2) Maximum resistance in ground path is 25 ohms. 3) Strive for 5 ohms or less.
Dan Peterson, Techniques of Safety Management
1) Unsafe acts indicate management problem. 2) Ways to prevent injury can be controlled. 3) Safety managed like other corporate function. 4) Key to performance fixing accountability. 5) Safety must define errors that enable accidents. 6) Causes of unsafe behavior can be identified. 7) Unsafe behavior is mostly normal behavior. 8) 3 systems: physical, managerial and behavioral. 9) Safety system must fit culture. 10) No 1 right way to achieve safety.
UN Hazard Classification System (HAZMATs)
1-E = explosives (every) 2-G = gases (good) 3-F = flammable gases (fire) 4-F = flammable liquids (fighter) 5-O = oxidizers (obeys) 6-T = toxic substances (the) 7-R = radioactives (rules) 8-C = corrosives (carefully) 9-M = miscellaneous hazardous materials (mostly)
NSC's approach to behavior-based safety
1. Identify critical behaviors 2. Conduct measurement through observations. 3. Give performance feedback
Krause, Hidley and Hodson's "Continuous improvement safety process"
1. Identify critical behaviors 2. Problem-solving action plan 3. Measure performance 4. Acceptable? If yes, go back to #1; if no, go back to #2.
Mutiplier for continuous loads, when considering amperage ratings for protective devices (breakers)
1.25 Example: a load is 100 watts. Amperage must be planned as 125 watts.
When double-handle tools are used for POWER, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)?
2" closed, 3.5" open
#12 gauge wire maximum current allowed (NEC)
20 amps
Number of states that have OSHA-approved state plans
25 (plus Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands)
In a spray booth, the air has to be diluted so that what % of LEL is achieved?
25%
Name the different parts of a CFR reference, e.g. 29 CFR 1926.103
29 = Title 1926 = Part (Construction) 103 = Section Subparts are letters that group Sections (Subpart CC is Cranes & Derricks in Construction)
Minimum # required for a group
3
What dB at 3000 hz during an audiogram means the person can't hear the tone?
30 dB
OSHA required angle for a ramp
30 degrees
OSHA Form 300 & 300A classifications of injury
300: Log of injuries 300A: Summary Classifications: death, days away, transfer / restriction, other cases (4 total) Types of injury: injury, skin disorder, respiratory, poisoning, hearing loss, all other illnesses (6 total)
Main cause of sprinkler system failure
35% of the time: closed water-supply valves.
Number of hours of training required for new miners (MSHA)
40 (at least). This is SPECIFICATION-based training, as the training is prescribed.
Equipment should be maintained ONLY in the deenergized condition when when incident energy exceeds what level?
40 cal/cm2
Where does the arc flash boundary begin, for 50 kV or greater?
5 Joules (1.2 cal/cm2)
Under what circumstances could OSHA cite the General Duty clause? What is the code?
5(a)(1) of the 1970 OSH Act. Cited when: -- If employees were exposed to a hazard -- The hazard was recognized -- Hazard cause (or could have caused) death or serious harm -- There was a feasible & useful method to correct the hazard -- There is no specific standard addressing the hazard.
Minimum breaking strength of lanyards & lifelines (OSHA)
5,000 lbs
According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, what value should you assign to the working load limit of a lifting chain?
50% of what it has been proof tested to (not it's rated breaking strength).
For mechanical power presses, what is the safe distance for controls that require the operator's hands (with no guard)?
63" (5.25 ft) per second of stopping time needed.
NFPA 70 & 70E
70: National Electrical Code 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
Max travel distance of fire extinguisher in light hazard occupancies
75 ft. Includes places like churches, clubs, education centers, kennels, museums, homes.
Process Flow Sheet
> Shows where each toxic material is introduced. > Should be reviewed with engineering department. > THEN, you can sample the area to identify any actual releases.
Difficulty index (in evaluations)
A measure of how many students answered a question correctly.
Sound level meter
A meter which measures the sound pressure level and gives a reading in dB. Used for acoustic measurements. Has a microphone & diaphram. Diaphragm responds to changes in air pressure from sound waves. Used in noise pollution studies, when sounds are fairly constant with employees in a fixed location.
Psychophysical
A method used to study acceptable weights for manual lifting. Basically, the worker adjusting the weight to what he knows he can handle. Holds all but 1 variable constant.
Attractive nuisance
A dangerous place, condition, or object that is particularly attractive to children. Example: a swimming poole
De-rating
A device operating at less than rated maximum power in order to prolong its life.
In radioactivity equations, explain A or N, A(sub 0) or N(sub 0), t, T(sub 1/2), ln 2 and k
A = radioactivity remaining after time t A(sub 0) = radioactivity at a given original time t = elapsed time T(sub 1/2) = half-life of the radio-nuclide ln 2 = natural log of 2 = .693 k = disintegration constant
T-distribution
A bell-shaped distribution symmetrical about its median used to make confidence intervals with small samples (<30) and unknown population variance. Peak is lower, tails are higher. Used to examine differences between groups.
Hawthorne Effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. Showed that people respond to both positive and negative forms of attention.
Formaldehyde
A colorless poisonous & carcinogenic gas. Mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings.
Hypergolic
A fuel that will ignite spontaneously on mixing with another substance, like an oxidizer. No outside ignition source is needed. Use for rocket propellants. Common hypergol is hydrazine -- used with liquid oxidizers. Hydrazine is used in the space program.
Pareto Chart
A graph to identify and plot problems or defects in descending order of frequency. 80/20 rule. Assume you have limited resources and will help you focus your efforts on what will provide the greatest impact (biggest bang for your buck).
inverse square law
A law stating that the intensity of an effect such as illumination or gravitational force changes in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the source. Used in radiation, illumination, noise but NOT heat.
Boolean logic symbols
AND --> Tombstone --> MULTIPLY probabilities. This is a parallel design and the probability of failure becomes smaller because they all must fail. A · B OR --> Pope's hat, with a cross --> ADD probabilities. This means that only 1 component has to fail to compromise the whole system. A + B NOT --> Triangle --> A with a line overtop
Common ANSI safety standards
ANSI Z87 - eye & face protection ANSI Z89 - hard hats ANSI Z41 - footwear ANSI Z16.4 - recordkeeping for injuries ANSI Z12.1 - floor and wall openings
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory - MOTIVATION factors
Achievement, recognition, enjoyment of work, possibility of promotion, responsibility, chance for growth. These things motivate.
Metal Fume Fever
Acute condition from brief high exposure to metal fumes (e.g., zinc, magnesium, their oxides). Symptoms appear from 4 to 12 hours after exposure -- fever, shaking chills (flu-like). Recovery is quick. Workers can develop immunity, but a break and re-exposure normally makes it worse.
Life Safety Code maximum travel distances to exits
Add 50 feet if there's a sprinkler system. Assembly seating and tenant spaces are both 200/250.
Who is responsible for product defects in the supply chain?
All parties are liable: raw materials provider, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer.
At exposures of what temperature do alloy steel chains and fiber core wire rope slings need to be taken out of service?
Alloy steel chains: 1000 F Fibre core wire rope slings: 200 F
Tetanus
Also called "lockjaw." Sustained muscular contraction. Caused by claustridium bacteria. Comes from rusty nail or burn. Medical emergency.
Stock insurance company
An incorporated insurance company with capital divided into shares and owned by the shareholders. Profits are shared by stockholders, NOT policyholders. Profit-motivated.
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs. Caused by bacteria.
Voltmeter
An instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit
Psychrometer
An instrument used to measure relative humidity, consisting of a wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer. (A manual one is called a sling psychrometer.)
Retrospective cohort study (epidemiology)
Analytic / Observational. Both the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred. Least expensive but also can suffer from a lack of data (hard to get specific data points since the event was in the past -- e.g., what did you eat that night?).
Follow-up (prospective) cohort studies (epidemiology)
Analytic / Observational. Participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest. (Ex. Framingham, MA, Heart Study.) Most useful but also the most expensive. Also can be called "incident studies."
cohort study (epidemiology)
Analytic / Observational. They don't expose someone -- they just observe who has a disease and who doesn't. They permit direct observation of risk; exposure factor is well defined; can study uncommon exposures; the temporal relationship between factor and outcome is known; can track multiple outcomes from a single exposure.
observational epidemiology
Analytic. Documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations (Snow in England).
Vector-borne transmission
Animal/insect spreading an infection/disease from one person or place to another. When a causative agent is transmitted mechanically or biologically by a living vector (e.g., mosquito, tick, lice -- blood-sucking insects). Normally through a bite on the skin.
What is a slow-moving vehicle? (1910.145)
Any vehicle moving less than 25 mph. They are required by law to display this emblem.
Single point failure
Any weak point of a system such that if it fails, it will seriously affect the safety of the system (single shackle in rigging). Any one thing that could take the system out.
Leading cause of accidents in Wholesale & Retail Trade
Assaults & violent acts (e.g., armed robbery)
Exit sign requirements
At least 6" high, illuminated by 5 foot-candles
In hearing protection, what does Af stand for?
Attenuation factor.
BLEVE
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion. This is a major container rupture from a pressure release or explosion. Can be caused by a fire heating an adjacent tank.
Class 1 Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: <100
Class II Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥100, <140
Class III Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥140
Class IIIA Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥140, <200
Class IIIB Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥200
Class IC Liquid
Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥73, <100
Class IB Liquid
Boiling: ≥100 Flash: <73
Most common way to lessen/eliminate static electricity.
Bonding & grounding. Grounding must happen first, then bonding.
Estimating terminology
Bottom-up: based on work breakdown. Top-down: not much is know about project. Highballing: padding for contingencies Lowballing: used to get approval. Zero-based: all parts of budget must be justified.
Continuous noise
Broadband noise approximately constant for 8 hours a day / 40 hours a week. Common in industrial operations. To be considered continuous, the sound must happen more than once per second.
Smoke management terms
Buoyancy, compartmentalization, airflow, dilution, pressurization (Note: dispersion is NOT associated with smoke -- this is water.)
Computers vs. Humans
Computers: for routine, repetitive tasking & math Humans: for subjective decision-making, inductive reasoning.
What is the formula when when air discharge volume or rotational speed of the fan and need to find the other?
CFM1/CFM2 = RPM1/RPM2 CFM = cubic feet per minute --> air discharge volume RPM = rotations per minute --> rotational speed of the fan
Height requirement for ladder cages (OSHA)
Cages must extend down no less than 7 ft and no more than 8 ft above the base of the ladder.
Leukemia
Cancer of the blood that results in widespread and uncontrolled creation of white blood cells. This leads to a hindered ability to fight infection.
Vinyl chloride
Cancerous. Tumors of the liver, brain, lung, etc.
Sensitizer
Causing an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Includes things like swelling of breathing tubes, chronic lung disease. Examples of sensitizers: epoxies, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, nickel metal, maleic anhydrides
For high-velocity applications, why are circular ducts preferable to square ducts?
Circular ducts are better able to withstand stresses that can collapse ducts.
Symbols on extinguishers based on fire class
Class A: Green triangle around A (wood, etc.) Class B: Red box around B (flammable liquids) Class C: Blue circle around C (electrical) Class D: Yellow star around D (metals)
Class II, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class II: Dusts Division 2: Dust not normally suspended
Class III, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class III: Fibers & flyings Division 1: Textiles, woodworking (not explosive)
Class III, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)
Class III: Fibers & flyings Division 2: Stored or handled in storage
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Compression of nerves and blood vessels between the clavicle and the 1st and 2nd vertebrae. Exposure: typing, heavy loads, or unnatural arm positions.
CVS
Computer Vision Syndrome. Wide range of eye problems. Happens because work at a computer requires continuous focus & movement back and forth.
Requirements for building steel used as a ground
Connected to a ground grid or the reinforcing steel in the footing.
Staff safety professional's main role
Consult & influence. Helping line management accept accountability for safety performance.
Next best option to electric forklifts for emissions.
Convert the forklift to LP gas.
Formula for density
D = M/V
Forklift types
D: diesel powered units / DS: additional safegaurds DY: Diesel with temperature limitation devices E: Eletrically powered / ES: additional safeguards EE: Electrical motors are closed. ES: additional safeguards on top of EE units EX: Explosion proof. Can be used in flammable atmospheres. G: Gasoline powered GS: additional safeguards on top of G LP: liquefied petroleum LPS: additional safeguards on top of LP
DART
Days Away, Restricted Work, Job Transfer. An indicator of accident severity & frequency against other similar industry rates. (Note: the LEAST reliable way is to use lost workday cases.)
Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. (1978)
Dealt with OSHA's Right of Entry. The employer can challenge the right of entry, forcing OSHA to seek a warrant.
Classifications of epidemiological studies
Descriptive or analytic: Descriptive: surveys conducted to determine the population affected by disease (age, ethnicity, etc.) Analytic: Use descriptive studies to make conclusions (using mathematics and analytical techniques).
Purpose of safety program audits
Determine is the plan is actually being followed. Program evaluation is the measurement of results against accepted criteria (e.g., experience modifier).
NIOSH - purpose, rights & reporting
Develops recommendations; certifies equipment (esp. respiratory); develops information on safe exposure levels; conducts and funds research; provides training. Does NOT conduct enforcement, but has the same right of entry as OSHA if undertaking health studies of hazardous conditions and developing criteria for new standards. NIOSH is part of the CDC, under the Federal HHS.
ERPGs
Emergency Response Planning Guidelines 3 levels: max airborne concentration below which all can be exposed for 1 hour without experiencing... EPRG-3: life-threatening effects. EPRG-2: irreversible or serious effects. EPRG-1: mild transient adverse effects.
Relationship of elastic limit to yield point.
Elastic limit is always slightly lower than yield point. Elastic limit: the point at which a material under load will not return to original shape. Yield point: the stress at which deformation occurs, slightly higher than elastic limit.
Class E hard hat
Electrical use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from high voltages. Proof tested at 20,000 volts.
Forklifts in used in flammable atmospheres should be powered by...
Electricity. As an alternative, LP gas can be used.
Intrinsically Safe Equipment
Equipment designed and approved for use in flammable atmospheres that is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy to cause the ignition of a flammable atmospheric mixture.
OSHA requires employers to certify they have evaluated compliance with PSM requirements at least how often?
Every 3 years
OSHA regulations are updated when?
Every July 1
Heat exhaustion v. heat stroke
Exhaustion: skin is cool & moist; pupils dilated. Stroke: skin is hot & dry; pupils constricted.
GFCI
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. Fast-acting circuit breaker. Detects leakage and opens the circuit. Protects against overheating and protects humans. Deenergizes at 4-6 milliamps. Acts in 2-3 hundreds of a second (1/40 second).
What to do when transferring flammable liquids.
Ground the source container; ground the recipient container; bond the two together. THEN pour.
NFPA Ordinary Hazard Occupancy
Group 1: low combustibility, stock piles <8 ft - canneries, laundries Group 2: moderate, stock piles <12 ft - cereal mills, textile plants Group 3: high, flour mills, paper & processing
NFPA Extra Hazard Occupancy
Group 1: small quantities of flammables - die casting, rubber, sawmills Group 2: moderate quantities of flammables - solvent cleaning, asphalt saturating, flammable liquid spraying
HAZCOM required training & information elements
HAZCOM standard requirements; where hazmats are; location of written program; how to detect release of hazardous chemicals; physical & health hazards; how to protect themselves, including PPE, emergency procedures, work practices; labeling system; the format of the safety data sheet
What do altitude changes affect (and not affect) regarding fans?
Horsepower needed (air has less mass), static pressure (not as much needed). But the CFM (volumetric rate) is NOT changed by altitude, and neither is RPM of the fan.
Key ISO standards
ISO 9000 = Quality ISO 14000 = Environmental ISO 45001 = Occupational Safety Management System ISO 19011 = Management Systems Audit
Obvious peril
Idea that a manufacturer or distributor does not have to label something that is obviously hazardous (e.g. gun, hunting knife).
How do you multiply numbers with exponents?
If the integer is the same, you keep the same integer and add the exponents. Example: (1 x 10^4) x (1 x 10^3) = 1 x 10^7
Most robot accidents happen where?
In the operating envelope of the robot. (They do not happen to unauthorized personnel in the restricted envelope.)
What is the primary source for indoor air quality problems?
Inadequate ventilation
MARR
Minimum Attractive Rate of Return. What you need to see if you will have before you begin a project.
SCBA & airline respirator rules
Must be Grade D or higher; can use high pressure air; oil pumped with filtering is acceptable. Medical oxygen is NOT allowed - dangerous because of increased flammability.
Rule on handles for double-handle tools used for pinching gripping (e.g., pliers)
Must be spring-loaded to return to open position. Also, no sharp edges or finger groves on the handle.
MES
Multilinear Events Sequencing. Accident investigation tool developed by Benner of the NTSB - used extensively in aircraft mishap investigations. Uses flow charts and puts event in sequence. Uses a timeline.
Advantages and disadvantages of quiz question types
Multiple choice: can be objectively graded but don't demonstrate good recall. Fill-in-the-blank: good on recall, but problems with objectivity, hard to grade. Oral testing: is subjective. True/False: not creative
Types of multipliers in the lifting equation
Multipliers include: asymmetric, frequency, coupling, horizontal, vertical, distance multiplier (no speed multiplier).
MSDs
Musculoskeletal disorders. Pinched nerve, sprains, hernia, swelling, numbness, Carpal Tunnel, Raynaud's, connective tissue, repetitive motion, cumulative stress, jarred by vibration, awkward positions, cold vibration, excessive force.
Basic legal principles used by plaintiffs in product liability cases.
Negligence: the defendant's conduct. Strict liability & breach of implied warranty: the quality of the defendant's product Breach of express warranty & misrepresentation: performance of the product against manufacturer representations
Disaster plans should involve whom?
Neighboring companies, company SMEs, police & fire, medical agencies, government agencies, public officials.
Target-organ toxic substances
Nephrotoxin: affects the kidneys Hepatotoxin: affects the liver Neurotoxin: affects the nervous system Hematoxin: affects the blood Lacrimators: produce tears
Programmed learning
Now mostly computer-based, but not exclusively. Is very expensive to produce, but good on interactivity. Prompts learners to go back and learn if they didn't get it / questions along the way. Very useful for those who can only study for short periods of time. Forces learners to stay focused. Go-at-your-own-pace.
Required languages for HAZCOM
Only English. Others can be used in addition, but only English is required.
Cataracts
Opacities that form on the lens and impair vision. Can come with age but also ionizing radiation, ultraviolet/infrared radiation & chemicals
Ethers (and what happens in storage)
Organic compound in which an oxygen atom has a bridge between 2 hydro-carbon groups. In storage, they form ether peroxides.
OBM
Organizational Behavior Management. A plan for managing the behavior and motivation of employees through a formal system of feedback and reinforcement. Specify goals & objectives. Takes commitment from employees and management.
Main cause of leaking sprinkler heads
Overheating from being too close to heat-generating processes.
Potassium permanganate
Oxidizer used extensively in water treatment. Does not produce toxic byproducts. Regeneration chemical to remove iron and H2S from well water.
Name the terms in P = I x V
P = power, expressed in watts I = current (amperage) V = volts (or E = energy)
Convert % concentration to PPM
PPM = 1,000,000 x % in decimal form (add .00) For example: 2.5% concentration would be 1,000,000 x .025 = 25,000 ppm. Or, a percent is 10,000 parts per million.
PLC
Programmable Logic Controller. A computer system designed to operate a process, equipment or machine. Redundancy is critical to safety with PLC. Should be continuously self-checking.
Exit door requirements (Life Safety Code)
Properly marked; swings in direction of exit; cannot be locked; normally closed. Fusible links will stop spread of fire but not in time to stop smoke.
Double-insulated tools
Provides additional insulation around the tool. Unit's switch and gripping surface is non-conductive and requires no further grounding. (Not protective in water, however.) Symbol is square within a square.
R number
Reynolds number -- regarding air or liquid flow. < 2,000 = Laminar flow 2300 - 4000 = Transient flow > 4000 = Turbulent flow
Common roles in an Incident Command System
Safety officer, public information officer (PIO) and liaison officer
Heinrich's Domino Theory of accidents
Social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury. 300-29-1. 300 no-injury accidents, 29 minor accidents, 1 major injury. Heinrich shifted the emphasis from unsafe workplace conditions to focus on unsafe actions of employees.
Fume
Solid particles from condensation from a gas, generally after a substance is melted (e.g., welding). Notes: gases and vapors are NOT fumes.
3 components of every noise problem
Source, path, receiver
SMR
Standardized Mortality Ratio. Adjusts for age in epidemiological study data.
Describe how half-lifes are calculated.
Start at Year 0 with starting Curies. Year 1: Starting Curies / 2 Year 2: Year 1 Curies / 2 (starting /4) Year 3: Year 2 Curies / 2 (starting /8) Year 4: Year 3 Curies / 2 (starting /16) Year 5: Year 4 Curies / 2 (starting /32)
PCBs
Synthetic chemicals containing chlorine that are used in the manufacture of plastics and other industrial products, become stored in the tissue of animals, and also persist in the environment. Found in transformers, capacitors, fluorescent light ballasts, heat transfer enclosures, investment casting waxes in foundries.
Neoprene gloves
Synthetic rubber utility gloves that provide increased protection for handling potentially damaging or hazardous chemicals. Good for hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alkalis, aliphatic hydrocarbons, but NOT aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons. Good pliability & dexterity. "Don't use neoPRENE on benZENE"
CDL - X endorsement
TANK vehicle used to transport hazardous materials
In the TLV formula for solution mixtures, what is TLV(m) and TLV(f)?
TLV(m) = mixture TLV(f) = fraction by weight
What is the formula for total pressure in ventilation?
TP = SP + VP Total pressure is equal to static pressure + velocity pressure. Velocity pressure is always POSITIVE downstream of the fan. Static pressure is always NEGATIVE upstream of the fan.
THERP
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction. Detailed procedure for analyzing a task and determining human reliability. Basic assumption is that human behavior can be viewed the same way as the success or failure of a piece of equipment. Basically, the probability of human error.
Calculate the specific gravity of a bowling ball that weighs 20 lb on land and 15 lb in water.
The amount of water the same volume as the bowling ball is 5 lb (the difference). The specific gravity is the ratio of the bowling ball's land weight (20 lb) to the weight of the water it displaces (5 lb). 20/5 = SG of 4. It is 4 times denser than water.
Incidence rate
The number of NEW events occurring in a population over a given time period.
Static pressure
The force exerted by an enclosed, non-moving fluid when pressure is applied to the fluid. It applies equally in all directions.
Sectional areas of a discharge pipe cannot be less than... (ASME B31 Pressure Piping)
The full area of the valve outlets discharging. (So the discharge pipe must be greater than or equal to the valve outlets discharging.)
Autoignition Temperature
The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame.
CO2 fire extinguishers
They displace oxygen and bring down the temperature of the fire. Clean -- do not leave a residue. Good for Class B and C but not intended for Class A because force of high-pressure gas can scatter burning materials. Not good on fires with an oxygen source, metals or cooking media.
What happens when you inhale a large about of carbon dioxide?
This is called hypercapnia. CO2 combines to blood cells instead of oxygen. Increased heart rate; rapid pulse; increase blood pressure; nausea vomiting.
Proof coil chain
This is chain for gates, barriers, light construction. NEVER to be used for overhead lifting.
In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a tombstone represent?
This is the AND gate, where probabilities of failure are multiplied. This series means that all components must fail to bring about the system failure. This is a PARALLEL construction. Think of a toMbstone -- "M" for multiply
In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a pope's hat represent?
This is the OR gate, where probabilities are added. This means that any one of the components can fail and bring about system failure. This is a SERIES construction. Think of a cross (like a plus) in the middle -- you add.
TLC
Total Lung Capacity. The sum of all lung volumes/capacities.
TQM
Total Quality Management: A process developed by Dr. W. Edward Deming to increase productivity through quality control techniques. Focuses on continuous improvement, product quality and customer needs, using operation. Instills commitment to teamwork. TQM comes from line managers, staff managers and function managers.
Neurotoxins
Toxic substances that specifically poison nerve cells. Examples: lead, alcohol, manganese, flutamate, nitric oxide, mercury.
Standpipe System
Vertical pipes where hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to outlets. Class I: trained firefighters. Class II: first-aid firefighting. Class III: Have both Class I & Class II. Combined are Class I or III used with a sprinkler. Typically used in high-rise buildings.
In hand tools, with vertical and horizontal force is applied, when do you want straight or bent handles
Vertical: straight handles Horizontal: bent handles
Formula for WBGT
WGT + 3.6°F = WBGT
Double insulation does not protect against shock in what circumstance?
Water, wet locations
TanA =
a/b
SinA =
a/c
pH less than 7
acid
5 dB rule
dB scale. For every 5 dB you go up, the sound pressure DOUBLES. For every 5 dB you go down, the sound pressure is HALVED. (Example: 95 dB is TWICE the pressure of 90 dB.)
3 parts of means of egress (Life Safety Code)
exit access, exit, exit discharge
