ASP Exam

Conversion of Fahrenheit to Rankine

Rankine = Fahrenheit + 460° (Rankine is to Fahrenheit as Kelvin is to Celcius).

Types of building construction & fire resistance (NFPA 220)

Type I: Fire Resistive (most resistive of all) Type II: Non-combustible Type III: Ordinary (least resistive of all) Type IV: Heavy Timber Type V: Frame

Alcohol is a...

Vasodilator (expands blood vessels), which leads to more rapid loss of heat from surface of the skin.

Chrysotile

Also called "white asbestos." The most commonly encountered form of asbestos, accounting for approximately 95% of the asbestos in the US.

Purpose of a circuit breaker

Prevent overheating ("excessive or dangerous temperature") of conductors or insulation.

Frequency of human hearing

20Hz to 20,000Hz

Specific gravity

Also called "relative density." Normally in relation to water.

Hydrostatic test minimum pressure required by ASME code

150% of maximum operating pressure

Average # of hours for 1 worker for a year

2,000 (This is 40 hours / week; 50 weeks / year)

TLV, PEL, IDLH for carbon monoxide

TLV of 50 ppm (ACGIH); STEL of 400. IDLH of 1500 ppm (NIOSH) PEL of 35-50 (OSHA); ceiling is 200, instantaneous is 1500.

CDL - N endorsement

Tank vehicle with capacity of 1,000 gal or more.

How long does an employer have to contest an OSHA citation?

15 working days from receipt

Convert 62.4 lb/ft3 to psi

0.433 lb/ft2 (or psi) 62.4 lb/ft3 / (12 in x 12 in)

Carbon dioxide - when is it dangerous?

Above 9%.

NPDES

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (EPA permit)

Key management terms

Planning, organizing, leading (activating), controlling

Tinnitus

Ringing in the ears

Types of radiation

alpha, beta, neutron, gamma & x-ray

Molecular weight of air

around 30

CosA =

b/c

Limit for ionizing radiation per person per year (NRC)

5 Rem

Face ventilation

Used in mining. Effective method of reducing methane levels and controlling respirable dust.

CDL - P endorsement

16 or more passengers (including driver); Bus is 11+

Standard deviation v. POPULATION standard deviation

(Sample) Standard deviation: When you have a sample and want to extrapolate it. POPULATION standard deviation: used if (1) you have the entire population or (2) you have a sample of a larger population, but you are only interested in this sample and do not wish to generalize to the population.

Trench

-- Narrow excavation -- Deeper than it is wide -- No wider than 15 ft

3 barriers to active listening

1) Word barriers - death, liar, IRS, etc. 2) Emotional barriers - bias, boredom, fatigue 3) Distractions - phone

Employee rights under OSHA

1. Request an inspection. 2. Have a representative present at an inspection. 3. Have dangerous substances identified. 4. Be promptly informed about exposure to hazards and be given access to accurate records regarding exposure. 5. Have employer violations posted at work site. 6. Appeal the abatement date. 7. Be notified is exposed at or above PEL.

Continuous improvement in behavior-based safety

1. Specify standards 2. Measure compliance 3. Provide feedback on improvements

Grade D breathing air

19.5%-23.5% oxygen <5 mg/m3 of oil <10 ppm CO <1000 ppm CO2.

Strain Index

A simple risk assessment method evaluating risk at upper extremities, hands, fee, wrists, forearms and elbows.

Dosimeter (noise)

A sound meter useful for mobile worker that records noise exposure.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume. A substance in gaseous form at room temperature and pressure.

AQL

Acceptable Quality Level. Satisfactory process average.

Bacteria v. virus v. protozoa

Bacteria: single-celled, but not parasitic Protozoa: single-celled AND parasitic Virus: does not have all the components of a cell

Arc Flash Boundary

Based on incident energy. -- Source/Prohibited Space -- Prohibited Boundary -- Restricted Approach (must be QUALIFIED) -- Limited Approach -- Flash Protection - preventing any more than 2nd degree burns

How often should sound level meters be calibrated?

Before & after each survey

Dry chemical fire extinguishers

Bicarbonates, potassium chloride, monoammonium phosphate. They work by separating the 4 parts of the fire tetrahedron, preventing chemical reaction.

Color of Hazard Class 8 placards (corrosives)

Black and white

Class IA Liquid

Boiling: <100 Flash: <73

Most economical way to prevent internal corrosion in tanks

Cathodic protection. Only maintenance is infrequent replacement of a charged anode.

CHEMTREC

Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. 24-hr phone center operated by American Chemistry Council to provide assistance in response to HAZMAT incidents in transportation.

CBRNE

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive

Distance to fire extinguisher based on type of fire

Class A: 75 ft Class B: 50 ft Class C: based on pattern of A/B Class D: 75 ft

Class I, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 1: Normally explosive & hazardous

Monoammonium Phosphate

Common dry chemical extinguishing agent for A-B-C fires. Quick cleanup is important: when combined with water will corrode most metals.

Elements of a contract

Competent parties, subject matter, legal consideration, mutuality of agreement, mutuality of obligation. A contract does NOT include monetary duty.

Data logger

Device usually connected to a computer that collects digital data, to be used later. Examples: temperature, velocity, current, pressure, displacement.

Types of workers not covered under worker's compensation laws

Domestic workers; maritime workers; farm workers; temporary laborers.

Wavelength sizes according to type of electromagnetic radiation

From long to short: Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma

Dry Chemical vs. Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers

Dry Chemical: Used on Class A-B-C fires (ordinary combustibles; flammable liquids; electrical fires) Dry Powder: Used on Class D fires (combustible metals). They smother the metal, often with a foam that sticks to it.

Types of sprinkler systems

Dry pipe

Name the terms in E = I x R or (V = I x R)

E = energy (volts) I = current (amperage) R = resistance (ohms)

6 principles of auditing

Evidence-Based Approach Fair Presentation of Evidence Objectivity Confidentiality Due Professional Care Integrity

Number prefixes from greatest to smallest

Exa, Peta, Tera, Giga, Mega, Kilo, Hepta, Deka Base = 0 Deci, Centi, Milli, Micro, Nano, Pico, Femto, Atto

ERV

Expiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can breathe out.

Standard deviation places great value on what kind of values?

Extreme values, since all individual deviations are squared.

Name the parts in F = μN.

F = Force required μ = Coefficient of friction N = Normal weight

Major types of guards

Fixed, interlocking, self-adjusting, adjustable, automatic

Carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms

Flu-like symptoms -- headache, dizziness, weaknesses, vomiting, chest pain, confusion; you would NOT get blue lips & skin (cyanosis).

Arrhenius' Equation

Formula for temperature dependence of reaction rates.

Frostbite

Frozen skin tissue. First symptoms are pins & needles, then numbness, hard & pale skin; when thawed, red & painful; can cause gangrene.

X-ray equipment biggest risk

High voltages required to generate X-rays.

Description of a management system audit

ISO 19011: systematic, independent, documented, process for obtaining audit evidence & evaluating it objectively to determine how well audit criteria are being fulfilled. (Are they following the plan?)

What are the formulas for heat stress, both indoors and outdoors?

Indoor (no solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.3 GT Outdoor (with solar load): WBGT = 0.7 WB + 0.2 GT + 0.1 DB WBGT = wet bulb globe temperature WB = wet bulb temperature GT = globe temperature DB = dry bulb temperature

ICS

Incident Command System

Hydrotest requirement for compressed air bottles (ASME)

Must be tested at 150% of maximum OPERATING pressure.

P2

Pollution Prevention -- this means Source Reduction

Hot-mill or aluminized gloves

Reflective & insulating protecting. Used for welding, furnace & foundry work.

CDL - H endorsement

Regular vehicle transporting hazardous materials in placardable amounts.

Rules on steps & ramps (OSHA)

Riser: 6" - 7.5" Width: 22" min Tread: 12" plus or minus 2" Ramps: 30 degrees

REM

Roentgen Equivalent Man. The dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays. NRC limit is 5 REM/year.

SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, FCAW

SMAW = shielded metal arc welding = "stick" GTAW = gas tungsten arc welding = TIG = tungsten inert gas GMAW = gas metal arc welding = MIG = metal inert gas FCAW = flux core arc welding

Anthropometry

Scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body.

3 components of successful communication

Sender, message, receiver. Must deal with FACTS, not opinions.

Single system v. parallel system v. series system

Single system: one component only and its failure shuts down system. Parallel system: all parts must fail to shut down system. Series system: any one part can fail and shut down the system.

Most important factors in determining whether an employee will work safely

Team spirit, recognition, attitude. Important to reinforce positive employee actions.

What is t(sub)g?

Temperature globe = radiant temperature

What is t(sub)wb?

Temperature wet bulb

Strict liability

The legal responsibility for damage or injury even if you are not negligent.

Chain slings

Used in rigging, winches, etc. Standard material is alloy steel (includes bronze, stainless steel & Monel metals). High resistance to abrasion and failure.

Most important aspect of training program

Training objectives

Jockey pump

Used to maintain static pressure in sprinkler systems.

Smoke

Visible suspension of carbon and other particles, usually from a burning substance.

VPP Star Requiremenets

Voluntary Protection Program. 3-yr TCIR & 3-yr DART must be below at least 1 of the 3 most recent years of specific industry averages at the most precise level.

Treating exposure to liquid oxygen

Warm water. Never rub or use dry heat. Frozen tissue is painless but will be swollen & painful when thawed.

descriptive epidemiology

What, who, where and when. Concerned with organizing and summarizing health-related data according to time, place, and person. They generate hypotheses.

Color of Hazard Class 3 placards (flammable gases)

White on red background

Presbyopia

impaired vision as a result of aging, difficulty focusing

Difference in "Right to Know" and HAZCOM

"Right to Know" are state standards. HAZCOM, 1910.1200 is Federal OSHA, which applies in states without an approved state plan. So if a state has a "Right to Know" program but no approved state plan, HAZCOM prevails where applicable.

Res ispa loquitur

"The thing (negligence) speaks for itself." --> Obvious negligence. The principle that the occurrence of an accident implies negligence. One is presumed to be negligent if they had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury and if they had exercised care, the accident would not have happened (ex. piano falling from a window and landing on an individual, a sponge is left inside a patient following surgery).

Res ipsa loquitur

"The things speaks for itself" -- "thing" being negligence. Negligence is considered very obvious. The accident would not have happened if the defendant had exercised proper control. Example: a piano falling out of a window and injuring a person.

Smallest wire for 20 amp branch circuits (NEC)

#12 gauge wire

Fleet Incident Calculation

(# of Accidents x 1,000,000 miles) / Miles Driven Substitute 1,600,000 for km.

Types of foam fire extinguishers

AFFF = aqueous film-forming foam AR-AFFF = alcohol-resistant AFFF FFFP = film-forming fluoroprotein (motorsports) CAFS = compressed air foam system Arctic Fire = liquid extinguisher, quicker than water (steel industry) Foam is good for fuel fires - blankets with no flashback.

Lecture method (advantages & disadvantages)

Advantages: can communicate a lot of information quickly; good for a large group; control of content. Disadvantages: little audience participation; hard to pay attention; no hands-on.

Mist

Aerosol of liquid particles from condensation from a gas to a liquid.

Industry credited with development of system safety

Aerospace

Hematoxins

Affect the blood or bone marrow (which is the course of most components of the blood). Examples: arsenic, bromine, methyl chloride, benzene. Chemicals that affect platelets include benzene, aspirin, tetrachloroethane. Chemicals that affect white blood cells include naphtalene, tetrachloroethane.

Nephrotoxins

Agents poisonous to the kidney. Examples: heavy metals (mercury, arsenic, lithium), chlorinated organic compounds, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, carbon disulfide, methanol, toluene, ethylene glycol

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. But damage cannot be passed on to further generations. Examples: thalidomide, dioxins, lead, cadmium

1910.1000

Air contaminants. Performance standard & horizontal standard.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Air pollution that is a product of combustion of fossil fuels. Flammable, colorless, odorless, poisonous. Chemical asphyxiate. Does NOT harm red blood cells, but reduces their oxygen-carrying capacity.

Noise control barriers - most effective method

Air-tight enclosures

To protect against product liability claims, how long should records be kept?

As long as possible / indefinitely. most important is consideration of product safety during production.

Forward blades in centrifugal fan

Blades are curved in the direction of rotation. Used whenever a large air volume has to be moved in a tight space. Requires more power, which can overload motors.

Backward blades in centrifugal fan

Blades are curved in the opposite direction of rotation. More efficient than forward blades.

Active retention v. passive retention

Both are forms of self-insurance (or no insurance). Active retention: knowingly taking the risk. Passive retention: ignorant or neglectful of the risk.

Incident Command System principles

Common terminology, modular organization, management by objective (MBO), incident action planning, span of control, predesignated facilities, resource management, integrated communications, establishment and transfer of command, chain of command, unified command, accountability, dispatch & deployment, information management.

Emissivity of unpolished surfaces

Close to 1.0, which is high, meaning not great for reducing radiant heat.

Most common cause of sprinkler system failure

Closed post-indicator valve (PIV).

CWP

Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. From breathing in coal dust.

Acetone

Colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest and smallest ketone. Used in paint thinner and nail polish remover. High evaporation rate.

CDL - T endorsement

Combination vehicles with double or triple trailers

Combined audit vs. Joint audit

Combined: 2+ disciplines are being audited. Joint: 2+ auditing agencies are jointly conducting the same audit.

Back disability

Comes from whole body vibration. Exposure: drivers, subway operators, warehouse workers, nurse aides, baggage handlers.

What functions are similar in compliance, safety, health environmental and quality programs?

Common underlying objectives, use common approaches to achieve objectives, sharing common measurements.

Deductive v. Inductive Reasoning

Deductive: Starts with a general statement/hypothesis and leads to a logical conclusion, using facts, rules, definitions or properties. General to specific. Inductive: Makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Uses patterns to arrive at a conclusion/conjecture. Specific to general.

Deflagration v. detonation

Deflagration: subsonic combustion; propagates through explosive material Detonation: supersonic; propagates through shock

Radiant heat

Energy radiated or transmitted as rays or waves, in the form of particles. Longer wavelength than light. Comes from red-hot metal, the sun, open flames. It does NOT heat the air, but it does heat the object it touches. Opaque shields offer protection. (Ventilation will not reduce radiant heat.)

NFPA 704

Diamond with 4 diamonds inside. For fixed installations. Top diamond - Red - Flammability Hazard Left diamond - Blue - Health Hazard Right diamond - Yellow - Instability hazard Bottom diamond - white - special hazard.

Byssinosis

Disease from inhaling cotton fibers. Also called "brown lung disease" or "Monday fever". Reaction against cotton, linen, hemp products in textile/fabric industry.

Types of pneumoconiosis

Diseases of the lung. Anthracosis: coal dust Siderosis: iron oxide (foundries, welding, ore mining) Silicosis: silica dust Silicodiserosis: silica & dust

Restricted Approach Boundary

Entered only by qualified persons required to use shock protection techniques and PPE.

Prohibited Approach Boundary

Entered only by qualified persons requiring the same protection as if in direct contact with the live part.

Limited Approach Boundary

Entered only by qualified persons, or unqualified persons when advised and escorted by a qualified person.

2 basic procedures of performance measurements for safety

1 - Scheduled safety audits 2 - Benchmarking

Conversion of pound to grams

1 lb = 454 g

Convert atomic weight to moles

1 mole is the amount of grams in the atomic weight.

mph to ft/s

1 mph = 1.47 ft/s

When double-handle tools are used for PRECISION, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)?

1" closed, 3" open

Physiological responses to cold

1) Blood circulation is reduced, to use skin as an insulating layer. 2) THEN, shivering It is HARDER for the body to deal with cold than with heat. Cold puts more stress on the body.

Components in fishbone diagram

1) Equipment/Supplies 2) Environmental 3) Rules/Policies/Procedures 4) Staff/People

3 types of fail-safe designs & examples

1) Fail passive: reduced system to lowest energy state 2) Fail active: stays energized in safe mode until overriding action or alternate system activated (battery powered smoke alarm beeping) 3) Fail-operational: functions continue until corrected

3 most often recommended basic training courses for workers in general industy

1) First Aid 2) Fire Extinguisher 3) Contingency (Emergency)

HAZMAT tractor-trailer operators must know what 3 things?

1) First aid 2) Nature of the cargo 3) manifest location.

Adult learning principles

Explain purpose, share outline of session, show respect for learners, acknowledge learners' experience, allow choices, demonstrate relevance to their work, allow questions and interaction.

Intermittent noise

Exposure to a given broadband sound-pressure level several times during a normal work day. (Example: a supervisor who is normally in a quiet office visits the production floor several times a day.)

Trigger finger

A type of tenosynovitis where the tendon becomes nearly locked, pulling the finger toward the palm. Exposures: meatpackers, poultry workers, carpenters, electronic assemblers.

Express warranty

A written explanation of the producer's responsibilities in the event that a product is found to be defective or otherwise unsatisfactory. Implies a product will perform in a specific manner; contains safety provisions; is suitable for a specific use.

FMEA

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. Reliability tool. Ranks possible failures by probability. Very good at identifying single point failures. Good for systems with no redundancy. Inductive analysis. Cause --> effect model. NOT good for identifying failures in a system with multiple failures.

Negligence

Failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care.

Heat Syncope

Fainting that occurs when the body attempts to cool itself by dilating the blood vessels

NFPA 1500

Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program

Class G hard hat

General use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from low voltages. Proof-tested at 2,200 volts.

Butyl gloves

Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals (acids, alcohols, water vapors)

Butyl/neoprene gloves

Gloves that made of a synthetic rubber and protect against wide variety of chemicals -- acids, bases.

NFPA 10

Portable Fire Extinguishers

Holter monitor

Portable device for recording an electrical activity of the cardiovascular system over an extended time period, at least 24 hours.

What 2 primary actions influence behavior change the most?

Positive reinforcement and immediacy of feedback.

Positive vs. negative correlation

Positive: bottom-left to top-right (when x goes up, y goes up) Negative: top-left to bottom right (when x goes up, y goes down)

PHA

Preliminary Hazard Analysis. Used in pre-design stages; creation of an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation.

PSD

Presence-sensing device. "Light curtain." Creates a field that deactivates the press when an object/hand enters the area. Cannot be used on full-revolution clutches (part-revolution but not full revolution). Can be photoelectric, radio frequency or electromechanical.

critical pressure

Pressure at which no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs at any temperature.

Vapor pressure

Pressure exerted by a vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid at a given temperature; the ability of the liquid to evaporate.

Dynamic or velocity pressure

Pressure of a fluid (such as air) that results from its motion. It is the difference between total pressure and static pressure.

In a pre-action sprinkler system, system piping is what?

Pressurized. These systems are used when there's a danger of series water damage to the protected area.

Benzene

Primary aromatic hydrocarbon. Component of all gasoline and diesel. Association with leukemia & benzene = carcinogen.

Nitrile / natural rubber gloves

Good for chlorinated solvents. Resist abrasions, cuts, etc.

To improve noise absorption through engineering controls, what properties do you want?

Good porosity, thickness, air gaps

ASME B31 required discharge piping to be...

Greater than or equal to the full area of valve outlets discharging.

Per NFPA, the max size (gallons) for dry pipe systems, gridded & non-gridded

Gridded: 500 gallons Non-gridded: 750 gallons During inspection, dry pipe systems must deliver water within 1 minute. (yes, 1 minute!)

Safe distance between point of operation and slide or ram (which would cause injury) is based on what 2 things?

Hand speed & the stopping time of the ram. Distance rule is 63" (5.25 ft) per second.

Leading cause of all work-related fatal injuries

Highway traffic incidents

Black globe thermometer

Hollow copper sphere painted black to measure radiant energy from direct sunlight or other sources, such as machinery or hot structures. Have to wait 20 min for the transfer to take place.

Different types of standards

Horizontal: broadly applicable (most of OSHA) Vertical: specifically applicable to one industry Performance: tells what but not how Consensus: developed by industry-wide organizations through consensus votes Proprietary: from professional experts, societies for an industry (but not through consensus votes)

experimental epidemiology

Involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments. Investigators are actually causing exposure in some. (E.g., clinical trials). Very expensive.

Standby systems

Increase system reliability by having an inoperative or idling standby unit that can take over if an operational unit fails. (e.g., emergency electrical generators).

Best indicator of training effectiveness

Increased effectiveness of job performance

Glaucoma

Increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Leading cause of blindness in America.

Variations in the types of effects when 2 chemicals react.

Independent Effect: 1 Additive Effect: 3+5=8 Synergistic Effect: 3+5=30 Potentiating Effect: 0+5=15 Antagonistic Effect: 4+6=8

Laser classifications

Industry and international system for grading laser energy according to its ability to cause injury. Class 1: No eye injury Class 2: Visible light; blinking will protect (1 mW max) Class 3A: Hazard with binoculars (5 mW max) Class 3B: Eye injury, but not skin (500 mW max) Class 4: Eye & skin injury, also fire hazard (500+ mW)

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon. (Ex. Rotator cuff tendonitis can come from working with one's hands overhead.)

Tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. Exposure: core making, poultry processing, meatpacking.

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin. Also defats the skin.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Inflammation of the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel of the wrist. From repeated exposure without time to recover. Affects the median nerve. Exposure: cashiers, meat & poultry workers, upholsterers.

Epicondylitis

Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow. Carpenter's elbow.

Two-hand tripping device (or two-hand control)

Keeps operators hands away from hazard area since both hands are required on controls to activate machine.

Privity

Knowledge shared with another or others regarding a private matter. In safety, direct relationship between injured party and party whose negligence cause an accident. Basically the idea is that one who committed negligence cannot be held liable for injury to a consumer for a manufacturing defect if there are parties in between (wholesaler, retailer). But this is no longer the case.

Communication barriers for trainers (would make them less effective)

Knowledge: thinking you know everything Prejudice: opinion not based on reason or experience Attitude: favor/disfavor toward a person or thing Nonverbal: saying one thing, doing another

First event in an event tree analysis

Initiating event

IRV

Inspiratory Reserve Volume. How much a person can suck in (breathe in).

Purpose for safety posters

Instructions on how to use safety equipment; helps maintain awareness; reminds employees of specific hazards.

Pitot tube

Instrument used to measure turbulent air. Also can be used to measure water.

Lifting index calculation

LI = Load Weight / Recommended Weight Limit

Flash boundary

Linear distance to prevent any more than 2nd degree burns from a potential arc flash. Typically 4 ft. 1.2 cal/cm2 is the amount of heat needed to cause 2nd degree burns.

Natural rubber gloves

Liquid-proof. Protects against acids, caustics & dye stuffs.

Combustible metals (common ones)

Lithium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, potassium

OSHA Form 300

Log of work-related injuries and illnesses. Must be maintained in workplace for 5 years. Investigation findings must be maintained for 30 years.

NFPA Low Hazard

Low: apartments, churches, homes, office buildings.

Sprays & mists will do what to a liquid or gas

Lower the flash point & lower the LEL.

Wire rope inspection components

Lubrication, kinking, corrosion, loose/broken wires, wear of crown wires, high strands, nicks; cross-section measurements.

Calculation for moment

M = W x D M = moment W = weight D = distance. Distance to the fulcrum. With 2 support points, go half way (effectively the fulcrum)

Calculation for Maximum Use Concentration (MUC)

MUC = APF x TLV Maximum Use Concentration = Assigned Protection Factor x Threshold Limit Value

3 dB rule

Machines. If you add machines of the same noise and distance away, you add 3 dB for each new machine. (Example: 3 machines combined produce 98 dB. Add a 4th machine the same noise & distance. Will be 101 dB.)

Minimum elements of fire prevention plan (1910.39)

Major fire hazards, handling & storage, potential ignition sources, fire extinguishing equipment, controlling accumulation of flammables, safeguards against heat-producing equipment, those responsible for: maintaining equipment, controlling fuel source hazards.

MORT

Management Oversight & Risk Tree. Extremely complicated and detailed way of analyzing the causes and contributing factors of incidents. So time-consuming, really only useful for major incidents. Came from the Atomic Energy Commission.

Types of grounding electrode systems

Metal underground water pipes, building steel, concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer grounds) and ground rings.

Does a GFCI need a ground to function?

No - no ground is required. GFCIs protect even when the grounding conductor becomes inoperative.

Do circuit breakers offer protection from shock?

No - they are too slow. You can put a 200% load on them for 2 minutes before it will act!

Is dilution ventilation good for heavy particulates?

No -- this is better for local exhaust ventilation.

What is the formula for noise dose?

Noise dose = (C1/T1) + (C2/T2) + (C3/T3) C = calculated exposure time T = authorized exposure time

Behavior sampling

Observing workers' behavior at random intervals and classifying behaviors as safe or unsafe.

Sensorineural

Occupational exposure; permanent hearing loss that results from damage or malformation of the middle ear and auditory nerve.

Ways to improve reliability of a system

Parallel components (all work independently), Series design, Redundancy

What is the main factor with risk-taking?

Perceived control over the risk.

3 path types for robots

Point-to-Point, Controlled and Continuous

Wet scrubber

Polluted gas is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid to remove pollutants. Advantages: Can handle high temperatures and moisture, smaller size, can remove gases & particulates, can neutralize corrosive gases. Disadvantages: can form highly corrosive solutions, requires a lot of power, expensive, creates water pollution, difficult product recovery.

PVA gloves

Polyvinyl Alcohol. Good for strong solvents (chlorinated & aromatic). PVA gloves are water-soluable, so they cannot be used in water or water-based solutions. "Alcohol will not SOLVE your problems"

PVC gloves

Polyvinyl Chloride. Resistant to abrasives, especially materials coated in grease, oil, caustics. "C - same EE sound as grease"

Gamma & X-rays

Gamma rays are natura), X-rays are man-made. Far faster and stronger than alpha and beta rays. These rays easily penetrate through the human body. Shielding: lead or thick concrete

Simple asphyxiants

Gases that dilute or displace atmospheric oxygen below that required to maintain blood levels sufficient for normal tissue respiration. (Ex. carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, aliphatic hydrocarbon gases such as butane, ethane, methane, and propane, and noble gases such as argon, helium, neon, and radon)

Octave Band Analyzer

Used to determine where noise energy lies in the frequency spectrum. They are used to: -- Help determine adequacy of frequency-dependent noise controls. -- Select hearing protectors (they measure attenuation. -- Analyze frequency content of noise.

Slot hoods

Used to provide uniform exhaust airflow (e.g., over tank suface). Function is to obtain proper air distribution. (Note: Capture velocity involves exhaust volume and slot length but NOT slot velocity.)

Integrating sound meter

Used when noises are variable. It integrates, or averages, the changing noise levels over a period of time to produce an average noise level.

Thermal vane anemometer

Used where exhaust opening is large, air velocities are low --> spray booths or chemical hoods. Heated probe that senses velocity by the amount of heat removed from the probe. Direct reading & accurate.

Paddle wheel or long-shaving wheel

Used with medium tip speed for buffing exhaust, woodworking exhaust or when heavy dust must pass through the fan.

Rotating vane anemometer

Useful for measuring the airflow through large supply and exhaust openings where the air velocities are relatively high.

When to use high velocity ventilation (high fpm)

When dust settling is a concern, from high-density particles.

When an effective hearing conservation program is needed

When noise exposure exceeds an 8-hr time weighted after of 85 dBA.

Heat exhaustion symptoms

White complexion, nausea, headache, rapid pulse, low blood pressure, fatigue, confusion.

analytic epidemiology

Why and how. They text hypotheses an investigate causes and associations between factors or events and health. Key feature is a comparison group.

Silver Shield gloves

Wide range of solvents, acids and bases. Lightweight laminate, flexible but NOT form-fitting. "Gold would be form-fitting; Silver is not"

Stoichiometry

Wide variety of measurements and relationships involving mixtures of chemicals (reactants and products in chemical reactions). Balanced chemical reactions.

Five (5) categories of OSHA violations

Willful = worst Serious Repeat Other than serious De minimis -- no serious threat to employee safety and health

Restraints

Wrist straps, etc. connected to an operator to keep him from reaching into the point of operation (hazard area). Must be adjusted for each operator.

Audiogram

Written record of hearing threshold at specified frequencies.

Tort

Wrongful acts (or failures to provide due care) that do not involve contracts. Example: getting a grocery store floor wet and not notifying customers or barricading the area; someone slips and gets hurt.

Color used for tripping hazards

Yellow

Color of Hazard Class 7 placards (radioactives)

Yellow, Black, White

Does the employers have to post OSHA citations?

Yes, for 3 days or until corrected.

Audiometer

a device that can present tones of different frequencies, from low in pitch to high in pitch, at different volumes from soft to loud

Risk (defintion)

Probability of an accident + Severity of the accident. (or likelihood + consequences)

Poisson distribution: symbol meaning and purpose.

Probability. Good for modelling the number of times an event occurs in an interval of time or space. P = Poisson distribution r = number of observed events (or rate) -- this is what will or may change λ (lambda): expected number of events or baseline t = time e = natural log (2.71) ! = factorial, ex 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 (use PRB on calculator)

closed-loop recycling

Process waste is conveyed through closed systems to tank storage and then recycled in tanks before returning material into production system. Little degradation in the properties of the product

Hepatotoxins

Produce liver damage -- cirrhosis, tumors, fat accumulation. Examples: carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, flotoxin.

At what stage of product development should distributors, deals and field personnel be brought in for familiarization & comment?

Production "go ahead." This is where potential hazards, safeguards and precautions will be discussed.

Definition and types of non-ionizing radiation

Radiation that has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons. -- Infrared light (IR), visible light, ultraviolet light (UV), microwaves, radio frequency (RF). Lasers commonly operate in UV, visible light and IR frequency.

How does the body mainly exchange heat with its surroundings?

Radiation, convection (air flow) and evaporation of sweat

Dosimeter

Radiation: A device used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of radiation.

How can electrostatic discharge (ESD) be controlled?

Raising humidity (recommended relative humidity is 40-60%), using a static discharger, ion generator

(Data terms) Random, stratified, systematic, cluster

Random: everyone has an equal change. Stratified: separated by layers. Systematic: patterned response. Cluster: confined to a location.

REBA

Rapid Entire Body Assessment. Purpose is to develop a postural analysis system sensitive to musculoskeletal risk. Uses static, dynamic, rapidly changing/unstable body positions.

RULA

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment. Used to investigate exposure to risk for upper limb disorders. The results go into a wider assessment.

Mesothelioma

Rare malignant tumor (cancer) arising in the pleura (lungs) and associated with asbestos exposure. Also found in abdominal cavities. Comes from insulation, asbestos, especially chrysotile.

Color used to signify danger

Red

Reliability vs. Validity

Reliability: A reliable evaluation will adequately discriminate students based on knowledge level. Validity: A valid evaluation will measure what it is supposed to measure.

Minimum Procedures in an Emergency Action Plan

Reporting the emergency, exiting the facility, accounting for all employees, keeping critical operations running (if any), employees performing rescue or medical duties. And the name of the person to contact for more information.

Viton gloves

Resistance to PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), chlorinated solves, gases and water vapors. They CAN be used in water-based solutions. "VT-PCB -- all have the EE sound."

What parts of the HAZCOM label are standardized?

Signal words (Danger or Warning); Pictograms; Hazard statements. There are 9 total parts -- the others are not standardized.

Kinesiology

Study of human movement. Used in biomechanics, orthopedics; strength & conditioning; sport psychology; physical therapy

Pyrophoric

Substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Examples: magnesium, iron sulfide, plutonium, uranium, sodium potassium, cesium, lithium.

Examples of combustible dust

Sugar, flour, grain, wood, metals

Static electricity

The accumulation of excess electric charge on an object. High voltage / low current. Comes from flowing, pouring, pumping, filtering - any forceful separation. The charging rate increases with the speed of separation.

How do you determine the frequency of fan blades in seconds if you have RPMs?

The number of times per second the blades pass a fixed point. Then multiply that by the number of fan blades.

Exclusive remedy

The only solution, or compensation, available to a plaintiff. (Example: worker's compensation)

Primary factor in determining whether a company needs a full-time safety professional.

The potential for accidents or harm within the organization.

The destructiveness of a combustible dust explosion depends on what?

The rate of pressure rise

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function. The normal function of living systems. It is a subdivision of biology. How organs, systems and cells carry out their functions.

International System of Units

The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter. 7 total. > Luminous intensity: candela > Substance Amount: moles > Length: meter > Temperature: Kelvin > Mass: kilogram > Electric Current: ampere > Time: second

Fibrosis

The thickening and scarring of connective tissue in the lungs, usually as a result of injury. Makes it harder for lungs to expand and contract.

TLV-C

Threshold Limit Value Ceiling Limit - Concentration that should not ever be exceeded.

TLV

Threshold Limit Value. All employees can be exposed daily without adverse health effects.

TV

Tidal Volume. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath. Not considered in a pulmonary function test (PFT).

3 important principles of health physics

Time: less time exposure the better Distance: inverse square law (doubling the distance cuts exposure to 1/4) Shielding: barrier between energy and person (lead apron for dental x-rays)

joule

Unit of work or energy, equal to the work done by a force of one newton when its point of application moves one meter in the direction of action of the force.

Arc flash hazard categories

Units in cal/cm2 Category 1: >1.2 to 4 Category 2: >4 to 8 Category 3: >8 to 25 Category 4: >25 to 40 From NFPA 70E

Otis-Lennon

Used extensively in IQ testing. Not reliable indicators of an employee's ability to do well in safety.

Requirements for concrete-encased electrodes (Ufer) as a ground

Used in dry conditions (started in Arizona), installing 20+ ft of rods or wiring in concrete, then connected to a driven ground.

In probability formulas, what is the μ "mu" and what is σ "sigma" and what is X?

μ "mu" = mean σ "sigma" or σx = standard deviation X = data point

Coefficients of correlation

0 = no correlation + = positive - = negative + or - 0.6 = weak correlation (discounted in safety) + or - 0.7 or greater = strong correlation

Environmental Hierarchy of Controls

1 - Source Reduction 2 - Recycling 3 - Energy Recovery 4 - Treatment 5 - Disposal & other releases

2 INEFFECTIVE methods of reducing ergonomic injuries

1 - lifting belts 2 - medical histories and strength testing Neither has been validated.

What percentages are represented by 1, 2 and 3 standard deviations?

1 Standard Deviation: 68% 2 Standard Deviations: 95.45% 3 Standard Deviations: 99.73% (This goes in both directions, - and +)

Convert gallons to cubic feet

1 cubic foot = 7.48 gallons 1 gallon = 0.133 cubic feet

Weight density of water

1 gram/mL (1 mL is also 1 cm3), or 1 kg/m3 62.4 lb/ft3

kg to lb, lb to kg

1 kg = 2.2 lb 1 lb = 0.45 kg

Requirements for firefighting booster pumps (NFPA 20)

1) Can't develop more than 140% of rated pressure at shut off (closed system). 2) Must deliver rated flow at rated pressure. 3) Must deliver 150% of rated flow at 65% of rated pressure. 4) Annual flow test.

3 leading causes of fires

1) Electrical -- 22% 2) Smoking -- 9% 3) Hot surfaces -- 9%

Hierarchy of Safety and Health Controls

1) Elimination 2) Substitution 3) Engineering Controls (ex. LEV) 4) Warnings/Administrative (ex. LOTO, work/rest) 5) Personal Protective Equipment ANSI Z10 puts Warnings as #4 and Admin as #5

When a 2-hand control is used on a part revolution clutch press, how is the safe distance determined?

1) Hand speed 2) Stopping time of slide or ram

Steps in safety sampling

1) Prepare a code. 2) Take the sample. 3) Validate the sample. 4) Prepare the report. Used to verify effectiveness of a safety strategy.

Purpose of hoods on grinders

1) Protect from bursting wheel. 2) Remove dirt, dust, etc. from operations.

Parking lot design principles

1) Provide a separate entry and exit way. 2) Separate lanes should be located where flow can be controlled by a traffic light or merge / acceleration lane. 3) Right turns from and into the lot are preferred.

Minimum clearance distance between cranes (and all parts of the load) & power lines (OSHA)

10 ft for 50 kV or less Add 0.4" for every kV above 50 kV, or twice the length of the line insulator

Employers with how many employees can verbally communicate an Emergency Action Plan?

10 or fewer. All others must have a written one.

Standpipe systems minimum flow rate

100 gal/min

Relationship of H+ and pH

10^-1 is 1, or a strong acid. 10^-6 is 6 or weak acid. 10^-14 is 14, or a strong base. 10^-8 is 8 or weak base. H is a scale of 0 - 14. 0 = Acidic, 7 = Pure water, 14 = Alkalotic/Basic

OSHA (1910.179) requires proof-testing for cranes at what capacity, if it has been out of service?

125% Ex: 60-ton crane must be tested at 75 tons.

LPG hose bursting pressure rating

1250 psig (working pressure is 250 = safety factor of 5).

Employees should never be exposed to how many decibels?

140 dB

Proper placement of video terminals

15 to 25 degrees below horizontal line of sight.

Sling angle and stress rules of thumb

15° = twice the load 30° = the load 45° = 70% of the load 60° = 58% of the load 90° = 50% of the load Load/#slings/sinA = stress on the sling If there are 4 slings, calculate for 3 only. If there are 3 slings, calculate for 2 only.

How many recent audit reports must PSM employers maintain?

2 most recent

Definition of an enclosed structure

2 walls or more

At what pressure does the ASME Code on Boiler & Pressure Vessels require detailed design by a PE?

3,000 psi

How many biosafety levels are there?

4 (NIH)

What amount of electrical current could kill a person?

70-100 milliamps (mA)

Emergency Management Components

> Preparedness > Response > Recovery > Mitigation

If tanA = x, what is A?

A = tan^-1(x).

Wet chemical fire extinguisher

A fire extinguisher for use on Class K fires that contains a wet chemical extinguishing agent. All begin with potassium. They form a soapy foam blanket. Used in burning oil. Useful for Class A & Class K.

activated carbon

A form of specially treated, porous carbon, used to absorb various odors and vapors. Has a non-polar surface.

Cohort

A group of people from a given time period, or who share a common characteristic or experience.

Case-control study (epidemiology)

Analytic / Observational. A group of people with disease is enrolled. As a comparison group, the investigator then enrolls a group of people without disease (controls). Exposures between the 2 groups are compared. To study rare diseases, or multiple exposures to one outcome. Less expensive.

Cross-sectional (or prevalence) study (epidemiology)

Analytic / Observational. A representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time -- all in the present. Analyzes the relationship of the exposure agent to disease.

Management grid

By Black & Mouton. X & Y axis 1,1 = Indifferent (bottom-left) 1,9 = Dictator (bottom-right) 9,1 = Country Club Manager (top-left) 9,9 = Team Manager (top-right) 5,5 = Middle-of-the-Road Manager (middle)

Fields that influenced Ergonomics

Bio-engineering, industrial engineering, anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, systems engineering.

Color of Hazard Class 1 placards (explosives)

Black on orange background

Color of Hazard Class 6 placards (toxics)

Black on white background

Color of Hazard Class 5 placard (oxidizers -- main one)

Black on yellow background

Color used to denote information

Blue

Wheatstone bridge

A type of electrical circuit used in combustible gas meters. It's exposed to an unknown atmosphere and when it encounters a combustible gas, resistance is increased, which is measured.

BTU

British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit.

How to halon & halon-replacement clean agents and carbon dioxide extinguish a fire?

By displacing oxygen, removing heat from the combustion zone, or inhibiting the chain reaction. They do not leave a resudent -- which is good for electronics, museums, aircraft (255, Vol 1)

Substance most responsible for Greenhouse Effect.

Carbon dioxide, about 20 percent. Water is 50%. Clouds are 25%. The rest is particles and minor greenhouse gases like methane.

Another term for oncogenesis

Carcinogenesis. The creation of cancer in the body.

Ways to treat hazardous waste

Chemical treatment: reduction, neutralization, biological degradation, precipitation Mechanical or physical treatment: filtration, phase separation, centrifugation, adsorption

Irritants

Chemicals that will irritate tissue, causing redness, rashes, swelling, coughing and even bleeding. (Examples: chlorine, ammonia)

Class I, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class I: Gases, Liquids and Vapors. Division 2: Not normally present in explosive concentration.

Class II, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class II: Dusts Division 1: Normally in suspension or conductive

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

Adbuction: increasing angle of arm to body, AWAY. Adduction: decreasing angle of arm to body, TOWARD. Extension: increasing angle of forearm to bicep. Flexion: decreasing angle of forearm to bicep.

Reverse jet baghouse fabric filtration

Air pollution control device from commercial processes or combustion for electricity generation. 1) Very efficient (99%) 2) Expensive and large 3) Require control of moisture in dust 4) Costly to maintain

2 types of hydrocarbon

Aliphatic: propane, butane, methane, ethane Aromatic: benzene & derivatives (e.g., naphtalene)

Parallel redundancy

All components perform the same function at the same time. Used for equipment that is in continuous operation. If one component fails, the other will keep it going.

Fellow Servant Rule

An employer defense that another employee, not the employer, caused a workplace injury. No longer applies now, with worker's compensation laws.

Stereotype

An oversimplified generalization associated with a person or group.

ESD

Electrostatic Discharge

ESP

Electrostatic precipitators. Filtration device that removes fine particles (dust, smoke) from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Sensitive to electrical resistance & particle size distribution. Messy to clean but effecient in energy consumption.

Movable barrier

Encloses the point of operation before a press stroke begins.

Centrifugal fans

Fan axis is perpendicular to flow -- spits air out 90 degrees. Low noise. Suited to high pressures. Low to moderate static pressures; used in heating & air conditioning; workhorse of industrial hygiene; sometimes called squirrel cages; good for lint, wood chips & dust.

FTA

Fault Tree Analysis. Good for highly redundant systems; deductive reasoning; quantitative assessment; starts with an INITIATING event; moves from general to specific; uses Boolean logic; it is the "effect-->cause" model.

Ergonomics

Fitting the job to the worker. Comfort design. Studying how to design equipment to match humans physically and cognitively. Has gotten contributions from psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, anthropometry.

Flash point v. Autoignition temperature v. Fire point

Flash point: lowest temperature at which a substance can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Autoignition point: lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite, with NO ignition source. Fire point: temperature at which vapor continues to burn after being ignited.

Signal word v. Major message

For signage Signal word: designed to quickly get your attention (Ex. "DANGER!" "WARNING!") Major message: main point on specific hazardous condition. (Ex. "Do Not Use." "High Voltage")

FVC / FEV1

Forced Vital Capacity. Most important test in spirometry. Test of expiration as forceful and rapidly as possible. FEV1 is the first second of the FVC.

Hazen-Williams Formula

Formula for determining friction loss in hydraulic calculations that involve fire sprinkler systems. Greatest factor is the diameter of the pipe.

Dry powder fire extinguishers

Formulations developed specifically for use on class D combustibles (metals). They smother a fire and form a crust. -- Sodium chloride -- Sodium carbonate: good for stainless steel -- Copper-based: good on lithium only. Cuts oxygen. -- Graphite-based: good on magnesium and others

Best ways to control driver error

From NSC: 1) Driver selection program 2) Training & supervision 3) Preventive maintenance on equipment

Hazards of welding on stainless steel

Fumes of nickel, chromium & fluorides

HAZOP

Hazard and Operability Study. Analysis methodology to examine how process variations affect a system. (Ex: equipment failures, human error, chemical reactions.) Uses guide words: "none" "more" "less" "as well as" "part of" "reverse" "early" "late" "before" "after." HAZOP is most effective during design. A complex system is broken down into smaller sections, or "nodes."

A Bill of Lading for a hazardous material must have what three things?

Hazard class, ID number and quantity. Does not need to have the 704 placard or label (HMIS).

HMIS

Hazardous Material Identification System. Labels and color-coded bars to comply with OSHA HAZCOM.

OHSAS 18001

Health & Safety Management System Standard. Purpose is to maintain continuous improvement in safety.

Why are halons (halocarbon replacements) no longer used as fire extinguishers?

Health concerns: removed oxygen too well. Environmental concerns: contribute to ozone depletion & last 400 years

Sociocusis

Hearing loss due to non-occupational noise sources such as household noise, tv, radio, traffic, etc.

Presbycusis

Hearing loss due to old age

Heat transfer by convection

Heat transfer from fluid motion. For example, the exchange of heat between the skin and the surrounding air. Direction depends on what is cooler. Rate depends on temperature difference, the amount of air in motion and clothing.

Oxidizers

High oxygen ratio & release oxygen from thermal decomposition. Never mix these with anything else. Examples: fluorine, chlorine, ozone, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, perchloric acid. Often have the prefix "per" and suffix "ate."

Axial flow fans

High volume and low pressure drop; general & dilution ventilation; NOT good for LEV; NOT used to move air through a duct; sometimes used for comfort.

Coefficient of friction (materials, high & low)

High: wood, rubber, Low: ice, steel Same metal to same metal (brass to brass) is HIGHER than same metal to different metal (brass to steel).

3 classes of occupational noise exposure

Intermittent, Continuous, Impact-type

Metabolic heat

Internal heat -- the energy released during the process of cellular respiration. Produced by biochemical processes and by energy used in physical activity.

Risk transfer

Insurance - reducing costs by transferring to another party.

Colorimetric tubes

Commonly called "Draeger tubes." Change colors when exposed to specific contaminants (e.g., benzene). Quick, on-the-spot measurements and low-cost. Used for toxics and combustibles.

Who must provide scaffold training, and what topics?

Competent person. Fall hazards, procedures for erection, maintenance, proper use, placement, electrical hazards. CP must also supervise erection & disassembly. Scaffolds are DESIGNED by a QUALIFIED person.

CLI

Composite Lifting Index. Used for multi-task manual lifting. Uses the following for each task: -- Frequency-independent weight limit -- Frequency-independent lifting index -- Single-task weight limit -- Single-Task lifting index

Molecular description of hydrocarbons

Compounds that have only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

CGA

Compressed Gas Association

2 types of references for evaluations

Criterion-referenced: evaluating performance against a pre-specified standard. Training must always be criterion-referenced. Norm-referenced: evaluating a trainee based on how others performed. Ex: grading on a curve.

CIT

Critical Incident Technique. A set of procedures used for collecting direct observations of human behavior. Interviewing employees and collecting direct observations of behavior, using data to solve problems and develop psychological principles. Theory is that randomly selecting a sample of incidents can be extrapolated to represent the existence of similar incidents. (Flanagan, US Army Air Forces)

What is t(sub)a

DB -- Dry Bulb

"Power image"

Dark suit, relaxed, closed arm

Most common occupational disease

Dermatitis. Accounts for almost 50% of occupational diseases.

What's the first step in establishing a good quality plan?

Determining customer requirements.

Dilution vs. Local Exhaust Ventilation

Dilution: lowers concentration by adding air, less expensive and less maintenance than LEV, but less efficient. Dilution does not effectively control exposure. LEV sucks air at the source; more expensive but also more effective. Only choice for toxic contaminants.

chemical asphyxiants

Direct chemical action that interferes with the transportation of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. (Ex. carbon monoxide, cyanide)

Direct v. Indirect Costs

Direct: actual cash outlays as a result of an incident. Can be delayed but will involve actual money. (Examples: doctor's fees, therapy, w/c costs) Indirect: time spent, spent resources lost production -- no cash. (Examples: fewer widgets, incident investigation, rehiring)

Meniere's disease

Disorder of the inner ear. Severe vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, congestion in the ear. Usually affects only 1 ear.

6 dB rule

Distance. Doubling distance decreases sound by 6 dB. Halving distance increases received signal by 6 dB.

MVV

Maximal Voluntary Ventilation. Max air for 10-15 seconds. This test is rarely performed now, sometimes in athletes.

Envelopes for robots

Maximum: max design reach Restricted: where it could fling something and hurt somebody. Operating: where it typically operates.

Dry bulb thermometer

Measures the air temperature, freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiant heat. By itself, a dry bulb thermometer will NOT measure radiant heat.

Carpal tunnel affects what nerve and what parts of the hand?

Median nerve. Thumb, pointer and ring fingers, NOT the pinky. Inflammation and pain in the wrist. Thenar wasting is sign of advanced disease.

Percentage of men v. women who are colorblind

Men: 5-8% Women: 0.5% Most are "red weak" (protans) or "green weak" (deutans).

Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory - SATISFACTION factors

Money, status, relationship with boss, company policy, work rules, working conditions. These things satisfy but do not motivate.

How often to SCBAs need to be inspected?

Monthly

OSHA's jurisdiction

Most private employers & workers. NOT COVERED: self-employed, immediately family farm workers, state & local government employees; workers regulated by other government agencies.

Monel metal

Mostly nickel, but stronger than nickel. Whitish in color, pliable for good adjustment, resists corrosion (like seawater).

Herzberg

Motivation-Hygiene Theory. The idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions. People are satisfied by intrinsic factors & motivated by external factors.

N-DEX gloves

Nitrile -- splash & spill protection for many chemicals. NOT for immersion.

Can a GFCI detect line-to-line faults?

No

Is friction (static or kinetic) affected by the amount of surface area?

No

O&M

Operations & Management. Used in asbestos management programs.

Group most responsible for operations safety

Operations management

Color used to indicate moving machine parts

Orange

Mutagens

Physical and chemical agents that interact with DNA to cause mutations. Can be passed to children if it affects the sperm or egg. Examples: ethylene oxide, benzene, hydrazine

Fire Protection Handbook's rule on piled & stacked storage heights

Piled --> 12 ft Stacked --> 15 ft

Storage heights allowed, for piled and stacked materials (Fire Protection Handbook)

Piled: 12 ft Stacked: 15 ft

Conjunctivitis

Pink eye. Inflammation of the mucous membrane. Arc eye is an example - from UV radiation from welding.

3 forms of money

Present Value (P), Future Value (F), Annuities (fixed sum paid over time)

NFPA 600

Private Fire Brigades

Latex gloves

Protects against acids, alkalis, salts & ketones. Resist abrasions, general purpose. Used in food processing, lab work.

Neoprene-latex gloves

Protects against detergents, salts, acids & caustics

Psig v. psia

Psia = psig + 14.7 (1 atmosphere). Psia = absolute Psig = reading on the gauge

Difference between males & females - manual labor

Pushing: females can perform 80% Lifting: 65% Lowering: 65% Carrying: 50%

In ventilation, what does Q = A x V mean?

Q = volumetric flow rate (cfm) A = cross-sectional area of the duct (square feet) V = duct velocity

Explain how resistance is calculated in a series system versus in a parallel system.

R(series) = R1 + R2 + R3, etc. 1/R(parallel) = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3, etc.

Name the terms in S ≅ 6CiEf

Radiation formula S = Roentgens/hour/foot Ci = Curie (whole curies) E is same as MEV = Energy in megaelectron volts F = Fractional yield

Definition and types of ionizing radiation

Radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. -- Particulate energy (e.g., highly energetic protons, neutrons, and α and β particles) -- Electromagnetic energy in the form of photons (e.g., γ (gamma) rays and X-rays)

Emissivity

Ratio of radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a black body at the same temperature. A black body is 1.0 (highest), down to 0 (bright, reflective surfaces).

Foresee ability

Reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is likely to result from an act or an omission to act. A normal person would have known the risk to exist and would have taken precautions to prevent. You're liable if you don't take those precautions. Important in product liability cases.

RQ in hazardous materials

Reportable Quantity

SQL, URL, HTML, HTTP

SQL = Structured Query Language (databases) URL = Uniform Resource Locator HTML = Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

U-clips always go on what end, and saddles on what end?

Saddle on live end, U-clips on dead end.

Rules on U-clips and saddles on wire ropes

Saddles always on live end; U-clips always on dead end. "Never saddle a dead horse." 1/2" to 5/8": 3 clips 3/4" to 7/8": 4 clips 1": 5 clips 1-1/8" to 1-1/4": 6 clips 1-3/8" to 1-1/2": 7 clips

Most misused hand tool

Screwdriver

Neutron rays

Secondary release of gamma radiation, causing tissue damage in the body. Shielding: carbon or water

Beta rays

Secondary release of gamma radiation; higher energies can cause skin burns Shielding: light metals (e.g., aluminum)

Most damage in the body from neutron radiation is from...

Secondary release of gamma, beta or alpha radiation, which causes tissue damage.

Pullback device

Series of cables attached to the operators hands, wrists and/or arms. When slide/ram is up (safe), he can access point of operation. When slide/ram begins to cycle, mechanical linkage pulls operators hands back. Because it's tied to a person, pullback devices must be adjusted for each operator.

Communication (definition)

Sharing information (not opinion) with others and being understood (not gaining approval).

Impact-type noise

Sharp burst of sound. Requires sophisticated instrumentation to determine peak levels. Generally noises that are less than half a second and repeat no more than once per second.

Who is responsible to complete shipping documents for hazardous materials?

Shipper

Alpha rays

Short range (<4" in air), can collect in kidneys, bones, lungs, etc. Eyes are an internal exposure. Shielding: skin, paper, water

Most common type of computer system error.

Software issues, by far.

Nystagmus

Involuntary rapid eye movements - often reported as horizontal, vertical, or rotary. Most common among miners.

In equations, what do K and Q stand for normally?

K = constant (e.g., disintegration rate) Q = flow rate (e.g., air velocity)

Conversion of Celsius to Kelvin

Kelvin = Celsius + 273°

Requirements for ground rings as a ground

Large diameter (#2+ AWG) steel that circles a facility at 30" deep, connected to driven electrodes.

Particle sizes

Large: silica Small: zinc

Personal protective equipment

Last line of defense Decreases injuries & severity BUT also, decreases efficiency

Below what low threshold do energized electrical conductors NOT need to be deenergized when being maintained?

Less than 50 volts.

NFPA 101

Life Safety Code

LASER

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is a form of non-ionizing radiation.

What are OSHA's (1910.28) limits on pounds per square foot for light, medium and heavy duty scaffolds?

Light: 25 psf Medium: 50 psf Heavy: 75 psf

LEV

Local Exhaust Ventilation. Engineering system designed to reduce employee exposure to airborne contaminants (dust, mist, fume, vapor, gas) in the workplace by capturing the emission at source and transporting it to a safe emission point or to a filter/scrubber. More expensive than dilution ventilation, but also more effective.

Types of fire alarm systems

Local: Just those in the building Auxiliary: Provides circuit to fire dept. Remote: Sends to a remote location. Proprietary: Used in commercial buildings - kicks on ventilation, closes doors, etc.

LTPD

Lot Total/Tolerance Percent Defective. Level of quality routinely rejected by the sampling plan.

Emissivity of bright metal surfaces

Low - less than 0.1 (bright metal is a good reflector), meaning it is good for reducing radiant heat.

NFPA's occupancy classifications

Low, Ordinary, Extra

MBO

Management by Objectives. Employees are evaluated on how well they accomplish specific goals. Key result identified, date for achievement, measurable & attainable, specific & quantitative

Series redundancy

Many devices in series, each operated form a different source, must be activiated before an accident can occur. The more items in a series, the lower probability of failure.

NFPA 30

Standard on flammable liquids inside storage locations. -- 1 clear aisle at least 36" wide -- 4" sill to prevent run-off -- self-closing fire doors -- exhaust system

Alternatives to explosion-proof equipment

Supplied-air (positive-pressure) ventilation; enclosed inert-gas-filled equipment; intrinsically safe equipment

DeQuervain's Disease (form of tenosynovitis)

Swelling of tendon sheath of the thumb. Exposures: butchers, housekeepers, seamstresses. From twisting and gripping.

Implied warranty

The implication by a dealer that the product will serve a specific purpose. This implication is made by placing it on sale for that purpose, advertising it for that purpose and indicating in manuals that it will serve that purpose.

Multiplexing

The transmission of multiple signals on one medium or path (e.g., data & voice)

Theory X vs. Theory Y

Theory X - extrinsically motivated (pessimistic) Theory Y - intrinsically motivated (optimistic)

Listed Hazardous Waste

Those specifically listed in Subpart D -- non-specific source, specific source, acute, toxic, mixtures

Arc Eye

Ultraviolet (UV) light from welding. Injures the cornea and surface and mucous membrane of the eye = conjunctivitis. Pain, sand-like feeling, sensitivity to light.

NIOSH duties/missing

Under CDC, which is under HHS. Research, *recommend* regulation changes; testing & certification (esp. respiratory protection), training, investigations. NOT enforcement, but NIOSH has the same right of entry as OSHA.

Relaxation (regarding static electricity)

Usually 30 seconds; allows dispersion and dissipation of static charge.

What is the formula when given Velocity or Velocity Pressure and needing to find the other?

V = 4005 x √(VP) V = Velocity or duct velocity (expressed in lineal feet. fpm = feet per minute) VP = Velocity Pressure (inches of water column)

Calcium carbide should not be used with what?

Water. Can create a violent reaction that will produce calcium hydroxide and acetylene.

Heat transfer by conduction

When 2 objects are touching one another. Heat flows from the warmer body to the cooler. Rate depends on temperature differences, thermal conductivity of the bodies and clothing. (Example: copper pipes in concrete.)

Vinyl gloves

Worn to protect the hands when working with substances that could damage the skin (irritants).

standard deviation

a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean

Raynaud's disease

a peripheral arterial disease from cold or stress; affects fingers and hands (fingers white), numbness; most prevalent when using vibrating machinery in the cold (chain saw, jack-hammer, etc.).

Tort

a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.

Teratogen

an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo or fetus. Does not propagate across generational lines.

Factors that affect absorption of noise

angle to noise source, frequency of noise, density, condition/cleanliness, type of mounting, shape of surface

pH greater than 7

base

Components measured in industrial effluents

biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, metal content, temperature.

organic substances

contain carbon

Safety incentive programs should be designed to...

influence & change behaviors (improve)

Lacrimators

local irritants that act primarily on the eyes. Can cause cataracts, optic nerve damage, retinal damage. Examples: Tear gas, MACE, naphtalene, methanol, thallium.

Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis

most appropriate to evaluate the risk for fatigue accumulation in tasks that are performed for an hour or more and where awkward postures or frequent exertions are present. Physiological demands are evaluated against published criteria of acceptable levels of oxygen consumption for body work.

OSHA & NFPA rules on oxygen & fuel gas cylinders

separated by 30-min fire wall that is around 5 ft high; must be stored 20 ft from each other.

Training requirements for HAZWOPER

site workers, spill response, PPE

Melanoma

skin cancer -- most common cause is sunlight.

When measuring sound level, what weight should be used?

"A" weighted, because it represents human hearing. "C" weighting is used for peak & valley measurements "Z" weighting is for flat frequency

Four (4) types of human errors discussed in Human Factors Engineering.

"Errors C.O.S.T. time and money" 1. Commission: doing something wrong 2. Omission: leaving something out 3. Sequence: doing something in the wrong order 4. Timing: doing something out of allotted time, too fast or too slow

Formula for calculating discharge volumes

(CFM1/CFM2) = (RPM1/RPM2) CFM = cubic feet per minute RPM = rotations per minute (of the fan)

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code - exemptions

- Vessel covered by federal government. - Small tanks - 120 gal of water under pressure - Hot water storage tanks - Pipes (ID of 6" or less) - Tanks with pressures 15 psig or less

Training requirements for PITs

- accident or near miss - observed unsafe operation - poor evaluation of operation - different type of equipment - workplace change - 3 years, regardless of the above

Density of water

-- 62.4 lbs for cubic foot -- 1000 kg per cubic meter (one gallon of water weighs 8.34 lbs)

Forklift rules in warehouses

-- Aisles & passageways free from obstructions & appropriately marked where mechanical equipment is used. -- Safe clearances must be allowed for aisles, loading docks, doorways and turns.

Principles of static pressure in ventilation systems

-- Always measured PERPENDICULAR to direction of flow. -- Tends to collapse the duct in an exhaust system -- Acts in all directions -- Static pressure is a part of total pressure

Examples of consensus standards

-- B56.1-1969 on Powered Industrial Trucks (American National Standards Institute) -- 30-1969 on Flammable & Combustible Liquids (National Fire Protection Association)

List the fan laws

-- CFM varies directly as fan speed. -- Total Pressure & Static Pressure vary directly as the square of fan speed. -- HP varies directly as the cube of fan speed.

Revisions to the Code of Federal Regulations

-- Each volume is revised at least once each calendar year. -- Each volume is issued on a quarterly basis.

Examples of proprietary standards

-- Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers (Compressed Gas Association) -- Threshold Limit Values (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists) -- Oil & Gas Well Drilling & Servicing Operations (American Petroleum Institute)

Examples of horizontal standards

-- Hazard Communication -- First Aid -- Respiratory Protection -- Walking & Working Surfaces

3 common types of heat transfer

Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Class C hard hat

Conductive, protects from falling objects, no electrical protection.

What are the 2 basic overcurrent devices?

Fuse & circuit breaker Fuses: release a gas that helps quench the arc.

Class C CDL

GVWR <26,000 lb

Class B CDL

GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer <10,000)

Class A CDL

GVWR >26,000 lb (with trailer >10,000 lb)

How does a temperature increase affect a reaction?

Increases it dramatically.

Heat transfer by radiation

Solid bodies of different temperatures have a heat flow from the hotter to the cooler surface, normally through infrared radiation. Rate depends on average temperature of surrounding solid surfaces, skin temperature and clothing. (Example: heat from the sun.) Radiant heat does NOT heat the air, so ventilation is not an effective control method for radiant heat.

Antibodies

Specialized (plasma) proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents. Any of the body globulins that combine specifically with antigens to neutralize toxins, agglutinate bacteria or cells and precipitate soluble antigens.

SPCC

Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure. Require signature by a registered professional engineer (PE).

Safest method to determine electrical current

Split-core ammeter

Ductility

The ability to bend without breaking Low: concrete block High: steel, gold, copper, aluminum

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

They are a subgroup of aromatic hydrocarbons. Noncombustible. Example: carbon tetrachloride.

What happens to ethers in storage?

They form ether peroxides. If heated may detonate.

Factors determining QUALITY of illumination

glare, diffusion, direction, uniformity, color and brightness

Characteristics of hazardous waste

ignitable, corrosive, reactive, toxic

PTS

permanent threshold shift. One theory is that these result from many TTSs.

TTS

temporary threshold shift. Will experience a transient attenuation.

kinetic friction

the force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are moving over each other. Not affected by speed.

Static friction

the force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest

population standard deviation

the square root of the population variance

Water pressure per foot (in a column)

0.433 psi per foot of elevation

Conversions: Celsius to/from Fahrenheit

(°C x 1.8) + 32 = °F Example for boiling water: 100°C x 1.8 = 180° + 32° = 212°F (°F - 32) x .445 = °C Example for freezing water: 32°F - 32° = 0° x .445 = 0°C

Value of a "needs assessment"

- Distinguish between training & non-training needs - Identify problem before designing a solution - Saves time & money by ensuring solutions address problems they're intended to solve. - Helps identify factors that will impact training before it's developed. (Needs assessment is NOT to determine the type of training necessary.)

Probability of ignitable dust is governed by

-- Oxygen content & dust accumulation -- Particle size & impurities present -- Type of ignition & enclosure

Examples of vertical standards

-- Pulp & paper, 1910.261 -- Textiles, 1910.262 -- Sawmills, 1910.265 -- Logging, 1910.266 -- Steel Erectors, 1926 Subpart R

Examples of performance standards

-- Respiratory Protection, 1910.134 -- Lockout/Tagout, 1910.147 -- Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132

What components do warning labels have to have?

-- Signal words -- (e.g., Danger, Warning) -- Language understandable by all -- Steps to avoid injury -- Avoidance actions to prevent damage -- Consequences of improper actions (e.g., smoking)

Good accident procedures should do what?

-- determine trends in exposures -- be fact-finding (not fault-finding) -- identify management failures -- suggest corrective actions for both the incident and management

Value of group training

-- helps evaluate information -- sharing ideas -- helps trainees become actively involved in planning and implementation of company policy (Note: it is NOT expected that employees will gain skills in group training.)

Types of dust that can be combustible

-- solid organics: sugar, flour, grain, wood -- metals -- nonmetallic inorganic materials

carbon disulfide (CS2)

-- used as solvent in waxes, rubbers -- flammable (ignited by hot light bulbs, steam lines, static electricity) -- poisonous, absorbed through skin, irritation and CNS depression

HAZCOM standard required training elements

1) HAZCOM standard requirements 2) Operations with hazardous chemicals 3) Locations of HAZCOM program 4) How to detect the presence of hazardous chemicals 5) Physical & health hazards 6) How to protect employees 7) Labeling system & safety data sheets

Conditions necessary for dust explosion

1) High concentration of combustible dust in the air 2) Confinement of the dust cloud 3) Ignition source with some type of oxidant.

Conditions necessary for a dust explosion

1) High concentrations of combustible dust suspended in air 2) Confinement of a cloud 3) Ignition source with an oxidant

Risk analysis & management stages

1) Identification 2) Estimation 3) Evaluation 4) Response 5) Monitoring

Loss control

1) Identify hazards 2) Assess their risk 3) Establish control measures (Goal is not to eliminate risk -- can't be done.)

Major elements of an effective safety management system

1) Leadership 2) Worker participation 3) Hazard identification & assessment

Inspection items for self-closing doors

1) Lubrication on guides & bearings 2) Binders are not bent, thus obstructing door 3) Chains/wire ropes have not stretched. 4) Fusible links are NOT painted.

Requirements for metal underground water pipes as a ground

1) Must be in contact with earth for 10+ ft. 2) Supplemented by system (usually electrode) to ensure continuous ground.

Factors in the destructiveness of a dust explosion

1) Rate of pressure rise 2) Maximum pressure developed 3) Duration of excess pressure 4) Degree of explosion volume confinement 5) Oxygen concentration

Rules on Danger Tags under 1910.145 (accident prevention signs & tags)

1) Readable at 5 ft 2) Must use words, pictures or both. 3) As close as possible to the hazard. 4) Employees must be informed on sign meanings. 5) Positive, concise, standardized.

Grounding basics

1) Rods must be driven into the earth at least 8 ft 2) Maximum resistance in ground path is 25 ohms. 3) Strive for 5 ohms or less.

Dan Peterson, Techniques of Safety Management

1) Unsafe acts indicate management problem. 2) Ways to prevent injury can be controlled. 3) Safety managed like other corporate function. 4) Key to performance fixing accountability. 5) Safety must define errors that enable accidents. 6) Causes of unsafe behavior can be identified. 7) Unsafe behavior is mostly normal behavior. 8) 3 systems: physical, managerial and behavioral. 9) Safety system must fit culture. 10) No 1 right way to achieve safety.

UN Hazard Classification System (HAZMATs)

1-E = explosives (every) 2-G = gases (good) 3-F = flammable gases (fire) 4-F = flammable liquids (fighter) 5-O = oxidizers (obeys) 6-T = toxic substances (the) 7-R = radioactives (rules) 8-C = corrosives (carefully) 9-M = miscellaneous hazardous materials (mostly)

NSC's approach to behavior-based safety

1. Identify critical behaviors 2. Conduct measurement through observations. 3. Give performance feedback

Krause, Hidley and Hodson's "Continuous improvement safety process"

1. Identify critical behaviors 2. Problem-solving action plan 3. Measure performance 4. Acceptable? If yes, go back to #1; if no, go back to #2.

Mutiplier for continuous loads, when considering amperage ratings for protective devices (breakers)

1.25 Example: a load is 100 watts. Amperage must be planned as 125 watts.

When double-handle tools are used for POWER, what is the grip span for open (max) and closed (min)?

2" closed, 3.5" open

#12 gauge wire maximum current allowed (NEC)

20 amps

Number of states that have OSHA-approved state plans

25 (plus Puerto Rico & Virgin Islands)

In a spray booth, the air has to be diluted so that what % of LEL is achieved?

25%

Name the different parts of a CFR reference, e.g. 29 CFR 1926.103

29 = Title 1926 = Part (Construction) 103 = Section Subparts are letters that group Sections (Subpart CC is Cranes & Derricks in Construction)

Minimum # required for a group

3

What dB at 3000 hz during an audiogram means the person can't hear the tone?

30 dB

OSHA required angle for a ramp

30 degrees

OSHA Form 300 & 300A classifications of injury

300: Log of injuries 300A: Summary Classifications: death, days away, transfer / restriction, other cases (4 total) Types of injury: injury, skin disorder, respiratory, poisoning, hearing loss, all other illnesses (6 total)

Main cause of sprinkler system failure

35% of the time: closed water-supply valves.

Number of hours of training required for new miners (MSHA)

40 (at least). This is SPECIFICATION-based training, as the training is prescribed.

Equipment should be maintained ONLY in the deenergized condition when when incident energy exceeds what level?

40 cal/cm2

Where does the arc flash boundary begin, for 50 kV or greater?

5 Joules (1.2 cal/cm2)

Under what circumstances could OSHA cite the General Duty clause? What is the code?

5(a)(1) of the 1970 OSH Act. Cited when: -- If employees were exposed to a hazard -- The hazard was recognized -- Hazard cause (or could have caused) death or serious harm -- There was a feasible & useful method to correct the hazard -- There is no specific standard addressing the hazard.

Minimum breaking strength of lanyards & lifelines (OSHA)

5,000 lbs

According to the American Society for Testing and Materials, what value should you assign to the working load limit of a lifting chain?

50% of what it has been proof tested to (not it's rated breaking strength).

For mechanical power presses, what is the safe distance for controls that require the operator's hands (with no guard)?

63" (5.25 ft) per second of stopping time needed.

NFPA 70 & 70E

70: National Electrical Code 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

Max travel distance of fire extinguisher in light hazard occupancies

75 ft. Includes places like churches, clubs, education centers, kennels, museums, homes.

Process Flow Sheet

> Shows where each toxic material is introduced. > Should be reviewed with engineering department. > THEN, you can sample the area to identify any actual releases.

Difficulty index (in evaluations)

A measure of how many students answered a question correctly.

Sound level meter

A meter which measures the sound pressure level and gives a reading in dB. Used for acoustic measurements. Has a microphone & diaphram. Diaphragm responds to changes in air pressure from sound waves. Used in noise pollution studies, when sounds are fairly constant with employees in a fixed location.

Psychophysical

A method used to study acceptable weights for manual lifting. Basically, the worker adjusting the weight to what he knows he can handle. Holds all but 1 variable constant.

Attractive nuisance

A dangerous place, condition, or object that is particularly attractive to children. Example: a swimming poole

De-rating

A device operating at less than rated maximum power in order to prolong its life.

In radioactivity equations, explain A or N, A(sub 0) or N(sub 0), t, T(sub 1/2), ln 2 and k

A = radioactivity remaining after time t A(sub 0) = radioactivity at a given original time t = elapsed time T(sub 1/2) = half-life of the radio-nuclide ln 2 = natural log of 2 = .693 k = disintegration constant

T-distribution

A bell-shaped distribution symmetrical about its median used to make confidence intervals with small samples (<30) and unknown population variance. Peak is lower, tails are higher. Used to examine differences between groups.

Hawthorne Effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied. Showed that people respond to both positive and negative forms of attention.

Formaldehyde

A colorless poisonous & carcinogenic gas. Mainly used in the production of industrial resins, e.g., for particle board and coatings.

Hypergolic

A fuel that will ignite spontaneously on mixing with another substance, like an oxidizer. No outside ignition source is needed. Use for rocket propellants. Common hypergol is hydrazine -- used with liquid oxidizers. Hydrazine is used in the space program.

Pareto Chart

A graph to identify and plot problems or defects in descending order of frequency. 80/20 rule. Assume you have limited resources and will help you focus your efforts on what will provide the greatest impact (biggest bang for your buck).

inverse square law

A law stating that the intensity of an effect such as illumination or gravitational force changes in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from the source. Used in radiation, illumination, noise but NOT heat.

Boolean logic symbols

AND --> Tombstone --> MULTIPLY probabilities. This is a parallel design and the probability of failure becomes smaller because they all must fail. A · B OR --> Pope's hat, with a cross --> ADD probabilities. This means that only 1 component has to fail to compromise the whole system. A + B NOT --> Triangle --> A with a line overtop

Common ANSI safety standards

ANSI Z87 - eye & face protection ANSI Z89 - hard hats ANSI Z41 - footwear ANSI Z16.4 - recordkeeping for injuries ANSI Z12.1 - floor and wall openings

Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory - MOTIVATION factors

Achievement, recognition, enjoyment of work, possibility of promotion, responsibility, chance for growth. These things motivate.

Metal Fume Fever

Acute condition from brief high exposure to metal fumes (e.g., zinc, magnesium, their oxides). Symptoms appear from 4 to 12 hours after exposure -- fever, shaking chills (flu-like). Recovery is quick. Workers can develop immunity, but a break and re-exposure normally makes it worse.

Life Safety Code maximum travel distances to exits

Add 50 feet if there's a sprinkler system. Assembly seating and tenant spaces are both 200/250.

Who is responsible for product defects in the supply chain?

All parties are liable: raw materials provider, manufacturer, distributor, wholesaler, retailer.

At exposures of what temperature do alloy steel chains and fiber core wire rope slings need to be taken out of service?

Alloy steel chains: 1000 F Fibre core wire rope slings: 200 F

Tetanus

Also called "lockjaw." Sustained muscular contraction. Caused by claustridium bacteria. Comes from rusty nail or burn. Medical emergency.

Stock insurance company

An incorporated insurance company with capital divided into shares and owned by the shareholders. Profits are shared by stockholders, NOT policyholders. Profit-motivated.

Tuberculosis

An infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs. Caused by bacteria.

Voltmeter

An instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit

Psychrometer

An instrument used to measure relative humidity, consisting of a wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer. (A manual one is called a sling psychrometer.)

Retrospective cohort study (epidemiology)

Analytic / Observational. Both the exposure and the outcomes have already occurred. Least expensive but also can suffer from a lack of data (hard to get specific data points since the event was in the past -- e.g., what did you eat that night?).

Follow-up (prospective) cohort studies (epidemiology)

Analytic / Observational. Participants are enrolled as the study begins and are then followed prospectively over time to identify occurrence of the outcomes of interest. (Ex. Framingham, MA, Heart Study.) Most useful but also the most expensive. Also can be called "incident studies."

cohort study (epidemiology)

Analytic / Observational. They don't expose someone -- they just observe who has a disease and who doesn't. They permit direct observation of risk; exposure factor is well defined; can study uncommon exposures; the temporal relationship between factor and outcome is known; can track multiple outcomes from a single exposure.

observational epidemiology

Analytic. Documents the presence of physical or psychological disorders in human populations (Snow in England).

Vector-borne transmission

Animal/insect spreading an infection/disease from one person or place to another. When a causative agent is transmitted mechanically or biologically by a living vector (e.g., mosquito, tick, lice -- blood-sucking insects). Normally through a bite on the skin.

What is a slow-moving vehicle? (1910.145)

Any vehicle moving less than 25 mph. They are required by law to display this emblem.

Single point failure

Any weak point of a system such that if it fails, it will seriously affect the safety of the system (single shackle in rigging). Any one thing that could take the system out.

Leading cause of accidents in Wholesale & Retail Trade

Assaults & violent acts (e.g., armed robbery)

Exit sign requirements

At least 6" high, illuminated by 5 foot-candles

In hearing protection, what does Af stand for?

Attenuation factor.

BLEVE

Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion. This is a major container rupture from a pressure release or explosion. Can be caused by a fire heating an adjacent tank.

Class 1 Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: <100

Class II Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥100, <140

Class III Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥140

Class IIIA Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥140, <200

Class IIIB Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥200

Class IC Liquid

Boiling: n/a Flash: ≥73, <100

Class IB Liquid

Boiling: ≥100 Flash: <73

Most common way to lessen/eliminate static electricity.

Bonding & grounding. Grounding must happen first, then bonding.

Estimating terminology

Bottom-up: based on work breakdown. Top-down: not much is know about project. Highballing: padding for contingencies Lowballing: used to get approval. Zero-based: all parts of budget must be justified.

Continuous noise

Broadband noise approximately constant for 8 hours a day / 40 hours a week. Common in industrial operations. To be considered continuous, the sound must happen more than once per second.

Smoke management terms

Buoyancy, compartmentalization, airflow, dilution, pressurization (Note: dispersion is NOT associated with smoke -- this is water.)

Computers vs. Humans

Computers: for routine, repetitive tasking & math Humans: for subjective decision-making, inductive reasoning.

What is the formula when when air discharge volume or rotational speed of the fan and need to find the other?

CFM1/CFM2 = RPM1/RPM2 CFM = cubic feet per minute --> air discharge volume RPM = rotations per minute --> rotational speed of the fan

Height requirement for ladder cages (OSHA)

Cages must extend down no less than 7 ft and no more than 8 ft above the base of the ladder.

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood that results in widespread and uncontrolled creation of white blood cells. This leads to a hindered ability to fight infection.

Vinyl chloride

Cancerous. Tumors of the liver, brain, lung, etc.

Sensitizer

Causing an allergic reaction after repeated exposure. Includes things like swelling of breathing tubes, chronic lung disease. Examples of sensitizers: epoxies, aromatic amines, formaldehyde, nickel metal, maleic anhydrides

For high-velocity applications, why are circular ducts preferable to square ducts?

Circular ducts are better able to withstand stresses that can collapse ducts.

Symbols on extinguishers based on fire class

Class A: Green triangle around A (wood, etc.) Class B: Red box around B (flammable liquids) Class C: Blue circle around C (electrical) Class D: Yellow star around D (metals)

Class II, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class II: Dusts Division 2: Dust not normally suspended

Class III, Division 1 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class III: Fibers & flyings Division 1: Textiles, woodworking (not explosive)

Class III, Division 2 Hazardous Location (NFPA 70)

Class III: Fibers & flyings Division 2: Stored or handled in storage

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Compression of nerves and blood vessels between the clavicle and the 1st and 2nd vertebrae. Exposure: typing, heavy loads, or unnatural arm positions.

CVS

Computer Vision Syndrome. Wide range of eye problems. Happens because work at a computer requires continuous focus & movement back and forth.

Requirements for building steel used as a ground

Connected to a ground grid or the reinforcing steel in the footing.

Staff safety professional's main role

Consult & influence. Helping line management accept accountability for safety performance.

Next best option to electric forklifts for emissions.

Convert the forklift to LP gas.

Formula for density

D = M/V

Forklift types

D: diesel powered units / DS: additional safegaurds DY: Diesel with temperature limitation devices E: Eletrically powered / ES: additional safeguards EE: Electrical motors are closed. ES: additional safeguards on top of EE units EX: Explosion proof. Can be used in flammable atmospheres. G: Gasoline powered GS: additional safeguards on top of G LP: liquefied petroleum LPS: additional safeguards on top of LP

DART

Days Away, Restricted Work, Job Transfer. An indicator of accident severity & frequency against other similar industry rates. (Note: the LEAST reliable way is to use lost workday cases.)

Marshall v. Barlow's Inc. (1978)

Dealt with OSHA's Right of Entry. The employer can challenge the right of entry, forcing OSHA to seek a warrant.

Classifications of epidemiological studies

Descriptive or analytic: Descriptive: surveys conducted to determine the population affected by disease (age, ethnicity, etc.) Analytic: Use descriptive studies to make conclusions (using mathematics and analytical techniques).

Purpose of safety program audits

Determine is the plan is actually being followed. Program evaluation is the measurement of results against accepted criteria (e.g., experience modifier).

NIOSH - purpose, rights & reporting

Develops recommendations; certifies equipment (esp. respiratory); develops information on safe exposure levels; conducts and funds research; provides training. Does NOT conduct enforcement, but has the same right of entry as OSHA if undertaking health studies of hazardous conditions and developing criteria for new standards. NIOSH is part of the CDC, under the Federal HHS.

ERPGs

Emergency Response Planning Guidelines 3 levels: max airborne concentration below which all can be exposed for 1 hour without experiencing... EPRG-3: life-threatening effects. EPRG-2: irreversible or serious effects. EPRG-1: mild transient adverse effects.

Relationship of elastic limit to yield point.

Elastic limit is always slightly lower than yield point. Elastic limit: the point at which a material under load will not return to original shape. Yield point: the stress at which deformation occurs, slightly higher than elastic limit.

Class E hard hat

Electrical use, protects from falling objects and electrical shock from high voltages. Proof tested at 20,000 volts.

Forklifts in used in flammable atmospheres should be powered by...

Electricity. As an alternative, LP gas can be used.

Intrinsically Safe Equipment

Equipment designed and approved for use in flammable atmospheres that is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical energy to cause the ignition of a flammable atmospheric mixture.

OSHA requires employers to certify they have evaluated compliance with PSM requirements at least how often?

Every 3 years

OSHA regulations are updated when?

Every July 1

Heat exhaustion v. heat stroke

Exhaustion: skin is cool & moist; pupils dilated. Stroke: skin is hot & dry; pupils constricted.

GFCI

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter. Fast-acting circuit breaker. Detects leakage and opens the circuit. Protects against overheating and protects humans. Deenergizes at 4-6 milliamps. Acts in 2-3 hundreds of a second (1/40 second).

What to do when transferring flammable liquids.

Ground the source container; ground the recipient container; bond the two together. THEN pour.

NFPA Ordinary Hazard Occupancy

Group 1: low combustibility, stock piles <8 ft - canneries, laundries Group 2: moderate, stock piles <12 ft - cereal mills, textile plants Group 3: high, flour mills, paper & processing

NFPA Extra Hazard Occupancy

Group 1: small quantities of flammables - die casting, rubber, sawmills Group 2: moderate quantities of flammables - solvent cleaning, asphalt saturating, flammable liquid spraying

HAZCOM required training & information elements

HAZCOM standard requirements; where hazmats are; location of written program; how to detect release of hazardous chemicals; physical & health hazards; how to protect themselves, including PPE, emergency procedures, work practices; labeling system; the format of the safety data sheet

What do altitude changes affect (and not affect) regarding fans?

Horsepower needed (air has less mass), static pressure (not as much needed). But the CFM (volumetric rate) is NOT changed by altitude, and neither is RPM of the fan.

Key ISO standards

ISO 9000 = Quality ISO 14000 = Environmental ISO 45001 = Occupational Safety Management System ISO 19011 = Management Systems Audit

Obvious peril

Idea that a manufacturer or distributor does not have to label something that is obviously hazardous (e.g. gun, hunting knife).

How do you multiply numbers with exponents?

If the integer is the same, you keep the same integer and add the exponents. Example: (1 x 10^4) x (1 x 10^3) = 1 x 10^7

Most robot accidents happen where?

In the operating envelope of the robot. (They do not happen to unauthorized personnel in the restricted envelope.)

What is the primary source for indoor air quality problems?

Inadequate ventilation

MARR

Minimum Attractive Rate of Return. What you need to see if you will have before you begin a project.

SCBA & airline respirator rules

Must be Grade D or higher; can use high pressure air; oil pumped with filtering is acceptable. Medical oxygen is NOT allowed - dangerous because of increased flammability.

Rule on handles for double-handle tools used for pinching gripping (e.g., pliers)

Must be spring-loaded to return to open position. Also, no sharp edges or finger groves on the handle.

MES

Multilinear Events Sequencing. Accident investigation tool developed by Benner of the NTSB - used extensively in aircraft mishap investigations. Uses flow charts and puts event in sequence. Uses a timeline.

Advantages and disadvantages of quiz question types

Multiple choice: can be objectively graded but don't demonstrate good recall. Fill-in-the-blank: good on recall, but problems with objectivity, hard to grade. Oral testing: is subjective. True/False: not creative

Types of multipliers in the lifting equation

Multipliers include: asymmetric, frequency, coupling, horizontal, vertical, distance multiplier (no speed multiplier).

MSDs

Musculoskeletal disorders. Pinched nerve, sprains, hernia, swelling, numbness, Carpal Tunnel, Raynaud's, connective tissue, repetitive motion, cumulative stress, jarred by vibration, awkward positions, cold vibration, excessive force.

Basic legal principles used by plaintiffs in product liability cases.

Negligence: the defendant's conduct. Strict liability & breach of implied warranty: the quality of the defendant's product Breach of express warranty & misrepresentation: performance of the product against manufacturer representations

Disaster plans should involve whom?

Neighboring companies, company SMEs, police & fire, medical agencies, government agencies, public officials.

Target-organ toxic substances

Nephrotoxin: affects the kidneys Hepatotoxin: affects the liver Neurotoxin: affects the nervous system Hematoxin: affects the blood Lacrimators: produce tears

Programmed learning

Now mostly computer-based, but not exclusively. Is very expensive to produce, but good on interactivity. Prompts learners to go back and learn if they didn't get it / questions along the way. Very useful for those who can only study for short periods of time. Forces learners to stay focused. Go-at-your-own-pace.

Required languages for HAZCOM

Only English. Others can be used in addition, but only English is required.

Cataracts

Opacities that form on the lens and impair vision. Can come with age but also ionizing radiation, ultraviolet/infrared radiation & chemicals

Ethers (and what happens in storage)

Organic compound in which an oxygen atom has a bridge between 2 hydro-carbon groups. In storage, they form ether peroxides.

OBM

Organizational Behavior Management. A plan for managing the behavior and motivation of employees through a formal system of feedback and reinforcement. Specify goals & objectives. Takes commitment from employees and management.

Main cause of leaking sprinkler heads

Overheating from being too close to heat-generating processes.

Potassium permanganate

Oxidizer used extensively in water treatment. Does not produce toxic byproducts. Regeneration chemical to remove iron and H2S from well water.

Name the terms in P = I x V

P = power, expressed in watts I = current (amperage) V = volts (or E = energy)

Convert % concentration to PPM

PPM = 1,000,000 x % in decimal form (add .00) For example: 2.5% concentration would be 1,000,000 x .025 = 25,000 ppm. Or, a percent is 10,000 parts per million.

PLC

Programmable Logic Controller. A computer system designed to operate a process, equipment or machine. Redundancy is critical to safety with PLC. Should be continuously self-checking.

Exit door requirements (Life Safety Code)

Properly marked; swings in direction of exit; cannot be locked; normally closed. Fusible links will stop spread of fire but not in time to stop smoke.

Double-insulated tools

Provides additional insulation around the tool. Unit's switch and gripping surface is non-conductive and requires no further grounding. (Not protective in water, however.) Symbol is square within a square.

R number

Reynolds number -- regarding air or liquid flow. < 2,000 = Laminar flow 2300 - 4000 = Transient flow > 4000 = Turbulent flow

Common roles in an Incident Command System

Safety officer, public information officer (PIO) and liaison officer

Heinrich's Domino Theory of accidents

Social, fault, unsafe act, accident, injury. 300-29-1. 300 no-injury accidents, 29 minor accidents, 1 major injury. Heinrich shifted the emphasis from unsafe workplace conditions to focus on unsafe actions of employees.

Fume

Solid particles from condensation from a gas, generally after a substance is melted (e.g., welding). Notes: gases and vapors are NOT fumes.

3 components of every noise problem

Source, path, receiver

SMR

Standardized Mortality Ratio. Adjusts for age in epidemiological study data.

Describe how half-lifes are calculated.

Start at Year 0 with starting Curies. Year 1: Starting Curies / 2 Year 2: Year 1 Curies / 2 (starting /4) Year 3: Year 2 Curies / 2 (starting /8) Year 4: Year 3 Curies / 2 (starting /16) Year 5: Year 4 Curies / 2 (starting /32)

PCBs

Synthetic chemicals containing chlorine that are used in the manufacture of plastics and other industrial products, become stored in the tissue of animals, and also persist in the environment. Found in transformers, capacitors, fluorescent light ballasts, heat transfer enclosures, investment casting waxes in foundries.

Neoprene gloves

Synthetic rubber utility gloves that provide increased protection for handling potentially damaging or hazardous chemicals. Good for hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alkalis, aliphatic hydrocarbons, but NOT aromatic or halogenated hydrocarbons. Good pliability & dexterity. "Don't use neoPRENE on benZENE"

CDL - X endorsement

TANK vehicle used to transport hazardous materials

In the TLV formula for solution mixtures, what is TLV(m) and TLV(f)?

TLV(m) = mixture TLV(f) = fraction by weight

What is the formula for total pressure in ventilation?

TP = SP + VP Total pressure is equal to static pressure + velocity pressure. Velocity pressure is always POSITIVE downstream of the fan. Static pressure is always NEGATIVE upstream of the fan.

THERP

Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction. Detailed procedure for analyzing a task and determining human reliability. Basic assumption is that human behavior can be viewed the same way as the success or failure of a piece of equipment. Basically, the probability of human error.

Calculate the specific gravity of a bowling ball that weighs 20 lb on land and 15 lb in water.

The amount of water the same volume as the bowling ball is 5 lb (the difference). The specific gravity is the ratio of the bowling ball's land weight (20 lb) to the weight of the water it displaces (5 lb). 20/5 = SG of 4. It is 4 times denser than water.

Incidence rate

The number of NEW events occurring in a population over a given time period.

Static pressure

The force exerted by an enclosed, non-moving fluid when pressure is applied to the fluid. It applies equally in all directions.

Sectional areas of a discharge pipe cannot be less than... (ASME B31 Pressure Piping)

The full area of the valve outlets discharging. (So the discharge pipe must be greater than or equal to the valve outlets discharging.)

Autoignition Temperature

The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in air without a spark or flame.

CO2 fire extinguishers

They displace oxygen and bring down the temperature of the fire. Clean -- do not leave a residue. Good for Class B and C but not intended for Class A because force of high-pressure gas can scatter burning materials. Not good on fires with an oxygen source, metals or cooking media.

What happens when you inhale a large about of carbon dioxide?

This is called hypercapnia. CO2 combines to blood cells instead of oxygen. Increased heart rate; rapid pulse; increase blood pressure; nausea vomiting.

Proof coil chain

This is chain for gates, barriers, light construction. NEVER to be used for overhead lifting.

In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a tombstone represent?

This is the AND gate, where probabilities of failure are multiplied. This series means that all components must fail to bring about the system failure. This is a PARALLEL construction. Think of a toMbstone -- "M" for multiply

In a Fault Tree Analysis, what does a pope's hat represent?

This is the OR gate, where probabilities are added. This means that any one of the components can fail and bring about system failure. This is a SERIES construction. Think of a cross (like a plus) in the middle -- you add.

TLC

Total Lung Capacity. The sum of all lung volumes/capacities.

TQM

Total Quality Management: A process developed by Dr. W. Edward Deming to increase productivity through quality control techniques. Focuses on continuous improvement, product quality and customer needs, using operation. Instills commitment to teamwork. TQM comes from line managers, staff managers and function managers.

Neurotoxins

Toxic substances that specifically poison nerve cells. Examples: lead, alcohol, manganese, flutamate, nitric oxide, mercury.

Standpipe System

Vertical pipes where hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which water is made available to outlets. Class I: trained firefighters. Class II: first-aid firefighting. Class III: Have both Class I & Class II. Combined are Class I or III used with a sprinkler. Typically used in high-rise buildings.

In hand tools, with vertical and horizontal force is applied, when do you want straight or bent handles

Vertical: straight handles Horizontal: bent handles

Formula for WBGT

WGT + 3.6°F = WBGT

Double insulation does not protect against shock in what circumstance?

Water, wet locations

TanA =

a/b

SinA =

a/c

pH less than 7

acid

5 dB rule

dB scale. For every 5 dB you go up, the sound pressure DOUBLES. For every 5 dB you go down, the sound pressure is HALVED. (Example: 95 dB is TWICE the pressure of 90 dB.)

3 parts of means of egress (Life Safety Code)

exit access, exit, exit discharge