Assignment 9

According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections? 8% 40% 15% 11% 20%

20%

Which of the following would be considered a vector? Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing Water containing bacteria from fecal matter

A fly carrying a disease from fecal matter to food

In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle. a pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite.

A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.

This nurse's condition worsened after medical treatment. Which specific medication is immunosuppressive? salt water gargle cough suppressants antihistamine aerosol corticosteroids

Aerosol corticosteroids

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus? Select all that apply. An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus. An arbovirus is a virus isolated in Ann Arbor, Michigan. An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. An arbovirus is a virus that originated from plants.

An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission

Which of the following would be considered a fomite? An infected toy Contaminated water A fly A tick

An infected toy

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic? Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment. Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient. Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient.

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment

Which domain of the A-B toxin binds to cell surface receptors on the host cell? A-B toxins do not bind to cell surfaces. A domain B domain Both the A and B domains have the ability to bind to cell surface receptors

B domain

Which vaccination may cause a false positive skin test for tuberculosis? BCG vaccine DPT MMR Menimune

BCG vaccine

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations? Surgical Lower respiratory Cutaneous Bacteremia Urinary tract

Bacteremia

When the diagnosis of tuberculosis was confirmed, this case became one of national interest. What happened? Because tuberculosis is a notifiable disease, the physician should notify the hospital infectious control department, city/county public health departments → state pubic health department → CDC. Because tuberculosis is a contagious disease, the physician should notify the state pubic health department first → CDC. Because tuberculosis is an endemic disease, the physician would not need to notify the hospital, city, or county. Because tuberculosis is a nosocomial disease, the physician should notify the →state pubic health department → CDC.

Because tuberculosis is a notifiable disease, the physician should notify the hospital infectious control department, city/county public health departments → state pubic health department → CDC.

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? Vector transmission Vehicle transmission Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission Contact transmission

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread? Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves. Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected. Shut down public transportation. Facilitate access to vaccines. Identify and treat people who are infected.

Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected

Public health is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. True False

False

Why was the nurse placed in respiratory isolation? He was in respiratory isolation because he refused to wear a surgical mask. He was in respiratory isolation to prevent waterborne transmission of tuberculosis to others. He was in respiratory isolation to prevent droplet transmission of tuberculosis to others. He was in respiratory isolation to prevent airborne transmission of tuberculosis to others.

He was in respiratory isolation to prevent droplet transmission of tuberculosis to others.

Endotoxins are also known as prostaglandins. interleukin-1. Lipid A. cytokines.

Lipid A

Where is the site of Shigella attachment in the host? Leukocytes Intestinal epithelial cells Phagocytes M cells

M cells

What is the standard for tuberculosis surveillance in a hospital? chest X-Ray required every 6 months sputum staining and culture annually annual blood culture Mantoux skin test required annually

Mantoux skin test required anually

Why must the physicians wait 3 months to skin test the babies and their mothers? Babies under the age of 3 months would have an allergic reaction to the skin test. Mothers' colostral antibodies will interfere with the skin test. It is important to begin the DPT vaccination series prior to testing for tuberculosis exposure. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing organism and it takes the body time to mount a cell-mediated defense that can be detected by the skin test.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a slow-growing organism and it takes the body time to mount a cell-mediated defense that can be detected by the skin test.

According to your Concept Map, which of the following organisms exhibits antigenic variation? H. influenzae Mycobacterium tuberculosis S. pneumoniae N. gonorrheae

N. gonorrheae

Meningitis and gonorrhea are caused by Pseudomonas species. Neisseria species. measles virus.

Neisseria species

What is the etiologic agent of typhoid? E. coli Shigella Salmonella

Salmonella

How are superantigens different from other types of exotoxins? Superantigens comprise two functional domains. Superantigens must be endocytosed into a target cell before becoming active. Superantigens only act against host neurons. Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system.

Superantigens cause an overstimulation of the host immune system

How does a capsule help certain bacteria evade detection by the immune system? The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign. The capsule makes the bacterium too sticky to be phagocytosed by the immune cells. Capsules allow the bacteria to stick together, creating a larger mass that is too big for immune cells to engulf. Capsules have the ability to destroy antibodies secreted by the immune system.

The capsule is composed of polysaccharides that are similar to those found in the host; thus, the immune system does not recognize it as foreign

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface The bite of a mosquito containing malaria The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

Three infants test positive for tuberculosis 12 weeks later. None of their family members test positive for TB. Which of the following designations best categorizes these cases? These new cases would be experimental nosocomial infections. These new cases would be endogenous nosocomial infections. These new cases would be exogenous nosocomial infections. These new cases would be iatrogenic nosocomial infections.

These new cases would be exogenous nosocomial infections.

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? Invasive procedures must use antibiotics. Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes.

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient

How are immune cells able to detect foreign pathogens? They detect foreign, unfamiliar chemical substances released by the invading cells. They are able to detect structures on the surfaces of foreign cells that are not found in the host. They can compare the DNA sequences from the foreign cells to host DNA.

They are able to detect structures on the surface of foreign cells that are not found in the host

How do superantigens enable pathogens to hide from the immune system if they actually stimulate the immune system? They cause the immune system to destroy IgA antibodies. They cause the immune system to produce an exaggerated response, distracting it from the actual pathogen. They cause fever, which destroys the complement proteins. They cause the immune system to turn on itself

They cause the immune system to destroy IgA antibodies

Infectious disease outbreak investigations include both an epidemiologic and laboratory component. True False

True

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease? West Nile virus causes an infection and death in birds such as crows and blue jays. West Nile virus causes a latent viral infection that can emerge later in life. West Nile virus was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 and has caused significant outbreaks every year since then. West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

West Nile Virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937

When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell? When the cell dies During bacterial conjugation When the cell attaches to a host cell in the human body When the cell moves toward a energy source

When the cell dies

A disease is: a definable physiological or psychological dysfunction what the patient experiences the state of dysfunction of the social role of the person none of the above

a definable physiological or psychological dysfunction

A reservoir is a source of microbes for laboratory testing. an environment that is free of microbes. a source of microbial contamination. a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. any microorganism that causes disease.

a source of microbial contamination

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred? airborne waterborne bodily fluid indirect contact foodborne

airborne

Epidemiologists are interested in learning about ____________________ . the causes of diseases and how to cure or control them the frequency and geographic distribution of diseases the causal relationships between diseases all of the above a and b above but not c

all of the above

Which of the following can act as reservoirs? animals carriers blankets all of the above a and b but not c

all of the above

Which of the following virulence factors could directly prevent phagocytosis and/or phagocytic degradation? capsules waxy lipids M proteins all of the above none of the above

all of the above

A convalescent carrier is: a person who transmits the agent prior to the onset of disease an animal carrier an infected person who has recovered from disease but still harbors and transmits the agent none of the above

an infected person who has recovered from disease but still harbors and transmits the agent

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life.

an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes

What type of epidemiological study is exemplified in this case? descriptive experimental analytical zoonotic

analytical

Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots? The blood clots cause disease, which is the intended purpose of the bacteria. Blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system. A blood clot leads to tissue necrosis or death, a necessary condition for infection. The blood clots are a necessary food source for the bacteria.

blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system

Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? Bacteroides Candida E. coli Lactobacillus both Candida and Lactobacillus

both Candida and Lactobacillus

Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence factors _____. can infect a greater variety of hosts will be more deadly cause a more severe immune response by the host can more easily infect hosts and cause disease

can more easily infect hosts and cause disease

The second leading cause of death in the US is: cardiovascular disease cerebrovascular disease external cause cancers (malignant neoplasms)

cancers (malignant neoplasms)

How can capsules enable bacteria to evade the immune system? Capsules can bind up IgA, rendering it inactive. A capsule is a superantigen that distracts the immune system. Capsules block the complement biding sites on the surface of the pathogen.

capsules block the complement binding sites on the surface of the pathogen

Hosts that harbor a specific infectious agent while manifesting no discernable signs or symptoms are called: portals vectors vehicles carriers

carriers

Which of the following diseases may be reduced by improved public sanitation measures? HIV cholera malaria chickenpox rabies

cholera

Which term best classifies tuberculosis? noncommunicable contagious communicable esoteric

communicable

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered airborne transmission. vector transmission. waterborne transmission. contact transmission.

contact transmission

The major causes of mortality during the prior century were mostly acute and chronic contagious non-contagious violent

contagious

In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? contaminated water contact aerosols flies mosquitoes

contaminated water

An exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damage host cells is referred to as a(n) neurotoxin. superantigen. enterotoxin. cytotoxin. A-B toxin.

cytotoxin

How could this epidemic be stopped without firing the worker? Alert townspeople to drink only pasteurized milk. Alert townspeople to thoroughly cook pork. Educate the worker about personal hygiene; use an outhouse or designated bathroom. Instruct him to thoroughly wash his hands with clean soap and water after using the facilities. Alert townspeople to cook all vegetables thoroughly.

educate the worker about personal hygiene; use an outhouse or designated bathroom.

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be epidemic. pandemic. sporadic. endemic

endemic

Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of nosocomial infection? zoonosis exogenous infection latent infection endogenous infection iatrogenic disease

endogenous infection

Lipid A is a(n) (cytotoxin/endotoxin/exotoxin) that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation

endotoxin

Which type of toxin, when secreted, may lead to the disruption of the cells within the gastrointestinal tract? endotoxin enterotoxin cytotoxin neurotoxin

enterotoxin

How would you classify this abrupt jump in cases of Legionellosis in Louisiana? pandemic zoonotic epidemic endemic

epidemic

Expected prevalence of a disease is the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations. the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time. the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances. the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time.

expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations

Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? analytical experimental retrospective systemic descriptive

experimental

The beginning of the subclinical period of disease is marked by: exposure to the agent first pathological changes onset of symptoms time of diagnosis

exposure to the agent

Which of the following would be the first sign of an infection that resulted in the release of endotoxin? Weakness Nausea Fever Pain

fever

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever? nausea and headache abdominal cramps and malaise fever and rose-spotted rash coughing and double vision

fever and rose-spotted rash

The release of lipid A may lead to _____. seizures, anemia, inflammation, and shock hypothermia, blood clotting, pus formation, and shock fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock fever, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and anemia

fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

Which of the following features of Salmonella prevent it from being phagocytosed? Flagella Invasins Fimbriae

flagella

Two children attend the same daycare, but one child is at daycare in the morning and the other child attends the daycare facility in the afternoon. Both children become ill with fifth disease within a day of each other. How might the pathogen have infected both children? droplet transmission direct contact transmission vertical transmission vector transmission fomite transmission

fomite transmission

What is the reservoir for this disease organism, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi? cats horses humans dogs

humans

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? enterotoxin hemolysin coagulase coagulase and hemolysin hyaluronidase

hyaluronidase

Which of the following enzymes breaks down the "glue" that holds cells together? Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Collagenase Fibrinolysin

hyaluronidase

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

What do we call the person determined to be the first case of a disease in an outbreak? immunocompromised index case contagious prodromal case

index case

A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario? vehicle transmission indirect contact transmission droplet transmission direct contact transmission

indirect contact transmission

Where do Salmonella pathogens grow and replicate in the infected host? Inside intestinal epithelial cells Inside M cells Inside phagocytes Inside Shigella cells

inside phagocytes

Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to _____. interfere with complement escape detection by a host invade a host's tissues adhere to body cells

invade a host's tissues Hyaluronidase allows bacteria to pass between cells, and collagenase degrades connective tissue

How does the protozoan Trypanosoma evade detection by the immune system? It produces a capsule which is composed of polysaccharides similar to those found in the host. It can change the surface antigens frequently, preventing the immune system from tracking it. It prevents phagosome-lysosome fusion. It can resist oxidation inside macrophages.

it can change the surface antigens frequently, preventing the immune system from tracking it

Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? It results in dehydration of the patient. It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock. Endotoxin can quickly enter the brain from the bloodstream, causing brain damage. It causes necrosis of the liver.

it can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock

Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent the phagocytic digestion of a bacterium by interfering with the fusion of _____ to the phagosome. a lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) pseudopods the bacterium a lysosome

lysosome

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal. Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal.

microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy

What are leukocidins? Molecules that destroy the complement proteins Molecules that are capable of destroying phagocytes Molecules that can degrade IgA

molecules that are capable of destroying phagocytes

A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as mutualism. parasitism. commensalism. both commensalism and parasitism. a nonsymbiotic relationship.

mutualism

A patient who has been hospitalized with uncontrolled muscle spasms has probably been infected with bacteria that secrete a(n) neurotoxin. membrane disrupting toxin. superantigen. enterotoxin.

neurotoxin

Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? lipid A collagenase neurotoxin coagulase streptokinase

neurotoxin

A person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and develops valley fever as a result. Valley fever is an example of a ________ disease. contagious subacute noncommunicable latent chronic

noncommunicable

The bacterium that causes cholera is capable of living independently in freshwater. As a consequence, cholera epidemics primarily involve (nonliving/animal/zoonotic) reservoirs

nonliving

Which of the following is a chemical cause of disease? bacteria heat nutritive excesses trauma

nutritive excesses

If a disease simultaneously affects persons of several countries or continents and effects them in numbers in clear excess of normalcy, the disease is said to be: endemic epidemic pandemic zoonotic

pandemic

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? mucous membrane portal skin portal contact fomite parenteral route

parenteral route

A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____. not actually toxic secreted by bacteria physically part of the bacterial structure able to kill cells directly

physically part of the bacterial structure Endotoxins are derived from the lipopolysaccharide layer that makes up the outermost membrane of Gram-negative cells.

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? Reduce the number of times they visit a patient Practice more stringent aseptic techniques Administer all medications orally instead of through injections Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient

practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Bacterial capsules work by _____. preventing the action of complement protecting the bacterium from engulfment killing the phagocyte preventing synthesis of digestive chemicals by phagocytes

protecting the bacterium from engulfment

Commensalism is best described as a(n) relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. source of contamination. relationship in which a microorganism causes disease

relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed

A disease with a urogenital portal is most often a: zoonotic disease sexually transmitted disease nosocomial disease

sexually transmitted disease

Which of the following can act as a portal of entry? skin cardiovascular system kidneys animals a and b above but not c or d

skin

A disease that occurs rarely and without regularity is said to be: sporadic endemic epidemic pandemic

sporadic

Which of the following virulence factors would be found in Staphylococcus aureus? Collagenase Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Staphylokinase

staphylokinase

Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M Escherichia coli and cytotoxin Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin

streptococcus pyogenes and protein m

The period between exposure and first symptoms is the: stage of susceptibility subclinical stage of disease stage of clinical disease stage of disability

subclinical stage of disease

A person who attended a picnic early in the day develops a very high fever and is unresponsive by the evening. This person most likely has been exposed to a(n) membrane disrupting toxin. superantigen. cytotoxin. enterotoxin.

superantigen

Measles viruses are capable of inactivating host defenses by producing superantigens. destroying complement proteins. producing leukocidins. suppressing the immune system.

suppressing the immune system

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost? the ability to establish a latent infection the ability to adhere to cells of the body the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it the ability to produce an endotoxin the ability to move from one location in the body to another

the ability to adhere to the cells of the body

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region. Only a few cases are occurring in this region. The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region. The disease has spread to North America from Europe.

the disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region

The clinical stage of disease begins with: exposure to the agent pathological changes the patient's first symptoms the time of diagnosis14.

the patient's first symptoms

Which was the defining test that determined this nurse has an active case of tuberculosis? the presence of acid fast bacilli in the sputum sample exacerbation of symptoms after the course of aerosolized corticosteroids and cough suppressants a positive Mantoux skin test evidence of Ghon complexes on the latest chest radiograph

the presence of acid fast bacilli in the sputum sample

The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n) relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. nonsymbiotic relationship. unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

the relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other

What do hyaluronidase and kinase have in common? They both directly prevent phagocytosis. They are both critical components of microbial capsules. They are both enzymes involved in evading host defense. They both break down components of the extracellular matrix. All of the above are correct.

they are both enzymes involved in evading host defense

How do fibrinolysins enhance a pathogen's virulence? They break down fibrin proteins that are involved in clot formation, allowing the cells to penetrate deep into damaged skin. They destroy the fibers that are found at the base of superficial tissues, allowing for deeper penetration by the pathogen. They destroy the molecules that hold cells together

they break down fibrin protein that are involved in clot formation, allowing the cells to penetrate deep into damaged skin

How do Shigella cells move between host cells? They are secreted by phagocytes. They lyse the M cell, releasing thousands of new cells to infect other host cells. They are secreted directly into the epithelial cells from the M cells. They can polymerize actin molecules from the epithelial cells into tail-like structures that propel them from one cell to another.

they can polymerize actin molecules from the epithelial cells into tail-like structures that propel them from one cell to another

What is the role of epidemiology? To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases. To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. To learn which organisms cause disease. To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.

to learn how to treat and prevent various disease

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? treatment of a cancer patient with radiation presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin

treatment of cancer patient with radiation

A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease. True False

true

Which of the following is an infectious disease? tuberculosis cancer cardiovascular disease none of the above

tuberculosis

Which of the following microorganisms actually grows inside the macrophage? Tuberculosis bacterium Leishmania Legionella Streptococcus pneumoniae Shigella

tuberculosis bacterium

An animal (usually an insect) that serves to transmit an agent is called a: vehicle vector carrier either b or c above

vector

Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission? vehicle transmission indirect contact transmission direct contact transmission vector transmission

vector transmission

A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek during a hike with his owner. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission? vector transmission contact transmission vehicle transmission There is not enough information to determine the mode of transmission.

vehicle transmission

Certain traits that allow pathogens to create infection and cause disease are termed hyaluronidases. virulence factors. collagenases. streptokinases.

virulence factors

Epidemiology is defined as the study of how a disease is transmitted. when a disease occurs. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted. where a disease occurs.

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted

Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? warts pertussis gonorrhea yellow fever ringworm

yellow fever

Diseases with animal reservoirs are: outbreaks portals nosocomial infections zoonoses c and d above but not a and b

zoonoses